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B. Gazier,   ,       :  ,    ,    ( ),       ,        ,       [Gazier, 2013][3 - Gazier B. Labour market institutions. International Labour Office. Employment targeting and sectoral approaches to job creation, Oct 2013, Gen?ve, Switzerland. <hal-00976731>].

 ,           ,        ,    . ,              [Solow, 1990][4 - Solow R. Labour Market as a Social Institution. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990. 116 p.].

  ,           -,    .  ,           mismatch (       ).                 , ,       ,           mismatch.             ,     ,         [Ansel B., Gingrich J., 2017][5 - Ansell B., Gingrich J. The dynamics of social investment: Human capital, activation, and care. In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, edited by P. Beramendi], [H?usermann et al, 2015.][6 - S.H?usermann, H. Kitschelt, and H. Kriesi. 2015. New York: Cambridge University Press], [H?usermann, Kurer, Schwander, 2015][7 - H?usermann S., Kurer T., Schwander H. High-skilled outsiders? Labour market vulnerability, education and welfare state preferences//Socio-Economic Review. 2015. Vol. 13 (2): 235-58. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwu026].  ,                      .   - ,    ,    ,       .      ,        Erasmus+   ,    ,     ,      .

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 ,  ,            23%,         .  ,   Boeri T. [Boeri T. et al., 2019][8 - Boeri T., Ichino A., Moretti E., Posch J. Wage Equalization and Regional Misallocation: Evidence from Italian and German Provinces (February 2019). CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP13545. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3341352 (https://ssrn.com/abstract=3341352)],            ,   .      ,   ,           . Boeri T. et al [Boeri T. et al., 2019][9 -  .], ,          2,5. ,   13%     .   ,        ,      ,     ,    ,      ,    .

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, 2017.].       .

2.      -  - .  ,   2015  Brookings Institute,  ,  11,5.   ,     2010 ,           ,   ,        32,9. .   ,  the Manufacturing Metrics Experts Group  2016 ,    : 2,6.        1.    -   1,3.  - [11 -  .].

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4.         :     ,       ,     ,  , , ,  . ,    ,      ,   25,5%  21%    1996  2015 [12 - Learning and earning. The Economist. January 14


, 2017.].

5.         ,     Amazon     ,    ,         ,    [13 - Labour-monitoring technologies raise efficiencyand hard questions. The Economist March 3


 2018 .66.].

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Kegan R. Lahey L. L.,    ,     ,        ,      .        ,            ,         [14 - Kegan R., Lahey L.L. Immunity To Change. Boston: Harvard Business Press. 2009. 340 .].

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        [, 2013][19 -  .      = Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus /  ; [. . .. ]. : , 2013. 321 .], ,     XVIII     XIX        ,      ,   . ,  ,                  .     ,          ,   .

Sidney Pollard,     ,  [Pollard,1963][20 - Pollard S. (1963). Factory Discipline in the Industrial Revolution// The Economic History Review, New Series. 1963. Vol. 16, No. 2. pp. 254271.],            XVIII  XIX            ,     .                  ,      .

      .   ,    ,    ,           . Pollard [21 -  .],      ,              ,     .      [Welsh, 2005][22 - Welsh A. (2005). Business is Business, or the Work Ethic//Social Research. Summer 2005. Vol. 72. No. 2. pp. 471500.]    ,  ,       ,    .  ,     Self-Help,  1859. Samuel Smiles [Smiles, 1859][23 - Smiles S. (1859). Self-Help. John Murray, London. 1859.] ,          .    [Whigham et al., 2007, p. 33][24 - Whigham F. /Rebhorn W. A. eds., (2007). The Art of English Poesy. Cornell University Press; 1st edition. 2007. -512 p.]          ,           .

        XX    .   .        ,  ,         ,          .

     . Samuel Smiles [Smiles, 1875][25 - Smiles S. (1875). Thrift. 1875. Original Publisher: London, J. Murray. 412 p.],   , :      ,  ,  ,  . - ?                 , ,    ,       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1)XVI  () (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%9F(%D0%B1)),  . .  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)27  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F)1930  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4).

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    ,        ?         ( ,  )?       .     -     810   .   ,   ,    ,          .           Caplan B. D. [Caplan B. D., 2007. P. 2349][29 - Caplan B.D. (2007). The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. p.2349.]    ,     ,   .

            .        ,    .

     ,       ,     .             ,   ,    6 ,   flexicurity,    1990-           90%       (   11 ).  flexicurity      flexibility ()  security ().   [, 2017][30 -  . (2017).   .       . ., . 512 .]          (   ,      ),       .

       ,    ,       .        :           ,   ,    6 ,   flexicurity,    1990-           90%       (   11 ).  flexicurity,               .                 .        .  :  ?  ? ,     .  ,     ,  ,       ,        .        1970-   1990-                .

   , ,        ,           ,         ,    [31 - Andersen T. M., Svarer M. Flexicurity: labour market performance in Denmark\\ CESifo Working Paper. 2007. No. 2108, Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute (CESifo), Munich.]. ,             flexicurity,        .         ,             ,      .

   -      40   ,     ,  .   -      , , ,    40-      ,    .  ,       - ,     ,       . -     :     ,   ,      .

       .              ,  ,       . ,        ,   ,  , ,      ,       .     , ,   ,   .             .   ,   50         [Carmichael, 2015, p. 3][32 - Carmichael S.G. (2015). The Research is Clear: Long Hours Backfire for People and for Companies. Harvard Business Review Digital Articles. 2015. August 19, 2015. P.24.]. -,             .  ,    ,    ,   British Medical Journal,              ,    [The Joy of Absence//The Economist May 18 th 2019 p. 55.].              .             . ,        , ,           ,     ().                    -  [6 Nagata T., Mori K., Ohtani M., Nagata M., Kajiki S., Fujino Y. Total Health-Related Costs Due to Absenteeism, Presenteeism, and Medical and Pharmaceutical Expenses in Japanese Employers//Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2018. Vol. 60(5): e273e280].

     ,    ,        .   ,        60 ,     ,            ,  40     .            .    ,       .                  ,        .

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,       .   19 ,             10 (   ) ,    ,     ,        .   Leslie Perlow  Jessica Porter     [Perlow, 2009][34 - Perlow L.A., Porter J.L. (2009). Making Time Off Predictable  and Required//Harvard Business Review. October 2009 Vol. 87 (10). pp. 102109.]        .     . ,          .

  ,  [Fabian et al., 2019][35 - Fabian M., Breunig R. (2019). Long Work Hours and Job Satisfaction: Do Overworkers Get Trapped in Bad Jobs?//Social Science Quarterly. Vol. 100. Issue 5. August 2019. pp. 19321956.]            .   () ,      ,  ,       ,    .       :     ,    ,           .

             .      .     ,       ? , .      . Burroni  Keune    flexicurity: 1)       ()   ,      ,              ; 2)        :         ,   [36 - Burroni L., Keune M. Flexicurity: A conceptual critique//European Journal of Industrial Relations. 2011. Vol. 17(1). p. 7591.]. -,       ,          .  ,      ()                    .  ,      ,              .  ,          .  :       ,     ,        [37 - Bredgaard T., Larsen F. Comparing Flexicurity in Denmark and Japan. 2007. Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training (JILPT). 44 .].

                      .




1.2.  ,       


          (,  , ),          .

          .           ,   . ,    ,      ,   .               ,       .      , ,    ,       [, 2013, . 127][38 -  ..          (2013)// -   . 2013. 31. .125129.].       .

     ,    ,     .        David Graeber [Graeber, 2018][39 - Graeber D. (2018). Bullshit Jobs: A Theory. London: Penguin UK, 2018. 368 .],       :  (Bullshit Jobs: A Theory) ,        ,    200  .   ,     ,        .  Graeber        ,    ,       ,     ,  , ,    ,      . ,     Graeber,       3740%.[40 -  .]   ,          .

        .   ,         ,       ,    . The American Psychological Association   2017  ,      ,  -, - ,       [McKee, 2017, . 67][41 - McKee A. (2017). Happiness Traps: How We Sabotage Ourselves at Work/Harvard Business Review. September-October 2017. P.6673.]

     ,    . ,        ,         ,    -,    .  [Kenji et al., 2014][42 - Kenji, Y., & Smith, C. (2014). Fear of Being Different Stifles Talent. Harvard Business Review. 2014. Vol. 92(3). pp. 2838.]  3000  ,  61%  ,      - ,    :    ,    , ,  ,      ,     .   , ,      ,     .     ,        .

       ,         . Reid [Reid, 2015][43 - Reid E. (2015). Embracing, passing, revealing, and the ideal worker image: How people navigate expected and experienced professional identities//Organization Science. 2015. Vol. 26(4). pp. 9971017.]     ,      ,    .  ,   80    , ,    ,        .   ,       ,    80   ,  ,   .       ,       ,        ,       ,   ,   -    .

      , ,   ,          .                      [Aguiar M. et al., 2017][44 - Aguiar M., Bils M., Charles K. K., Hurst E. (2017). Leisure Luxuries and the Labor Supply of Young Men. Working Paper no. 23552. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2017. p. 74].

          . ,   ,   ,   ,    .         .      .            .       -  - .

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 1.      [Distribution, 2018][47 - Distribution of the workforce across economic sectors in China (India, Great Britain, Russia, USA) from 2007 to 2017 [ ] URL: http://www.statista.com/statistics/_ (http://www.statista.com/statistics/_) (  12.11.2018)].]






    1.,               ,   . ,               .

           . ,  1950   2017         1968   1780,    2193  1514; 1961   2017    2060   1628,    2059  1695.          .     XX ,     25          98 ,     42,     125     77 .     ,   , , ,        100 ,     1992.  2017.        1980 [48 -   : Average annual hours actually worked per worker [ ] URL: http:// https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=ANHRS# (https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=ANHRS#) (  12.11.18).].      :       2006.  2016.     46 [49 - Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person in China from 2006 to 2016 [ ] URL: http://https://www.statista.com/statistics/732805/average-working-hours-china/ (https://www.statista.com/statistics/732805/average-working-hours-china/) (  12.11.18).].

                     ,    . ,         -  -  .         . Brookings Institute  ,   ,   11,5.   ,     2010 ,           ,   ,        32,9. .   ,    The Manufacturing Metrics Experts Group  2016 ,    : 2,6.        1.    -   1,3.  - [50 - Politicians cannot bring back old-fashioned factory jobs//The Economist. January 14


, 2017.].

  ,  ,        .       :          ,   ,           .

     .                 .  ,     ,   . ,      2007.  2017.     42,7%,    27%,    6,7%,    3,49%,    1,66%,    1,11%[51 - Distribution of the workforce across economic sectors in China (India, Great Britain, Russia, USA) from 2007 to 2017 [ ] URL: http://https://www.statista.com/statistics/270327/distribution-of-the-workforce-across-economic-sectors-in-china/ (mailto:%20loukitchev20@mail.ru),https://www.statista.com/statistics/271320/distribution-of-the-workforce-across-economic-sectors-in-india/ (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1), https://www.statista.com/statistics/271373/distribution-of-the-workforce-across-economic-sectors-in-russia/ (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%9F(%D0%B1)),https://www.statista.com/statistics/270161/economic-sector-distribution-of-the-workforce-in-japan/ (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87),https://www.statista.com/statistics/270072/distribution-of-the-workforce-across-economic-sectors-in-the-united-states/ (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F), https://www.statista.com/statistics/270382/distribution-of-the-workforce-across-economic-sectors-in-the-united-kingdom/ (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4) (  12.11.2018).].       - ,     ,        .   ,      ,                     .

     ,                  ,  ,   . ,           ,    ,                  .

      1960- . ,   ,  ,   ,  , ,        XXI .                    10.           .

Acemoglu  Restrepo ,               0,37         0,73  (  )   0,18      0,25     (  ) [Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2017][52 - Acemoglu D., Restrepo P. Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets. 2017. NBER Working Paper No. 23285. 90 p.].  ,      ,      . ,  ,     ,      ,   ,     [Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2016][53 - Acemoglu D., Restrepo P. The Race Between Machine and Man: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares and Employment. 2016. NBER Working Paper No. 22252. 87 p.],        ,      .

  ,   . ,         ,            , -,  [54 -  ..      ? .:    : 2017. 39 .]. ,          ,      ,       .

          . ,           .            ,          [Akerman at al, 2015][55 - Akerman A., Gaarder I., Mogstad M. The Skill Complementarity of Broadband Internet//Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2015. Vol.130. p. 17811824.]  ,         2000  2009 ,    2,3%     ,         .      89%,      1819%  [Poliquin, 2018][56 - Poliquin C. The Effect of the Internet on Wages. 2018 December 11 https://poliquin.xyz/files/poliquin_jmp.pdf (https://www.oxfordinsights.com/ai-readiness2019)].           ,  ,         .

              . ,           ,     ( ,      1%,      2%).         [Abeliansky, Prettner, 2017][57 - Abeliansky A., Prettner K. Automation and Demographic Change. Working Paper 05 2017, University of Hohenheim, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Science. 34 p.].     ,     1993  2014  ,      ,  ,    .    :             0,9    [Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2018][58 - Acemoglu D., Restrepo P. Demographics and Automation (March 7, 2018). MIT Department of Economics Working Paper No. 1805. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3138621 (https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/subject-ranking/computer-science) or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3138621 (http://mir-nauki.com/PDF/07PDMN516.pdf)].  ,   ,     ,    .

          . -,          .  ,           ,      . -,         ,      .    , , ,    .

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       (    )  .     (, ),    ,    ,  ,     ().   ,  ,   ,    ,       () .      ,   , , ,   ,    - ,  ,    (, )   ().          .      ( )      60-  XX            .  ,            (  2030%)            [, ̸, 2002][59 -  ., ̸ . . . . .:   , 2002. .5253.]

 ,             .         .     ,   Watanabe et al.,   [60 - Watanabe C., Naveed K., Tou Y., Neittaanm?ki P., 2018, Measuring GDP in the digital economy: Increasing dependence on uncaptured GDP// Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 137, p.226240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.053 (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xVK4lSanDZSCN6kGAHXikrGoKgpVlcwN/view)].    (  1980-  1990- .)    ,       (  2010- ).      .    ,        ,  ,       .              .        Watanabe et al.    ,    ,   .

     ,   ,      . International Data Corporation (IDC)       20 . .   20%    [61 -  .  .   -   . .: . 2016.].      ,    .       .   56% .  ,   ,      ,          [62 -     -2020 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xVK4lSanDZSCN6kGAHXikrGoKgpVlcwN/view (https://ssrn.com/abstract=3138621) (  19.02.2021.].       ,        ,      .  ,     ,   74% (  13%  2 ).    -      .        ,   .      . .      ,      (, ,   .)  -         [63 -  ..     :    // . , , . : . 2019. 2. .2234.].        ,           , ,  .

             ,     .              , -, , . ,  ,        .         ,             ,    . ,    COVID-19,         ( ).  ,    Mindell,    [64 - Mindell D. A. 2015. Our Robots, Ourselves: Robotics and the Myths of Autonomy. New York, NY: Viking. 272 pages.],     ,                ,     .     ,    ,   .             ,    ,          (ZOOM )[65 - Zoom and Gloom. The Economist. October 8


 2020., p.57.].         ,    ,  ,   .    ,    ,     .   ,  -     [66 -  . .    . //   :   . 2019. . 8. 1 (26). . 174178.],      .

          ,     .     ,       ,   ,  ,   5%  COVID-19   20%,       [Barrero et al., 2020][67 - Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2020). COVID-19 Is Also a Reallocation Shock. NBER Working Paper No. 27137. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27137 (https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3138621)].      . Baert et al. (2020)   - ,    ,               COVID-19[68 - Baert, S., Lippens, L., Moens, E., Sterkens, P., & Weytjens, J. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis and telework: A research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes. IZA Discussion Paper No. 13229. Institute of Labor Economics. http://ftp.iza.org/dp13229.pdf (http://ftp.iza.org/dp13229.pdf)].

                  .          ,        .          .                    [Rose, 2020][69 - Rose, Nancy. 2020. Will Competition Be Another COVID-19 Casualty? Essay 2020-15, The Hamilton Project, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.],        .   ,   ,      ,          ,     .    - .   ,  ,           ,                    ,       (   ) [Autor et al., (2020)][70 - Autor David, Reynolds Elisabeth. 2020. The Nature of Work after the COVID Crisis: Too Few Low-Wage Jobs. Essay 202014, The Hamilton Project, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.] ].     [, 2020][71 -  ..        ? //   . 2020. 4. .718.],                     ,       .           [72 -  ..,  ..,  ..  . .: -, 2021. 188 ].




2.2.    


     ,            ,      ,        ,      ,   .             ,  ,    [73 -  ..    .        /-  . -. 2000.].      :           .

                 ,       .      -  COVID-19    .              ?        ?   ,      .          .       ,  ,      ,  ,     , ,  ,   .                 ,      .

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  ,      ,   ,  ,     .       [74 -  ..    . //  - ,  5: , . 2 (13),  2001, .3744.][75 - Baldwin, R., Cave, M. & Lodge, M. (2010) The Oxford Handbook of Regulation. Oxford University Press Inc, New York.].                ,         ,              .

,       XX     XXI        .  ,  ,     ,  ,     .             .               -  COVID-19   .     , ,    , ,    .       ()    [76 - Stigler, G.J. (1971). The Theory of Economic Regulation. Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, Vol. 2, No.1, pp. 3-21.].               ,    . ,               ,      .  ,           ,      .              ,              .

     .

 1.              .       .         .  ,    ,    ()       ,     .     XX ,     .     1980-                 .   ,        1990-          .   ,   ,        ,    .              .           ,      ,   ,      .              ,        .              . . [77 -  ..    :      2008.    //     . .. . 2013. .6. 3. .721.].

 2.      ,    .          :       ;           ,  (),    ,  ;       ;      .  ,   ,    .

           . , ,       ,        .  ,   . ,         .  2004           1,1 . .,  11%  [78 -  .      .  . 2006. 3. .135144.].             .        ,    ,       .           ,     .               .            .

     :         ?      -                .              .     :        ,       ,   ,   ,      [79 - The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development//The World Bank, Doing Business in 2006: Creating Jobs, Washington, September 2005].

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