 .    
 


           .

    ,      ,     .      堖  Occupy Wall Street  Pussy Riot,      ࠖ    .   ,      ,             .

          .     ,      ,        ,    ,        .





 

 .    



  

   , . . 

  

 . 

  . 

  . 

 . , . 

  . 

 ,  . 



Original English language edition first published by Penguin Books Ltd, London

Ruth Kinna 2019

   , , .   -, 2022



  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

,      ,  ,   ,        () ,        ,    .


* * *













       :   ,    ,     .               ,                      .        .                .         ,   ,     렖     .






:   



 1999         .     ,     ,   ,    .                    䠖       ,       .   ,   ,   ,   ,        ,      .

  ,     . 䠖     ,      堖   .   ,       ,     :     . ,  ,   ,      ,     ,     ,    ,      .  ,             ,        . ,           ,   ,         ,        .     :     .        ,   2001  ø,       .                  .        . ,   2001        ,         .

 ,     ,     ,        .         ,    ,     ,          .       ,           ,           .      ,        .    ,         ,       .




 


 1919        Burlington Magazine     ,        .      1917            ,      .          :  ,     . ,   ,     .   ,   1918,      .   ,     ,     ,  ,       ,     .               ,    .     ,         ,         ,       .    ,     ,           .            .      ,  ,         [1 - Sir Frederic Kenyon, War Graves: How the Cemeteries Abroad Will Be Designed, Report to the Imperial War Graves Commission (London: HMSO, 1918), . 7.].

   ,       , ,     .           ,    ,     ,     ,            ,    [2 - Kenyon, War Graves, . 8.].          ,        .

               ,       .      ,     ,            .      ,   ,      .     , ,        ,       ,   .       ,             -    ,    ,   .         :



         ,             ,           .    ,             (,          ),         ,   .    "     ", "   "            ,        [3 - Eric Gill to the Burlington Magazine,  1919, in Walter Shewring (ed.), Letters of Eric Gill (London: Jonathan Cape, 1947), p. 129.].


      .  ,   ,       .    ,      ,        .      : ,   ,  .        ,  ,          ,     [4 - Gill to the Burlington Magazine, . 131.].            ,          , ,   ,        .        .  ,       :    ,   ,    ,   [5 - Gill to the Burlington Magazine, . 129.]?       ,            ,       .

   ,      ,        ,     ,  ,     .

  ࠖ   , .               .  ,      ,        , , , ,     ,      .     ,       ,                 . ,    ,      , ,      ,        [6 - Gill to the Burlington Magazine, . 130.]. ,      ,  ,    .       ,      ,  ,  .

     ⠖    .                ,        .       ,            ,       ,          [7 - Eric Gill, Autobiography (London: Jonathan Cape, 1940), . 194.].      ,   ;        .   ,         ,   ,         .        ,          ,            .

  .   ,          ,        ,    ,         ,      .  ࠖ   ,  ,        .      ,      ,       .    ,  ,  ,          ,      .                ,        .        ,           ,     .      ,  ,                   ,     ,   ,      .        .



  蠖         .    ,    30  ,  -      ?,      .          XIX   .    ,       .   ,     XIX          ,      ,        ,    .      ,      ,    .      ,   ,      ,      XIX  XXI.

   ,  ,   ,       ,    ,     ,    ,    [8 - . Benjamin Franks, Nathan Jun and Leonard Williams (eds), Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach (Abington: Routledge, 2018), . 112.].        ,       XIX,          [9 - . : Michael Schmidt and Lucien van der Walt, Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Edinburgh and Oakland: AK press, 2009),  1.].       ,           ,        ( ,  [10 - .: Centre for a Stateless Society   https://c4ss.org/ (https://c4ss.org/).], -[11 - .: Ludwig von Mises Institute   https://mises.org/ (https://mises.org/).]  -[12 -   .:Spencer Sunshine, 'Rebranding Fascism: National Anarchists' (2008)   https://libcom.org/library/rebranding-fascism-national-anarchists-spencer-sunshine (https://libcom.org/library/rebranding-fascism-national-anarchists-spencer-sunshine).]).     ,           ,    ,   ,          .       ,          廠  ,       .    ,           . 렖     .   ,          ,      .

           ,      ,      .  ,          ,        ,         ,   , ,   ..,      ,   .       , , ,       ,          .           (      ).  , ,          .   , ,      ,     ,             .

         ,      .         (Biographical Encyclopedia)  ࠖ  20  [13 - Munoz, Anarchists.].   ,           ,    ,             .   ,    :          .   ,           ,       ,  ,        .




 1





    ,       anarchia.      .      ,     .      , ,   ,    ,   ,     .    堖  ,     ,     .       . , ,   ,       ,         .  ,      .        .   ,          ,    ,        (     ),   .     ,      ,    ,  ,        ,  [14 -  ,   ,       Google,         :  ,   ,   ,  (    ,       ). . .].

         ?   ,      , ,     ,      .        -      ,        .   ?         ,      ;            ,           ; , ,                  .       ,        ,          .      ,       ⠖  ,    ,     ,        .

,  ,     , ,          XIX  堖  , ,   蠖     .    ,              -      .   ,            ,           .       .             .               ,        .

     ,      ,      ,  .-. ,  ,     ,      .           .         ,  ,   , ,  ,        ,         .  ,       (   ,      ,    ,   ),       .         ,    .        XIX   ,            .




  


  1872    (),    ,        .        ,       ࠖ   .   .              ,       .          ,           .  ,     ,     ,       .

       1864            .     ,      : ,           ,    ,     ,    ,   .      .      ,    ,   ,             .

      ,     1860- ,  1872    .          1864     . ,   ,   :       1848,        1850  1851,        .  1840-     ,       .  1868      ,      蠖   .                    .   ,   ,        .            .           ,      ,  ,           ,     .

      ,       , ,    .       ,      -.   ,           .

      1840-      - 젖   ,        . ,    ,     ,        ?[15 -  .-.   ? .: , 1998.],             (18481851).                     ,       ,    .              .   ,  ,       .       ,        . ,          ,    ,      ,       .            ,        ,      .    ,           .    ,         ,      .

 ,         .    ,         .             (,  ,  ).      ,     ,     ,  ,               ,       .   ,   ,             .     ,  ,         .

   ?   ,                .    ,      ,  ,    ,    .         ,    ,         .

 ,             .    :      , ,               ,          .       ,        ,      .  ,      ,      .         .  ,  , ,   ,    .           ,    ,   . ,  ,   ,       ,    ,        .   , ,    ,   .          ,      ,    :  -    ,       .    ,     ,         ,      .

      1872       .         , ,  ,     .         ,        .            ,            ,    .  ,    - ,          ,    ,   ,      .     ,     ,    .  1881,      ,   ,   ,      [16 - Tom Goyens, Beer and Revolution: The German Anarchist Movement in NewYork City, 18801914 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2007), . 76.].   ,    ,      .

        .  ,         ,     - ()      .        ,      ,     .          .       ,        ,  ,         .      .  ,       .  ,       -,    ,   ,     ,   [17 - Richard T. Ely, French and German Socialism in Modern Times (NewYork: Harper & Brothers, 1883), . 185.].

 1877     .        :  ,      ,           ,    [18 - Association Internationale des Travailleurs, Fdration Jurassienne, Section de Propagande de Gen?ve, Rapport de la Section sur les diverses questions mises ? l'ordre du jour du Congr?s Fdral jurassien du 5 Ao?t 1877, IISH Jura Federation papers.].  ,          ,          ,     .  1881      ,   ,   .       , , ,   .       , ,  ,    .  1872        [19 - Mu?oz, Anarchists, . 17, . 2.].         -         .

 1889         .     ,    .      1893         ,           .    ,      (          ),    ,      ⠖        .                    .

         .     1876   ,                .   ,    ,        ,         .   XIX ,   ,     .  ,  ,       ,        ,      ,     ,                .




    


    ,          :   1871    1886.          ,           .

 ࠖ      ,      -  (18701871),       ,   ,        III     .      1871        ,        1870.                ,     .            .      ,  ,    ,   -,        .  ,          ,    -.     堖 .     ,        XIX:        1871    20. .       ,         .

                4 1886        1887.            ,  3             .     ,  ,       ,   .     .       .        :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .        ,     .      ,     ,        .   ,  ,  .      ,  ,       .         .     ,      ,       1893.  ,   ,   , ,                   [20 - John P. Altgeld, Reasons for Pardoning Fielden, Neebe and Schwab (Chicago, 1893), . 63.].   -   ,   XVII,    .   ,          .  , ,           . ,    :      .

       ,   ?      .   ,   ,      ,     .    ,        ,      .   ,      ⠖       .    ,       ,         ,         ,      .  ,          .

 , ,    .               .      ,    .    .  ,       ,      ,     ,     .       ,      ,       .        ,    ,    ,   ,  :   !             .

            .    ,       ,  ,         . ,       ,            ,  ,  ,   XVII  XVIII  ,     .  ,  ,          ,      ,    ,     .   ࠖ   ,       .     ,   ,      蠖 .  ,       ,   ,       ,     ,   ,    .         ,   .     ,        ""[21 - Louise Michel, 'Speeches and Journalism, November 1880January 1882', in The Red Virgin: Memoirs of Louise Michel, ed. and trans. Bullitt Lowry and Elizabeth Ellington Gunter (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1981), . 123.].

  堖    ,     1883,                  ,       [22 - Goyens, Beer and Revolution, . 107.].     .        Freedom            ,   ,   1683    II.    ,   ,         ࠖ       [23 - 'The Chicago Anniversary', Freedom,  1888.]. ,            ,   ,     ,     .        ,   1893   ,   [24 - Peter Kropotkin, 'The Commune of Paris Address', Freedom,  1893.].




  


          . -,     ,     ,   . -,          ,     .                   .

             .       ,      ,              .             .     ,  ,             ,  ,   ,   ,     [25 -       ,    . . .]  [26 -  ..    i  . :   , 1892. . 2.].        .      ,       ,        ,                [27 - . .     //  .  . . . 17. .:    , 1960. 884 . http://nlr.ru/domplekhanova/dep/artupload/dp/article/71/NA321.pdf (http://nlr.ru/domplekhanova/dep/artupload/dp/article/71/NA321.pdf) [  24 2021.].].    ,  ,      ,                   .        ,     ,        .        ,        ,   .

    ,   1905,     .      ,      1871         [28 -  ..,   ,    Freedom, 1905, IISH, Nettlau Collection, 2672.].     ,       ,   堖   ,  ,          ,    ,       .

         ,               .    ,     ,       ,          .     ,            ,  .   :          ,     "". ,    "",         ,   ""[29 -     :   , https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#LINGG (https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#LINGG).].

   ,    ,    .    ,   ,        ,   .           ,      ,     ,  .   ,        ,     .     .        (  )      (  ),  ,         ,         ,   .       .    ,       ,     .       .     ,       :



 ,       .  [30 - ..   Chicago Tribune,            . .:Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), . 203.] ,    [  ] : "   .  ,   ". ,    "   "   .  : "     ". -   ,   ?       ,   ,   ,  ,   ?  ,   ,  ,         ,   .         .  ,     .          [31 -     :   , https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#FIELDEN (https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#FIELDEN).].


     ,   ,   ,    .        18651866    ,     1861      20 ,    .      ,             .         ,              ,   ,      ,     .   ,      ,    , ,               -,        ,         ,         .   ,     [32 - Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, ed. L. Maria Child, in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Introduction by Kwame Anthony Appiah (NewYork: The Modern Library, 2000), . 306.],  ,      .  ,     ,   ,     .   ,    .   ,     .

    ,     ,       .          ,         ,    . ,         ,      :



  ,    , : "    ,     ,    "[33 - . :  .   (.. ).].    ; ,    ,   . ,  ,         ,       .


,       ,       :



         .    ;                     " "       ,               ,         , 젖    ,      ,   .    堖     :     - ,         ,        ,   .     ,   ,   ,            텻[34 -     :   , https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#PARSONS (https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#PARSONS).]


      : ,     ,   .              .         ,           ,    ,   ,       ,    ,   .     ,          .     ,   ,       ,  ,       ,            .      ,       .      :        .   ,  ,    ,  [35 -     :   , https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#PARSONS (https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#PARSONS).].

   ,        :       ?   ,         :        .   ,    .     ,      .    ,     ,      ,   ,    ,  .       ,    ,    .

                   .




 


           ,       ,     ,     .       ,                 .    ,           ,    .

      ,      .           ,  ,     ,        .      ?       ,  ࠖ  .         ,    ,     .  1942,      , -      , ,     ,   .       , ,     ,  ,     [36 - Frederick Lohr, Anarchism: A Philosophy of Freedom (London: Frederick Lohr,   [1941/42]), . 46.].

             ,      ,    .      (Uncivil Liberty),    1870,  ,      "   "    ,        .          ,     []  ,   [37 - Ezra H. Heywood, Uncivil Liberty (Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1978), . 910.].  ,     ,       ,    ,      ,     ,  [38 - Lucy Parsons, 'Speech to the Industrial Workers of the World, 1905', http://flag.blackened.net/lpp/writings/speech_to_iww.html (http://flag.blackened.net/lpp/writings/speech_to_iww.html).].

           .       ,      ,   , ,   ,        .           .    ,   ,       ,   .            ,    .  ,         ,    ,      .      1878       ,     .    ,   ,         ,    ,       ,  ,   [39 - Louise Michel, 'The Kanaks were seeking the same liberty we had sought in the Commune', in Nic Maclellan (ed.), Louise Michel (Melbourne and NewYork: Ocean Books, 2004), . 96.].

             1891,          :



         .       .                             ,       200.            (,  ),                .    ,     ,    ,       [40 - Peter Kropotkin, 'Chicago Martyrs Commemoration', Freedom,  1896.].


 ,      ,    .     ,          -.       ,    .     ,        ,     .            ,        .           ,        .      [41 -         1890- .  :  -  ,   ,       . . .]         .               ,         [42 - Staughton Lynd and Andrej Grubacic, Wobblies and Zapatistas: Conversations on Anarchism, Marxism and Radical History (Oakland: PM Press, 2008), . 1215.]. ,     ,              ,    .

 ,          ,      .                . ,   ,          El Derecho a la Vida     ,    30-  [43 - Mu?oz, Anarchists, . 17, . 9.].       .     1892         . ,           ,  :



  "",      ,    ,      .

 11:55          . ,       ,   -     !

             

            .

  : ",      ,      !"

"  !"  .

"    !"  

    ,       .         . ,    -    .     [44 - Le Proc?s des Anarchistes de Chicago (Paris: La Rvolte, 1892), . 3031.].


 ,             ,    .    :     ,       .  !       :  ,   .   ,   !      :   ,   ,      .         .     ,     .   !.  :  .     ,    .   .  :     ![45 - ,       , 11 1892.,  , Presburg Papers, IISH.]




  :   


        ,            . ,      ,          ࠖ            ,    .

         ;      .   ,     ,              .       ,             ,       .   ,  ,         ,    "  ".  , ,    ,     ,            :       , ,   ,    [46 - John Merriman, Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2014), . 207.].

       .  ,               .  ,  ,     ,           .   -,     ,    ,   , , ,    ,        -    .    .                  ,         [47 - Michael J. Schaack, Anarchy and Anarchists: A History of the Red Terror and the Social Revolution in America and Europe (Chicago: F. J. Schulte & Company, 1889), . 682683.].

 ,      ,         .         ,       ࠖ     .            ,       ,            ,    .              ,    ,           ,   ,    .    ,        , ,    [48 - Cesare Lombroso, 'Illustrative Studies in Criminal Anthropology III: The Physiognomy of the Anarchists', Monist, 1 (3), 1891, . 33643; Michael Schwab, 'A Convicted Anarchist's Reply to Professor Lombroso', Monist 1 (4), 1891, . 52024.].        ,     ,     .     ,      ,      .      ,       ,   .  1886,      ,          ,       :        ,           ,        [49 - J.Hayes-Sadler to the Earl of Iddesleigh, 23 1886., in Ruth Kinna (ed.), Early Writings on Terrorism (London: Routledge, 2006), . 1.].

 ,    ,        .  ,           :      ,   ,    ,   .               -,   .           .  ,   ,            ,         ,     .  XIX     .         ,           ,   .            ,  ,         ,        .     ,    .  ,        1892,      1909,   1911 12           ,     1915      1927            ,       .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=66866368)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Sir Frederic Kenyon, War Graves: How the Cemeteries Abroad Will Be Designed, Report to the Imperial War Graves Commission (London: HMSO, 1918), . 7.




2


Kenyon, War Graves, . 8.




3


Eric Gill to the Burlington Magazine,  1919, in Walter Shewring (ed.), Letters of Eric Gill (London: Jonathan Cape, 1947), p. 129.




4


Gill to the Burlington Magazine, . 131.




5


Gill to the Burlington Magazine, . 129.




6


Gill to the Burlington Magazine, . 130.




7


Eric Gill, Autobiography (London: Jonathan Cape, 1940), . 194.




8


. Benjamin Franks, Nathan Jun and Leonard Williams (eds), Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach (Abington: Routledge, 2018), . 112.




9


. : Michael Schmidt and Lucien van der Walt, Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Edinburgh and Oakland: AK press, 2009),  1.




10


.: Centre for a Stateless Society   https://c4ss.org/ (https://c4ss.org/).




11


.: Ludwig von Mises Institute   https://mises.org/ (https://mises.org/).




12


  .:Spencer Sunshine, 'Rebranding Fascism: National Anarchists' (2008)   https://libcom.org/library/rebranding-fascism-national-anarchists-spencer-sunshine (https://libcom.org/library/rebranding-fascism-national-anarchists-spencer-sunshine).




13


Munoz, Anarchists.




14


 ,   ,       Google,         :  ,   ,   ,  (    ,       ). . .




15


 .-.   ? .: , 1998.




16


Tom Goyens, Beer and Revolution: The German Anarchist Movement in NewYork City, 18801914 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2007), . 76.




17


Richard T. Ely, French and German Socialism in Modern Times (NewYork: Harper & Brothers, 1883), . 185.




18


Association Internationale des Travailleurs, Fdration Jurassienne, Section de Propagande de Gen?ve, Rapport de la Section sur les diverses questions mises ? l'ordre du jour du Congr?s Fdral jurassien du 5 Ao?t 1877, IISH Jura Federation papers.




19


Mu?oz, Anarchists, . 17, . 2.




20


John P. Altgeld, Reasons for Pardoning Fielden, Neebe and Schwab (Chicago, 1893), . 63.




21


Louise Michel, 'Speeches and Journalism, November 1880January 1882', in The Red Virgin: Memoirs of Louise Michel, ed. and trans. Bullitt Lowry and Elizabeth Ellington Gunter (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1981), . 123.




22


Goyens, Beer and Revolution, . 107.




23


'The Chicago Anniversary', Freedom,  1888.




24


Peter Kropotkin, 'The Commune of Paris Address', Freedom,  1893.




25


      ,    . . .




26


 ..    i  . :   , 1892. . 2.




27


. .     //  .  . . . 17. .:    , 1960. 884 . http://nlr.ru/domplekhanova/dep/artupload/dp/article/71/NA321.pdf (http://nlr.ru/domplekhanova/dep/artupload/dp/article/71/NA321.pdf) [  24 2021.].




28


 ..,   ,    Freedom, 1905, IISH, Nettlau Collection, 2672.




29


    :   , https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#LINGG (https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#LINGG).




30


..   Chicago Tribune,            . .:Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), . 203.




31


    :   , https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#FIELDEN (https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#FIELDEN).




32


Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, ed. L. Maria Child, in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Introduction by Kwame Anthony Appiah (NewYork: The Modern Library, 2000), . 306.




33


. :  .   (.. ).




34


    :   , https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#PARSONS (https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#PARSONS).




35


    :   , https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#PARSONS (https://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/articles/speeches.html#PARSONS).




36


Frederick Lohr, Anarchism: A Philosophy of Freedom (London: Frederick Lohr,   [1941/42]), . 46.




37


Ezra H. Heywood, Uncivil Liberty (Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1978), . 910.




38


Lucy Parsons, 'Speech to the Industrial Workers of the World, 1905', http://flag.blackened.net/lpp/writings/speech_to_iww.html (http://flag.blackened.net/lpp/writings/speech_to_iww.html).




39


Louise Michel, 'The Kanaks were seeking the same liberty we had sought in the Commune', in Nic Maclellan (ed.), Louise Michel (Melbourne and NewYork: Ocean Books, 2004), . 96.




40


Peter Kropotkin, 'Chicago Martyrs Commemoration', Freedom,  1896.




41


        1890- .  :  -  ,   ,       . . .




42


Staughton Lynd and Andrej Grubacic, Wobblies and Zapatistas: Conversations on Anarchism, Marxism and Radical History (Oakland: PM Press, 2008), . 1215.




43


Mu?oz, Anarchists, . 17, . 9.




44


Le Proc?s des Anarchistes de Chicago (Paris: La Rvolte, 1892), . 3031.




45


,       , 11 1892.,  , Presburg Papers, IISH.




46


John Merriman, Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2014), . 207.




47


Michael J. Schaack, Anarchy and Anarchists: A History of the Red Terror and the Social Revolution in America and Europe (Chicago: F. J. Schulte & Company, 1889), . 682683.




48


Cesare Lombroso, 'Illustrative Studies in Criminal Anthropology III: The Physiognomy of the Anarchists', Monist, 1 (3), 1891, . 33643; Michael Schwab, 'A Convicted Anarchist's Reply to Professor Lombroso', Monist 1 (4), 1891, . 52024.




49


J.Hayes-Sadler to the Earl of Iddesleigh, 23 1886., in Ruth Kinna (ed.), Early Writings on Terrorism (London: Routledge, 2006), . 1.


