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    ,      (  )        ,   [28 - John H. Pryor,Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 99.],          1492 [29 -  ,         .]. ,   ,   ,          .   ,       -,     ,     .  ,       ,           :  (1497), -- (1505),  (1509), -----/ (1509), -- (1510),  (1510),  (1511).

   ,    1492 ,  ,   ,  ,    . ,       ,       .     ,   ,        .                  [30 - Pierre Dan, Histoire de Barbarie et de ses corsaires, des royaumes, et des villes dAlger, de Tunis, de Sal et de Tripoly: ou il est traitt de leur gouvernement, de leurs mCurs, de leurs cruautez, de leurs brigandages, de leurs sortileges, & de plusieurs autres particularitez remarquables: ensemble des grandes mis?res et des cruels tourmens quendurent les Chrestiens captifs parmy ces infideles (Paris: Pierre Rocolet, 2 ., 1649), 203.].  ,     1595  - , ,    (. 10)  ,           ,      .      -,   .       ,              .                        [31 - Ellen G. Friedman, Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age (Wisconsin: Te University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 12.].

,  ,           1613    ,       ,     .  ,        ,     ,    .  ,    (  ),       ,     III ,   ,         [32 - Luis Alberto Anaya Hernndez, Moros en la costa: dos siglos de corsarismo berberisco en las Islas Canarias (15691749) (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: UNED, Centro Asociado de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2006), 130.]:           .      ,   1576          (maestre)  ,    ,     ,    (descripcion),   :          [33 - Recopilacin de leyes de los reynos de la Indias, Tomo III (Madrid: Andres Ortega, 1774, 3- ), libro IX, t?tulo XXIII: Del Piloto mayor y cosmografos y dem?s pilotos de la Carrera de Indias, y arraeces de barcos de carga, y su examen. 1576,  14, 288a. Elizabeth del Pilar Montanez Sanabria, Challenging the Pacific Spanish Empire: Pirates in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 15701750 (  , University of California Davis, 2014), 64; ,    XIV   XIII   ,      ղ   .        ,      ,    - -,   ,    .  ,          ,   ,   ,  :  ,   .].

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      ,     VI ,     ,         (exiles vengeance)[35 - Stanley Lane Poole, Te Barbary Corsairs (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1890), 8.].        .  ,       ,      .        ,      ,       .      ,    ,    .        ,   -        .

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  ,  ,   ,   ,  -,    ,           ,  ,           ,      [37 - Rhoads Murphey, Seyyid Murad?s Prose Biography of Hizir ibn Yakub, alias Hayreddin Barbarossa: Ottoman Folk Narrative as an under-exploited Source for Historical Reconstruction, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54/4 (2001): 524530.].  1529        --.             .          .  ,        ,     ,      .

     ,       ,     VI .    [38 -       (Diego de Haedo, Topograf?a e Historia General de Argel (Madrid: La Sociedad de Biblifilos Espa?oles, 1927,  3 ),     ,    1612     ,    ,           ,    ,    ,   .        .     ,     ,            ,     15771581. George Camamis, Estudios sobre el cautiverio en el siglo de oro (Madrid: Gredos, 1977), 140143.  ,            ,        .: Mar?a Antonia Garcs, Cervantes in Algiers: A Captives Tale (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2002), 6784.],  ,           [39 -        ,       .        XVII .  - : .    . . .]  [40 - Haedo, Topograf?a, . I, 91.         ;      ,   ,   ,       ,         . . Maria Antonia Garcs (  ), An Early Modern Dialogue with Islam: Antonio de Sosas Topography of Algiers (1612),  Diana de Armas Wilson (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011).].  ,      ,  ,          ,  , ,   .    ,       .       ,      ,       ,      .    :  ,      ,    ,   ,              [41 - Haedo, Topograf?a, I. cilt, 92.].

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  ,   , ,        ,      ,   . ,      ,   ,         .   1609      ,     ,   .    ,              !       ,        .      .     :  1618 ,    ,       ,     [47 - AMN, Colleccin Navarrete, V, fol. 158, d?k. 31; k. Friedman, Spanish Captives, 24; Anaya Hernndez, Moros en la costa, 135136.].

     .     2,  16251626     54 ,     ,     (9,2%).     4 ,           ,   [48 -    ,         :       ,    ,     . Haedo, Topograf?a, . I, 5051.],     Tagarim, Tangareene   bin Tagarin[49 - .   .   ,          ,      . .   . . .].      :          [50 - Anonim, Histoire chronologique du royaume de Tripoly de Barbarie, tome premier, divis en six parties, BNF, Manuscrits fran?ais 12.219 R. 58.375, vr. 51v.].  ,       ,    (Moor)       (1679 ); -,   [51 - C.R. Pennell (yay. haz.), Piracy and Diplomacy in Seventeenth-Century North Africa: Te Journal of Tomas Baker. English Consul in Tripoli (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1989), 106.].   ,   ,   ,     ,    .  ,   ,          , ,    ,          .          ,  ?

    :         ,    [52 - Friedman, Spanish Captives, 24.].    ,       ,      . -,       .       .      1536  ,      -       .     II,         , ,                  ?[53 - Merouche, La course: mythes et ralit, 43.] ,  ,         . ,      10,  ,   ,           .

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 -      .           .  ,       VI ,      ,   [57 - Poole, Te Barbary Corsairs, 188.]. ,   VII ,     1200     (),   .          .    ,   ,      .     ,     ,      ,     -.

     . ,     ,   .           [58 - Sebastin Garc?a Mart?nez, Bandolerismo, pirater?a y control de moriscos en Valencia durante el reinado de Felipe II (Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 1977).].  , ,   30       II   .   ,    .   ,         ?     1614     ,   - ( ),      .          [59 - Roger Coindreau, Les corsaires de Sal (Paris: Socit dditions gographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1948; 3. baski, Sal: La croise des chemins, 2006), 4243.].    ,    ,     1627     ; ,           .

            ,       V    (  )    .       ,        ,    (      ).  ,       ,     . ,       .   , , ,   ,  ,  , ,   ,  ,  ,  -.

    .       - [60 -  ĸ,    ,     . . Volkan D?kmeci, Venedik Kaynaklarina G?re II. Bayezid ve I. Selim D?nemlerinde Osmanli Denizciligi ve Korsanlik (Yayinlanmamis Y?ksek Lisans Tezi, Istanbul ?niversitesi, 2011).].  VI        .             ,     (piracy cycle),     [61 - Philip Gosse, The History of Piracy (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1932; Mineola: Dover Publications, 2007), 12. ,           ,        ,           .        (, ,  ),   ,       .].

,                 .               Mellah?n-i g?ret-pesend (,    ).  ,       ,   ,   -   .      ,  ,     - ,      .    -     ,         -[62 - ? ( .  -?   , . zimmi)       ,    ;     ,     ,   (),            . . .]  ,  ,   ,   ,     ,      (. g?zlerine yegdirdikleri rencber gemiler?n basub). -     ,     .       ,      .          ,              ().     ,   :     ,  ,     .  ,     :        [63 - -   .  (,  )  .  ().      ,     ,      /.      ,   .],       ,   ,    ,    [64 - Mehmet Seker (yay. haz.), Gelibolulu Mustafa ve Mev?id?n-Nef?is f?-Kav?i-dil-Mec?lis (Ankara: T?rk Tarih Kurumu, 1997), 288.].        .

,   VI     ,       .           ,    ,         [65 - Seyyid Mur?d Re?s, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, yay. haz. Mustafa Yildiz (Aachen: Verlag Shaker, 1993), fol. 32b, s. 61; fol. 54a, s. 72; fol. 132a, s.112.]. ,  1510-         (. )[66 - Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 50ler.]. -,  1551 ,   ,             ,  ,  ,       ,     ,  [67 - ASV, SAPC, fil. 5, c. 246r (21  1551).].




 : - 


  ,   ,    .        [68 -          :  ,      ,  . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 157b, s. 125;  ,   ,       ,   ,    ,     (  .    ).   ,     ,     ,     ,  ,     . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 164a, s. 128.],        .    ,     ,      ,   ,   ,   ,      .   -,      ,          [69 -     -   ,   ; ,    (  ).       .    XVI    .],             .    -      .          ,  ,      .

     ?   ,    ,      ? ,      : ,   .     ,        ,   .    ,   -  ( ,  -  ),    ,       ,    .           ;       ,     ( 200 )[70 - Fernand Braudel, La Mditerrane et le monde mditerranen ? lpoque de Philippe II (Paris: Libraire Armand Colin, 2. baski, 1966), I. cilt, 127.].  ,     ,    [71 - E. le Danois, LAtlantique, histoire et vie dun ocean (Paris: Albin Michel, 1938), 197198.].

   - ,  ,   ,     .      71%,       .      ,    ,  ,   :      ,   ,    ,   .         ,  ,       .     ,       ;  -    ,   ,   ,  [72 - Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, Te Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 191; Fredric Cheyette, The Mediterranean Climate, A Companion to Mediterranean History, yay. haz. Peregrine Horden and Sharon Kinoshita (Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014), 13.             :     2005  2008. ,       ,        (internal cycling processes)  . I. E. Huertas, A. F. R?os vd., Atlantic Forcing of the Mediterranean Oligotrophy, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26 (2012), GB2022, doi:10.1029/2011GB004167.].

 ,         ;    . , ,   .                 .    ?!  1589             (notabilissimo mancamento)[73 - Victor Ivanovich Lamanskii (yay. haz.), Secret dtat de Venise: documents, extraits, notices et tudes servant ? claircir les rapports de la Seigneurie avec les Grecs, les Slaves et la Porte ottomane ? la fin du XVe et au XVIe si?cle (Saint Petersburg: Imprimerie de lacadmie impriale des sciences, 1884), 578.   ,          ,    . Brian Pullan, Editors Introduction, Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, yay. haz. Brian Pullan (London: Methuen&Co. Ltd., 1968), 8.].     ,  ,     ,         .

      ;             -    .  ,        -   ,        .      ղ            [74 - Enrica Salvatori, Corsairs Crews and Cross-Cultural Interactions: Te Case of the Pisan Trapelicinus in the Twelfth Century, Medieval Encounters 13 (2007): 3255.].          [75 - Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War, 154.].     ,   ,      ,       [76 -        .: Pierre Boyer, Les rengats et la marine de la rgence dAlger, Revue de lOccident musulman et de lOccident et de la Mditerrane 39 (1985): 93-106.].

,  ,          .             .           ,    ,    ,      ,    ,    ,   [77 - Robert J. Anthony, Like Froth Floating on the Sea: Te World of Pirates and Seafarers in Late Imperial South China (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, 2003), 22.].       ,    , ,      -  (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie)[78 - Tonio Andrade, Te Companys Chinese Pirates: How the Dutch East India Company Tried to Lead a Coalition of Pirates to War against China, 16211662, Journal of World History 15/4 (2004): 415444; Adam Clulow, The Pirate and the Warlord, Journal of Early Modern History 16 (2012), 531514.].       ,       ,         [79 - Michael Kempe, Even in the Remotest Corners of the World: Globalized Piracy and International Law, 15001900, Journal of Global History 5/3 (November 2010), 362.       . Ignacio J. Gallup-Diaz, The Door of the Seas and the Key to the Universe: Indian Politics and Imperial Rivalry in the Darin, 16401750 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 5374.].      (    1984 )         ,       ,   ,    ,   (egalitarian)   (libertarian),    ,    .    ,     1715  1726  2530%     -  ,      ,   [80 - Michael Cohn and Michael K. H. Platze, Black Men of the Sea (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1978), 31; David Cordingly, Life among the Pirates: Te Romance and the Reality (London: Little, Born, 1995), 2728; W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), 15.],       .      ,   .         [81 - Kenneth J. Kinkor, Black Men under the Black Flag, Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader, yay. haz. C. R. Pennel (New York and London: New York University Press, 2001), 197198, 200.].

   ,    .    :   ,     ,        .    !

     , ,       [82 - Moulay Belhamissi, Histoire de la marine algrienne (15161830) (Alger: Entreprise Nationale du Livre, 1986), 31; a.g.y., Marine et marins dAlger, I. cilt, 54.],   ,          -.       ,   ,       (     ),   ,      ,  ,       .

    1534 ,     [83 -  ,               (., . Barbaross).        .],         ,     (,   ).   -: -,    ,     () ; -,  ,    ;  -;    -  (Alcady Bali);      [84 - Muzaffer Arikan y Paulino Toledo, XIVXVI. Y?zyillarda T?rk-Ispanyol Iliskileri ve Denizcilik Tarihimizle Ilgili Ispanyol Belgeleri (Ankara: Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanligi Karargah Basimevi, 1995), 226.]. ,   ,    ,   ,  -    -     .

    1,  1581     ,   ,    (28%)    (   , turco de nacin,     ).     ,     , 13  (37%)  .  22 (63%)   (turco de profesin,    ):  ;  ;  ;  ;       , , , ,   .  ,        .


 1


      . 1581






[85 -  (.)  ,        .].

[86 -  (.)    (     )  .       ,        .   ,    ,   . . .].

[87 - ,  (. kadi)  . . .].



 . 1






,    ,    ,          VI  ,   ,         .   ,      ?      .




 :  


 VII         ,      .         ,     ,   ,     VI         .     ,      ,                   .

        ,        . ,       , ,  ,    ,  , .              .          .       ,   ,        .    ,      ,    .  ,    ,        [88 - Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War, 12.].               .            ?[89 - Braudel, La Mditerrane, I. cilt, 9498.]

,     ,     .   ,   ,   ,   ,      .       ,      .      ,       ,     ,  -      [90 - Pierre Dan, Histoire de Barbarie, 311.].    ,   ,         -[91 - Alberto Sacerdoti (yay. haz.), Africa overo Barbar?a: Relazione al Doge di Venezia sulle reggenze di Algeri e di Tunisi del dragomanno Gio. Batta Salvago (1625) (Padova: CEDAM, 1937), 59; Dan, Histoire de Barbarie, 315; Anonim, Histoirhronologique du royaume de Tripoly, vr. 51r-51v.          [Albert Devoulx, La marine de la rgence dAlger, Revue Africaine 13/77 (1869), 390391); Mercedes Garc?a-Arenal y Miguel ngel de Bunes Ibarra, Los espa?oles y el Norte de Africa, siglos XVXVIII (Madrid: Editorial Mapfre, 1992), 200],   ,  ,  ,      [Godfrey Fisher, Barbary Legend: War, Trade and Piracy in North Africa, 14151830 (Westport: Greenworrd Press, 1957), 160.]],  .

,      ,    ,     ,         ,  ,   .   , ,    ,     .  ,   ,   [92 - Adrian Tinniswood, Pirates of Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean (New York: Riverhead Books, 2010), 85.].          ,     -,      VII .     1604       ,    ,   ,      .       -   ,       ,   [93 - Coindreau, Les corsaires de Sal, 46.].         .

    16251626  (. 2)    ,     .          :     (55,5%)    (44,5%).         ,        ,      14921613 .     :    [94 -  (.) ;   : (.   / )    ,     (            );   ,  ,  ,      ,   .  ,  ,  . ,       . . .]( ). ,      .    ,       .  -  :  ;  ;  ;  ;  ,   , , , , ,   .



        1  2,           .      ,      37%  55,5%.    16251626     ,   38      34%  .       1581   ,    ;     ,       .    16251626   ,            .   16  (30%)      , , , , ,   .

 ,   ,     ,    ,      . -,  ,      ,   ;    ,       .       ,      41%;       39%;    37%.          ,     ,       .    , , ,   ,         ,  .


 2


      , 1625-1626






[95 -  Le Mercure Fran?ois,  ,  1626           ,   ,  . Le Mercure Fran?ois, ou Suitte de lHistoire de nostre temps, sous le regne du Tres-Chrestien Roy de France & de Navarre Lovys XIII. M.DC.XXVI., Vol. XII: 16261627 (Paris: Chez Jean & Estienne Richer, tarihsiz), 78.].

[96 -  (., .)   , , ,    ,    ,     .. . .].



 . 2






[97 -  (.) , . . .].


,  ,            ,       .     ,      ,         .      .             -    1621 ?     ,       [98 - Cornelis Pijnacker, Description historique des villes de Tunis, dAlger et dautres se trouvant en Barbarie (1626), yay. haz. ve ?ev. Grard van Krieken (Alger: ENAG, 2015), 104.].

   ,  -       ,   ,   . ,  1580  1649.        ,    (33%)   .     VII     [99 - Merouche, La course: mythes et ralit, 170.].   1660     ,       .          ,       ( ;  ; , , ,   ),       ,     (  )[100 - Simon de Vries, Historie van Barbaryen, en des zelfs Zee-Roovers. Behelzende een beschirijving van de Koningrijken en Steden Algiers, Tunis, Sal, et Tripoli Tweede Deel, Bevattende de Handelingen en Geschiedenissen tusschen den Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, en die van de Zee-Roovers in Barbaryen, van t Jaar 1590. tot op t jaar 1684. met ondermenging van verscheidene Aanmerkelijkhede (Amsterdam: Jan ten Hoorn, 1684), II. cilt, 97.       ,       .  .: Virginia W. Lunsford, Piracy and Privateering in the Golden Age Netherlands (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005), 121.].        ,   ,   ,    ,   ,        .             10%.         30%,      .

 ,       .        (1627)    (1631).       ,       , -   .   ,  ,       .  ϸ  1619  ,      857 , 300 , 138  , 60   , 250  (,   )[101 -          . . .], 130       ,  [102 - Samuel Purchas, Relations of the Christianitie of Africa, and especially of Barbarie, and Algier; written by J. B. Gramaye, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others, Volume IX (Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons, 1905), 281.].   ,   ,    .   ,  ,          ;       ,    ,        [103 - Sigf?s Bl?ndal, De Algierske S?r?veres Tog til Island aar 1627, Nord og Syd (Copenhagen) (18981899): 207208.  ,         ,    . Bernard Lewis, Corsairs in Iceland, Revue de lOccident musulman et de la Mditerrane 1516 (1973), 144.].

           .   ,  -  -        , ,    ,      (tremplin de la promotion sociale)[104 - Bartolom Bennassar et Lucile Bennassar, Les chrtiens dAllah: lhistoire extraordinaire des rengats, XVIe et XVIIe si?cles (Paris: Perrin, 1989), 372.]. -[105 -  (., . , )     ,  (  ). . .]       ,   ,     .   ,    ,   ,     [106 - Sophia Laiou, The Levends of the Sea in the Second Half of the 16th century: Some Considerations, Archivum Ottomanicum XXIII (20052006), 243; Seker (yay. haz.), Mev?id?n-Nef?is f?-Kav?idil-Mec?lis, 288.].

   ,  [107 - Michel Fontenay et Alberto Tenenti, Course et piraterie de la fin du Moyen-Age au debut du XIXe si?cle, Course et piraterie: Etudes prsentes ? la Commission Internationale dHistoire Maritime ? loccasion de son XVe Congr?s International des Sciences historiques (San Francisco, ao?t 1975) (Paris: ditions du centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1975), I. cilt, 114.]     ,       ,      [108 - Emilio Sola, Los que van y vienen: Informacin y fronteras en el Mediterrneo clasico del siglo XVI (Alcal de Henares: Universidad de Alcal, 2005); a.g.y., La Conjura de Campanella (Madrid: Turpin Editores, 2007); a.g.y., Uchal?.].      [109 -  ,   monde americain (.  ). La Mditerrane, II. cilt, 195.],  .  ,  VI ,   ,        ,  - ,   ;           .            (sus Indias y Per?)!  ,      :  ,  ,         ,   ,         (all por toda Turqu?a, Romania, Anatolia y Suria, hablan todos hablan de Argel, como nosotros ac de las Indias de Castilla y Portugal)[110 - Haedo, Topograf?a, II. cilt, 88.].     ,  ,      VII ,       ,       - ,  ,     ,     ; ,   ,        ,  ,    ,   [111 - BNF, Manuscrits fran?ais N.A. 9337, 17 Agustos 1667; Marcel Emerit, Lessai dune marine marchande barbaresque aux XVIIIe si?cle, Les cahiers de Tunisie: Revue des sciences humaines 3 (1955): 363; Peter Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary (London: Sidgwick & Johnson, 1970); Belhamissi, Histoire de la marine algrienne, 31.].

           ,  ,        ,   ,            .   1552    ,             [112 - BNF, Manuscrits fran?ais N.A. 9337, 17 Agustos 1667; Marcel Emerit, Lessai dune marine marchande barbaresque aux XVIIIe si?cle, Les cahiers de Tunisie: Revue des sciences humaines 3 (1955): 363; Peter Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary (London: Sidgwick & Johnson, 1970); Belhamissi, Histoire de la marine algrienne, 31.].     ,      ,   ,   ,     [113 - ASG, Sezione Segreta, n.g., 5 Temmuz 1563; k. Braudel, La Mditerrane, I. cilt, 145.].  ,     (presidio)  ,          [114 - Beatriz Alonso Acero, Sultanes de Berber?a en tierras de la cristiandad: Exilio musulmn, conversin y asimilacin en la Monarqu?a hispnica [siglos XVI y XVII] (Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2006), 154164.].      ,  ,          .  :        ,      -. ,   VII      -[115 - - (.)  .    .   .  -    -. -   , - ,          .]   -[116 - ,  (.) .   ,  ,   ..],    [117 - Sari Abdullah Efendi, Gaz?name-i Hal?l Pasa, yay. haz. Meltem Aydin (Ankara: T?rk Tarih Kurumu, 2017), fol. 249a, s. 647.] (    [118 - ., .   .]).       ,  -,   - (  -,   ,   ).          ,   ղ ,       !  1798  1816         [119 - Daniel Panzac, Barbary Corsairs: Te End of a Legend, 18001820, ?ev. Victoria Hobson (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2005), 62.].

    ,      ,        [120 - Paul Sebag, Tunis au XVIIe si?cle: une cit barbaresque au temps de la course (Paris: LHarmattan, 1989), 92.],   1574     ,    ,    .    .                         [. . 3, 4].


 3


     (1677.)





 4


  . 2  1699.






,         ,         !              .   ,     ,        (un abrge de toute la socit du temps)[121 - Fontenay et Tenenti, Course et piraterie, 114.].       ,          ,  ,   (  ,      ),  ()  .    :      ,        [122 - Haedo, Topograf?a, I. cilt, 5253.]. -,  ,   VI       ,    [123 - Haedo, Topograf?a, I. cilt, 79.]. ,  1630- ,         9500 [124 - Pierre Dan, Histoire de Barbarie, 341.].   ,  ,          [125 - Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 15001800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 21.].

 ,        .       ,      .  1581      [126 -  ,     ,      -.]   [127 -       ,      . Haedo, Topograf?a, I. cilt, 58.]. -       .  1628     ,   (   ,   )  ,   [128 - Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 15001800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 21.].    -  -? (.  12.)   ,       ,          .

  VII       .    :  1694       ,     ,  ,    ,   ,     .  1698         ,  ,      .   1712                [129 - Colin Heywood, Whats in a Name?: Some Algerine Fleet Lists (16861714) from British Libraries and Archives, Maghreb Review XXXI/1-2 (2006), 111. .    .123124;     . 3,         (  1698 ),  ,      -        .].  1788         ,      ; ,       . ,   ,                    ,          ,       ,  -. ,   ,       ,      ,          [130 - Venture du Paradis, Alger au XVIIIe si?cle, yay. haz. E. Pagnan (Alger: Adolphe Jourdan, 1898), 45, 47.        4  ,    .]. ,         [131 -   . Sela Coindreau, Les corsaires de Sal, 9193.   ,  1750  1770     9,5%   ;        ղ . Panzac, Barbary Corsairs, 63.    4    .].







         ,    .  ,       ,     ,    , ,  ,    [132 -  (.) -   .          (     ).        .][133 - Albert Devoulx, Le Ra?s Hamidou: Notice biographique sur le plus cl?bre corsaire algrien du XIIIe si?cle de lhgire (Alger: Adolphe Jourdan, 1859), 21.].

         .  -     .      ,    La Historia General de las Indias (.   ) ,   (., . ) -   ,   .   -   ,        .    ,        1853 ,    ,     :  , -    ,    [134 - Francisco Lpez de Gomra, Crnica de los Barbarrojas, Memorial histrico espa?ol: Coleccin de documentos, op?sculos y antig?edades que publica la real Academia de la Historia (Madrid: la Real Academia de la Historia, 1853), VI. cilt, s. 388389, dn. 1.].     ,       ,         . ,      ,   [135 - P. Alberto Guglielmotti, La guerra dei pirati e la marina pontifcia dal 1500 al 1560 (Firenze: Successori Le Monnier, 1876), II. cilt, 123124.],   ,   ,     [136 - Salvatore Bono, Schiavi musulmani nellItalia moderna: galeotti vu cumpr?, domestici (Napoli: Edizioni Scientifche Italiane, 1999), 296297.].

     ,  -   ,     .    1,            (  ).    ,  1788 ,      -     -[137 - Albert Devoulx, Le registre des prises maritimes: traduction dun document authentique et indit concernant le partage des captures amenes par les corsaires algriens (Alger: Alphonse Jourdan, 1872), 2223, 24, 27, 28, 33, 36, 45, 46, 52, 54, 55, 56; a.g.y., Le Ra?s Hamidou, 22; Du Paradis, Alger au XVIIIe si?cle, 47.]. ,     .          (le Juif),     ,   1676       ?[138 - G. H.-Bousquet and G. W. Bousquet-Mirandolle, Tomas Hees, Journal dun voyage ? Alger (16751676), Revue Africaine 101 (1957), 127.]     ,  ,   ,    .   ,   1572     [139 -        ,  - . . .] ,   ,   ,      (   ),         .     ,  ,   [140 - BOA, MD XIX, no. 159, 344 (19  980/30  1572).].  ,     :      ,       .  ,       ,    .   :   ,    ,        .       .    ,       ,              (      ).      ,          ,   ,        VII .

    ,        [141 - Du Paradis, Alger au XVIIIe si?cle, 40; H. D. de Grammont, Correspondance des consuls dAlger (16901742) (Alger: Adolphe Jourdan, 1890), 137.].       ,      .    ,      .       ;   (, )    ,      [142 - Haedo, Topograf?a, I. cilt, 58.].     1580        [143 - Pierre Boyer, Le probl?me Kouloughli dans la rgence dAlger, Revue de lOccident musulman et de la Mditerrane 8 (1970), 81.].  1492     ,  1497   ;  ,          ,      .




 


           ,                ,   . ,       ,     .       .         ,   ,     .       VII.,        . ,        ,     ,   ,      ,    [144 - Lunsford, Piracy and Privateering, 2.].       -       ,     .       . ,  ,  1604 ,         ,       ,     [145 -   ,       ,       .  ,           .].      ,   1606      , ,   ,    .             ,     ,   .            . ,  ,       ,   .         ,        ,    [146 - Tinniswood, Pirates of Barbary, 52.].     [147 - H. D. de Grammont, Relations entre la France et la rgence dAlger au XVIIe si?cle. Premi?re partie: Les deux canons de Simon Dansa (16161628), Revue africaine 23 (1879), 9.],   capitaine diable (.  )[148 - Dan, Histoire de Barbarie, 274.].    ,         . ,   [149 - E. Pellissier et Rmusat (yay. haz. ve ?ev.), Histoire de lAfrique de Mohammedben-abi-el-Ra?ni-el-Ka?rou?ni (Paris: Imprimrie royale, 1845), 346.   ,        ,     .   . ,  ,    ,        ,       ,  ,            ղ     -.   ,       . Sebag, Tunis au XVIIe si?cle, 92.],      ,     [150 - Bennassar et Bennassar, Les chrtiens dAllah, 386; De Grammont, Les deux canons de Simon Dansa, 10; Merouche, La course: mythes et ralit, 194.].    ,   IV   , ,    ,   .   ,     ,     [151 -   .: De Grammont, Les deux canons de Simon Dansa.].         .     XIII   ,         .  1615     ,     ,   [152 -     ,    1616 ,  1615-. Tinniswood, Pirates of Barbary, 311, dn. 28.].   ,         ,     [153 - William Lithgow, Travels and Voyages, through Europe, Asia, and Africa for Nineteen Years. Containing An Account of the Religion, Government, Policy, Laws, Customs, Trade, &c of the several countries through which the Author travelled; and a Description of Jerusalem, and many other remarkable places mentioned in Sacred and Profane History: Also A Narrative of the tortures he suffered in Spanish Inquisition, and of his miraculous delivrance from those cruelties (Edinburgh: A. Murray and J. Cochran, 1770, 11th edition), 352354.].       !

       -.   ,      ,     .  1604 ,   , ,  ,           .           [154 - Bak, Barbary Pirate, 5455.].      ,       .      ,          ,  ,     -.

   ,  ,      .  1618 ,   ,    ,      .   ,        ,        .      ,      , ,       ,   ,   -,                .

       ;         . ,   ,        ,    ,       .   ,             .  [155 - : . vlieboot, . ?yboat.    ,   ,    ,    .       70  180  (    )       .]Gift ()         ;  ,  ,  .             ; ,      ,  ,  [156 - Bak, John Ward, 92.].        ;          [157 - Merouche, La course: mythes et ralit, 194.].           (),  ,         (  ,     ),    -    [158 - John Rawlins, Te Famous and Wonderful Recovery of a Ship of Bristol, Called the Exchange from the Turkish Pirates of Argier (1622), Piracy, Slavery and Redemption, Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England, yay. haz. Daniel J. Vitkus (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 105.].      ,      ,     --     [159 - BNF, Manuscripts turcs 130, fol. 29v.         .: Viorel Panaite, A Legal Opinion on Western Piracy in the Ottoman Empire about the Late-Sixteenth and Early-Seventeenth Centuries, Rvue des tudes sudest uropennes XLVII/1-4 (2009), 172173.].      ,          ,         . -  ,        ,      800 [160 -  (. botta, . butt) ,    0,725 . Alberto Tenenti, Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 15801615; Janet and Brian Pullan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967), 153.  ,     , .: Frederic Chapin Lane, Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance (Baltimore: Te Johns Hopkins Press, 1934), 246249.]      70     120  [161 - Tenenti, Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 129.].




   ?


,   ,            .     VIII ,    ,               .            .  ,            ,    [162 - Panzac, Barbary Corsairs, 64.].

                     ?    ,          .                ,          ,     [163 - Coindreau, Les corsaires de Sal, 59, 61.].

      ,       .      ,   ;  VII              .     -. ,   VII      10%          [164 - Michel Fontenay, Le corso dans lconomie portuaire: lexemple de Malte et des ports barbaresques, I porti come impresa economica: atti della Diciannovesima settimana di studi, 26 Maggio 1987, yay. haz. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Firenze: Le Monnier, 1988), 13211347.  : Michel Fontenay, La Mditerrane entre la Croix et le Croissant: Navigation, commerce, course et piraterie (XVIe-XIXe si?cle) (Paris: Garnier, 2010), 285.].      ,      ,    ,     .

         .      .           ,          ,        .   ,         [165 -   1)         ,     ,           ; 2) ,   ,    . . .],     :  1629     -  ,    [166 -         ,           (   ), ,  ()   (  ),      .         () ,     .        1817  .: Boyer, Le probl?me Kouloughli.     ;      ,           VIII ,        . Te Ottoman Algerian Elite and Its Ideology, International Journal of Middle East Studies 32 (2000): 323344.].

,       ,    - (   ).     ,    ;     :       ,    .          ,    ,           .  1516        ,     ,    ,    , ,        .               .  ,            ,      .         ?    ,            .

 VII          .         ,       .              ,      . ,      ,        .     4,     ,      , ,     .  -      (        ,      -   ).      ,         ?

 ,    ,    .          ,                 .             ,      ,           ,                . ,         .    ,     (. privateer)   (. corsair / . corsaire),        .          :      -?




 2





   ,    ,    ,    ,     .     ,          ,    .

,   ,    ;     ,    . -[167 - Paul Wittek, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1938).],   1938    ,    ,              [168 - Fuad K?pr?l?, Les origines de lempire ottoman (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1935); George Georgiades Arnakis, Hoi protoi othomanoi (Athenai, 1947); Speros Vryonis Jr., The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); Ernst Werner, Die Geburt einer Grossmacht  Die Osmanen (13001481): Ein Beitrag zur Genesis des t?rkischen Feudalismus (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1966); Halil Inalcik, The Question of the Emergence of the Ottoman State, International Journal of Turkish Studies 2 (1980): 7179; G. Kldy-Nagy, The Holy War (jih?d) in the First Centuries of the Ottoman Empire, Harvard Ukranian Studies 3/4 (19791980): 467473; Rudi Paul Lindner, Nomads and the Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983); Pl Fodor, Ahmed?s D?sit?n as a Source of Early Ottoman History, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae 38 (1984): 4154; R. C. Jennings, Some Thoughts on the Gazi Tesis, Wiener Zeitschrift f?r die Kunde des Morgenlandes 76 (1986): 151161; Colin Heywood, Wittek and the Austrian Tradition, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1988): 7-25; a.g.y., Boundless Dreams of the Levant: Paul Wittek, the George-Kreis, and the Writing of Ottoman History, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1989): 3250; Colin Imber, Paul Witteks De la dfaite dAnkara ? la prise de Constantinople, Journal of Ottoman Studies 5 (1986): 6581; a.g.y., The Ottoman Dynastic Myth, Turcica 19 (1987): 7-27; a.g.y., The Legend of Osman Gazi, The Ottoman Emirate (13001389): A Symposium Held in Rethymnon, 1113 January 1991, yay. haz. Elizabeth Zachariadou (Rethymnon: Crete University Press, 1993), 6776; Sinasi Tekin, T?rk D?nyasinda Gaza ve Cihad Kavramlari ?zerinde D?s?nceler, Tarih ve Toplum 109 (1993): 9-18, 110 (1993): 7380; Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Feridun Emecen, G?z?ya Dair: XIV. Y?zyil Kaynaklari Arasinda Bir Gezinti, Prof. Dr. Hakki Dursun Yildiz Armagani (Ankara: T?rk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1995): 191197; Colin Imber, Cemal Kafadar: Between Two Worlds: the Construction of the Ottoman State, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 60/1 (1997): 211212; Linda Darling, Contested Territory: Ottoman Holy War in Comparative Context, Studia Islamica 91 (2000): 133163; Heath Lowry, The Nature of the Early Ottoman State (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003).].   ,          ,  [169 -         . . .]   .              .    ,    ,          ,   ,     ,     .           ,     ,        .

        -    XVI    , -.                         ,       . ,          ,      [170 -   ,         ,         Simali Afrikada T?rkler (   ).   ,         :               ,      . ,  ,         ,      .  ,    ,   ,        (     ),    (  )     ,         . , ,       ,           (       ).      - ,        ,         -- (d?r?l-harb,  )  -/d?r?l-Islam,  )   .         ,    ,   .    -  ;       ,    ,      . Idris Bostan, AdriyatikThe Korsanlik: Osmanlilar, Uskoklar, Venedikliler, 15751620 (Istanbul: Timas Yayinlari, 2009), 1921.             ,              NTV  29  2011 ,     ,        -,     ,  ,       . ,  ,    ,     .       ,    .        ,    ,    .            .     , ,     ,         . . Ali Riza Seyfi, Osmanli Mes?h?r-i Bahr?yy?ni: Kem?l Re?s ve Baba Oruc (Dersa?det: Sehai Matba?si, 1325); a.g.y., Turgud Reis (Dersa?det: Ikb?l K?t?bh?nesi, 1327); a.g.y., Barbaros Hayreddin (Dersa?det: Sems Matba?si, 13261328).].

  ,  ,    ,  , , ,              ,      , ,   ,     .  ,         ,   .

 ,     ,          .    25      ,                   [171 - Kafadar, Between Two Worlds, 49.].     ,        .   ,       (inclusivist),   ,    ,    ;      ,   .

              .            ,  .    ,   ,       ;     ,   ,     [172 -   ,   ,   ,        , ,     ,   ,   . John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, 1500 to 1830 (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1979), 143.].

         ?              ?     ,             ,   ?




    -?


 ,            .     ,              .           -  ,   - (   -)  ,     . ,  -         .     ,     ,     .            ,   ;  ,           .        :     ,  -  ,      [173 - Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 11b-12a, s. 50.]    ,  ,  ,     ()[174 - Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 56a-57a, s. 73.];      ,      [175 -  ,    ,    ,        ;      ,          ;   ,     ,     ,   -          . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 13a-14a, s. 51.];  -    [176 -  ,     ,   -,   ,       .  ,      ,       ,    , ,     . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 14a, s. 52.];       [177 -       ,              , -       -. Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 44a, s. 67.];     ,  ,     ,  ,        [178 -           . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 45b, s. 67.];        ,  ,   ,   [179 -  -             .    :      ;   .  ,    . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 128a, s. 110.]; , ,  1529  - (.   , )          ,       ,       [180 - ,     ,       ,   - [.   , , ]     ,             . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 242b-243a, s. 168169.]

,  ,      -    ,    ,        .        -,     ,    [181 -             ,       XV   XIX . . .]    .    ,        12,    . ,  [182 -  (.)  ,   .      ,    . . .]        - [183 - -  (.  .   )  -      . . .]   ,         (313b-314a).           -  , ,      .  ,  ,      , ,                 (340b-341a).        ,   ,    ,    (350b):

		      ,
		,   ,   .

,    ,   ,     ,    primus inter pares      .           ,   ,   ,           , ,     (    ,          1520- )   - (  1529      ,     )[184 - Lane-Poole, The Barbary Corsairs, s. 5758; Arikan ve Toledo, T?rk-Ispanyol Iliskileri, 200201; Marino Sanudo, I diarii di Marino Sanuto (MCCCCXCVI-MDXXXIII) dall autografo Marciano ital. cl. VII codd. CDXIXCDLXXVII, yay. haz. Federico Stefani, Guglielmo Berchet ve Nicol? Barozzi (Venezia: F. Visentini, 1879), LII. cilt, s?t. 208209.]. ,     ,           ,     :   ,  [185 - Murphey, Seyyid Murad?s Prose, 528529.].

,                       ,        .   ,       ,      ,   - , -   -   , ,     .     , [186 - Girolamo Priuli, I Diarii di Girolamo Priuli (AA. 14941512), yay. haz. Arturo Segre ve Roberto Cessi (Citt? di Castello: Casa Editrice S. Lapi, 19121938), 4 cilt.]  [187 - Prudencio de Sandoval, Historia de la vida y hechos del Emperador Carlos V, maximo fortissimo Rey Catholico de Espa?a, y de las Indias, Islas, y Tierra Firme del Mar.]   ,  -[188 - L?tf? Pasa, Tev?rih-i ?l-i Osman, yay. haz. Kayhan Atik (Ankara: T.C. K?lt?r Bakanligi Yayinlari, 2001).], [189 - Sel?nik? Mustafa Efendi, Tarih-i Sel?nik?, yay. haz. Mehmet Ipsirli (Ankara: T?rk Tarih Kurumu, 1999), 2 cilt.]  [190 - Pe?evi Ibrahim Efendi, T?r?h-i Pe?evi (Istanbul, H. 1283).            ,          . Pe?evi Ibrahim Efendi, Tar?h-i Pe?ev?, yay. haz. Fahri ?. Derin ve Vahit ?ubuk (Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1980).]        .  ,      ,      ,     ,          .  ,    ,      .  -       ;              [191 -     ,             .      ,         ,   15151535 ,       ,     . Murphey, Seyyid Murad?, 521.].




[192 -         .] : ,    


      ,        . , ,          ,     ,   (   ,    )          .    .     ,      ,     ,      ,   - ,  ,       .

      ,  -  ,   . -, ,   -          VI ,             .  ,  ,   ,  - ;          ,      .   ,      -,  ,      ,   [193 - Il vivoit quasi comme un athe. (.     ). Merouche, La course: mythes et ralit, 190; Lucien Herault, Les victoires de la charit ou la Relation des Voyages de Barbarie faits en Alger par le R. P. Lucien Herault, pour le Rachapt des Fran?ois Esclaves aux annes 1643.&1645 (Paris: Louis Boulanger, 1646), 33.    ,     33-    .],    ,    , ,         .   ,                 ,        .  ,  ,       ( -)       [194 -      relazione    1585 . Eugenio Alb?ri (yay. haz.), Le relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato durante il secolo decimosesto (Firenze: Societ? Editrice Fiorentina, 18391863), IX. cilt, 291.].         :    //      //   no    //    [195 - Nusret Gedik, Gemici Dili ile Kili? Ali Pasa Hicviyyesi, T?rk K?lt?r? Incelemeleri Dergisi 37 (2017), 154.].    ,        .  -,  ,       1577       ; ,   ,    - (      )    [196 - che appena sa dir vinticinque parole in Turchesco. (.    ,        -) ASV, SDC, fl. 11, fol. 103v (20  1577).]




  .


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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


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2


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3


   ;      . . .




4


 (.  .)  1) ; ; 2)     . . .




5


,  (.  . )    ,     ;    ;  .            ,              .             . . .




6


 (. )   ;         ;     (     ),      . . .




7


 (.)   ; ,     ,     . . .




8


   ,     . Uskoklar Hakkinda Iki Kitap, Osmanli Arastirmalari XXXV (2010), 327.




9


 ( .     .   )   -;            . . .




10


 (., .)      ,   ;    . . .




11


  ,             . Moulay Belhamissi, Marine et marins dAlger (15181830), tome I: Les navires et les hommes (Alger: Biblioth?que Nationale dAlgrie, 1996), 1924.




12


.  . . .




13


 (., .) ,       ,      . . .




14


Gustavo Valente, Vita di Occhial? (Milano: Casa Editrice Ceschina, 1960); Ernle Bradford, The Sultans Admiral: Barbarossa-Pirate and Empire Builder (New York: Tauris Parke, 2009, ilk baski: Hodder&Stoughton, 1969); Greg Bak, Barbary Pirate: The Life and Crimes of John Ward (Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2006); Emilio Sola Casta?o, Uchal?: El Calabrs Ti?oso, o el mito del corsario mulad? en la frontera (Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2011).




15


     -   ;         XIX .    XIX       .




16


Joshua M. White, Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2017).




17


, .  .




18


 ,      ,   ,   .: Lucette Valensi, The Birth of the Despot: Venice and the Sublime Porte (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).




19


Aziz Samih Ilter, Simali Afrikada T?rkler (Istanbul: Vakit Matbaasi, 1936), 2 cilt; Orhan Kologlu, T?rk Korsanlari (Istanbul: Tarih?i Kitabevi,  ).




20


 (.) ,  . . .




21


- (.) . . .




22


 (.)   ;  . ?, ? (. , ),  ? (. )      ,      ;    .  (., .)        ;     ;   ,      ,     .  (.) ,    ,               .




23


Emrah Safa G?rkan, The Centre and the Frontier: Ottoman Cooperation with the North African Corsairs in the Sixteenth Century, Turkish Historical Review 1/2 (2010): 125163.




24


 ,          : ;  ()  .  (., .) ;   ; .       ,    .      ,   . . .




25


 (-.)  1)     ; 2)    ; 3)   .         ,   . .   .




26


       (. ).    .        ,     ,   ,   . ,   ,            ,    . . .




27


    :  (. ). . .




28


John H. Pryor,Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 99.




29


 ,         .




30


Pierre Dan, Histoire de Barbarie et de ses corsaires, des royaumes, et des villes dAlger, de Tunis, de Sal et de Tripoly: ou il est traitt de leur gouvernement, de leurs mCurs, de leurs cruautez, de leurs brigandages, de leurs sortileges, & de plusieurs autres particularitez remarquables: ensemble des grandes mis?res et des cruels tourmens quendurent les Chrestiens captifs parmy ces infideles (Paris: Pierre Rocolet, 2 ., 1649), 203.




31


Ellen G. Friedman, Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age (Wisconsin: Te University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 12.




32


Luis Alberto Anaya Hernndez, Moros en la costa: dos siglos de corsarismo berberisco en las Islas Canarias (15691749) (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: UNED, Centro Asociado de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2006), 130.




33


Recopilacin de leyes de los reynos de la Indias, Tomo III (Madrid: Andres Ortega, 1774, 3- ), libro IX, t?tulo XXIII: Del Piloto mayor y cosmografos y dem?s pilotos de la Carrera de Indias, y arraeces de barcos de carga, y su examen. 1576,  14, 288a. Elizabeth del Pilar Montanez Sanabria, Challenging the Pacific Spanish Empire: Pirates in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 15701750 (  , University of California Davis, 2014), 64; ,    XIV   XIII   ,      ղ   .        ,      ,    - -,   ,    .  ,          ,   ,   ,  :  ,   .




34


Anaya Hernndez, Moros en la costa, 130.




35


Stanley Lane Poole, Te Barbary Corsairs (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1890), 8.




36


Lemnouar Merouche, Recherches sur lAlgrie ? lpoque ottomane II. La course: mythes et ralit (Editions Bouchene, 2007), 47.




37


Rhoads Murphey, Seyyid Murad?s Prose Biography of Hizir ibn Yakub, alias Hayreddin Barbarossa: Ottoman Folk Narrative as an under-exploited Source for Historical Reconstruction, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54/4 (2001): 524530.




38


      (Diego de Haedo, Topograf?a e Historia General de Argel (Madrid: La Sociedad de Biblifilos Espa?oles, 1927,  3 ),     ,    1612     ,    ,           ,    ,    ,   .        .     ,     ,            ,     15771581. George Camamis, Estudios sobre el cautiverio en el siglo de oro (Madrid: Gredos, 1977), 140143.  ,            ,        .: Mar?a Antonia Garcs, Cervantes in Algiers: A Captives Tale (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2002), 6784.




39


       ,       .        XVII .  - : .    . . .




40


Haedo, Topograf?a, . I, 91.         ;      ,   ,   ,       ,         . . Maria Antonia Garcs (  ), An Early Modern Dialogue with Islam: Antonio de Sosas Topography of Algiers (1612),  Diana de Armas Wilson (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011).




41


Haedo, Topograf?a, I. cilt, 92.




42


Pir? Reis, Kitab-i Bahriye/Book of Navigation (Ankara: Republic of Turkey, Prime Ministry, Undersecretaryship of Navigation, 2002), 478.




43


Friedman, Spanish Captives, 12.




44


Friedman, Spanish Captives, 24.




45


. Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis et captivorum.     1198   ,         .




46


Pierre Dan, Histoire de Barbarie, 203.




47


AMN, Colleccin Navarrete, V, fol. 158, d?k. 31; k. Friedman, Spanish Captives, 24; Anaya Hernndez, Moros en la costa, 135136.




48


   ,         :       ,    ,     . Haedo, Topograf?a, . I, 5051.




49


.   .   ,          ,      . .   . . .




50


Anonim, Histoire chronologique du royaume de Tripoly de Barbarie, tome premier, divis en six parties, BNF, Manuscrits fran?ais 12.219 R. 58.375, vr. 51v.




51


C.R. Pennell (yay. haz.), Piracy and Diplomacy in Seventeenth-Century North Africa: Te Journal of Tomas Baker. English Consul in Tripoli (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1989), 106.




52


Friedman, Spanish Captives, 24.




53


Merouche, La course: mythes et ralit, 43.




54


Merouche, La course: mythes et ralit, 44.




55


Anaya Hernndez, Moros en la costa, 132133.




56


AHN, cdices, lib. 125B, fol. 6972; Friedman, Spanish Captives, 174; Anaya Hernndez, Moros en la costa, 133.




57


Poole, Te Barbary Corsairs, 188.




58


Sebastin Garc?a Mart?nez, Bandolerismo, pirater?a y control de moriscos en Valencia durante el reinado de Felipe II (Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 1977).




59


Roger Coindreau, Les corsaires de Sal (Paris: Socit dditions gographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1948; 3. baski, Sal: La croise des chemins, 2006), 4243.




60


 ĸ,    ,     . . Volkan D?kmeci, Venedik Kaynaklarina G?re II. Bayezid ve I. Selim D?nemlerinde Osmanli Denizciligi ve Korsanlik (Yayinlanmamis Y?ksek Lisans Tezi, Istanbul ?niversitesi, 2011).




61


Philip Gosse, The History of Piracy (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1932; Mineola: Dover Publications, 2007), 12. ,           ,        ,           .        (, ,  ),   ,       .




62


? ( .  -?   , . zimmi)       ,    ;     ,     ,   (),            . . .




63


-   .  (,  )  .  ().      ,     ,      /.      ,   .




64


Mehmet Seker (yay. haz.), Gelibolulu Mustafa ve Mev?id?n-Nef?is f?-Kav?i-dil-Mec?lis (Ankara: T?rk Tarih Kurumu, 1997), 288.




65


Seyyid Mur?d Re?s, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, yay. haz. Mustafa Yildiz (Aachen: Verlag Shaker, 1993), fol. 32b, s. 61; fol. 54a, s. 72; fol. 132a, s.112.




66


Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 50ler.




67


ASV, SAPC, fil. 5, c. 246r (21  1551).




68


         :  ,      ,  . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 157b, s. 125;  ,   ,       ,   ,    ,     (  .    ).   ,     ,     ,     ,  ,     . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 164a, s. 128.




69


    -   ,   ; ,    (  ).       .    XVI    .




70


Fernand Braudel, La Mditerrane et le monde mditerranen ? lpoque de Philippe II (Paris: Libraire Armand Colin, 2. baski, 1966), I. cilt, 127.




71


E. le Danois, LAtlantique, histoire et vie dun ocean (Paris: Albin Michel, 1938), 197198.




72


Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, Te Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 191; Fredric Cheyette, The Mediterranean Climate, A Companion to Mediterranean History, yay. haz. Peregrine Horden and Sharon Kinoshita (Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014), 13.             :     2005  2008. ,       ,        (internal cycling processes)  . I. E. Huertas, A. F. R?os vd., Atlantic Forcing of the Mediterranean Oligotrophy, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26 (2012), GB2022, doi:10.1029/2011GB004167.




73


Victor Ivanovich Lamanskii (yay. haz.), Secret dtat de Venise: documents, extraits, notices et tudes servant ? claircir les rapports de la Seigneurie avec les Grecs, les Slaves et la Porte ottomane ? la fin du XVe et au XVIe si?cle (Saint Petersburg: Imprimerie de lacadmie impriale des sciences, 1884), 578.   ,          ,    . Brian Pullan, Editors Introduction, Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, yay. haz. Brian Pullan (London: Methuen&Co. Ltd., 1968), 8.




74


Enrica Salvatori, Corsairs Crews and Cross-Cultural Interactions: Te Case of the Pisan Trapelicinus in the Twelfth Century, Medieval Encounters 13 (2007): 3255.




75


Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War, 154.




76


       .: Pierre Boyer, Les rengats et la marine de la rgence dAlger, Revue de lOccident musulman et de lOccident et de la Mditerrane 39 (1985): 93-106.




77


Robert J. Anthony, Like Froth Floating on the Sea: Te World of Pirates and Seafarers in Late Imperial South China (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, 2003), 22.




78


Tonio Andrade, Te Companys Chinese Pirates: How the Dutch East India Company Tried to Lead a Coalition of Pirates to War against China, 16211662, Journal of World History 15/4 (2004): 415444; Adam Clulow, The Pirate and the Warlord, Journal of Early Modern History 16 (2012), 531514.




79


Michael Kempe, Even in the Remotest Corners of the World: Globalized Piracy and International Law, 15001900, Journal of Global History 5/3 (November 2010), 362.       . Ignacio J. Gallup-Diaz, The Door of the Seas and the Key to the Universe: Indian Politics and Imperial Rivalry in the Darin, 16401750 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 5374.




80


Michael Cohn and Michael K. H. Platze, Black Men of the Sea (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1978), 31; David Cordingly, Life among the Pirates: Te Romance and the Reality (London: Little, Born, 1995), 2728; W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), 15.




81


Kenneth J. Kinkor, Black Men under the Black Flag, Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader, yay. haz. C. R. Pennel (New York and London: New York University Press, 2001), 197198, 200.




82


Moulay Belhamissi, Histoire de la marine algrienne (15161830) (Alger: Entreprise Nationale du Livre, 1986), 31; a.g.y., Marine et marins dAlger, I. cilt, 54.




83


 ,               (., . Barbaross).        .




84


Muzaffer Arikan y Paulino Toledo, XIVXVI. Y?zyillarda T?rk-Ispanyol Iliskileri ve Denizcilik Tarihimizle Ilgili Ispanyol Belgeleri (Ankara: Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanligi Karargah Basimevi, 1995), 226.




85


 (.)  ,        .




86


 (.)    (     )  .       ,        .   ,    ,   . . .




87


,  (. kadi)  . . .




88


Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War, 12.




89


Braudel, La Mditerrane, I. cilt, 9498.




90


Pierre Dan, Histoire de Barbarie, 311.




91


Alberto Sacerdoti (yay. haz.), Africa overo Barbar?a: Relazione al Doge di Venezia sulle reggenze di Algeri e di Tunisi del dragomanno Gio. Batta Salvago (1625) (Padova: CEDAM, 1937), 59; Dan, Histoire de Barbarie, 315; Anonim, Histoirhronologique du royaume de Tripoly, vr. 51r-51v.          [Albert Devoulx, La marine de la rgence dAlger, Revue Africaine 13/77 (1869), 390391); Mercedes Garc?a-Arenal y Miguel ngel de Bunes Ibarra, Los espa?oles y el Norte de Africa, siglos XVXVIII (Madrid: Editorial Mapfre, 1992), 200],   ,  ,  ,      [Godfrey Fisher, Barbary Legend: War, Trade and Piracy in North Africa, 14151830 (Westport: Greenworrd Press, 1957), 160.]




92


Adrian Tinniswood, Pirates of Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean (New York: Riverhead Books, 2010), 85.




93


Coindreau, Les corsaires de Sal, 46.




94


 (.) ;   : (.   / )    ,     (            );   ,  ,  ,      ,   .  ,  ,  . ,       . . .




95


 Le Mercure Fran?ois,  ,  1626           ,   ,  . Le Mercure Fran?ois, ou Suitte de lHistoire de nostre temps, sous le regne du Tres-Chrestien Roy de France & de Navarre Lovys XIII. M.DC.XXVI., Vol. XII: 16261627 (Paris: Chez Jean & Estienne Richer, tarihsiz), 78.




96


 (., .)   , , ,    ,    ,     .. . .




97


 (.) , . . .




98


Cornelis Pijnacker, Description historique des villes de Tunis, dAlger et dautres se trouvant en Barbarie (1626), yay. haz. ve ?ev. Grard van Krieken (Alger: ENAG, 2015), 104.




99


Merouche, La course: mythes et ralit, 170.




100


Simon de Vries, Historie van Barbaryen, en des zelfs Zee-Roovers. Behelzende een beschirijving van de Koningrijken en Steden Algiers, Tunis, Sal, et Tripoli Tweede Deel, Bevattende de Handelingen en Geschiedenissen tusschen den Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, en die van de Zee-Roovers in Barbaryen, van t Jaar 1590. tot op t jaar 1684. met ondermenging van verscheidene Aanmerkelijkhede (Amsterdam: Jan ten Hoorn, 1684), II. cilt, 97.       ,       .  .: Virginia W. Lunsford, Piracy and Privateering in the Golden Age Netherlands (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005), 121.




101


         . . .




102


Samuel Purchas, Relations of the Christianitie of Africa, and especially of Barbarie, and Algier; written by J. B. Gramaye, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others, Volume IX (Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons, 1905), 281.




103


Sigf?s Bl?ndal, De Algierske S?r?veres Tog til Island aar 1627, Nord og Syd (Copenhagen) (18981899): 207208.  ,         ,    . Bernard Lewis, Corsairs in Iceland, Revue de lOccident musulman et de la Mditerrane 1516 (1973), 144.




104


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105


 (., . , )     ,  (  ). . .




106


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107


Michel Fontenay et Alberto Tenenti, Course et piraterie de la fin du Moyen-Age au debut du XIXe si?cle, Course et piraterie: Etudes prsentes ? la Commission Internationale dHistoire Maritime ? loccasion de son XVe Congr?s International des Sciences historiques (San Francisco, ao?t 1975) (Paris: ditions du centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1975), I. cilt, 114.




108


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109


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110


Haedo, Topograf?a, II. cilt, 88.




111


BNF, Manuscrits fran?ais N.A. 9337, 17 Agustos 1667; Marcel Emerit, Lessai dune marine marchande barbaresque aux XVIIIe si?cle, Les cahiers de Tunisie: Revue des sciences humaines 3 (1955): 363; Peter Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary (London: Sidgwick & Johnson, 1970); Belhamissi, Histoire de la marine algrienne, 31.




112


BNF, Manuscrits fran?ais N.A. 9337, 17 Agustos 1667; Marcel Emerit, Lessai dune marine marchande barbaresque aux XVIIIe si?cle, Les cahiers de Tunisie: Revue des sciences humaines 3 (1955): 363; Peter Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary (London: Sidgwick & Johnson, 1970); Belhamissi, Histoire de la marine algrienne, 31.




113


ASG, Sezione Segreta, n.g., 5 Temmuz 1563; k. Braudel, La Mditerrane, I. cilt, 145.




114


Beatriz Alonso Acero, Sultanes de Berber?a en tierras de la cristiandad: Exilio musulmn, conversin y asimilacin en la Monarqu?a hispnica [siglos XVI y XVII] (Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2006), 154164.




115


- (.)  .    .   .  -    -. -   , - ,          .




116


,  (.) .   ,  ,   ..




117


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118


., .   .




119


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120


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121


Fontenay et Tenenti, Course et piraterie, 114.




122


Haedo, Topograf?a, I. cilt, 5253.




123


Haedo, Topograf?a, I. cilt, 79.




124


Pierre Dan, Histoire de Barbarie, 341.




125


Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 15001800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 21.




126


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127


      ,      . Haedo, Topograf?a, I. cilt, 58.




128


Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 15001800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 21.




129


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130


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131


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132


 (.) -   .          (     ).        .




133


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134


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135


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136


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137


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138


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139


       ,  - . . .




140


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141


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142


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143


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144


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145


  ,       ,       .  ,           .




146


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147


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148


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149


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150


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151


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152


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153


William Lithgow, Travels and Voyages, through Europe, Asia, and Africa for Nineteen Years. Containing An Account of the Religion, Government, Policy, Laws, Customs, Trade, &c of the several countries through which the Author travelled; and a Description of Jerusalem, and many other remarkable places mentioned in Sacred and Profane History: Also A Narrative of the tortures he suffered in Spanish Inquisition, and of his miraculous delivrance from those cruelties (Edinburgh: A. Murray and J. Cochran, 1770, 11th edition), 352354.




154


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155


: . vlieboot, . ?yboat.    ,   ,    ,    .       70  180  (    )       .




156


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157


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158


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159


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161


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162


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163


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164


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  1)         ,     ,           ; 2) ,   ,    . . .




166


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167


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172


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173


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174


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175


 ,    ,    ,        ;      ,          ;   ,     ,     ,   -          . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 13a-14a, s. 51.




176


 ,     ,   -,   ,       .  ,      ,       ,    , ,     . Seyyid Mur?d, Gazav?t-i Hayreddin Pasa, vr. 14a, s. 52.




177


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178


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181


            ,       XV   XIX . . .




182


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183


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186


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189


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192


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195


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196


che appena sa dir vinticinque parole in Turchesco. (.    ,        -) ASV, SDC, fl. 11, fol. 103v (20  1577).


