 
 



    ,       ,              .    ,    ,    ,    ࠖ      ,          I.      (   ,  ,    )         ࠖ  ,     .  1945        ,     ,   ,       .     ,        .              .  ࠖ ,      .





 

 





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   XVII         XVIII.   ,  ,     ,     ,       ,       ,   , , ,  ,     .           (    ): , , ,   . ,   ,   ,     ,    .

    ,    ,              ,        ,  ,   ,    ?

  XX   ,            堖  ,     ,    .     ,      ,             .   XIX      (18131885)   ,      .          ,    [1 - Carpenter W. B. Principles of Mental Psychology. NewYork: Appleton, 1874.].   ,      ,     ,     ,      .     ,          [2 -           ,   . . Klages L. Ausdrucksbewegung und Gestaltungskraft. Grundlagen der Wissenschaft vom Ausdruck. (3. Auflage). Leipzig: Barth, 1923. S. 107.].    ,   ,    ,   ,      ,    ,     ,  ,   ,    [3 - Benjamin W. Probleme der Sprachsoziologie (1935) // Gesammelte Schriften. Hg. Tiedemann R., Schweppenh?user H. Bd. III. Frankfurt a/M.: Suhrkamp, 1979. S. 474.                   ,   ,   - ,     .],  .    ,      ,      ,  ,    ,      ,      ,   ,       [4 - Benjamin W. ?ber das mimetische Verm?gen (1933) // Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. II. Frankfurt a/M.: Suhrkamp 1980. P. 210211.               :    :   ?    :    ,    ,     ,     ,       , ,    ,   ,      頖   : .      .     ,    .   ࠖ         . -    ,        ,     쓻 (.:  .    //  . 94/95. 2010. C. 240).].          [5 - Benjamin W. Programm eines proletarischen Kindertheaters (1929) // Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. II. P. 766.],       ,        .        ,  ,  ,    [6 - Benjamin W. Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit (1936). 2. Fassung // Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. VII. 1. Frankfurt a/M.: Suhrkamp, 1989. S. 374.].     ,    ,             (1926),    [7 - Sachs H. Zur Psychologie des Films // Psychoanalytische Bewegung. 2. 1929. S. 123.].

 ,     ,    ,   .    , , , ,    蠖   ,    .



        .     ,   . ,     .     ,     ,           .       ,      ,     .    ,   ,   ,   ,   ,           ,     .   ,         ,   ,


    1928,     [8 -  .      (1928) //  60. .: , 1985. C. 59.].

     ,        ,   .   ( 13)      18981956,    ,      .               ,   ,    .   ( 4)                       (   , ,    ).                ,    Re-Education,       .     ,        .   ( 5)                .

      ,     ,    , ,        .      젖 ,   , ,   , ,           , , .             [9 - . Mauss M. Les techniques du corps (1934/1936) // Sociologie et anthropologie. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1966. . 365380; .   // . . :    . .: . ., 1996. C. 242263.             ,     .   gestura,     ,     ,   ,   .].      .          ,   ,     ,    ,    ,    .   ,        , ,  ,    .      ,     ?[10 -      1925. :     ,        .     ,    ( .   (1925) //  60. . 31).]     ,         .              .         .        ( ,  ,    , , ,  ),    ,  .        1910?  1950?     ,  1920?  1930?堖 ,  ,     ,   1990?堖   ,     .     ,   ,   ,    ,   ,       ,         ?          ,                   ?               ,      ,      ,   ,    .

 ,  ,    ,       .        ,  蠖 .  ,       ,      .           ,     ,         .   ,    ,    ,         ,      (  ) .      ,      ( vs )           .

          ( ,   )[11 -  .,  .,  .    . .; : Wiener Slawistischer Almanach. 2001; Iordanskaja L., Paperno S. A Russian-English Collocational Dictionary of the Human Body. English Equivalents by Lesli LaRocco and Jean MacKenzie / Ed. Leed Richard L. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers, 1996; B?uml B. J., B?uml F. H. Dictionary of Worldwide Gestures. Lanham, Md.; Scarecrow Press, 1997; Monahan B. A Dictionary of Russian Gesture. Ann Arbor: Hermitage, 1983.],      [12 - . Nitschke A. Bewegungen in Mittelalter und Renaissance: K?mpfe, Spiele, T?nze, Zeremoniell und Umgangsformen. D?sseldorf: Schwann, 1987.  . .,  A. .   . .: , 1990.],     (  ),    ( )     .   ,        (, ,   )              (   ),         - .                 (   ,   ,   )    (    ),       (  ,   ,   )    (  ,   ,   ).

   ,            , ,  .         (   ,  ,    )         ࠖ  ,     .     , ,      ,   ?        ,      ;    ;    ;      ;     ;    ;        ;   ;         .              .          ,      ,   1930?  ,        ,     ,      ,      .                  (   ,     )      ( !,   !),         ,     .    1910?      .     ,           ,   ( )    .

                  ,      , ,  , ,      .     ,   ,         ,  ,    ,        .       ,     ,        ,     :  (  ,   );   [13 -           Body Language (Stanford, PP Media, 2008. DVD-video).];  (, , , )  ,       ,     ,    .    ,       :  ,             ,    ,                 .            ,            ,        .

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    ,  ,   ,   ,  ,  .      ,     . ,    ,       .     .  -      .         ,    ,    .  , ,    堖 [14 -  . . .: . , 1987. C. 12.]


            1929 (!) :



     - ,    .

    ,   ,           .          .    ,     (    ),       .           .   ,   ;  -,    ,   ;       .   ,  ,    ,  ,    .         ,         ,  ,   ,        .  ,             ,        ,     , ,    ,            ;      .

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    [],      ,   ,  ,  .  , , ,      ,   ,   ,  ,     ,      [15 -  .  .  . .: , 1999. C. 8284.].


   ,    1917,   ,    ,      ,       .

      ( ,   )        ,   ,       .       ,          ,   堖   ,   .        , ,   ,       .           : -  ,   .             ,   , ,       젖        .       ,  ,        . , ,           1980? ,       1930? ,         1960?    ,    .   ,  ,    ,   ,                ,   ,  , ,   .               .




 


         ,    ,        ,    ,       ,  .     ,     ,              .

       ,      .  ,   ,       ,       ,   ,          .   ,   ,          蠖       . ,       .         ,    ,       ,   ⠖ . ,   ,    ,    - ,       .                 .      ?   ,       ,    XIX   ,         [16 - Jorio A. de. Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity.  translation of La mimica degli antichi investigata nel gestire napoletano (1832). Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2000.].

    ,    ,        蠖        ,  ,  ,   ,      , ,  , ,  ,  ,    -.         , , 頖  ,     :    ,     ,    , ,   .

      ,        .         ,           :         .

    XIX     ,    ,   .  ,     [17 - Lucian of Samosata. Treatise of Dancing // Lucian. Works in 8 volumes with an English translation by A. M. Harmon. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1936.]. ,   ,       , ,      ,   ,      ,       [18 - Della Porta Giambattista. De humana physiognomonia. Vici Aequensis, Apud Iosephum Cacchium, 1586; Le Brun Ch. Expressions des passions de l?me. Paris: J. Audran, 1727; Lavater J. C. Physiognomik. Zur Bef?rderung der Menschenkenntnis und Menschenliebe. Leipzig; Winterthur: Weidmanns Erben und Reich, 17751778.].           ,  ,   ,    ,              [19 - .: Knowlson J. Universal Language Schemes in England and France, 16001800. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1975.].   XIX         [20 - Darwin Ch. R. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray, 1872.   :       . .: . . , 1896.]     ,          .  ,     ,      ,    ,         : , , , , , .      ,     [21 -       .: Hartley L. Physiognomy and the Meaning of Expression in Nineteenth-Century Culture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2001. . 4479.           :  ,     ,           ;        (Siddon H. Practical Illustrations or Rhetorical Gesture and Action adapted to English Drama From a Work of the Subject by M. Engel. London: Sherwood, Neely and Jones, 1822. . 22).].             (1844).

     ,        ,   ,    .  ,   ,            ,              [22 - Balsz B. Der sichtbare Mensch (1924) // Schriften zum Film. Band I. Der sichtbare Mensch. Kritiken und Aufs?tze 19221926. Berlin: Henschel, 1982.].         , ,  .

           ,       ,       .        ,   1934       ,       ,  ,  , ,      .         ,    ,             [23 - Efron D. Gesture and Environment; aTentative Study of Some of the Spatio-Temporal and Linguistic Aspects of the Gestural Behavior of Eastern Jews and Southern Italians in NewYork City, Living Under Similar as well as Different Environmental Condition. NewYork: Kings Crown press, 1941.].     ,    ,        , , , ,  .       , ,       (, , ,  )     ,    [24 - Birdwhistell R. L. Introduction to Kinesics: an Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture. Louisville, Kentucky: University of Louisville, 1952; Kinesics and context; essays on body motion communication. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970.].

        ,    .         .             ,       ,       .   ,        ,    [25 - Bloch M. The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France (1924). London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1973; La socit fodale; la formation des liens de dpendance. Paris: A. Michel, 1939.      .:Schmitt J.-C. La Raison des gestes dans lOccident mdival. Paris: Gallimard, Biblioth?que des Histoires, 1990.],             [26 - Elias N. ?ber den Prozess der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen (1939). 2Bd. Bern; M?nchen: Francke, 1969.].               (     ),         ,         .    ,  ,      .         [27 - Brooks P. Body Work. Object of Desire in Modern Narrative. London, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1993. .    : Histoire de la vie prive, sous la direction de Philippe Ari?s et de Georges Duby. Paris: Seuil, 1985.],    ,       ,                    ,          ,   ,      ..      ,                 [28 - Foucault M. Surveiller et punir: naissance de la prison. Paris: Gallimard, 1975; Histoire de la sexualit. Paris: Gallimard, 1976.].  ,        -   ,                .    , ,     ( , , , )     -      .

 1970?  1990?      ,    ,     [29 - Joseph B. L. Elizabethan Acting. London: Oxford UP, 1951; Brilliant R. Gesture and Rank in Roman Art. the Use of Gestures to Denote Status in Roman Sculpture and Coinage. New Haven: The Academy, 1963; Benson R. G. Medieval Body language: aStudy of the Use of Gesture in Chaucers Poetry. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1980; Smart A. Dramatic Gesture and Expression in the Age of Hogarth and Reynolds // Apollo. 82. 1965. P. 9097; Bevington D. M. Action is Eloquence: Shakespeares Language of Gesture. Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard UP, 1984; Barnett D. The Art of Gesture: the Practices and Principles of 18th Century Acting with the assistance of Jeanette Massy-Westropp. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1987; Dodwell C. R. Anglo-Saxon Gestures and the Roman Stage. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000, etc.],          ,       .   (   )   ,  ,  ,  렖     [30 - Panofksy E. Studies in Iconology Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance. NewYork: Oxford UP, 1939; Gombrich E. H. Ritualized Gesture and Expression in Art // The Image and the Eye: Further Studies in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell UP, 1982; Barasch M. Gestures of Despair in Medieval and Early Renaissance Art. NewYork: NewYork UP, 1976; Garnier F. Thesaurus iconographique. Syst?me descriptif des reprsentations. Paris: Lopard dor, 1984; Demisch H. Erhobene H?nde. Geschichte einer Geb?rde in der bildenden Kunst. Stuttgart: Urachhaus, 1984; Barasch M. Giotto and the Language of Gesture. Cambridge, NewYork: Cambridge UP, 1987; Baxandall M. Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy: aPrimer in the Social History of Pictorial Style. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988.].           蠖 ,   ,   ,     .

             ,         :        ,  ,   ,  1908[31 - Pearson R. E. Eloquent Gestures: the Transformation of Performance Style in the Griffith Biograph Films. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Brewster B., Jacobs L. Theatre to Cinema: Stage Pictorialism and the Early Feature Film. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997.            :  .    :     ,   . .:   , 2010.].   ,           젖  (   )     ,      ,       , ,   ,         ,  頖    .      ,         .

,    ,     ,    ,    ,   XIX,   , ,      ,  ,      ,       XVII,        . ,   ,       堖   ,    .               .   ,   ,          ,    .       [32 -            , , ,            ,   , ,   ,     (Benjamin W. Das Passagen-Werk // Gesammelte Schriften. V. 1. Frankfurt a/M.: Suhrkamp, 1982. S. 110132).],      , , , ,      .

           ( -  ,    ).         [33 - Tsivian Y. Media Fantasies and Penetrating Vision: Some Links Between X-Rays, the Microscope, and Film // Bowlt J. E., Matich O., eds. Laboratory of Dreams: The Russian Avant-Garde and Cultural Experiment. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996. . 8199.].       ,    ,     ࠖ       (, , ).     1916  ,     ,    ,   ,        : 9.     ,   ,     ; 10.     [34 - Marinetti F. T., Corra B., Settimelli E., Ginna A., Balla G., Chiti R. The Futurist Cinema // Marinetti. Selected Writings / Ed. by R. W. Flint. Transl. by R. W. Flint and A. A. Coppotelli. NewYork: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972. . 134.].    ,        [35 -           - (Faits divers, 1923),   (, 1926;  -, 1927),   ( , 1927)  .].                  .      : ࠖ , ࠖ   .   ,                .      ,   ,  ,        .



   ,     ;  ࠖ       ,          蠖  ! ( )[36 -  .  . . 2 (1922) //  . . .  .  .   / . . . . . . .: , 1997. C. 387.]








         XX   :   ,          1896   (,  -; ,   ,     );        , , , ⠖        (      )   ;        ;          ,   ,   .                ,   ,    ,    ,   ,        ,        .

      1910?        ,   .        .      .                  ;          .      , ,          ,     ,  ,       [37 -              ?  ,     , ,     ,     ,         ( .  . C. 84).].

     ,              ,   ,  ,       [38 -       XVIII,       (. Brooks P. The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995);  XIX, . : ,   ,  ,   ,   ,           ,     (    . Op. cit. . 97).],        (, ),    .        .     ,     ,      - .              , ,     .

              ()    ,   .       , ,   堖  .           ,          .           (1913),        ,         .

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       (   ).    , ,    ,           ,  .         .     ,         .              .    ,   1963                      ![39 -  .   ;  . , ,  //   / . . . . .: , 1963. C. 2366, 136146.]

  1920?          ,    ,      .     ⠖ ,  (,  ).           ,        .    ,    : /; /.       ,      (,  , ).         .

 1930?    ,        ,      .        ,       .         , ,   ,             .          1920? ,           ,     .          ⠖ ,            .     (, , )   ,     (, ) ,       .   1930?      ,     .    ,     ,      ,  ,   ,   ,       .   1930?               ,            (   )    ,     .

  19501960?    .     , ,    ,    ,      ,        , -.         .           .  ,   -       ,   ,         .      ,      (, ,   )   , , ,   ..           , ,   , ,     ,     .

 1990?   堖             ,   1910?  ,  1930?堖      ,   1950?堖  .             ࠖ          ,   .     ,     ,         .    1990?,       ,                 .

   蠖        .      1910? ,   ,     1920?,         1950?     .            XX    .         1920?, 1960?  1990?    ,   .  1990?     ,    (       victory).         ,    :     XX,   1920?  1960?,   1930?,  1990?.     ,  ,  ,     (, , ).




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 堖  堖   ,   ,     ,    .           ,               頖   ,   ,   ,       .      ,          .

, ,    ,    ,    ,    ,       .   (, , , )    ,         . ,     젖    ,  ,   ,   , , .        ,     ,  ,          ,            ,   .      ,      ,     .           젖      ,         .      ,  ,     ,    .   ,    (  ),   , (),          ,        , tableaux.

         ( )  [40 -    ,    ,       ,       ,      ,    蠖     .],           .       ⠖   ,    ,    ,   ,       ,  . ,    ,       ,         - ,       .   ,        ,        .      ,            (1509)      ,   .  ,             [41 - Baxandall . Op. cit. . 60.].      ,          .

               XVIIIXIX:                     (, ,         [42 -  .         //  . . . . . 7.    17391758. .: -  , 1950. . 7879.         (  . Leitchworth Herth.: Bradda books Ltd, 1956. . 195196),          (1929).]),            ,   ,     ,   ,   .

      [43 -            ,        .         ,         , ,   ,    ..           . -  :  . .: , 1927. . 132183.]    (1727),           ,          (1785),     [44 - Johann Jacob Engel (17411802)   Johannisthalschen   ,     .      Ideen zu einer Mimik (1785)      .],    ,   1822     ,     [45 -   ,    ,    . ,       : Barnett D. The Art of Gesture. The Practices and Principles of 18th Century Acting. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1987.],         (18111879),   1839     ,  ,   [46 -        .              (Boissi?re C. Fran?ois Delsarte. Lagny: impr. de A. Varigault, 1861; Giraudet A. Mimique: physionomie et gestes, mthode pratique, dapr?s le syst?me de F. del Sarte, pour servir ? lexpression des sentiments. Paris: Librairies-imprimeries runies, 1895),     1887  1919  29  (  )   (Anna Morgan, Anna Randall-Diehl, Elsie M. Wilbor  ..).].          ,      ,     XX.  ,     [47 -  .  . .: , 1913.       ,      -.           (Udine J. D. Lart et le Geste;   . .: , 1911),       1913.     -,   1921.   .],      .  ,   -    1929:



  ,        ,      .       ,  ,  ࠖ  ,         .      -    ,         [48 -  .  .   //  . . . : . .:  3. . 1. .: , 1987. C. 181.].








          ,    ,     .             .   XX        (.   ,    ,         ),               .  ,     ,          .  (, , )    ,      ,          ()  ,     (       , ,    , , ).         ,     ,   .      ()         .   XVIII           ,    XIX  ,  堖   ,   .       ,     .      ,   ,   ,      ,  ,     ,  , , , ,      ..    , ,          .  ,  ,      .

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         .     ,        ;       ; 堖  , , .    /     :  ,        - , ,    ,    렖   (   !)     蠖   ![49 -  .  / .. .  : , 1983. C. 41.].

        :     (   ),    (堖  , 堖 ),    (  ),  ()   ().       ,       젖   .

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                   ,     ,   ,       .         : 蠖 , , , 堖 , , ,         .                 , , [51 -  .     //  . . .:  8. . 1. .: , 1954. C. 279.].


   ,        ,    ,     (   ,    .)[52 -             ,     ,           ,     1905 (Pearson R. Eloquent gestures. P. 85).],        (1908),   (1910)      (1916).




 


          .      ,    ,      ,       ,    .            ,        ,     ,       . ,        ,                렖 [53 -         .: Yampolski M. Kuleshovs Experiment and the new anthropology of the actor // Taylor R., Christie I., eds. Inside the Film Factory. New approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema. London; NewYork: Routledge, 1991. . 3150.].     ,    ,    ,   .

    ,        ,           .               ,      ,       [54 - . ,   : 4.      ,      , , , ,   ..  5.  ()          ( .  - (1924) //    . . :   : .  . .: , 1985. C. 21).]   ,    [55 -       :      ,         .          .    ,      젖    ,   ,          (Benjamin W. The Formula in Which the Dialectical Structure of Film Finds Expression // Benjamin W. Selected Writings. Vol. 3 / Ed. by M. Bullock and M. W. Jennings. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1996. P. 94.].

         .     .  堖 .   ࠖ .    .  ,  , , , , ;      [56 - Stebbins G. Delsarte System of Expression. Second Edition. NewYork: Edgar S. Werner, 1887. P. 115118.]. ,   , , , . ,       , ,  [57 - Ibid. P. 111113.].         ;     , ;     , .   ,  (  -), , ,   [58 - Ibid. P. 122123.].      ࠖ ;   ࠖ ;    ,  䠖   ..[59 - Ibid. P. 135.].

      ,              .           ,        [60 -        ,      ,          ,          .].     :  (),    (,   , , )  ,       .             .   ,  ,  ,      : , , , , , , ,    .      (),          ,  砖     . ,   ,   ; ,   ,  ; ,   ,  .

    堖  ,      ()    . ࠖ      ,   ,    ;    ,   ,   ;      ;   .

      (, )    (  ; ,  , ),         ( )   ( )[61 - Stebbins G. Op. cit. . 99101.].            :         ,    堖 ; ,   , ; ,    , ;  ,  ,   , [62 - Ibid. P. 103104.].

 蠖 ,   , ,  , , , ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   [63 - Ibid. . 8991.].   頖 :      ; ࠖ  , ,    ,     ; ࠖ  ,   -; ࠖ    ,    ;   ,     .        ,      ,     ,     .               ( ,  ,  ,  , 堖 , 䠖 ).

   ,         ,        .   ,  砖 ,  䠖   ,  䠖   . Effac (    ,  )      , , ,     ,        ,     crois   [64 - Lawson J. Mime: The Theory and Practice of Expressive Gesture with a Description of its Historical Development. NewYork, Toronto, London: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1957. . 1523.].

 ,   ,     , ,  ,            :   ,   -; 㠖 -,     ; ࠖ   ,  ,      ,    ,     [65 -  .    (1935) //  . . .:  6. . 5. .: , 1968. C. 61.     (      ,     )       .  .      // . 6. 03.02.1925. . 9.].

        (            ).   , 堖 ,    ,   .       :      (, , ,    ).     ࠖ    ,   .

        ,            ,  ,     ,    .     : 砖    ; 堖   ;    ;   .      ,     堖    : ,   .       ,   , 堖 .

 ,       [66 -  .    . .  // :         . . 2. .:  , 2000. . 85142.    Steiner R., Steiner-von Sivers M. Sprachgestaltung und dramatische Kunst // Gesamtausgabe. Band 282. Dornach, 1969.],       :  , 頖 , 頖   頖 [67 -        젖  .    ,  (      ).       .     .  ,      ( , ,   ).      .  頖   ( .    . . . . 9697).],    ,   ,      [68 -     ,      .          ,   ,    .      ,     ,     .          ,     .           .       ,     ,     ( . . 109).].




 


    ,          ,     1919,  ,  ,  .     ,   ,      [69 -         .: Bochow J. Vom Gottesmenschen zum neuen Menschen. Subjekt und Religiosit?t im russischen Film der zwanziger Jahre. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1997. S. 7779.].  ,    , ,      ,     , ,   ,   :         ,         堖   ,  -         [70 -  .   :      /. .  //  . 44. 1999. C. 170.].

     ,   , , ,     :    : , , , ,    ; 蠖    . ,  ,      :     ,    [71 -  .   (1926) //  . . . . 1. C. 109.].

,          ,  ,   ,   蠖    .



     .

      ,     ,    , , :    .

   蠖   , .  ,  .    蠖 , 砖 ,  .

   蠖    .

   ,   堖   ,    ;  ,  , ,           [72 -  .  . C. 181182.].


     , , , , , , , , .



             ,     , ,        ,      ,         ,  ,   [73 -  . C. 182.].


       ,   ,         ,    .         ,         ,   ,   ,     [74 -  . C. 182.]. ,  ,   ,    ;  ,      .              ,     ,    .    ,           :  ࠖ   ,   ࠖ ,  䠖 .

  ,  ,      ,    .           ࠖ   .    :     .   堖   ,  젖    : !  !.        .  ,       ;     , -,    ,   ,  ,   [75 -  .   , . 170.      , .:  .    .   //   . .: , 1912. C. 28.].

      ,      1920?  1930?        .           .




 .    . 18981916





1.   



       ,      (, , , , )   [76 -         (Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil, 1651),     ࠖ   ,  蠖 ,      ..       ,       ,    ,     .  ,    ,          (Bau und Leben des socialen K?rpers, 1881)   ,  , ,   ..].      .            ,   .    ,  ,  ,           ,       ,    . , , ,        ,       ,   ,   .    (/),      ,            .    :             ,       .            ( ),  ,     .      , ,  ,         .

  XIX      ,      : , ,  ,     ,  .               ,      , ,        ,        .            ,          , ,         .    -          :   ,     (, ,  )  ,           .




     


            , ,    .     , , ,  .          . ,          [77 - Bremmer J. Walking, standing, and sitting in ancient Greek culture // A Cultural History of Gesture: from Antiquity to the Present Day / Ed. by J. Bremmer and H. Roodenburg. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press; Cambridge, Mass.: B. Blackwell, 1991. . 1535.]. ,        ࠖ    .             (, ).      -    ,  ,       ,     :  ,  ,   !   - -    ?[78 - Bulwer-Lytton E. Pelham oder Abenteuer eines Gentlemans (1828). Band 1. Stuttgart: Verlag der J. B. Metzlerschen Buchhandlung, 1840. S. 100.]              .     ,   ,     :       (   ),    (   )     ().   ,       ( ,      ,     堖  ,  ),        .






 .    . 1917.          (- ,  )    ( ,  )



   ,    ,         (  [79 - Bulwer-Lytton E. Pelham oder Abenteuer eines Gentlemans. S. 21.]).        : ,   ,    ;    ,    ,     ,         (1833),        [80 -           (       ),         .   ,    ;         . . Balzac H. Thorie de la dmarche (1833) // Balzac H. Cuvres complets. Dirige par Jean-A. Ducourneau. Vol. 19. Paris: les Bibliophiles de loriginale, 1965. . 210251.     .:     .  :    . ., 1889, : .: , 1991. C. 77.].             [81 -  .  //  . . .:  6. / . . . . , . . , . . . . 3. . .: . ., 1959. C. 147.].         .        :   , ,     ,  [82 -  .  (1913) /  .  //  . 1998. 40. C. 282.].

     ,   ,   .  ,      蠖    ,           ,   蠖  ,         .           ,   [83 - Decor pellarum (1471). .: Baxandall M. Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy. . 70.].   ,  ,     ,    .          .

  ,   , :



            ;         .    ,   ,    .           ;   ,     , ,   ,   .    ,     ;     ,    -  .             ,       [84 -     . C. 7778.].


          ,     :      ,  ,    , ,    - ,  ,  ,        [85 -  . C. 219.].

    .               , ..   , , ; ,  .            ,    ,  ,   .   (, ,   ..)  ,     .     ,   ,           ,   .  ,              ,  ,   [86 -  . C. 123.].     XVII  ,    ,   , ,         ?   .    ,       [87 - . Roodenburg H. The Hand of Friendship: Shaking Hands and Other Gestures in the Dutch Republic // A Cultural History of Gesture. . 160.].      ,          ,  ,       [88 -  .   (191922) //  . . . IX.  . Berkeley: Berkeley Slavic Specilities, 1990. . 293.].






       (18801892)






 .        



       ,          :              ,  ,       [89 -     . . 79.].  ࠖ  ,   [90 - Siddon H. Practical Illustrations or Rhetorical Gesture and Action Adapted to English Drama. P. 85, 95.] .      . ,  ,            .

堖    ,      ( )   ( ).    ,   ,  - .      ,    ,      ,  ,  ,  ,    .   堖      ,       (, ).

            .        :    ,    [91 - Bremmer J. Walking, standing, and sitting in ancient Greek culture. P. 25.]. ,        , :



  ,            ,           ,      ,    ,    ,    ,     , ,    [92 -     . . 219.].


      XIX   , , , ,        (     1881)        ,    ,    ,        .            ,     :  ,    (     ),  .

     ,         , ,   ,     :  ,     ,   ,    .                 , ,   .

       (1727) ,        ,   ,     .             :      ,    [93 -  .    . . 141142.].        ,       ,    .         ,          [94 -  . . 143.].    ,    .         .         , 蠖   ,    [95 -  . . 142.].      , 堖     [96 -  . . 150.].         ,     ,           [97 -  . . 148.].       ,   .

     .        ,  ,     ,   ;         ,     ,     [98 -  . . 144.  ,            ;      ,  ,       ,        ,          .          ,   ,    ,     养].

   XIX             ,  ,       .        [99 - Siddon H. Practical Illustrations or Rhetorical Gesture and Action Adapted to English Drama. . 56.].      ,    ,    [100 - Ibid. . 5051.].     ,     ,   ; ,     ,   ,  ,       [101 - Ibid. . 53, plate VI.].       ,   .     . ,    ,    ,             [102 - Ibid. . 51.].

 ,    ,       ,     -     .     [103 - Ibid. . 54, plate VII.].

     .     ,    (  )[104 -       :   ,   .].      ,      [105 - Ibid. . 59.].

          (,       ),           . ,     ,    ,    ,    () .              .  ,  ,       ,    (, , , ).            (    ).       (    ,       )    ,   ࠖ ,  ,       ;     [106 - Stebbins G. Delsarte System of Expression. . 6466,  . 7475.].

     :    ,  ( ),    ;    .           .

         .            ,           [107 - Bremmer J. Walking, standing, and sitting in ancient Greek culture. P. 7881.]. ,  ,       .     ,       ,          .    :   ,  ?    :     .    ,     ( . . .)[108 -  .     //  . . .:  8. . 1. .: , 1954. . 65.].

     ,             ,   ,    ,   .




    


                  [109 -     .     :  ,   ,   , ,   (Rivi?re G. Mr Degas, bourgeois de Paris. Paris: Floury, 1935. . 67).],    頖    .           ,   . ,  ,       .  ,      ,  ,     [110 -     (1883);    , (1889).],   [111 -    (1890),    (1878).]        (     [112 -  (1883)      (1887).]),     ,   (, [113 -        (18511852).])   ( , ),     .        , ,  (  [114 -        (1866).], [115 -     - (1897).],   [116 -     (18721873),      (1889).])    (  [117 -     (1865),     (1881)   .]).

         , , ,  (.   [118 -     (1889);    7 1907 (1910).]).    蠖  .     ,   ,  -,         ,   .   ,      ( 堖    ),           [119 -  .    .  1917  1918 (1918),           (1920), .  1 1920 (1920), .  1     (1921);  .      (1923), .    (1924), .  - (1924)  .].






 .  (). 1898






 . ࠖ    . 1915






     . 1939



   頖      (, , ).          [120 -  . . :   . . , 1909. . 31.   ,   ,         .].         ,        [121 -  .   (1913). . 1. .: -, 1993. . 146.   ,   ,           .].     :        [122 -  .  (1904). -:  .  . . , 1919. . 223.   ,   ,         .].  ,   ,    ,       ,   ,    [123 -  .   (1929) //  . , , . : , 1990. . 52, 54.   ,   ,         .].       .        :     ,  .          ,        ,       :       .      ,       .                 [124 -  . . .: . - . ., 1946. . 144.].

           ,   .      (1914)   :  ( ,  ,  ,  )   (   ,  ,   ,    ).






    . 1914



       ,   .         .  ,   ,  ;      ;         .       .         ,      . -,        ,       :   ,   ,  ,  ,  ࠖ   ,          Tenez-vous droite!   .           ,     (        ,  ,    )      .       (= ):  ,  ,  .     :      .   ,        ,  ;                .




    


         .          .     ,      XVII  XVIII,    XIX:    ,    , ,  ,    .     ,  ,  ,    ,    .       .

   ,     ,     ,   [125 -  .    . . 149, 155.].     ()   () .     (, , ),           ,         .       [126 -  .   . . 193194; - .   . . 1. .; .: , 1929. . 457.         ,             (. . 197).].

 ,        .     [127 -  .    . . 172.].    .          젖  [128 -  . . 164.].    ,        ,   ,  [129 -  .    . . 149.].       ,    .         .       ,   ,     ,       ,      [130 -  . . 156.].         .






     .        






    . 1914



 ,          ,   ,  ,  ,  [131 -  . . 157158.].   ,  , ,  ,    -   .      ,              .             ,     , ,   [132 -  . . 155.].

       [133 -     ࠖ   .],        ,     ,        .        ,    .                 (  , , ,    ).  XVIII          ,       [134 - .   . . 197.].

        (, , ), ,     ,     ,     :



       :               ,     ,     ,    ,     ,     ,     ,      ,  ,  ,  [135 -     . . 220.].


   ,     ,   ,     , , ,    ,   .     ,    , :    ,      [136 -  . . 227.].    .



,   ,   .      .

     , , ,     .           ;     ,   ,  ,    .     ,     -  [137 - . :  .   . .: , 1929. . 129.].


     (The Queer Feet     , 1911)    -             (, ),    .

   ,     ,                ,                .

         (1912),        Class Distinctions    .          ⠖   . ,  ,        .    ,         ,    ࠖ      .

     ,       (   ,   ).       , , , :      ,     ,     .     ,       .         ,       ,      .        ,          .     ,  ࠖ ,       .      ,         ,      [138 - -  ,   ,    ,         :    ,          ,   ,    , ,       . ,       ,  []                   ,    . ( . - //  . . . .:  10. . 6. .: Academia, 1957. . 152, 154.].       ࠖ   ,     (    )   .       :      ,   ,  ,  ,     ,      ,     .

         ,     ,    :        ;    ,     .    :    ,         ,   ,   ,      .           .      (   ,   ),       .

-       ,    ,         蠖  .         ,            .          :   ,   ,      .            ,         ,   ,         ,     ,           ()    .            ,  . ,  ,  ,          .

              -    [139 -       ,  ,       (   ),  , , : ,    ,   ; ,  ,   ;   哠    ,    ( . . . 41).].     ,      ,      :



    ⠖    , ,        .       ,      ,      ,          ,    ,       ,      ,       .       , , ,  ,      [140 -  .    . . 128.].


            :      ,   ()            .             ,       : ,    ,      ,       .  , ,   ,    ,     . ,      ,    .   ,   ,    ,      ,        ;     .       ,  .         .        頖      ,         .       . ,    ,    :       , , ,    ,   .     ,  .

        ,  ࠖ     .       :        ,     .   ,        .  ,   ,    頖     .    -   ,   ,         .             :             ,  ,    ,  .

      .     -   ,                ( ):    ,    ,       . , ,   .     ,    .   ,       ,   ,       .       [141 -  . . . 41.].          ,        (          , 1914),            (, !).

  ,             ,         .  ,    ,         ,         .     ,       ,            .




  .     


       ,     ,    .  ,                  .        ,            .  ,       ,   ,        .               .         ,       ,       .         ,  ࠖ  .          蠖          (      ,           ).

  ,           ,   ,     ,     .       ,    ,   .    XIX         ࠖ ,    ,         .      : ,          (145); ,      ,    ,    (13);     ,      ,    (14);               (191).     () : ,    ,        :      ,     ,  ,        (13). ,   ,    ,          ,      ,       .

                 :     ,  頖 .         ,            .    ,      ,      ,      .           ,    ,    .       ,   ,    ,      ,    .     ,       ,    .   ,  ,  ,   .     ,        ,        .   ,    .       (   ),       , ,    .         .     ,     .  ,   ,          :     ,          ࠖ ,       ,          -.

    .       .      ,  ,       .    -   -:   ,      ,       ,     ,         .             ,    .











    



      (   ,   ).

  ,       , ;      :       .        頖    ;     頖    .                ,       [142 -     .   . . .   .  . . . .; .: , 1938. . 142.   ,   ,         .]. ,      (  ,    ),                :    .

,         ,     ,        (31, 151).      - (      .   <> [143 - - .    // - . . .: , 1999. . 31.   ,   ,         .])    (        ,   , 2: 440).

        ,   ,        ,     .       ,       (. -:   ,      , 28).     .  ,       ,       ,     .           ,    [144 - the very body language of film actors reveals how much Russian cinema owed to the tango. In Silent Witnesses Kriuger is never shown dancing, yet we can tell that she is a tangistka by the way she moves. She comes to the house of her rich admirer to say that she accepts his marriage proposal (she needs money). She approaches him, takes his hand (the tango ethos entails the equality of sexes), makes a step and freezes, looking at him (intertitle: Yes, I agree), makes another step, so that their joint arms are now bent and their legs crossed, and freezes again, her eyes looking straight into his. We do not need to add tango music to know that the scene has been choreographed to give the impression of a dance. [      ,      .         ,  ,   ,    ,   .        ,      (  ).    ,    (    ),    ,    (  ),   ,        ,   ,      .          ,          .] (Tsivian Y. The Tango in Russia // Experiment. A Journal of Russian Culture. Vol. 2. Los Angeles, 1996. . 318).].        ,          [145 -  .   :    . .:  , 2003. . 107.].






    .    



    ,   蠖       .        ,   ࠖ .        ,   . , , 堖  蠖          ( ,   ).  ,       ,     ,        ( ).           (    , 1915)     -,   .




  .     


   (1914)    :       .       ,      .      ,  ,     ,     .

   . -     .        ,      ,  , ,     .         ,     ,  , ,    .     ,  ,            .  ,     ,      .

   1914   -        ,     grand guignol,    .               ,   .,   ,  -      ,     [146 -  .  . .: . ., 1991. . 102103.].

 ,   1912       ,       ,       ,     .       ( )   .         ,           ,        ,  ,  .                     (   ),      ,                  .    ,  ,  ,   ,     (soft)  .         .

             .           ,      -,  ,       .      ,         .   ,    , ,      ,     .     , ,   ,    ,   ,  ,     ,      .

   ,            - .        ,   ,             .             ,        ,  , .          .

   ,   ,             . ,  ,  ,  ,        ,    ,   [147 -  .   //  . 1998. 40. . 260.].    :  ,   ࠖ    , 堖    ,      , 蠖   [148 -  .  . .: , 1971. . 171.].          蠖   , ,      [149 - . . . 267.].    ,         ,  ,       (?).       :      (,  , , ),     ,      ,    . ,    ,    ,      , , , , ,  ,     .        ,   ,         ,      ,         ,     ,    ,     ..    ,       [150 -  . . 267.],     ,     , , .






  ;   .      . 1914



               ,  ( )   .  ,   .      (  )     : ,    ,    ,           (65).      :    ,    ;  ,     (69);         (112)[151 -         . . .: . ., 1978.].




 .   


     (1904)           ࠖ          .         (   ,   )      (, , ,   ,   (56);        ),     .      :  -  ,      ;   ,  ,    ..

       (, , , , ),         -  (    ),       :    (55),    (   (71); - ,   (33));  ,     (83);     (        (57),       ,    (75).   , ,     ,   .

            ,   ,   /,  ,    ( )       ( ).

頖 .       ,   ,     .   :         (34, 223).

      ( ,    , ),          .          ,    ,   ,     :   ,    ,  ,   .  ,    ,    ,    (19);     (20);        (45);        (46); ,   (76); , ,  (91).       :    ,  ;    ,       (11).       ,   :    ,    ,  ,  ,  ,        .    ,      (52);     (54).        :   ,   (295).

ࠖ ࠖ  .   ,   ,  䠖  ()   ;  ,   ,        (         ).         (7);        ,     (9). :      (222).     (191);      (295).

      :       ,  ,         (49);     (50);   ,    (51).  -     (   (81);   ;   ).

      ,     .   .     (57); ,   (67);    ,  (69);  ,   (68);         (219).    :    (101, 105);    , (303);    ,    (303).

 , ,    , ,   ,   :              (71);    ,    ,     (71); -    ,     (71).        ,     .

 .   , -,     .      ,     ,    ,   ,         ,    :       (59)  ,   (18).         ,       ,     (181).   (),                 ,     ()      .       ⠖    ,   蠖   :      . ,  , ,      ,       ,         ;   ,      (4).     ;  ( )         ,   (7).

  , ,          .     :       ,     ,    :    ?     ,      ,     ,   .      ,   .     ,   (28).        (        (7)),    (      (7)),   ( (28)).

         ,  -       .        ( ,  ),    ࠖ     .         :     ,        (9),    ,   (10),      (45).

   ,     ,    .     , ,   (   , ࠖ     ,    (178)),        :   ,      (70)[152 -      ,    , .  .].     (     ),      蠖        ,       :   ,    :         ,    ,   , ,     ,       ,   ,       (64).

     ,         .          - :      ,    (43),    ;      (21) (   ).        :   , ,     -  (22).       (34) ( ,   (49))  ,      :       ,         (23).

         ,          .     




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             ?  ,     , ,     ,     ,         ( .  . C. 84).




38


      XVIII,       (. Brooks P. The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995);  XIX, . : ,   ,  ,   ,   ,           ,     (    . Op. cit. . 97).




39


 .   ;  . , ,  //   / . . . . .: , 1963. C. 2366, 136146.




40


   ,    ,       ,       ,      ,    蠖     .




41


Baxandall . Op. cit. . 60.




42


 .         //  . . . . . 7.    17391758. .: -  , 1950. . 7879.         (  . Leitchworth Herth.: Bradda books Ltd, 1956. . 195196),          (1929).




43


           ,        .         ,         , ,   ,    ..           . -  :  . .: , 1927. . 132183.




44


Johann Jacob Engel (17411802)   Johannisthalschen   ,     .      Ideen zu einer Mimik (1785)      .




45


  ,    ,    . ,       : Barnett D. The Art of Gesture. The Practices and Principles of 18th Century Acting. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1987.




46


       .              (Boissi?re C. Fran?ois Delsarte. Lagny: impr. de A. Varigault, 1861; Giraudet A. Mimique: physionomie et gestes, mthode pratique, dapr?s le syst?me de F. del Sarte, pour servir ? lexpression des sentiments. Paris: Librairies-imprimeries runies, 1895),     1887  1919  29  (  )   (Anna Morgan, Anna Randall-Diehl, Elsie M. Wilbor  ..).




47


 .  . .: , 1913.       ,      -.           (Udine J. D. Lart et le Geste;   . .: , 1911),       1913.     -,   1921.   .




48


 .  .   //  . . . : . .:  3. . 1. .: , 1987. C. 181.




49


 .  / .. .  : , 1983. C. 41.




50


 . .,  . .,  . .    . .; , 2001. C. 157158.




51


 .     //  . . .:  8. . 1. .: , 1954. C. 279.




52


            ,     ,           ,     1905 (Pearson R. Eloquent gestures. P. 85).




53


        .: Yampolski M. Kuleshovs Experiment and the new anthropology of the actor // Taylor R., Christie I., eds. Inside the Film Factory. New approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema. London; NewYork: Routledge, 1991. . 3150.




54


. ,   : 4.      ,      , , , ,   ..  5.  ()          ( .  - (1924) //    . . :   : .  . .: , 1985. C. 21).




55


      :      ,         .          .    ,      젖    ,   ,          (Benjamin W. The Formula in Which the Dialectical Structure of Film Finds Expression // Benjamin W. Selected Writings. Vol. 3 / Ed. by M. Bullock and M. W. Jennings. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1996. P. 94.




56


Stebbins G. Delsarte System of Expression. Second Edition. NewYork: Edgar S. Werner, 1887. P. 115118.




57


Ibid. P. 111113.




58


Ibid. P. 122123.




59


Ibid. P. 135.




60


       ,      ,          ,          .




61


Stebbins G. Op. cit. . 99101.




62


Ibid. P. 103104.




63


Ibid. . 8991.




64


Lawson J. Mime: The Theory and Practice of Expressive Gesture with a Description of its Historical Development. NewYork, Toronto, London: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1957. . 1523.




65


 .    (1935) //  . . .:  6. . 5. .: , 1968. C. 61.     (      ,     )       .  .      // . 6. 03.02.1925. . 9.




66


 .    . .  // :         . . 2. .:  , 2000. . 85142.    Steiner R., Steiner-von Sivers M. Sprachgestaltung und dramatische Kunst // Gesamtausgabe. Band 282. Dornach, 1969.




67


       젖  .    ,  (      ).       .     .  ,      ( , ,   ).      .  頖   ( .    . . . . 9697).




68


    ,      .          ,   ,    .      ,     ,     .          ,     .           .       ,     ,     ( . . 109).




69


        .: Bochow J. Vom Gottesmenschen zum neuen Menschen. Subjekt und Religiosit?t im russischen Film der zwanziger Jahre. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1997. S. 7779.




70


 .   :      /. .  //  . 44. 1999. C. 170.




71


 .   (1926) //  . . . . 1. C. 109.




72


 .  . C. 181182.




73


 . C. 182.




74


 . C. 182.




75


 .   , . 170.      , .:  .    .   //   . .: , 1912. C. 28.




76


        (Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil, 1651),     ࠖ   ,  蠖 ,      ..       ,       ,    ,     .  ,    ,          (Bau und Leben des socialen K?rpers, 1881)   ,  , ,   ..




77


Bremmer J. Walking, standing, and sitting in ancient Greek culture // A Cultural History of Gesture: from Antiquity to the Present Day / Ed. by J. Bremmer and H. Roodenburg. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press; Cambridge, Mass.: B. Blackwell, 1991. . 1535.




78


Bulwer-Lytton E. Pelham oder Abenteuer eines Gentlemans (1828). Band 1. Stuttgart: Verlag der J. B. Metzlerschen Buchhandlung, 1840. S. 100.




79


Bulwer-Lytton E. Pelham oder Abenteuer eines Gentlemans. S. 21.




80


          (       ),         .   ,    ;         . . Balzac H. Thorie de la dmarche (1833) // Balzac H. Cuvres complets. Dirige par Jean-A. Ducourneau. Vol. 19. Paris: les Bibliophiles de loriginale, 1965. . 210251.     .:     .  :    . ., 1889, : .: , 1991. C. 77.




81


 .  //  . . .:  6. / . . . . , . . , . . . . 3. . .: . ., 1959. C. 147.




82


 .  (1913) /  .  //  . 1998. 40. C. 282.




83


Decor pellarum (1471). .: Baxandall M. Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy. . 70.




84


    . C. 7778.




85


 . C. 219.




86


 . C. 123.




87


. Roodenburg H. The Hand of Friendship: Shaking Hands and Other Gestures in the Dutch Republic // A Cultural History of Gesture. . 160.




88


 .   (191922) //  . . . IX.  . Berkeley: Berkeley Slavic Specilities, 1990. . 293.




89


    . . 79.




90


Siddon H. Practical Illustrations or Rhetorical Gesture and Action Adapted to English Drama. P. 85, 95.




91


Bremmer J. Walking, standing, and sitting in ancient Greek culture. P. 25.




92


    . . 219.




93


 .    . . 141142.




94


 . . 143.




95


 . . 142.




96


 . . 150.




97


 . . 148.




98


 . . 144.  ,            ;      ,  ,       ,        ,          .          ,   ,    ,     养




99


Siddon H. Practical Illustrations or Rhetorical Gesture and Action Adapted to English Drama. . 56.




100


Ibid. . 5051.




101


Ibid. . 53, plate VI.




102


Ibid. . 51.




103


Ibid. . 54, plate VII.




104


      :   ,   .




105


Ibid. . 59.




106


Stebbins G. Delsarte System of Expression. . 6466,  . 7475.




107


Bremmer J. Walking, standing, and sitting in ancient Greek culture. P. 7881.




108


 .     //  . . .:  8. . 1. .: , 1954. . 65.




109


    .     :  ,   ,   , ,   (Rivi?re G. Mr Degas, bourgeois de Paris. Paris: Floury, 1935. . 67).




110


    (1883);    , (1889).




111


   (1890),    (1878).




112


 (1883)      (1887).




113


       (18511852).




114


       (1866).




115


    - (1897).




116


    (18721873),      (1889).




117


    (1865),     (1881)   .




118


    (1889);    7 1907 (1910).




119


 .    .  1917  1918 (1918),           (1920), .  1 1920 (1920), .  1     (1921);  .      (1923), .    (1924), .  - (1924)  .




120


 . . :   . . , 1909. . 31.   ,   ,         .




121


 .   (1913). . 1. .: -, 1993. . 146.   ,   ,           .




122


 .  (1904). -:  .  . . , 1919. . 223.   ,   ,         .




123


 .   (1929) //  . , , . : , 1990. . 52, 54.   ,   ,         .




124


 . . .: . - . ., 1946. . 144.




125


 .    . . 149, 155.




126


 .   . . 193194; - .   . . 1. .; .: , 1929. . 457.         ,             (. . 197).




127


 .    . . 172.




128


 . . 164.




129


 .    . . 149.




130


 . . 156.




131


 . . 157158.




132


 . . 155.




133


    ࠖ   .




134


.   . . 197.




135


    . . 220.




136


 . . 227.




137


. :  .   . .: , 1929. . 129.




138


-  ,   ,    ,         :    ,          ,   ,    , ,       . ,       ,  []                   ,    . ( . - //  . . . .:  10. . 6. .: Academia, 1957. . 152, 154.




139


      ,  ,       (   ),  , , : ,    ,   ; ,  ,   ;   哠    ,    ( . . . 41).




140


 .    . . 128.




141


 . . . 41.




142


    .   . . .   .  . . . .; .: , 1938. . 142.   ,   ,         .




143


- .    // - . . .: , 1999. . 31.   ,   ,         .




144


the very body language of film actors reveals how much Russian cinema owed to the tango. In Silent Witnesses Kriuger is never shown dancing, yet we can tell that she is a tangistka by the way she moves. She comes to the house of her rich admirer to say that she accepts his marriage proposal (she needs money). She approaches him, takes his hand (the tango ethos entails the equality of sexes), makes a step and freezes, looking at him (intertitle: Yes, I agree), makes another step, so that their joint arms are now bent and their legs crossed, and freezes again, her eyes looking straight into his. We do not need to add tango music to know that the scene has been choreographed to give the impression of a dance. [      ,      .         ,  ,   ,    ,   .        ,      (  ).    ,    (    ),    ,    (  ),   ,        ,   ,      .          ,          .] (Tsivian Y. The Tango in Russia // Experiment. A Journal of Russian Culture. Vol. 2. Los Angeles, 1996. . 318).




145


 .   :    . .:  , 2003. . 107.




146


 .  . .: . ., 1991. . 102103.




147


 .   //  . 1998. 40. . 260.




148


 .  . .: , 1971. . 171.




149


. . . 267.




150


 . . 267.




151


        . . .: . ., 1978.




152


     ,    , .  .


