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  ,               ,   ,   [3 -                :   .         /  . . . , . . . .:   , 2017.].  ,          ,            . ,    ,      1860,                      (.     ),      1988,      ʠ             . ,  ,           [4 -  ,    ,     ,   ,           : , , .    1988,       (  ,  ,  ).    ,   1991,    :   :  /  . . . . .: , 1991.].

               ,   ,        [5 -                 ,  -      2005.   ,  , .         [ ]   ,     .        :   ,   ?    :           .      ,       .                    . .: .         //    . .:   , 2005. . 1532. .:    ,     ,   ??  ? ,     ?        ,           ( .   ?     ?  :  1990?  2010? //  : , , ?  /  . . ?-?, . . .:  , , 2013. . 65).],  ,       ,        .          ,      1993          2000?   ,      ,           [6 -  .     ,       .          ,  ,   ,            .                   .],               .             (         ),         .

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              ,    , . , .   . .        ,              (1962)[7 - Habermas J. Strukturwandel der ?ffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der b?rgerlichen Gesellschaft. Berlin: Neuwied, 1962.].            ,    ,       ,     [8 -                 ,   ,                      ,    (2019). .:Mendieta E. The Unfinished Project of the Enlightenment: J?rgen Habermas at 90 // Los Angeles Review of Books. 11.08.2019. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/unfinished-project-enlightenment-jurgen-habermas-90/. .        ,            .          : Habermas global: Wirkungsgeschichte eines Werks / hrsg. L. Corchia, S. M?ller-Doohm, W. Outhwaite. Frankfurt am Main, 2019; The Cambridge Habermas Lexicon / ed. by A. Allen, E. Mendieta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.],    .             ,  ,    ,         ,    , , ,     [9 -  ,        . , . , . , . , .   . .:Sennett R. The Fall of Public Man. NewYork: W. W. Norton & Company, 1974; Eliasoph N. Political Culture and the Presentation of a Political Self: A Study of the Public Sphere in the Spirit of Erving Goffman // Theory and Society. 1990. Vol. 19. 4. P. 465494; Laclau E., Mouffe Ch. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso, 1985; Villa D. Postmodernism and the Public Sphere // The American Political Science Review. 1992. Vol. 86. 3. P. 712721. .      :  .  :   // ii i i. 2008. 11. . 5262.].

                   .           ,           :   ? (1784)[10 -  .   :   ? /. . . .  //  .    . . 6. .: , 1966. . 2735.]. -,        ,      ,      ,     [11 -        .: .-.     //  . 2010. 4 (34). . 1321.]; -,        (   ); -,         .          :       .           ( ),         ,             :



    ?  , ?    ,   ;  ,        ?                      ;     ,          ,      [12 -  .   :   ? . 34.].


      (           ),           ,     [13 -         .:Spicer M. W. Public Administration under Enlightened Despotism in Prussia: An Examination of Frederick the Greats Administrative Practice // Administrative Theory & Praxis. 1998. Vol. 20. 1. P. 2331; Dorn W. L. The Prussian Bureaucracy in the Eighteenth Century // Political Science Quarterly. 1931. Vol. 46. 3. P. 403423; Dorn W. L. The Prussian Bureaucracy in the Eighteenth Century II // Political Science Quarterly. 1932. Vol. 47. 1. P. 7594; Dorn W. L. The Prussian Bureaucracy in the Eighteenth Century III // Political Science Quarterly. 1932. Vol. 47. 2. P. 259273.].               ,      .  ,  ,   ,    ,        .  ,  ,               ,    ?    ,             : ?  ,         ,   :      ? [14 -  .   :   ? . 31.] ( . . ., . ., . .).

                         .             ,    ,       [15 -        XVIII .: .     / . . . . . .: , 2001. . 3845.].   , ,     ,       ,       .               .        ʸ    ,   ,     -       .

      ,      1950?  1960?              ,   .     public realm ( ),        ?ffentlichkeit (,  ),                         .      (   堖       1989)              : public sphere, public space, public realm, publicity, publicness, public opinion,      : republican, republic, critique, communication, communicative, deliberative, participatory, argumentative.

           ,                  [16 - .: Deliberative Democracy, Essays on Reason and Politics / ed. by J. Bohman, W. Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997; Deliberation and Democracy: Innovative Processes and Institutions / ed. by S. A. Coleman, A. Przbylska, Y. Sintomer. NewYork: Peter Lang, 2015.].       ,        ,                 .       (     IV  ..,  ࠖ , ,   XVIIIXIX),     ,       19301960? ,                ,                .     ,                .     ,    ,     ,           XX  -      [17 - . : Habermas J. The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Twelve Lectures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987; Habermas J. Modernity: The Unfinished Project // Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity / ed. by M. Passerin d Entreves, Sh. Benhabib. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997. P. 3858.].

                [18 -           .    self-determination, self-organization  self-constitution. .:Tully J. On the Global Multiplicity of Public Spheres: The Democratic Transformation of the Public Sphere? // Beyond Habermas: Democracy, Knowledge and the Public Sphere / ed. by C. J. Emden, D. Midgley. NewYork: Berghahn Books, 2012. P. 169204.].  . ,         ,      ,   .      ,        [19 -         .  ,   1830? .      rpublique des lettres,          ,    :             .        ,      .       ,     ,      ( ., .    / . . . . .:  , 2000. . 1. . 2. . 285).         ,       ,       ,     .          ,      .  ,         ,        .].            ,     , ,    .        ,            .   ,   ,         .       ,    ,           ,     ,     .

                .        ,       ,         face-to-face,   , ,   par excellence[20 -  . Vita activa,     / . . . . . .:   , 2017. . 19.]:  ()    vita activa,    ,      .    堖   ,    ,     ,         [21 -  . . 17.].    ,  ,       :    ,         . ,         ,       ,      ,  ,    -  ;    conditio sine qua non,   conditio per quam[22 -  . Vita activa,    . . 17.  .       .: Hannah Arendt and the Boundaries of the Public Sphere // Russian Sociological Review. 2018. Vol. 17. 4 / ed. by A. Salikov, G. Yudin. https://sociologica.hse.ru/2018174.html.].   ,                .

 ,    ,            , ,          [23 - .      : BenhabibSh. The Embattled Public Sphere: Hannah Arendt, J?rgen Habermas and Beyond // Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory. 1997. Vol. 90. P. 124; Salikov A. Hannah Arendt, J?rgen Habermas, and Rethinking the Public Sphere in the Age of Social Media // Russian Sociological Review. 2018. Vol. 17. 4. P. 88102. https://sociologica.hse.ru/en/2018174/230082320.html.].        ,   ,        .      ,    ,   ,  ,           ,      ,     .          ()   ,              .

  ,    ,   ,   .              [24 - ., ,       :  . .      .  //   . 2016. 3. . 513.].            .  (      ),  ,          .           .            .            , ..    .                       ,   .                .

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        .            ,  , ,                  XXI[25 -            : ? . ., ? . .   :     . .: , 2016. ftp://w82.ranepa.ru/rnp/wpaper/1668.pdf;  . .   ?:    ?  //  : , , ? . . 3552;  . .            //  . : . 2013. 4. . 98105;  . .      ? //  . 2006. 10. . 153166.].

              1950?  1960? ,               .  ,        (Habilitation)      ,      .              .      ,   (     ),   ,         ,          .                .               .    ,           蠖         .     ,  ,            :  ,  ,  .








              .    ,            ,          ,       ,       [26 - Habermas J. Ein avantgardischer Sp?rsinn f?r Relevanzen. Was den Intellektuellen auszeichnet // Bl?tter f?r deutsche und internationale Politik. 2006. 5. S. 550557; .  .  :  .   .    //  . 2006. 3 (47). . 513. https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2006/3/pervym-pochuyat-vazhnoe.html.].          ,    ( ,  ),                 ,          [27 - Specter M. G. Habermas: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 3233.].       ,             (               ),     ,           ,       .               ,                  ,      .   ,       , ,  -      - ,              [28 - Ibid. P. 34.].

                     ,    , ,       .         ,       ,           蠖        .  ,      .            ,          . ,         .   ,     ,      ,     :

1)     ;

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  ,         XVIIXVIII    ,        .         ,           ,                 .       .  ,   ,       ,        :           .             ,     [29 -      ,               蠖   ,   ,      ,     .               蠖  ,        ,            . .  I : Habermas J. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989.].

-,  ,    XIX    XX    ,           ,                   ,     .  ,       publicity,      ?ffentlichkeit,            ,  .            ,        ,   .            [30 -         ,  PR       ,  ,       .   ,      .      ,         .                ,     . .:Ibid. 18; 19; 20.].

-,  :                          ,             .  , PR       .                 ,           .       ,      [31 - Habermas J. Further Reflections on the Public Sphere // Habermas and the Public Sphere / ed. by C. Calhoun. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992. P. 441.].

         XVIIXVIII . . . ,         젖   . ,       . [32 -  . . .  .        / . . . ?. .:   , 2020. .        XII  XIII :  . ,    ,   .   ,      ? .].                  ,     ,          .                   ,      蠖  , ,     .                .         ,         .   , ,        ,             .

          1960?        ?                  ,          ,           .       XVIII       ,               [33 - .         : Habermas J. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. P. XVIIXIX.].

  ,        [34 -         ;  ,           ,  ,   ,    (Ibid. P. 235).],        -.    ,            ,       [35 -    .: .   :  .    :      (2016) // .    . 2017. 1. . 123.                : ?   ,              .         :     ?     ,  ?                   .  ,        ( . . 128).    -          .].           ,    ,                  ,    ,       c.   XXI              ,      ,              [36 - ., ,    The Prospects & Limits of Deliberative Democracy  D?dalus (2017)  Special Issue: Deliberative Democracy Beyond the West  Political Theory (2014).                .].

             ,          .         ,        ,             .        (1972)[37 - Negt O., Kluge A. ?ffentlichkeit und Erfahrung. Zur Organisationsanalyse von b?rgerlicher und proletarischer ?ffentlichkeit. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1972.].             ,    .              ,           .                    .              ,     ,        .

    ,             ,         :            .          ,     ,     .                .             ,    (      ), , , . , . . , .                   .              (Erfahrung)  ,          .   ,        ,    .

       ,       .        ,      ,   1989,         ,       [38 -           ,   ,       . .:Habermas J. The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article // New German critique. 1974. Vol. 3. P. 4955.  1975        Legitimationsprobleme im Sp?tkapitalismus   .    Legitimation Crisis.   1980?      ,  : Alexander J. C. Habermas Theory: Its Promise and Problems // American Journal of Sociology. 1985. Vol. 91. 2. P. 405.].        .              .

                 (      ,   ,     1968,   Historikerstreit      ,         ,      XVI    .;    c  , - ,  ,     )[39 - .   ,     ,  : M?ller-Doohm S. Habermas: A Biography. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016.         :  .,  .  .    . .: -  .  , 2006.].              ,                 [40 - Pensky M. Historical and Intellectual Contexts // J?rgen Habermas: Key Concepts / ed. by B. Fultner. Durham: Acumen, 2011. P. 5473.].  ,         ,                    (            ).                       :            [41 - Habermas J. Erkenntnis und Interesse. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1968.].

          ,         ,   ,  ,   ,       [42 -      ,            (Erfahrung)             .].   ,          ,         컠   [43 -             ,     ,       .       : -,    ,  ,    , -,   .    ,   ,      ,          ,          . .: .   ?        // THESIS. 1993. . 1. . 2. . 123136.].

       [44 - Habermas J. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. 2Bd. Bd. 1: Handlungsrationalit?t und gesellschaftliche Rationalisierung. Bd. 2: Zur Kritik der funktionalistischen Vernunft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1981.],  opus magnum,                        .        .         ,   ,       ,    [45 -     ,     -  ,        : ,   .      ,     .         ,          .  ,        ,        .       :  .    () //   . 2007. . I. . 1. . 229245;  .             //  . 2008. . 7. 1. . 325.].                 (1983),      [46 - .:  . .       //  . : . 2019. 2. . 240252.],           ,       ( ,      )         .

       (1992)  ,      ,  ,                      .    ,   ,        ,  ,             [47 -             , , ,          (, , ): Habermas J. Faktizit?t und Geltung. Beitr?ge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats. Frankfurt am Main: VS Verlag f?r Sozialwissenschaften, 1992. .    ,         堖 Deliberative Politics: A Procedural Concept of Democracy  Civil Society and the Political Public Sphere : Habermas J. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. P. 287387.].

            .        ,          .     ,                 ,      ,       .      .              (, , , )       .           ,          ,       -    .  ,           ,          .       ,    [48 - [] ,           ,       ;           ,   ,      ,     .                 ,   셻: [Habermas] argues that he gives more weight to citizen participation in deliberative public spheres than the liberal tradition, yet he gives a more limited and legally constituted role to participation than the republican tradition, thus creating a hybrid, discourse theory, that combines the best features of both traditions. It is still correct to call his theory a liberal theory in the broad sense of European liberalism initiated by Benjamin Constant (Tully J. On the Global Multiplicity of Public Spheres. P. 176).      : Ferree ., Gamson W., Gerhards J., Rucht D. Four Models of the Public Sphere in Modern Democracies // Theory and Society. 2002. Vol. 31. 3. P. 289324.].

         .        ,       ,       .               .   ,       [49 -         :             .    ,          .       -,                (Fuchs Ch. Critical Theory of Communication. London: University of Westminster Press, 2016. P. 177).].           1962.                 .           ,  ,    , ,  ,  , -   ,      (      ),   ,   ,    ,     , , ,           .

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,        :    [57 - Fraser N. Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy // Habermas and the Public Sphere. P. 109143.],         ,    ,      ,               [58 -       .:Feminists Read Habermas: Gendering the Subject of Discourse / ed. by J. Meehan. NewYork: Routledge, 1995.].       .                ,       ,               .         , ,            , ,   ,    ,   .

             [59 - Eley G. Nations, Publics, and Political Cultures: Placing Habermas in the Nineteenth Century // Habermas and the Public Sphere. P. 289340; Landes J. Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988.],  ,               ,       ,          ,   ,              (distinction     )[60 - .:  . :    / . . . .  //   :    / . . . . . . .: , 2004.].    ,    :     ,          [61 -        ,    ( , ,  )   (),            (,   ).        ,        ,      (Tully J. On the Global Multiplicity of Public Spheres. P. 175).].           ,      .       ,  ,        ,    . , ,          ,          (,    ,   1950?       )[62 - Allen A. The Public Sphere: Ideology and/or Ideal? // Political Theory. 2012. Vol. 40. 6. P. 822829.]:          ,          .

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 ,       ,    ,             .            ,       ,       .  ,      ,            ,     ,    ,                     ,       [64 - Habermas J. Further Reflections on the Public Sphere. P. 428429.].      :            ,           . ,               .

 ,     ,    ,       ,                ,    ,     ,         .                .     黠      (   ,   )   ,    ,                .               ,       ,     ,       .                  [65 -      ( ,   )                    ;       ,      ,           (Habermas J. Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. P. 234).].

                          .        ,       ,    ,       ,      .

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   ,        ,               [70 - . : Baker K. M. Inventing French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.        :  . .,  . .     :     // .    . 2018. 3. . 119, 123.].               ,   ?        ,          [71 - . :  .    .].            ,   ,            .

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          (  ,  ),                   ,          ,      .           .       -               ,               [72 -    ,                , .   ࠖ  1962  : https://aeon.co/videos/the-legendary-debate-that-laid-down-us-political-lines-on-race-justice-and-history.].            ,     .               ,           .   ,  ,    ,   ,     .

   ,  -        ,            . ,                  -       .     ,                /.                .

           ,              [73 - Staeheli L. A., Mitchell D., Nagel C. R. Making Publics: Immigrants, Regimes of Publicity and Entry to The Public // Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 2009. Vol. 27. 4. P. 633648.].           ,       .     ?           ,        ,    .          )  ; ) , , ; , , )        .            ,     ,            :

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              ,             . ,   ,                1820?, 1860?, 1900?, 1920?, 1980?  2010? [74 -       XIX ., : .     : ,     / . . . . . .:  , 2012 (2009);  . Civil society, Burgertum   :             // Ab Imperio. 2002. Vol. 3. P. 161208; Velizhev M. The Moscow English Club and the Public Sphere in Early Nineteenth-Century Russia // The Europeanized Elite in Russia, 17621825. Public Role and Subjective Self / ed. by A. Sch?nle, A. Zorin, A. Evstratov. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2016. P. 220237; .].  ,  ,         1860?  1900?       ,  ,  , ,     (.     ).    ,       , -                     . ,               ,         ( ,   ,                   )[75 -  ,           ,             .             .               ,          .].

     ,         (. , . ),   ,       (. [76 - Dobry M. Sociologie des crises politiques. La dynamique des mobilisations multisectorielles. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1986.]).             ,           (.     ).                        .    ,     ʠ,       ⠖  ,      ;          .     . .     .                  ,        .           .

,    - ,           ,      ,          .               ,         . . [77 - .:  .       :      //   . 2018. 135. . 7187.].    ,          ,                .

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III. ,    


       [79 -                    ,       ,     :  . .          // . 2007. 1. . 621; Chebankova E. The State and the Public Sphere in Russia // Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization. 2011. Vol. 19/4. P. 317341; Loewenstein K. Re-Emergence of Public Opinion in the Soviet Union: Khrushchev and Responses to the Secret Speech // Europe-Asia Studies. 2006. Vol. 58. 8. P. 13291345; Spedren von ?ffentlichkeit in Gesellschaften sowjetischen Typs: Zwischen partei-staatlicher Selbst-inszenierung und kirchlichen Gegenwelten / Public Spheres in Soviet-Type Societies: Between the Great Show of the Party-State and Religious Counter-Cultures / ed. by G. T. Rittersporn, M. Rolf, J. C. Behrends. Frankfurt am Main, 2003.]  ,    ,      ,    ,            ,        .

     ,           ,  : , ,     . -  .  (, 2013).            (      ),           ,          ,    ,       ,    .      (   ),  (       )  - .     ,   堖                  (  ,   ,   ,      ):        ,  ,       ,    ?     ,   ,          ,      ?[80 -  : , ,  . . 910.]

         ,            ,    The Public (Javnost) The Public Sphere in Russia between Authoritarianism and Liberation,   (2010? )         [81 - The Public. 2020. Vol. 27 (1). Special Issue: The Public Sphere in Russia between Authoritarianism and Liberation / guest ed. by G. Yudin, T. Weiser. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13183222.2020.1675432.].                  .            :       ;      ;        ;    ,       .   ,    ,        ,      ,            .   ,  ,   grassroots              ,             ,     .

                  . -,  ,          ,   ,      ,          .         :          I;  ,      1920?      ;      ,         ;          ,      2010? .

-,            젖      ,       .         )    ,          )      ,               .         :   ,            II,     1917,        1920? ,         19901991           1993.                  .                .    , ..    ,        .  ,                [82 - .                 :  .    :       XXI //   . . 110137;  .      :     //  . . 138148.].

        ,    1960?             (.  ).      ,  ,            -,           ,    [83 -           ,            -,    .     .].                  ,           .    ,    25-     1966,        ,     ,  -      .    ,    1960?          ,      .

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        ,   ,            ,         ,    ,           .    ,         (, , , , )           堖  ,  ,            .   . ,                [85 -  .       //   . . 189223.].

 ,   ,            ,       .                    .  ,                  ,          ( II,  I,  II,  II, . . , . . , . . , . . ):              .

  -        ⠖   1981 -81       ,              .   . ,     ,    ,       ,   -81.            , ,   ,      ,     .                !,        .  1985,      , ,      , -81        堖    ࠖ    ,      ,   -  -.    ,                  .

                      (1917, 19891991),       .         ,        1920? ,           1990? .              ,       , ,               .              ,      :   ,     ,         .          ,     .

        ,     ,         ,       .     , -,             .  , -,      ,               .           ,    ,     ,       -   .         , ,       ,       ,     ,    .     , ,     젖 .

      [86 -  .  ,   ,            //   . . 2849.], -    ,     [87 -  .  :     . .:  , 2001;  . .,  . .    (     ) // ? . .  :  3. . 1:  .  . .:    , 1996. . 184205.]      ,         ,            .                ,      .  ,  ,        ,        : )    ,   ,       ,  )       () ,     ,  .          XVIII,        ,     .

     XIX                     .   ,             .  , ,      ,               ,           :

1)  .                  (, 19051917, 19851989).

2)   .    ,   ,          (1830?堖 1855, 1930?, 2010? ).

3)  .      ,     ,    蠖      (, 19751985, 2000? ).

4) . ,    ,           (, 18601881, 19051917, 19891993).

       ,       .         ,        :         ,    ,             , , , ,             .

                              (.  ).               ,    .      ,           .   , ,       ,               .

         2010?      ,              .    ,  ,    ,         ,        ,    .            (      not in my back yard,           )            .       ,          ,          ,      .

          - :  -    ,   .       :       ,     ,     ?   ,              ,           .           2010? , ,         . ,            . PR-,  ,    ,  . ,    -           ,   ,     ,        ,      ,   .

       ,                      .             ,       1991,  ,   ,   ,   . ,         ,    .  2017    ,  ,   , ,       ,   -      (.   ).      ,    .           YouTube,        .

          ,   - ,    - , ,   .    , ,       :                , ,         [88 -     -              ( 2006)        .                   YouTube. .:Habermas J. Ein avantgardischer Sp?rsinn f?r Relevanzen. Was den Intellektuellen auszeichnet.].          ,      ,   ,                2020? .

           ,              ,        .    ,       ,       ,    .  ,       ,         ,     ,    ,  ,      ,      .


* * *

         ,     ,      : ) ,        ,  )    ,       (  ),        .         ,            ,     .        .  ,           ,                 ,     .

   ,     ,    ,     .  ࠖ  ,     ,        ,           ,    .              .     ,    ,   ,    ,      .                    ,       .

             .      ,   ,   ,     ,   .            ,          .           .    ,         (  )  ,      ,                     ,        .

                        .   蠖   堖       19051912  19891993,           ,  .  ,    ,               150200          ,          ,        1905.

  ,                .                              ?                                 ,      [89 -     . :  . . .  . . 128132, 138, 144  .].              ,         (,      ),        .                 :

)  (,   )       (, , , ,    .)     ;

)              .

   .         ,    ,              젖           .           (    ) ,    .                ,                        ,           .

   ࠖ       蠖      .  ,  , ,            ,   ,     ,      (   ) .                      ,               .                   .          .    ,         ,   -      (,  )   (, , ,    ).

     ,     ,           ( , , ,  ,  ),  ,              .                   ,      .        ,       .   ,          .

                              .         ,        (,   - )    .         ,    ,       ,  ,   , ,  ,          ,   .

   .                      ,         ()[90 -  .        //     /  . . . .:     -, 2011. . 487529.].           , ,    ,     .      ,     .     ,         ,  -     ,          .      ,       :         ,                      ?       - ,   -        ? ,  ,        ,       ,   ( ,     -      ),                        .  ,      ,       ,   ,           .

 ,             ,    ,                ,         .                  ,        .       , ,     ,            .

    ,      (  )              ,             :

) ,  ,                ⠖      (   );

)            ?       (     1917  1991)[91 -         ,                  (     II      ,      ,   ,       ,         19911993  ..).                         .        ,      (   )          .     ,              (. ).                        -         ,         .      ,  ,              .           .       ,  ,         ,      .         ,            ,        , -         .              ,    .     蠖            ,    .                ,     ,         .         .                .    ,      ,                  .];

)  ,     (  ),       (    ).

       .      ,  ,            .            .          ,     ,  ,      .  ,                       .




      





 

 ?

,        XIX


 . .                     ,       .      蠖   -.          I   ,   . . [92 -  . .             XVIII   XIX. .:   , 2001. . 223225.],       .     ,        ,               .   ,       ,  頖   ,             ( ),     .        ,       ,    (, . . [93 - .:  . .     (   ) //  . . 10. 堖 堖   . .:    (-, ), 1998. . 2439.]). ,            - ,                  .

  ,         : ,       ,     1811  I. ,    ,       (  ,       1845  . .  . . -[94 -  12?   1844? ,    . 532?  533?    ,  ,   1837?            .      1837? ,      ( . . 231/II. . 13. . . 73. . 1;  . . .).],      蠖 ),            .  1830?           [95 -  . .      XIX. .:  , 1997. . 183188.].    ,    ,     [96 - .:  . .            . .: , 1991;       .   . .      // . 1997. 6. . 426; 1998. 1. . 330.],      ,  [97 -  . .   . .        // . .     .     (12 2016). .:  , 2016. . 95.].

               1810  1811          ,       [98 - .:  . .                 //  -  XIX  XX. . . . .: .  . ., 2001. . 221226 ( :  . 1988. 4. . 132135).].      ,               .      .   1811        I,         [99 - .       26 1810:    .    I      . .:    , 1910. . 3536.].      ,           .        ,        .           ?     1811           .        -      .


        Ȼ?

      . ,                  I,   . . [100 -  . .            ࠖ     XIX //  . .  :  3. . II. : , 1992. . 194205;   1988.]  . . [101 -  . .  . .: , 1983. . 70.].  :



,       ,   I,    ,         .          I.       ໅   ,   ,     .          [102 -  . .            . . 201202.].


         . -,        : ,        ,   ,          [103 -  . . 203.]. -,    :   , ꠖ ,      ,     [104 -  . . 204.].   ,       ,     . ,    :           軠          ,  ,         [105 -  . .     . . 204.].       (        ,    ),      ,   ,       [106 - .  :  . . 196197.].

  ,                ,  . . .                ,     :



               ,  ,  ,     ,            .     ,  , .                  ,     頖     .  ,   腻     I,         ( . . . . .),       . ,  ,      [107 -  . .       . .     19601990?  //   :  . .:  , 2001. . 126.].


-,        ,  ,         ,    ,          [108 - Raeff M. Michael Speransky. Statesman of Imperial Russia. 17721839. The Hague: Martinus Hijhoff, 1957. P. 175.].

           XX.       ,    XIX:                    [109 - .:   ,   ,    :   ,     . :  2. .:  . . , 1866. . II.         XX, ., :  . . . :  . .       / . . . .  //  . 1915. 10. . 308.],     蠖  ,        . . [110 -  .   . .: /, 1866. . 89 (        1866).]  . . [111 -  . .   :  2. .:    , 1861. . 1. . 1. . 133.].         :   , -,       . . [112 -  1852   . . :     (. . .),     ,     ,       ,          (  . .       . .  // .    ,  . . .:  . . , 1866. . 194).]. ,  ,   ,   . . ,    1820? ,        [113 - ..   . .  //  .  IX. .:   ;    ;  , 1999. . 193213.              ., :  . . . . :    . .  //    1996. .: , 1998. . 196210.].  ,  ,    .       ,             (    ),      :



 , ,      .    (   . . .)        ,          [114 -   ,   ,    . . II. . 69. , -,     ,         .].


              . ,                     18  19 1811,              .  ,                    ,  ,     :



 ,       .      ,  ,       ,      [115 -  . . 82.      I     ( . . 8081).  ,          :      ,      ,      ( . . 81). ,            ,  ,       ,         . ,        , ., :  . .     //   XIX.   . .: -, 2000. . 42.].


                ,         ,   ,         1820? .     ,          (18641865).      ,        .        :



. .,     ,     , ,     .    ,      ,     ;  :     .        ,        ,   ,     [116 -  . .    //  . . 231/III. . 22. . . 20. . 44 .].


 ,   ,        ,       ,          .            :    ,          ,     ,     ,   .          蠖  ,   ,                .      .

 , ,            .    ,            .            ,         .    : ) . .    ,     1834 . . ,  )       -   . . ,      1830?      .        ,   :



  :       . ,     .         :       ,    ,      ,    ,    , :      ,      ,   ,     ,  ,   ,       .      , ,  .      .    [117 -  . . 231/I. . 17. . . 4ࠖ . . 31 .].



  :   

            ,  ,      ( ,  )     ,        ,         [118 -          ,     ,   .   ,     -    :      ,    .],     , , ,       ,    ,             .

 1811      I  ,      1803,      . . ,                XVII, :



   (historiographe de France)    (historiographe du roi) ,     ,     .   ,         .           ,  ,           .     ,     ,        .        -          䠖          [119 - Ranum O. Artisans of Glory. Writers and Historical Thought in Seventeenth-Century France. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1980. P. 2223.].


       ,    ,  ,      ,          .

  ,      ,    ,     . 30 1803 ,       . . ,    [120 -       :  . .,  . .        //  . .   :  12. . I. .: , 1989. . 514573.].        ,        - (. . ),    1767   . . [121 - .:  . .     . .  //   . . 7. .: , 2002. . 136137.].   [122 -  1775         . .: . . 137.],         [123 -  . .,  . .       . . 518.],         [124 -  . .     . 3? . .:  . . , 1913. . 100.].  ,       : 1767     -[125 -  . .     . . . . 141.],  1804          ,           [126 -  . .,  . .       . . 519.].

, ,   ,         ,                    1767          [127 -  . .     . . . . 140.].  II   ,      .    :      .      ,     I     .  ,   1803        .   . . ,          ,  :      ,        ,        ,          [128 -  . .     //  . 1987. 6. . 186.].

  , ,           .    ,        . .   28 1803,      (    ,       ;         [129 -  . .   . .  // . 1845. 1.         . . 2. .:   ,   ,    . . II. . 5, 17.]).    31 1803,   2000  [130 -    ,   ,         .]. , . .   . .  ,  ,        ,       I  22 1826  , ,    2000    蠖 [131 -  . .,  . .       . . 546547.  1803         . ., ,   . .   . .   17 1803       :             (  . .      //  . 1898. 12. . 656).].     ,    1800?   1820?   :                , , ,    ,      ( 60 ,     1816).

   ,   1803  ,       ,            .  1804        [132 -  . .,  . .       . . 518519.].        :             [133 -  . . 518.],      ,   , ,  ,         .          :          ,  ,         蠖        -    ,       [134 -  . . 519.].

     28 1803      1772    .-. :  ,  ,        ,      :   ,   ,    [135 -  . .   . .  // . 1845. 1.         . . 2 ( . . .).].      ,        1800     .         :      (gr?ce  faveur),    (  )     (homme de lettres)[136 - Cuvres posthumes de Marmontel, historiographe de France, secrtaire perptuel de lAcadmie fran?aise. Mmoires. T. 3. Paris: Chez Xhrouet, 1805. P. 123128.].  ,     [137 - Ibid. P. 264.]      [138 - Ibid. P. 145146.].

 ,    . , ,      .  ,   ,               ,           .  ,   ,   .   [139 -   ,      ,    1745     . ,     :  XV      ,                .  ,              (Pierse S. Voltaire: Polemical Possibilities of History // A Companion to Enlightenment Historiography / ed. by S. Bourgault, R. Sparling. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013. P. 165167); .: Pocock J. G. A. Barbarism and Religion: 6vols. Vol. II: Narratives of Civil Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. P. 76).],         ,     :       [  ] [140 - Ranum O. Artisans of Glory. P. 2324.].     :        ,     ( ,    )[141 - ., ,      . .   . .   10 1800:     , , ,   ,     .  ,      .   . ,       ,      ( . .   . .  //  . .      XIX.:  4. . III. : -  , 1902. . 130; .:  .  :    . .  //   . 1997. 25. . 8498).],    ,           [142 - 23,    ,    ,   ,        (     I  22 1826:         .   //  . 1906. 1. . 123;  . . .).        , ., ,      16 1816:  //  . 1816. 12. . 238.].  ,   ,                  [143 -     6000 .   ,  ,        ,      ,     ,   ,     ,      :                       ? (   . .   28 1803: . 1845. 1.         . . 2).].             - , ,            [144 -  . , , ,      .  24 1803   :  ,        ,      .      ( . . 7). 12 1804         :   ,    ( . . 9).  .:Korchmina E., Zorin A. Karamzin and Money // Cahiers du monde russe. 2018. Vol. 59. 1. P. 117140.].

                1811.  ,         ,      ,       , , [145 -   ,   ,    . . II. . 84.].    ,           , , :  ,     ,   ,  ,    [146 -  .].    ,  ,      ,                    .

        ,   ,  ,   1804            ,     [147 - . 1845. 1.         . . 9.].   ,             ,      [148 -      1803  1804          :           ,           ,  ,  ,            ,         ,       ( . . 34, 9).                      .          I    ,    ,     ( //  . 1816. 12. . 239). ,     1862 . .              ( . .    ,     1862. .:    , 1884. . 271272).].   1811             젖   I[149 -       ,     ,     ,  8 1815 ( . .   . . I. . 12).].      ,         . . -,    1811,      ,      頖  ,        ,    ,      [150 -  . .    //  . .,  . .   :       . 2? . .: , 1986. . 100.],      . . .

        , ,      , ,   ,           .                .                   ,     (., ,  ,        1811,    . . ,  ,      .  ,     [151 - .:  . .            //   .  1991:   . .: /, 1992. . 412;  . .      : .    . .  //   . :   , 1998. . 6384.]).  ,     , ,        軠                            .     ,                    ,  .           ,       (        )[152 -      . .  ( . .            ࠖ     XIX. . 201202).   ,      ,   ,       ( . . 204).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=66699434)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


          :     2020.




2


          2021.




3


               :   .         /  . . . , . . . .:   , 2017.




4


 ,    ,     ,   ,           : , , .    1988,       (  ,  ,  ).    ,   1991,    :   :  /  . . . . .: , 1991.




5


                ,  -      2005.   ,  , .         [ ]   ,     .        :   ,   ?    :           .      ,       .                    . .: .         //    . .:   , 2005. . 1532. .:    ,     ,   ??  ? ,     ?        ,           ( .   ?     ?  :  1990?  2010? //  : , , ?  /  . . ?-?, . . .:  , , 2013. . 65).




6


 .     ,       .          ,  ,   ,            .                   .




7


Habermas J. Strukturwandel der ?ffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der b?rgerlichen Gesellschaft. Berlin: Neuwied, 1962.




8


                ,   ,                      ,    (2019). .:Mendieta E. The Unfinished Project of the Enlightenment: J?rgen Habermas at 90 // Los Angeles Review of Books. 11.08.2019. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/unfinished-project-enlightenment-jurgen-habermas-90/. .        ,            .          : Habermas global: Wirkungsgeschichte eines Werks / hrsg. L. Corchia, S. M?ller-Doohm, W. Outhwaite. Frankfurt am Main, 2019; The Cambridge Habermas Lexicon / ed. by A. Allen, E. Mendieta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.




9


 ,        . , . , . , . , .   . .:Sennett R. The Fall of Public Man. NewYork: W. W. Norton & Company, 1974; Eliasoph N. Political Culture and the Presentation of a Political Self: A Study of the Public Sphere in the Spirit of Erving Goffman // Theory and Society. 1990. Vol. 19. 4. P. 465494; Laclau E., Mouffe Ch. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso, 1985; Villa D. Postmodernism and the Public Sphere // The American Political Science Review. 1992. Vol. 86. 3. P. 712721. .      :  .  :   // ii i i. 2008. 11. . 5262.




10


 .   :   ? /. . . .  //  .    . . 6. .: , 1966. . 2735.




11


       .: .-.     //  . 2010. 4 (34). . 1321.




12


 .   :   ? . 34.




13


        .:Spicer M. W. Public Administration under Enlightened Despotism in Prussia: An Examination of Frederick the Greats Administrative Practice // Administrative Theory & Praxis. 1998. Vol. 20. 1. P. 2331; Dorn W. L. The Prussian Bureaucracy in the Eighteenth Century // Political Science Quarterly. 1931. Vol. 46. 3. P. 403423; Dorn W. L. The Prussian Bureaucracy in the Eighteenth Century II // Political Science Quarterly. 1932. Vol. 47. 1. P. 7594; Dorn W. L. The Prussian Bureaucracy in the Eighteenth Century III // Political Science Quarterly. 1932. Vol. 47. 2. P. 259273.




14


 .   :   ? . 31.




15


       XVIII .: .     / . . . . . .: , 2001. . 3845.




16


.: Deliberative Democracy, Essays on Reason and Politics / ed. by J. Bohman, W. Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997; Deliberation and Democracy: Innovative Processes and Institutions / ed. by S. A. Coleman, A. Przbylska, Y. Sintomer. NewYork: Peter Lang, 2015.




17


. : Habermas J. The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Twelve Lectures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987; Habermas J. Modernity: The Unfinished Project // Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity / ed. by M. Passerin d Entreves, Sh. Benhabib. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997. P. 3858.




18


          .    self-determination, self-organization  self-constitution. .:Tully J. On the Global Multiplicity of Public Spheres: The Democratic Transformation of the Public Sphere? // Beyond Habermas: Democracy, Knowledge and the Public Sphere / ed. by C. J. Emden, D. Midgley. NewYork: Berghahn Books, 2012. P. 169204.




19


        .  ,   1830? .      rpublique des lettres,          ,    :             .        ,      .       ,     ,      ( ., .    / . . . . .:  , 2000. . 1. . 2. . 285).         ,       ,       ,     .          ,      .  ,         ,        .




20


 . Vita activa,     / . . . . . .:   , 2017. . 19.




21


 . . 17.




22


 . Vita activa,    . . 17.  .       .: Hannah Arendt and the Boundaries of the Public Sphere // Russian Sociological Review. 2018. Vol. 17. 4 / ed. by A. Salikov, G. Yudin. https://sociologica.hse.ru/2018174.html.




23


.      : BenhabibSh. The Embattled Public Sphere: Hannah Arendt, J?rgen Habermas and Beyond // Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory. 1997. Vol. 90. P. 124; Salikov A. Hannah Arendt, J?rgen Habermas, and Rethinking the Public Sphere in the Age of Social Media // Russian Sociological Review. 2018. Vol. 17. 4. P. 88102. https://sociologica.hse.ru/en/2018174/230082320.html.




24


., ,       :  . .      .  //   . 2016. 3. . 513.




25


           : ? . ., ? . .   :     . .: , 2016. ftp://w82.ranepa.ru/rnp/wpaper/1668.pdf;  . .   ?:    ?  //  : , , ? . . 3552;  . .            //  . : . 2013. 4. . 98105;  . .      ? //  . 2006. 10. . 153166.




26


Habermas J. Ein avantgardischer Sp?rsinn f?r Relevanzen. Was den Intellektuellen auszeichnet // Bl?tter f?r deutsche und internationale Politik. 2006. 5. S. 550557; .  .  :  .   .    //  . 2006. 3 (47). . 513. https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2006/3/pervym-pochuyat-vazhnoe.html.




27


Specter M. G. Habermas: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 3233.




28


Ibid. P. 34.




29


     ,               蠖   ,   ,      ,     .               蠖  ,        ,            . .  I : Habermas J. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989.




30


        ,  PR       ,  ,       .   ,      .      ,         .                ,     . .:Ibid. 18; 19; 20.




31


Habermas J. Further Reflections on the Public Sphere // Habermas and the Public Sphere / ed. by C. Calhoun. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992. P. 441.




32


 . . .  .        / . . . ?. .:   , 2020. .        XII  XIII :  . ,    ,   .   ,      ? .




33


.         : Habermas J. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. P. XVIIXIX.




34


        ;  ,           ,  ,   ,    (Ibid. P. 235).




35


   .: .   :  .    :      (2016) // .    . 2017. 1. . 123.                : ?   ,              .         :     ?     ,  ?                   .  ,        ( . . 128).    -          .




36


., ,    The Prospects & Limits of Deliberative Democracy  D?dalus (2017)  Special Issue: Deliberative Democracy Beyond the West  Political Theory (2014).                .




37


Negt O., Kluge A. ?ffentlichkeit und Erfahrung. Zur Organisationsanalyse von b?rgerlicher und proletarischer ?ffentlichkeit. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1972.




38


          ,   ,       . .:Habermas J. The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article // New German critique. 1974. Vol. 3. P. 4955.  1975        Legitimationsprobleme im Sp?tkapitalismus   .    Legitimation Crisis.   1980?      ,  : Alexander J. C. Habermas Theory: Its Promise and Problems // American Journal of Sociology. 1985. Vol. 91. 2. P. 405.




39


.   ,     ,  : M?ller-Doohm S. Habermas: A Biography. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016.         :  .,  .  .    . .: -  .  , 2006.




40


Pensky M. Historical and Intellectual Contexts // J?rgen Habermas: Key Concepts / ed. by B. Fultner. Durham: Acumen, 2011. P. 5473.




41


Habermas J. Erkenntnis und Interesse. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1968.




42


     ,            (Erfahrung)             .




43


            ,     ,       .       : -,    ,  ,    , -,   .    ,   ,      ,          ,          . .: .   ?        // THESIS. 1993. . 1. . 2. . 123136.




44


Habermas J. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. 2Bd. Bd. 1: Handlungsrationalit?t und gesellschaftliche Rationalisierung. Bd. 2: Zur Kritik der funktionalistischen Vernunft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1981.




45


    ,     -  ,        : ,   .      ,     .         ,          .  ,        ,        .       :  .    () //   . 2007. . I. . 1. . 229245;  .             //  . 2008. . 7. 1. . 325.




46


.:  . .       //  . : . 2019. 2. . 240252.




47


            , , ,          (, , ): Habermas J. Faktizit?t und Geltung. Beitr?ge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats. Frankfurt am Main: VS Verlag f?r Sozialwissenschaften, 1992. .    ,         堖 Deliberative Politics: A Procedural Concept of Democracy  Civil Society and the Political Public Sphere : Habermas J. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. P. 287387.




48


[] ,           ,       ;           ,   ,      ,     .                 ,   셻: [Habermas] argues that he gives more weight to citizen participation in deliberative public spheres than the liberal tradition, yet he gives a more limited and legally constituted role to participation than the republican tradition, thus creating a hybrid, discourse theory, that combines the best features of both traditions. It is still correct to call his theory a liberal theory in the broad sense of European liberalism initiated by Benjamin Constant (Tully J. On the Global Multiplicity of Public Spheres. P. 176).      : Ferree ., Gamson W., Gerhards J., Rucht D. Four Models of the Public Sphere in Modern Democracies // Theory and Society. 2002. Vol. 31. 3. P. 289324.




49


        :             .    ,          .       -,                (Fuchs Ch. Critical Theory of Communication. London: University of Westminster Press, 2016. P. 177).




50


     ,    , .:Van Horn Melton J. Introduction. What is the Public Sphere? // Van Horn Melton J. The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. P. 115;   .  . . : Goodman D. Public Sphere and Private Life: Toward a Synthesis of Current Historiographical Approaches to the Old Regime // History and Theory. 1992. Vol. 31. 1. P. 120.




51


Waterman B. The Bavarian Illuminati, the Early American Novel, and Histories of the Public Sphere // The William and Mary Quarterly. Third Series. 2005. Vol. 62. 1. P. 930; Wach H. Civil Society, Moral Identity and the Liberal Public Sphere: Manchester and Boston, 18101840 // Social History. 1996. Vol. 21. 3. P. 281303.




52


Uribe-Uran V. M. The Birth of a Public Sphere in Latin America during the Age of Revolution // Comparative Studies in Society and History. 2000. Vol. 42. 2. P. 425457.




53


Emami F. Coffee Houses, Urban Spaces, and the Formation of a Public Sphere in Savafid Isfahan // Muqarnas. 2016. Vol. 33. P. 177220.




54


Wagner R. The Early Chinese Newspapers and the Chinese Public Sphere // European Journal of East Asian Studies. 2001. Vol. 1. 1. P. 133.




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149


      ,     ,     ,  8 1815 ( . .   . . I. . 12).




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151


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