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 : Weiss H. We Have Never Been Middle Class. London: Verso, 2019.

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 Hadas Weiss 2019All rights reserved

    .      , 2021




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Homeownership in Israel: The Social Costs of Middle-Class Debt // Cultural Anthropology. 2014. Vol. 29 (1). . 128149;

Capitalist Normativity: Value and Values // Anthropological Theory. 2015. Vol. 15 (2). . 239253;

Contesting the Value of Household Property // Dialectical Anthropology. 2016. Vol. 40 (3). P. 287303;

Longevity Risk: A Report on the Banality of Finance Capitalism // Critical Historical Studies. 2018. Vol. 5 (1). . 103109;

Lifecycle Planning and Responsibility: Prospection and Retrospection in Germany // Ethnos. 2019. Vol. 84 (5). . 789805.


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        ,        .       ,         ,        .          ,         ,         .                        .        ,    -      .       ,             .  ,       ,  , ,   ,      :      ,   ,    [2 - ,   : Amoranto G., Chun N., Deolaliker A. Who Are the Middle Class and What Values Do They Hold? Evidence from the World Values Survey // Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series. 2010. No. 229; Jaffrelot C., Veer P. van der (eds). Patterns of Middle Class Consumption in India and China. L.: Sage, 2012; Doepke M., Zilibotti F. Social Class and the Spirit of Capitalism // Journal of the European Economic Association. 2005. Vol. 3 (23). . 516524; Drabble S., Hoorens S., Khodyakov D., Ratzmann N., Yaqub O. The Rise of the Global Middle Class: Global Social Trends to 2030 // Rand Corporation. Thematic Report 6. 2015; Eldaeva N., Khakhlova O., Lebedinskaya O., Sibirskaya E. Statistical Evaluation of Middle Class in Russia // Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 2015. Vol. 6 (3). . 125134; Johnson S.D., Kandogan Y. The Role of Economic and Political Freedom in the Emergence of Global Middle Class // International Business Review. 2016. Vol. 25 (3). . 711725; Lufumpa C.L., Ncube M. The Emerging Middle Class in Africa. N.Y.: Routledge, 2016,      ,       .          ,      ,   ,     : Billitteri T. Middle Class Squeeze // CQ Press. 2009. . 919.].

   ,       , , ,       ,        .       ,   ,      .                   ,     ,         .    ,      ,               .  ,    ,       ,     ,                    [3 -           : Chauvel L., Hartung A. Malaise in the Western Middle Classes // World Social Science Report. 2016. . 164169,         : Banerjee A.V., Duflo E. What Is the Middle Class About?..; Burger R., Louw M., Oliveira Pegado B.B.I. de, Berg S. van der. Understanding Consumption Patterns of the Established and Emerging South African Black Middle Class // Development South Africa. 2015. Vol. 32 (1). . 4156; Chen J. A Middle Class without Democracy: Economic Growth and the Prospects of Democratization in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013; Cohen S. Searching for a Different Future. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004; Duarte A. The Short Life of the New Middle Class in Portugal // International Research Journal of Arts and Social Science. 2016. Vol. 3 (2). . 4757; Embong A.R. State Led Mobilization and the New Middle Class in Malaysia. L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002; Fernandes L. Indias New Middle Class. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006; James D. Deeper into a Hole? Borrowing and Lending in South Africa // Current Anthropology. Vol. 55 (S9). . 1729; James D. Money for Nothing: Indebtedness and Aspiration in South Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015; Koo H. The Global Middle Class: How Is It Made, What Does It Represent?..; MacLennan M., Margalhaes B.J. (eds). Poverty in Focus // Bureau for Development Policy (UNDP). 2014. Vol. 26; Melber H. (ed.). The Rise of Africas Middle Class; Osburg J. Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality Among Chinas New Rich. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013; Owensby B.P. Intimate Ironies: Modernity and the Making of Middle-Class Lives in Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999; Rocca J.L. The Making of the Chinese Middle Class: Small Comfort and Great Expectations // The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy 2017. Shakow M. Along the Bolivian Highway: Social Mobility and Political Culture in a New Middle Class. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014; Sumich J. The Uncertainty of Prosperity: Dependence and the Politics of Middle-Class Privilege in Maputo // Ethnos. 2015. Vol. 80 (1). . 121; Sumner A., Wietzke F.B. What Are the Political and Social Implications of the New Middle Classes in Developing Countries? // International Development Institute Working Paper. 2014. No. 3; Wessel M. van. Talking about Consumption: How an Indian Middle Class Dissociates from Middle-Class Life // Cultural Dynamics. 2004. Vol. 16 (1). . 93116; Freeman C., Heiman R., Liechty M. (eds). Charting an Anthropology of the Middle Classes. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2012.].

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,        ,    ,             ,  ,           .         ,        ,   ,  ,  ,         .       ,          ,       .      ,      ,   ,   ,     ,       ,    ,      [8 - ., : Casey M.J. The Unfair Trade: How Our Broken Global Financial System Destroys the Middle Class. N.Y.: Crown Publishing, 2012; Fergus D. Land of the Fee: Hidden Costs and the Decline of the American Middle Class. Oxford University Press, 2016; Fitzgerald S.T., Kevin T.L. Middle Class Meltdown in Amee Class. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007; Hoffman P.T., Postel-Vinay G., Rosenthal J.L. Surviving Large Losses: Financial Crises, the Middle Class, and the Development of Capital Markets. L.: Harvard University Press, 2007; Madland D. Hollowed Out: Why the Economy Doesnt Work without a Strong Middle Class. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015; Mooney N. Not keeping up with our parents: The Decline of the Professional Middle Class. Boston: Beacon, 2008; Phillips K. Boiling Point: Republicans, Democrats, and the Decline of the Decline of Middle-Class Prosperity. N.Y.: Random House, 1993; Porter K. Broke: How Debt Bankrupts the Middle Class. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012; Sullivan T.A., Warren E., Westbrook J.L. The Fragile Middle Class: Americans in Debt. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.].          ,   ,      ,       ,      . ,       ,    ,    .      ,         ,      ,     .

         :   ,     ,            ,      ,   ,      ,   ,     ,    .        ,  ,     ,     ,   .  ,         ,       .     ,          ,          ,  ,   .         ,    ,   ,           ,      [9 - ., : Kalb D. Expanding Class: Power and Politics in Industrial Communities, The Netherlands, 18501950. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997; Lem W. Articulating Class in Post-Fordist France // American Ethnologist. 2002. Vol. 29 (2). . 287306; Lamont M. Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992; Liechty M. Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in a New Consumer Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003; Liechty M. Middle-Class Dj? Vu // Freeman C., Heiman R., Liechty M. (eds). The Global Middle Classes. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2012; Patico J. Consumption and Social Change in a Post-Soviet Middle Class. Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008; Sumich J. The Uncertainty of Prosperity; Truitt A. Banking on the Middle Class in Ho Chi Minh City // Van Nguyen M., Blanger D., Welch Drummond L.B. (eds). The Reinvention of Distinction: Modernity and the Middle Class in Urban Vietnam. N.Y.: Springer, 2012; Saavala M. Middle-Class Moralities: Everyday Struggle over Belonging and Prestige in India. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2012; Maqsood A. The New Pakistani Middle Class  ,       , .    : Freeman C., Heiman R., Liechty M. (eds). Charting an Anthropology of the Middle Classes; Li H., Marsh L.L. (eds). The Middle Class in Emerging Societies: Consumers, Lifestyles and Markets. L.: Routledge, 2016; Melber H. (ed.). The Rise of Africas Middle Class: Myths, Realities, and Critical Engagements. L.: Zed Books, 2016.     : Donner H. The Anthropology of the Middle Class Across the Globe // Anthropology of this Century. 2017. Vol. 18. . : Wacquant L. Making Class: The Middle Class(es) in Social Theory and Social Structure,        .: Levine R.F., Fantasia R., McNall S. (eds). Bringing Class Back In. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991,    : Kalb D. Class // Nonini D.M. (ed.). A Companion to Urban Anthropology. N.Y.: Blackwell, 2014; Kalb D. Introduction: Class and the New Anthropological Holism // Carrier J.G., Kalb D. (eds). Anthropologies of Class: Power, Practice and Inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.]




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Banerjee A.V., Duflo E. What Is the Middle Class About? The Middle Classes Around the World // MIT Discussion Papers, December 2007; Burger R., Kamp S., Lee C., Berg S. van der, Zoch A. The Emergent Middle Class in Contemporary South Africa: Examining and Comparing Rival Approaches // Development South Africa. 2015. Vol. 32 (1). . 2440; Kalb D. Class // Nonini D.M. (ed.). A Companion to Urban Anthropology. N.Y.: Blackwell, 2014; Kerstenetzky C.L., Uch?a C., Valle Silva N. do. The Elusive New Middle Class in Brazil // Brazilian Political Science Review. 2015. Vol. 9 (3). . 2141; Koo H. The Global Middle Class: How Is It Made, What Does It Represent? // Globalizations. 2016. Vol. 13 (3). . 440453; Melber H. (ed.). The Rise of Africas Middle Class: Myths, Realities, and Critical Engagements. L.: Zed Books, 2016; Nundee M. When Did We All Become Middle Class? L.: Routledge, 2016; Dore G.M.D. Measuring the Elusive Middle Class and Estimating Its Role in Economic Development and Democracy // World Economics Journal. 2017. Vol. 18 (2). . 107122; Therborn G. Class in the Twenty-First Century // New Left Review. 2012. Vol. 78 (November-December). . 529.                        , : Drabble S., Hoorens S., Khodyakov D., Ratzmann N., Yaqub O. The Rise of the Global Middle Class: Global Social Trends to 2030 // Rand Corporation. Thematic Report 6. 2015; IMF: Global Financial Stability Report: Market Developments and Issues // International Monetary Fund. September 2006.




2


,   : Amoranto G., Chun N., Deolaliker A. Who Are the Middle Class and What Values Do They Hold? Evidence from the World Values Survey // Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series. 2010. No. 229; Jaffrelot C., Veer P. van der (eds). Patterns of Middle Class Consumption in India and China. L.: Sage, 2012; Doepke M., Zilibotti F. Social Class and the Spirit of Capitalism // Journal of the European Economic Association. 2005. Vol. 3 (23). . 516524; Drabble S., Hoorens S., Khodyakov D., Ratzmann N., Yaqub O. The Rise of the Global Middle Class: Global Social Trends to 2030 // Rand Corporation. Thematic Report 6. 2015; Eldaeva N., Khakhlova O., Lebedinskaya O., Sibirskaya E. Statistical Evaluation of Middle Class in Russia // Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 2015. Vol. 6 (3). . 125134; Johnson S.D., Kandogan Y. The Role of Economic and Political Freedom in the Emergence of Global Middle Class // International Business Review. 2016. Vol. 25 (3). . 711725; Lufumpa C.L., Ncube M. The Emerging Middle Class in Africa. N.Y.: Routledge, 2016,      ,       .          ,      ,   ,     : Billitteri T. Middle Class Squeeze // CQ Press. 2009. . 919.




3


          : Chauvel L., Hartung A. Malaise in the Western Middle Classes // World Social Science Report. 2016. . 164169,         : Banerjee A.V., Duflo E. What Is the Middle Class About?..; Burger R., Louw M., Oliveira Pegado B.B.I. de, Berg S. van der. Understanding Consumption Patterns of the Established and Emerging South African Black Middle Class // Development South Africa. 2015. Vol. 32 (1). . 4156; Chen J. A Middle Class without Democracy: Economic Growth and the Prospects of Democratization in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013; Cohen S. Searching for a Different Future. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004; Duarte A. The Short Life of the New Middle Class in Portugal // International Research Journal of Arts and Social Science. 2016. Vol. 3 (2). . 4757; Embong A.R. State Led Mobilization and the New Middle Class in Malaysia. L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002; Fernandes L. Indias New Middle Class. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006; James D. Deeper into a Hole? Borrowing and Lending in South Africa // Current Anthropology. Vol. 55 (S9). . 1729; James D. Money for Nothing: Indebtedness and Aspiration in South Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015; Koo H. The Global Middle Class: How Is It Made, What Does It Represent?..; MacLennan M., Margalhaes B.J. (eds). Poverty in Focus // Bureau for Development Policy (UNDP). 2014. Vol. 26; Melber H. (ed.). The Rise of Africas Middle Class; Osburg J. Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality Among Chinas New Rich. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013; Owensby B.P. Intimate Ironies: Modernity and the Making of Middle-Class Lives in Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999; Rocca J.L. The Making of the Chinese Middle Class: Small Comfort and Great Expectations // The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy 2017. Shakow M. Along the Bolivian Highway: Social Mobility and Political Culture in a New Middle Class. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014; Sumich J. The Uncertainty of Prosperity: Dependence and the Politics of Middle-Class Privilege in Maputo // Ethnos. 2015. Vol. 80 (1). . 121; Sumner A., Wietzke F.B. What Are the Political and Social Implications of the New Middle Classes in Developing Countries? // International Development Institute Working Paper. 2014. No. 3; Wessel M. van. Talking about Consumption: How an Indian Middle Class Dissociates from Middle-Class Life // Cultural Dynamics. 2004. Vol. 16 (1). . 93116; Freeman C., Heiman R., Liechty M. (eds). Charting an Anthropology of the Middle Classes. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2012.




4


 :  .    .    . .: -  -  -, 2006. . .




5


  ,    ,       ,    ,        . ., : Zang X. Socioeconomic Attainment, Cultural Tastes, and Ethnic Identity: Class Subjectivities among Uyghurs in ?r?mchi // Ethnic and Racial Studies. 2016; Burger R. et al. The Emergent Middle Class in Contemporary South Africa; Donner H. Domestic Goddesses: Modernity, Globalisation, and Contemporary Middle-Class Identity in Urban India. L.: Routledge, 2008; Freeman C. The Reputation of Neoliberalism // American Ethnologist. 2007. Vol. 34 (2). . 252267; Maqsood A. The New Pakistani Middle Class. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 2017; Jones C. Women in the Middle: Femininity, Virtue, and Excess in Indonesian Discourses of Middle-Classness // Heiman R., Freeman C., Liechty M. (eds). The Middle Classes: Theorizing through Ethnography. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press, 2012; Ricke A. Producing the Middle Class: Domestic Tourism, Ethnic Roots, and Class Routes in Brazil // The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology. 2017. Vol. 23 (3).




6


Nocera J. A Piece of the Action: How the Middle Class Joined the Money Class. N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 2013.




7


 .  ,  . : , 2020.




8


., : Casey M.J. The Unfair Trade: How Our Broken Global Financial System Destroys the Middle Class. N.Y.: Crown Publishing, 2012; Fergus D. Land of the Fee: Hidden Costs and the Decline of the American Middle Class. Oxford University Press, 2016; Fitzgerald S.T., Kevin T.L. Middle Class Meltdown in Amee Class. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007; Hoffman P.T., Postel-Vinay G., Rosenthal J.L. Surviving Large Losses: Financial Crises, the Middle Class, and the Development of Capital Markets. L.: Harvard University Press, 2007; Madland D. Hollowed Out: Why the Economy Doesnt Work without a Strong Middle Class. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015; Mooney N. Not keeping up with our parents: The Decline of the Professional Middle Class. Boston: Beacon, 2008; Phillips K. Boiling Point: Republicans, Democrats, and the Decline of the Decline of Middle-Class Prosperity. N.Y.: Random House, 1993; Porter K. Broke: How Debt Bankrupts the Middle Class. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012; Sullivan T.A., Warren E., Westbrook J.L. The Fragile Middle Class: Americans in Debt. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.




9


., : Kalb D. Expanding Class: Power and Politics in Industrial Communities, The Netherlands, 18501950. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997; Lem W. Articulating Class in Post-Fordist France // American Ethnologist. 2002. Vol. 29 (2). . 287306; Lamont M. Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992; Liechty M. Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in a New Consumer Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003; Liechty M. Middle-Class Dj? Vu // Freeman C., Heiman R., Liechty M. (eds). The Global Middle Classes. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2012; Patico J. Consumption and Social Change in a Post-Soviet Middle Class. Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008; Sumich J. The Uncertainty of Prosperity; Truitt A. Banking on the Middle Class in Ho Chi Minh City // Van Nguyen M., Blanger D., Welch Drummond L.B. (eds). The Reinvention of Distinction: Modernity and the Middle Class in Urban Vietnam. N.Y.: Springer, 2012; Saavala M. Middle-Class Moralities: Everyday Struggle over Belonging and Prestige in India. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2012; Maqsood A. The New Pakistani Middle Class  ,       , .    : Freeman C., Heiman R., Liechty M. (eds). Charting an Anthropology of the Middle Classes; Li H., Marsh L.L. (eds). The Middle Class in Emerging Societies: Consumers, Lifestyles and Markets. L.: Routledge, 2016; Melber H. (ed.). The Rise of Africas Middle Class: Myths, Realities, and Critical Engagements. L.: Zed Books, 2016.     : Donner H. The Anthropology of the Middle Class Across the Globe // Anthropology of this Century. 2017. Vol. 18. . : Wacquant L. Making Class: The Middle Class(es) in Social Theory and Social Structure,        .: Levine R.F., Fantasia R., McNall S. (eds). Bringing Class Back In. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991,    : Kalb D. Class // Nonini D.M. (ed.). A Companion to Urban Anthropology. N.Y.: Blackwell, 2014; Kalb D. Introduction: Class and the New Anthropological Holism // Carrier J.G., Kalb D. (eds). Anthropologies of Class: Power, Practice and Inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.


