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..,  , XVIII[1 - . ..]


Shoshana Zuboff

TheAge ofSurveillance Capitalism

TheFight for aHuman Future at theNew Frontier ofPower



    .

       



Copyright  2019 by Shoshana Zuboff

     PublicAffairs,  Perseus Books, LLC,  Hachette Books, -,  -, .   

   , 2022








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1.  ,       ,      ,   . 2.   ,             . 3.   ,       ,   . 4.    . 5.     XXI,    ,       XIX XX. 6.    ,            . 7. ,      ,    . 8.    ,           .






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I. 


             ?     1981    , -         ;        ,                   .          ,         .     :    ?   ?   ?   ,   ,      .    ;         ,            .

      , ,      :     ?    ?    .   .     ,    ,             :    .        ,        :       ?

       ,             .      ,     ,   ,      .           ,   ,       ,   ,         .

      ,         ,   .      ,  ,      ,  [3 - Martin Hilbert, Technological Information Inequality as anIncessantly Moving Target: TheRedistribution ofInformation andCommunication Capacities Between 1986and2010, Journal of theAmerican Society forInformation Science andTechnology 65, no. 4 (2013): 821835.].      ,        ,    1980- .         ,        [4 - ʠ2014,        ,   Pew Research ,    87% .   76%     , 90%   . ,     Facebook       911.      ,       Mosaic,       ,  BBC 2010 , 79%              .        19      ࠫ :           ;           ,             . .:Susannah Fox andLee Rainie, The web at25in theU.S., Pew Research Center, February 27, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/27/the-web-at-25-in-the-u-s; 911 Calls About Facebook Outage Angers L.A.County Sheriffs Officials, Los Angeles Times, August 1, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-911-calls-about-facebook-outage-angers-la-sheriffs-officials-20140801-htmlstory.html; Internet Access a Human Right, BBC News, March8, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8548190.stm; The Promotion, Protection andEnjoyment ofHuman Rights on theInternet, United Nations Human Rights Council, June27, 2016, https://www.article19.org/data/files/Internet_Statement_Adopted.pdf;      , , , ,    ,    ,    , 27 2016, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/845728/files/A_HRC_32_L-20-RU.pdf.].

             .         ,     ꠫, , ,  .         ?

     .   ,       .        ;    .      ,                .      , ,       , ,     .       ,     ,       .     ,        ,   .      ,     ,      . , ,  , , , , , ,                  , ,  ,  ,  ,   .

    ,           . ,     (nostos),  ,       ,    ,      .        -     ,          . -,    ,    ,     ,           .

        ,  ,              .        -     .       ,   .    ,       ,    .     ,  ,    :  ,    ,  .

,   ,   .       : saudade, , , ,            .   XXI          ,     [5 - Jo?o Leal, TheMaking ofSaudade: National Identity andEthnic Psychology inPortugal (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 2000), https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/4386.].




II.  


 2000                   (Aware Home)[6 - Cory D.Kidd et al., The Aware Home: ALiving Laboratory forUbiquitous Computing Research, inProceedings of theSecond International Workshop on Cooperative Buildings, Integrating Information, Organization, andArchitecture, CoBuild 99 (London: Springer-Verlag, 1999), 191198, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id= 645969.674887.]. ,         .       ,                ,   ,   ,   .       ,      ,   ,       .

    : -,      ,         . -, ,                   . -,  ,                 ,  ,  ,     ,   .

      .      , ,        .             ,     .                 ,  , ,         .         ,      .

ʠ2018      36 ; ,  2023   151[7 - Global Smart Homes Market 2018byEvolving Technology, Projections& Estimations, Business Competitors, Cost Structure, Key Companies andForecast to2023, Reuters, February19, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/venture-capital/article?id=28096.].      .       :  Nest,  ,    Alphabet,   Google,  , 2018,   Google[8 - Ron Amadeo, Nest Is Done as aStandalone Alphabet Company, Merges with Google, Ars Technica, February7, 2018, https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/02/nest-is-done-as-a-standalone-alphabet-company-merges-with-google; Leo Kelion, Google-Nest Merger Raises Privacy Issues, BBC News, February8, 2018, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42989073.].  Nest    ,   ⠫ .         .       ,    .  Nest       : , , -  [9 - Kelion, Google-Nest Merger Raises Privacy Issues.].   , ,      ,  -          .    Google ,    Nest,      Google,       [10 - Rick Osterloh andMarwan Fawaz, Nest toJoin Forces with Googles Hardware Team, Google, February7, 2018, https://www.blog.google/insidegoogle/company-annoucements/nest-join-forces-googles-hardware-team.].  蠫 ,          , ,  ,   ?

  Wi-Fi    ,         Google.      ,   蠫    .          ,           ,                . Nest               ,          [11 - Grant Hernandez, Orlando Arias, Daniel Buentello, andYier Jin, Smart Nest Thermostat: ASmart Spy inYour Home, Black Hat USA, 2014, https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-14/materials/us-14-Jin-Smart-Nest-Thermostat-A-Smart-Spy-In-Your-Home-WP.pdf.].    Nest,     ,    ,   ,      Nest       ,           ,             [12 - Guido Noto La Diega, Contracting for theInternet ofThings: Looking into theNest (research paper, Queen Mary University ofLondon, School ofLaw, 2016); Robin Kar andMargaret Radin, Pseudo-Contract & Shared Meaning Analysis (legal studies research paper, University ofIllinois College ofLaw, November16, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3083129.].

      Nest,   ,       ,        ,       .                [13 - Hernandez, Arias, Buentello, andJin, Smart Nest Thermostat.].

ʠ2018 ,     ,   .   ?    ?  ,      ,    ,    .   ,  2000           .         ,       ,    ,     ,      .       ,            ,            .       ,   ,            ?        .   ,               ,     .




III.   


                   .          ,     ,    ,  ꠫ ,     , ,     ,      .              ,      .        ,           .

    ,               ,         :  ,   .      ,             ,       , ,      ,   .     ,           ,       .              ;     ,   .                 .        ,     (instrumentarianism).            .                    ,   .

             ,   .   ,        ,           Pokmon Go  , ,     ,  ,      ,    ,    ,       Facebook     ,       5:45  ,      ,           ,     .          ,                 .

       ,      .     ,        ,    軠       ,          .        .          .   ,      ,   ,    .            .

Google         ,     General Motors     . Google       ,   ,            ,          .     Facebook,    Microsoft.    ,     Amazon       Apple,     ,        .

     , Google        ,         ,   ,      ,    .           ,        ,   .   Google     ,    ,   11,   ,  , ,              .

   ,    ,  ,   .      ,         ,      .     -,           ,    ,            ,      .      ,   , ,   ,   ,   .

           -,           -.            ,   .           ,     ,     ,   ,       ,        .        ,      -     ,  ,  ,          ,         .       ,  ,      ,       ,        .

        .        .     ,        ,              .   堫  .   ,   , ,    ,   .       ,           .       ,      .

          XXI. ,       ,            .   ,         ,            .             ,             .     ,     ,   ,   ,      . -         ,  ,     (   ),        ,     -   [14 -        . : Langdon Winner, A Victory forComputer Populism, Technology Review 94, no. 4 (1991):66. . : Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Jennifer M.Urban, andSu Li, Privacy andModern Advertising: Most US Internet Users Want Do Not Track toStop Collection ofData About Their Online Activities (BCLT Research Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, October8, 2012), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2152135; Joseph Turow et al., Americans Reject Tailored Advertising andThree Activities That Enable It, Annenberg School forCommunication, September 29, 2009, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1478214; Chris Jay Hoofnagle andJan Whittington, Free: Accounting for theCosts of theInternets Most Popular Price, UCLA Law Review 61 (February28, 2014): 606; Jan Whittington andChris Hoofnagle, Unpacking Privacys Price, North Carolina Law Review 90 (January 1, 2011): 1327; Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Jennifer King, Su Li, andJoseph Turow, How Different Are Young Adults from Older Adults When It Comes toInformation Privacy Attitudes & Policies? April14, 2010, http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/399.].         ,  XXI      ,           [15 -    : Roberto Mangabeira Unger, The Dictatorship ofNo Alternatives, inRoberto Mangabeira Unger, What Should theLeft Propose? (London: Verso, 2006), 111.].

        ,   .      ,       ,     .      ,   ,      .       ,  .          ,                     XXI.

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IV.


        :  .   .     - ,        ,        .      ,     ,     . , ,         .             ,        ,         ?     ,            .     ;      ,    ,     .    ,         .

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V.,  


       ,     ,   .  ,    ,      ,   .     ;  ,       .      ,     ,     .            2,             ,    . ,       .

 ,       ,  ,   ,     ,   ,       ,   . , 2009   , Google        : ,     ,      .      ,       :



 ,   ,  Google,   -    [16 - Jared Newman, Googles Schmidt Roasted forPrivacy Comments, PCWorld, December 11, 2009, http://www.pcworld.com/article/184446/googles_schmidt_roasted_for_privacy_comments.html.].


  ,     ,    .     ,     ,         .          ,     Google.  ,       ,                   .        7.   , ,       ,         ,        1933:        .

      ,     .           ,           ,     .  ,     .      ,  :        ,       .

 ,   ,        .    ,     .   ,



                [17 - Max Weber, Economy andSociety: AnOutline ofInterpretive Sociology (Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press, 1978), 1:67;  ,   :    (:     , 2016), 1: 116.].


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    ,        .     ,        .    ,     .       ,     .         ,    ,        .  ,      ,    ,      ,       .  ,     .     , ,   .   ,       , ,      .     ,   ,     ,         .        ,     ,      ,      ,  ,      ,     .

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VI. ,     


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  II      -         ,     .      -,        ,    .        ,          .        ,     .            ,      ,     .              ,              .          Facebook         Google  Pokmon Go,     .      ,                    .          ,    ,            . ,            ,     ,  ,      .           ,       .  :      ?     .  II        .      ,           ?

 III    ;           ,     ;         ,    .  ,      ,       ,      .       ,       .    ,         .              , ,        .        ,                   ...

  III      .        .          ,         .         ,          :   ,             .      ,         .    ,             ,           ,        .                    ,       .         :    .     ,   ,       ,     ,        ,    ,              .

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  ,      ,       .        , ,  ,   -       ,        ,       XIX   XX.        XX,   ,  ,  , -   ,        ,                 .          ,       -,          ,    .

           ,  ,     ,   ,            ,     .        .        ,          -     .   -  Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft Facebook           ,      ,   .

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, Apple     ,     ,      .       ,   , Apple          . Amazon -             .      ,     , ,        ,  ,    . ,     9, Amazon     ࠫ      ,   ,     .

         ,            ,            Amazon  ,      Apple.      .  ,   Apple   ,    ,  ,              ,           .

       ,         ,   ,       ,                . ,   Google Facebook -            ,    ,            .  ,   Google Facebook  -     ,   ,  -,           .              ,      ,         .

       Google, Facebook Microsoft.    ,       . ,      ,        .   ,         ,     .        ,   ,     ,          ,           .  ,  ,            Google.     , ,   ,   .    ?      ,           .

    Google, Facebook, Microsoft   ,     , ,   , , , ,      .  ,   20122015    52   19    586-       ,    .      ,            .                 ,        .          ,    . ,  ,      ,        ,      .

 :      砫  ..,     XVIII.             ,      ,             .




 I

  





 2

9 2011:     



		     
		     
		    .

..,  , II[18 - . ..]

  2011  ,   ,       ,      . -,     ,  Apple,                Exxon Mobil  ,      . -,     ,    ,      ,      .                 .                 . -,         ,   Google     .      ,               ,             .        ,  -  ,    ,          ,  ,      .




I.Apple  


Apple            .      ,     Napster          :  -, ,  ,  ,  .       ,        ,           Napster. Apple   ,      ,               . Napster   , Apple, ,  .

 ,      Apple.        iPod/iTunes/iPhone.    Bloomberg Businessweek,  -        Apple.     :            [19 - Roben Farzad, Apples Earnings Power Befuddles Wall Street, Bloomberg Businessweek, August 7, 2011, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-07-28/apple-s-earnings-power-befuddles-wall-street.].     :      Windows-  iTunes   2003      iTunes     ,     :              -  [20 - iTunes Music Store Sells Over One Million Songs inFirst Week, Apple Newsroom, March 9, 2018, https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/05/05iTunes-Music-Store-Sells-Over-One-Million-Songs-in-First-Week.].      5 ,  10   ,  25    .     ,   2007,      ,    , 2013,   25.  2008 Apple  Walmart       .  iPod    :            100     ,  Apple   iPod    iPhone,       .     ,  2017,   , Apple    ,         [21 - Jeff Sommer, The Best Investment Since 1926? Apple, New York Times, September 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/business/apple-investment.html.].

     iPod       ,     ,            ,  ,  ,    .       60%    ,       .     ,     :       ,     .

   General Motors   :



  ,     ,    [] ,      ,   ,      [22 - .:Shoshana Zuboff andJames Maxmin, TheSupport Economy: How Corporations Are Failing Individuals and theNext Episode ofCapitalism (New York: Penguin, 2002), 230.].


-      ,   ,   ,     .       -,        .

     ,     ,  ,    ,    Model T.     iPod, ,  Ford Model T,       .        ,  .                            XX.

  iPod/iTunes     ,     ,    . Apple        ,     , ,     ,       .

 Apple     .               ,    .   ,  ,        . ,    -, Apple     ,      , , , , ,    .   iTunes   iPod         .     iPod,  iPod         iPod  ,           .         ,  ..    ,     ,    .

   ?  Apple       .    ,  , ,         ࠫ,        .   ,           Apple.        Apple      ,         ,       .

  Ford     , Apple       ,             .        ,                ,       .   -  ,         .                   ,    ,   .      ,     ,       ,     ,    ,    ,   ,   .

    ,    ,   iPod    ,     ,      ,   ,          .     ,          ,         .  :  Apple,            .                .           :                , ,              .         ,   ,               .




II. 


      ,          .       :       [23 - Henry Ford, Mass Production, Encyclopedia Britannica (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1926), 821, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/coolbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(amrlg+lg48)).].  ,         ,   ,          ,  , ,      ,  ,    .        ,         ,               .         .        ,  -    ,  ,             .

              ,              .        ,         .                ,          .      ,          [24 - Lizabeth Cohen, AConsumers Republic: ThePolitics ofMass Consumption inPostwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003); Martin J.Sklar, TheCorporate Reconstruction ofAmerican Capitalism: 18901916: TheMarket, theLaw, andPolitics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).].     ,         ,  ,       ,        ,       .

 ,      ,          .          XX,             .          , ,   ,  , ,      ,     .  ,            (  )      :



,            .        ,   .        ,  .   ,   ,   ,          [25 - Emile Durkheim, TheDivision ofLabor inSociety (New York: Free Press, 1964), 275;  ,    .   (: , 1990), 257 ( . ..).].


 ,              ,     , ,  ,      .        ,  ,         :     ,   ,    [    ]  [26 - Ibid., 266;  , 248.].      ,   , ,   ,   ,    ,          .

       ,  ,      Model T,    iPod  iPhone   ,   .  ,         ,  ꠫,        .         [27 - Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards aNew Modernity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1992);  ,  .      (: -, 2000).],        ,    Apple           .       Google, Facebook          ,  .

             ?             ,       .   ,          ,          , ,  ,          ,   .       ,          . , ,     [28 - ,        ,     : Zuboff andMaxmin, TheSupport Economy. . : Ulrich Beck andElisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism andIts Social andPolitical Consequences (London: Sage, 2002); Ulrich Beck, Why Class Is Too Soft aCategory toCapture theExplosiveness ofSocial Inequality at theBeginning of theTwenty-First Century, British Journal ofSociology 64, no. 1 (2013): 6374; Ulrich Beck andEdgar Grande, Varieties ofSecond Modernity: TheCosmopolitan Turn inSocial andPolitical Theory andResearch, British Journal ofSociology 61, no. 3 (2010): 409443.].

              ,   ,   .     .     .           ,       .          ,     -,              .     ,        ,          ,   [29 - Beck, Risk Society; ,  .].  ,      ,      ,  -  ,    .  ,         ,        .

        .   ,     ,  1908,           ,    ,     ,             ,  ?       ,       ,     .              .                 : , ,  /     .    : ,    ,      .

             ,     ,   , ,  , , ,        ,  , , ,  ,     .          , ,    -   ,      .

        ,      ,  .  ,     .  ,       .    ,    ;   .       ,    . ,     ,   ,  -   .    ,       , ,    .   ,     ,           .

  - ,          . ,             ,          .   ,    ,    ꠫  ,       [30 - Talcott Parsons, Social Structure andPersonality (New York: Free Press, 1964).].      :  [31 -        (1963),           ,   . . .],  , ,    , ,   .   , ,      ,   .

      ,     ,     ,   ,      ,     .    ;        .    ,      :  [32 - Beck andBeck-Gernsheim, Individualization.]. ,          ,      ,      ,   ,        .    ,     .       ,      ,    ,        .       ,         ,   .

             XX.       ,    ,   ,  -  . ,      ,  ,     ,      ,      .       ,  -    :  , ,    ,  ,   ,     ,     ,   ,   .

          ,      ,         ,        .           , ,           . , ,         ,   ,     ,              .                ,             .

      ,     ,   ,   .       :



         ,          <>     ,           (inhibitions),       ,   ,   ,    [33 - Erik Erikson, Childhood andSociety (New York: W.W.Norton, 1993), 279;  ,    (: , 1996), 294.].


        ,               [34 - Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift inAdvanced Industrial Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Ronald F.Inglehart, Changing Values Among Western Publics from 1970to2006, West European Politics 31, nos. 12 (2008): 130146; Ronald Inglehart andChristian Welzel, How We Got Here: How Development Leads toDemocracy, Foreign Affairs 88, no. 2 (2012): 4850; Ronald Inglehart andWayne E.Baker, Modernization, Cultural Change, and thePersistence ofTraditional Values, American Sociological Review 65, no. 1 (2000): 19; Mette Halskov Hansen, iChina: TheRise of theIndividual inModern Chinese Society, ed. Rune Svarverud (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute ofAsian Studies, 2010); Yunxiang Yan, TheIndividualization ofChinese Society (Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic, 2009); Arthur Kleinman et al., Deep China: TheMoral Life of thePerson (Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 2011); Chang Kyung-Sup andSong Min-Young, The Stranded Individual Under Compressed Modernity: South Korean Women inIndividualization Without Individualism, British Journal ofSociology 61, no. 3 (2010); Chang Kyung-Sup, The Second Modern Condition? Compressed Modernity as Internalized Reflexive Cosmopolitization, British Journal ofSociology 61, no. 3 (2010); Munenori Suzuki et al., Individualizing Japan: Searching forIts Origin inFirst Modernity, British Journal ofSociology 61, no. 3 (2010); Anthony Elliott, Masataka Katagiri, andAtsushi Sawai, The New Individualism andContemporary Japan: Theoretical Avenues and theJapanese New Individualist Path, Journal for theTheory ofSocial Behavior 42, no. 4 (2012); Mitsunori Ishida et al., The Individualization ofRelationships inJapan, Soziale Welt 61 (2010): 217235; David Tyfield andJohn Urry, Cosmopolitan China? Soziale Welt 61 (2010): 277293.].

           ,    ,   ,   .          ,   ,    .         .    .    ,     ,       , , , , , ,  , , ,  ,    , , 

 ,                   .                   ,           ,    .    ,     ,  ,     ,     ,          [35 - Beck andBeck-Gernsheim, Individualization; Ulrich Beck, AGod ofOnes Own: Religions Capacity forPeace andPotential forViolence, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2010).].

        ,            [36 - Thomas M.Franck, TheEmpowered Self: Law andSociety in anAge ofIndividualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).].               .             ,     [37 - Beck andBeck-Gernsheim, Individualization, xxii.].

    ,         ,         .       -  ,       ,                ,         .       ,                ,        .                 ,       .

    ,        ,        ,          ,       ,  ,     ꠫ Apple,        [38 - Daniel Stedman Jones, Masters of theUniverse: Hayek, Friedman, and theBirth ofNeoliberal Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012);  -,   :     (: , 2017); T.Flew, Michel Foucaults TheBirth ofBiopolitics andContemporary NeoLiberalism Debates, Thesis Eleven 108, no. 1 (2012): 4465, https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513611421481; Philip Mirowski, Never Let aSerious Crisis Go toWaste: How Neoliberalism Survived theFinancial Meltdown (London: Verso, 2013); Grard Dumnil andDominique Lvy, TheCrisis ofNeoliberalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013); Pierre Dardot andChristian Laval, TheNew Way of theWorld: On Neoliberal Society (Brooklyn: Verso, 2013); Antnio Ferreira, The Politics ofAusterity as Politics ofLaw, O?ati Socio-Legal Series 6, no. 3 (2016): 496519; David M.Kotz, TheRise andFall ofNeoliberal Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017); Philip Mirowski andDieter Plehwe, eds., TheRoad from Mont Pelerin: TheMaking of theNeoliberal Thought Collective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009); Wendy Brown, Undoing theDemos: Neoliberalisms Stealth Revolution (New York: Zone, 2015); David Jacobs andLindsey Myers, Union Strength, Neoliberalism, andInequality: Contingent Political Analyses ofUS Income Differences Since 1950, American Sociological Review 79 (2014): 752774; Angus Burgin, TheGreat Persuasion: Reinventing Free Markets Since theDepression (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012);  ,   .       (: , 2017); Greta R.Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis: ThePolitical Origins of theRise ofFinance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).].




III.  


  1970-        - ,      ,   .     ,        ,  , , ,          ,   .         ,  ,     ,    .           .                  ,       ,   ,           .

      ,         ,      [39 - Jones, Masters of theUniverse, 215; ,   , 273. . : Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis.].       ,      1974,      ,       ,        ,           ,     ,     ,     [40 -     . : Mirowski, Never Let aSerious Crisis Go toWaste; Dardot andChristian Laval, TheNew Way of theWorld; Jones, Masters of theUniverse; ,   .].

                   .              ,          .               ,      ,  :



         ,  ,    ,    ,         ,       (     )       ,  ,  [41 - Friedrich August von Hayek, TheFatal Conceit: TheErrors ofSocialism, ed. William Warren Bartley, vol. 1, TheCollected Works ofFriedrich August Hayek (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1988), 1415;    ,  .   (:      Catallaxy, 1992), 34.].


            ,            .                   [42 - Mirowski, Never Let aSerious Crisis Go toWaste, 5367.].           ,            ,      .

              .      ,       XX,  ,     ꠫    (shareholder value movement).  1976     ,        ,    , ,    .   ,              ,       [43 - Michael C.Jensen andWilliam H.Meckling, Theory of theFirm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs andOwnership Structure, Journal ofFinancial Economics3, no. 4 (1976): 12;    ,  :  ,     ,  - .  , 4 (2004).].              , ,    ,   . ,   ,   ,      ,  ,      ,         . ,          ,              .

 ,       ,  ?             ,           ,        ,     [44 - Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis.].                     ,       .              ,   ,  .

        ,    :    ,      ,     ,     .  ,         ,       .            ,  ,    .

                 .      ,      ,          .    :



  ,     ,          ;  ,    []   ,      ,   [45 - Karl Polanyi, TheGreat Transformation: ThePolitical andEconomic Origins ofOur Time (Boston: Beacon, 2001), 79;  ,  :       (-: , 2002), 90.].


 ,     ,      ,      .  ,             XIX.      ,          ,     ,    ,  ,  ,   ,     .

         ,       ,       .      ,        .     , ,                     ,    ,         [46 - Martin J.Sklar, TheUnited States as aDeveloping Country: Studies inU.S.History in theProgressive Era and the1920s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Sanford M.Jacoby, Modern Manors: Welfare Capitalism Since theNew Deal (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998); Michael Alan Bernstein, TheGreat Depression: Delayed Recovery andEconomic Change inAmerica, 19291939(Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1987); C.Goldin andR.A.Margo, The Great Compression: TheWage Structure in theUnited States atMid-century, Quarterly Journal ofEconomics 107, no. 1 (1992): 134; Edwin Amenta, Redefining theNew Deal, inThePolitics ofSocial Policy in theUnited States, ed. Theda Skocpol, Margaret Weir, andAnn Shola Orloff (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), 81122.].          ,            .               ,            ,       ,              [47 - Ian Gough, Anis Ahmad Dani, andHarjan de Haan, European Welfare States: Explanations andLessons forDeveloping Countries, inInclusive States: Social Policies andStructural Inequalities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008); Peter Baldwin, ThePolitics ofSocial Solidarity: Class Bases of theEuropean Welfare State, 18751975(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); John Kenneth Galbraith, Sean Wilentz, andJames K.Galbraith, TheNew Industrial State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967); Gerald Davis, The Twilight of theBerle andMeans Corporation, Seattle University Law Review 34, no. 4 (2011): 11211138; Alfred Dupont Chandler, Essential Alfred Chandler: Essays Toward aHistorical Theory ofBig Business, ed. Thomas K.McCraw (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1988).].

         ,      .  1976,    ,       ,       ,        -,     ,    . ,   ꠫ ,  ⠫ ,      XX      [48 - Jones, Masters of theUniverse, 217; ,   , 275.]. ,  ,     ,     ,      ,      ,     ,      [49 - ., .: Natali, ThePolitics of theNew Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Richard M?nch, Inclusion andExclusion in theLiberal Competition State: TheCult of theIndividual (New York: Routledge, 2012), http://site.ebrary.com/id/10589064; Kyung-Sup Chang, Developmental Politics inTransition: TheNeoliberal Era andBeyond (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); Zsuzsa Ferge, TheChanged Welfare Paradigm: TheIndividualization of theSocial, Social Policy& Administration 31, no. 1 (1997): 2044.].

       [50 - Gerald F.Davis, Managed by theMarkets: How Finance Reshaped America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011); Davis, The Twilight of theBerle andMeans Corporation; ?zg?r Orhangazi, Financialisation andCapital Accumulation in theNon-financial Corporate Sector: ATheoretical andEmpirical Investigation on theUS Economy: 19732003, Cambridge Journal ofEconomics 32, no. 6 (2008): 863886; William Lazonick, The Financialization of theU.S.Corporation: What Has Been Lost, andHow It Can Be Regained, inTheFuture ofFinancial andSecurities Markets (Fourth Annual Symposium of theAdolf A.Berle,Jr. Center forCorporations, Law andSociety of theSeattle School ofLaw, London, 2012); Yuri Biondi, The Governance andDisclosure of theFirm as anEnterprise Entity, Seattle University Law Review 36, no. 2 (2013): 391416; Robert Reich, Obamas Transition Economic Advisory Board: TheFull List, US News& World Report, November 7, 2008, http://www.usnews.com/news/campaign-2008/articles/2008/11/07/obamas-transition-economic-advisory-board-the-full-listn; Robert B.Reich, Beyond Outrage: What Has Gone Wrong with Our Economy andOur Democracy, andHow toFix It, rev. ed. (New York: Vintage, 2012).].          ,                  .             ,                  .             ,  1989       [51 - Michael Jensen, Eclipse of thePublic Corporation, Harvard Business Review, SeptemberOctober, 1989.].

   ,        ,            [52 - Michael C.Jensen, Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and theCorporate Objective Function, Business Ethics Quarterly 12, no. 2 (2002): 235256.].  ,   ,  -   ,       ,    [53 - Thomas I.Palley, Financialization: What It Is andWhy It Matters (white paper, Levy Economics Institute ofBard College, 2007), http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_525.pdf; Jon Hanson andRonald Chen, The Illusion ofLaw: TheLegitimating Schemas ofModern Policy andCorporate Law, Michigan Law Review 103, no. 1 (2004): 1149; Henry Hansmann andReinier Kraakman, The End ofHistory forCorporate Law (working paper, Discussion Paper Series, Harvard Law Schools John M.Olin Center forLaw, Economics andBusiness, 2000), http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=harvard_olin.]. ʠ2000               1970[54 - Davis, The Twilight of theBerle andMeans Corporation, 1131.].  2009       1997 .       ,                [55 - Gerald F.Davis, After theCorporation, Politics & Society 41, no. 2 (2013): 41.].     ,       ,     ,           ,  ,   .




IV.  


  2011,    ,  - Apple  , 16000                        1780[56 - Juta Kawalerowicz andMichael Biggs, Anarchy in theUK: Economic Deprivation, Social Disorganization, andPolitical Grievances in theLondon Riot of2011, Social Forces 94, no. 2 (2015): 673698.].     ,      ,   ,   .                            [57 - Paul Lewis et al., Reading theRiots: Investigating Englands Summer ofDisorder, London School ofEconomics andPolitical Science, 2011, 17, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/46297.].              50  , 3000  .

  Apple, ,     ,             .     ,        Daily Beast :    ,          ,                   .      ,   ,    ,   [58 - Saskia Sassen, Why Riot Now? Malaise Among Britains Urban Poor Is Nothing New. So Why Did It Finally Tip into Widespread, Terrifying Violence? Daily Beast, August 15, 2011, http://www.donestech.net/ca/why_riot_now_by_saskia_ sassen_newsweek.].

     ,   ?     ,          ,       . ,    ,    270 ,     :  ,  [59 - Lewis et al., Reading theRiots, 25.].            :  ,    , , , , [60 - Lewis et al., Reading theRiots. . : Kawalerowicz andBiggs, Anarchy in theUK; James Treadwell et al., Shopocalypse Now: Consumer Culture and theEnglish Riots of2011, British Journal ofCriminology 53, no. 1 (2013): 117; Tom Slater, From Criminality toMarginality: Rioting Against aBroken State, Human Geography 4, no. 3 (2011): 106115.].         ,      ,     Indignados,         2011,   Occupy,  17    -,         [61 - Thomas Piketty, Capital in theTwenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2014);  ,  XXI (:   , 2015).             ,        ,  XIX.  10%           35%1980- .    46% 2010.        1%,    920%,       0,1%.  , 6070%   0,1%      ,          ,   .].

,          XXI,      ,  ,      ,           [62 -     ,         .  : Daron Acemoglu andJames Robinson, Why Nations Fail: TheOrigins ofPower, Prosperity, andPoverty (New York: Crown Business, 2012);    ,    ,   .  ,    (:  , 2015).              : Robert B.Reich, Aftershock: TheNext Economy andAmericas Future (New York: Vintage, 2011);  , .   (,  , 2012). . : Michael Stolleis, History ofSocial Law inGermany (Heidelberg: Springer, 2014), www.springer.com/us/book/9783642384530; Mark Hendrickson, American Labor andEconomic Citizenship: New Capitalism from World War I to theGreat Depression (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013); Swank, The Political Sources ofLabor Market Dualism inPostindustrial Democracies, 19752011; Emin Dinlersoz andJeremy Greenwood, The Rise andFall ofUnions in theU.S. (NBER working paper, US Census Bureau, 2012), http://www.nber.org/papers/w18079; Basak Kus, Financialization andIncome Inequality inOECD Nations: 19952007, Economic andSocial Review 43, no. 4 (2012): 477495; Viki Nellas andElisabetta Olivieri, The Change ofJob Opportunities: TheRole ofComputerization andInstitutions (Quaderni DSE working paper, University ofBologna & Bank ofItaly, 2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1983214; Gough, Dani, and de Haan, European Welfare States; Landon R.Y.Storrs, Civilizing Capitalism: TheNational Consumers League, Womens Activism, andLabor Standards in theNew Deal Era, rev. ed. (Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 2000); Ferge, The Changed Welfare Paradigm; Jacoby, Modern Manors; Sklar, TheUnited States as aDeveloping Country; J.Bradford De Long andBarry Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan: Historys Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program, inPostWorld WarII Economic Reconstruction andIts Lessons forEastern Europe Today, ed. Rudiger Dornbusch (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991); Baldwin, ThePolitics ofSocial Solidarity; Amenta, Redefining theNew Deal; Robert H.Wiebe, TheSearch forOrder: 18771920(New York: Hill andWang, 1967); John Maynard Keynes, Economic Possibilities forOur Grandchildren, inJohn Maynard Keynes, Essays inPersuasion (New York: W.W.Norton, 1930);   ,     ,  , 6 (2009): 6069.ʠ2014.  Standard andPoor's     ,            ,         . .:How Increasing Income Inequality Is Dampening US Economic Growth, andPossible Ways toChange theTide, S&P Capital IQ, Global Credit Portal Report, August 5, 2014, https://www.globalcreditportal.com/ratingsdirect/renderArticle.do?articleId=1351366&SctArtId=255732&from=CM&nsl_code=LIME&sourceObjectId=8741033&sourceRevId=1&fee_ind=N&exp_date=20240804-19:41:13.].      ,     Apple      ,          .         ,     ,         [63 - Tcherneva, Reorienting Fiscal Policy: ABottom-Up Approach, 57. . : Francisco Rodriguez andArjun Jayadev, The Declining Labor Share ofIncome, Journal ofGlobalization andDevelopment 3, no. 2 (2013): 118; Oliver Giovannoni, What Do We Know About theLabor Share and theProfit Share? PartIII: Measures andStructural Factors (working paper, Levy Economics Institute atBard College, 2014), http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/what-do-we-know-about-the-labor-share-and-the-profit-share-part-3-measures-and-structural-factors; Dirk Antonczyk, Thomas DeLeire, andBernd Fitzenberger, Polarization andRising Wage Inequality: Comparing theU.S. andGermany (IZA discussion papers, Institute for theStudy ofLabor, March 2010), https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp4842.html; Duane Swank, The Political Sources ofLabor Market Dualism inPostindustrial Democracies, 19752001, conference paper presented at theAmerican Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, 2013; David Jacobs andLindsey Myers, Union Strength, Neoliberalism, andInequality: Contingent Political Analyses ofUS Income Differences Since 1950, American Sociological Review 79 (2014): 752774; Viki Nellas andElisabetta Olivieri, TheChange ofJob Opportunities: TheRole ofComputerization andInstitutions (Quaderni DSE working paper, University ofBologna & Bank ofItaly, 2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1983214; Gough, Dani, and de Haan, European Welfare States: Explanations andLessons forDeveloping Countries.].      2016    , ,       .         ,          [64 - Jonathan D.Ostry, Neoliberalism: Oversold? Finance & Development 53, no. 2 (2016): 3841;     ,   2008.      ,         ,  :        1970-,       . . : Josh Bivens, In2013, Workers Share ofIncome in theCorporate Sector Fell toIts Lowest Point Since 1950, Economic Policy Institute (blog), September 4, 2014, http://www.epi.org/publication/ 2013-workers-share-income-corporate-sector.   蠫  ,     ,       ,  ,  ,         . ., : Malcolm Sawyer, Financial Development, Financialisation andEconomic Growth (working paper, Financialisation, Economy, Society & Sustainable Development Project, 2014), http://fessud.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/Financialisation-and-growth-Sawyer-working-paper-21.pdf. . : William A.Galston, The New Challenge toMarket Democracies: ThePolitical andSocial Costs ofEconomic Stagnation (research report, Brookings Institution, 2014), http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2014/10/new-challenge-market-democracies; Joseph E.Stiglitz, ThePrice ofInequality: How Todays Divided Society Endangers Our Future (New York: W.W.Norton, 2012);  ,  .       (: , 2015); James K.Galbraith, Inequality andInstability: AStudy of theWorld Economy Just Before theGreat Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Ronald Dore, Financialization of theGlobal Economy, Industrial andCorporate Change 17, no. 6 (2008): 10971112; Philip Arestis andHoward Stein, An Institutional Perspective toFinance andDevelopment as anAlternative toFinancial Liberalisation, International Review ofApplied Economics 19, no. 4 (2005): 381398; Asil Demirguc-Kunt andEnrica Detragiache, The Determinants ofBanking Crises inDeveloping andDeveloped Countries, Staff PapersInternational Monetary Fund 45, no. 1 (1998): 81109.].

            .          ,  2013 ,     ,         [65 - Emanuele Ferragina, Mark Tomlinson, andRobert Walker, Poverty, Participation andChoice, JRF, May 28, 2013, https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/poverty-participation-and-choice.].       :



               ,   XIX       [66 - Helen Kersley et al., Raising theBenchmark: TheRole ofPublic Services inTackling theSqueeze on Pay, New Economics Foundation, https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2013/12/On-line-Catalogue219732.pdf.].


ʠ2015           19%, 18 ,   8%       , 150000      [67 - Sally Gainsbury andSarah Neville, Austeritys ?18bn Impact on Local Services, Financial Times, July 19, 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/5fcbd0c4-2948-11e5-8db8-c033edba8a6e.html?ftcamp=crm/email/2015719/nbe/InTodaysFT/product#axzz3gRAfXkt4.].  2014        ,            34000[68 - Carmen DeNavas-Walt andBernadette D.Proctor, Income andPoverty in theUnited States: 2014, US Census Bureau, September 2015, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf; Thomas Gabe, Poverty in theUnited States: 2013, Congressional Research Service, September 25, 2014, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/1329.].  2012      ,   49    ,   [69 - Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Mark Nord, andAnita Singh, Household Food Security in theUnited States in2012 (economic research report, US Department ofAgriculture, September 2013), https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/45129/39937_err-155.pdf?v=42199.].

    XXI           ,      :    ,  ,   .  ,    r > g,   ,          ,          ,        .       ,           ,       [70 - Piketty, Capital in theTwenty-First Century, 334235; ,  XXI, 333334. . : Theda Skocpol andVanessa Williamson, TheTea Party and theRemaking ofRepublican Conservatism, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Naomi Oreskes andErik M.Conway, Merchants ofDoubt: How aHandful ofScientists Obscured theTruth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke toGlobal Warming (London: Bloomsbury, 2010).]. ,    New York Times 2015  ,  158         (176 )  ,          2016,     -,     ,   <>  [71 - Nicholas Confessore, The Families Funding the2016Presidential Election, New York Times, October 10, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/11/us/politics/2016-presidential-election-super-pac-donors.html.]. , -,         ,          ,           [72 -            -    -,               , - ,            . .:Nancy MacLean, Democracy inChains: TheDeep History of theRadical Rights Stealth Plan forAmerica (New York: Viking, 2017); Jane Mayer, Dark Money: TheHidden History of theBillionaires Behind theRise of theRadical Right (New York: Anchor, 2017).].

      :     . ,  ,        ,     .   :



     ,   ,    <>   ,                 [73 - Piketty, Capital in theTwenty-First Century, 571; ,  XXI, 585.].


       ,      ,             [74 - Milan Zafirovski, Neo-Feudalism inAmerica? Conservatism inRelation toEuropean Feudalism, International Review ofSociology 17, no. 3 (2007): 393427, https://doi.org/10.1080/03906700701574323; Alain Supiot, The Public-Private Relation in theContext ofTodays Refeudalization, International Journal ofConstitutional Law 11, no. 1 (2013): 129145, https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mos050; Daniel J.H.Greenwood, Neofeudalism: TheSurprising Foundations ofCorporate Constitutional Rights, University ofIllinois Law Review 163 (2017).].     ꠫ ,     ,         ,    [75 - Piketty, Capital in theTwenty-First Century, 237270; ,  XXI, 238269.].

    ,          : ,          ,  , ,  .   ,   .    蠫 ,             .          ,        ,   ,     .  ,           .    , ,  ,     .      ,   ,        ,           ,    [76 -       . : Carol Graham, Happiness forAll? Unequal Hopes andLives inPursuit of theAmerican Dream (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017); David G.Blanchflower andAndrew Oswald, Unhappiness andPain inModern America: AReview Essay, andFurther Evidence, on Carol Grahams Happiness forAll? (NBER working paper, November 2017).].

, 2011,  270      ,   .    -,  ,    ,  ,     .         ,   .        ,     ,  , ,  ,       腻.     .    :     .        .    :     ,         ,    [77 - .:Tim Newburn et al., David Cameron, theQueen and theRioters Sense ofInjustice, Guardian, December 5, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/cameron-queen-injustice-english-rioters.].         ,      [78 - Slater, From Criminality toMarginality.].

   ,     ,   Occupy,  , ,        .  99%,     ,   ; ,   Occupy       .    Occupy            ,       ,   ࠫ  蠫 [79 - Todd Gitlin, Occupy Nation: TheRoots, theSpirit, and thePromise ofOccupy Wall Street (New York: Harper Collins, 2012); Zeynep Tufekci, Twitter andTear Gas: ThePower andFragility ofNetworked Protest (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017). . : Andrew Gavin Marshall, World ofResistance Report: Davos Class Jittery amid Growing Warnings ofGlobal Unrest, Occupy.com, July 4, 2014, http://www.occupy.com/article/world-resistance-report-davos-class-jittery-amid-growing-warnings-global-unrest.].     ,          ,                   ,     [80 - Todd Gitlin, Occupys Predicament: TheMoment and theProspects for theMovement, British Journal ofSociology 64, no. 1 (2013): 325.].  :     . ,     ,     :



 c  ,       ,     .     ,  ,        ,   ,    ,  [81 - Anthony Barnett, The Long andQuick ofRevolution, Open Democracy, February 2, 2015, https://www.opendemocracy.net/anthony-barnett/long-and-quick-of-revolution.].


       ,    :       ,       .        ,     ,          ,     .     ,      ,    ,    .            ,      ,        .     ,   ,     ,  ,       , ,          .      ,      ,   ,              .

   ,     ,             ,              ,    [82 - Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 2000), 38;  ,   (-: , 2008), 4647.].        ,  ,   .            ,    ,          ,    ?       ?




V. 


 -       Apple,  -  ,      ,  ,          .   ,     ,                .  ,  Google Facebook,         ,     ,        ,      ,     ,   ,       .

 Apple      ,           .       ,             ,            .   ,   ,  ,        ,         :  iPhone         -,         ,   .

,  ,   .      Apple       .       ,    ,    -. Apple     ,   ,     ,          ,              ,                  , , ,      ,      .

      ,          .      . ,       ,   .                 .       ⠫ ,        [83 - Peter Wells andPaul Nieuwenhuis, Transition Failure: Understanding Continuity in theAutomotive Industry, Technological Forecasting andSocial Change 79, no. 9 (2012): 16811692.].

    Apple    ,       ,             ⠫ ?   ,      ,   ,     ,     ⠫ ,      .       ,          .     ,   ,        ,         .

  Google Gmail,  2004,       ?     Gmail   ,      ,    .    ;  .    Google  :



 ,   , Google, ,    ,           ,   .      , Google  ,   [84 - Steven Levy, In thePlex: How Google Thinks, Works, andShapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 172173.].


 2007 Facebook  Beacon,   ꠫    . Beacon  ,   Facebook,     ,          .     , , -,      , -,        .  Facebook       ,  2010  ,         ,    ,               ,    [85 - Bobbie Johnson, Privacy No Longer aSocial Norm, Says Facebook Founder, Guardian, January 10, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/jan/11/facebook-privacy.]. , -,   ,     Beacon   :



  Overstock.com     ,         ,   ,               (!!!).   ,   ,       (      )    Facebook,       .   ,   ,    .  Ѩ      .  ,     . ,     - ,         ,          .        ,  ,     .      ,        [86 - .:Charlene Li, Close Encounter with Facebook Beacon, Forrester, November 23, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20071124121739/http://blogs.forrester.com/charleneli/2007/11/close-encounter.html.].


       ,        [87 - Peter Linzer, Contract as Evil, Hastings Law Journal 66 (2015): 971; Paul M.Schwartz, Internet Privacy and theState, Connecticut Law Review 32 (1999): 815859; Daniel J.Solove, Privacy Self-Management and theConsent Dilemma, Harvard Law Review 126, no. 7 (2013): 18801904.].     ,         ,   ,     . -,    ,     ,  ,    ,       ,       ,    [88 - Yannis Bakos, Florencia Marotta-Wurgler, andDavid R.Trossen, Does Anyone Read theFine Print? Consumer Attention toStandard-Form Contracts, Journal ofLegal Studies 43, no. 1 (2014): 135, https://doi.org/10.1086/674424; Tess Wilkinson-Ryan, APsychological Account ofConsent toFine Print, Iowa Law Review 99 (2014): 1745; Thomas J.Maronick, Do Consumers Read Terms ofService Agreements When Installing Software? ATwo-Study Empirical Analysis, International Journal ofBusiness andSocial Research 4, no. 6 (2014): 137145; Mark A.Lemley, Terms ofUse, Minnesota Law Review 91 (2006), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=917926; Nili Steinfeld, I Agree to theTerms andConditions: (How) Do Users Read Privacy Policies Online? AnEye-Tracking Experiment, Computers inHuman Behavior 55 (2016): 9921000; Victoria C.Plaut andRobert P.Bartlett, Blind Consent? ASocial Psychological Investigation ofNon-readership ofClick-Through Agreements, Law andHuman Behavior, June16, 2011, 123.].      - ,       ,       .  ,            ,        ,     ,        ,      [89 - Ewa Luger, Stuart Moran, andTom Rodden, Consent forAll: Revealing theHidden Complexity ofTerms andConditions, inProceedings of theSIGCHI Conference on Human Factors inComputing Systems, CHI 13 (New York: ACM, 2013), 26872696.].       ,        [90 - Debra Cassens Weiss, Chief Justice Roberts Admits He Doesnt Read theComputer Fine Print, ABA Journal, October 20, 2010, http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/chief_justice_roberts_admits_he_doesnt_read_the_computer_fine_print.].                         ,        (, ,    ,   ..)          .        ,       .

        ⠫  . ,    蠫,      ,    ,    -,    ,  ,   , ,        [91 - Margaret Jane Radin, Boilerplate: TheFine Print, Vanishing Rights, and theRule ofLaw (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 14.].           ,    .              , ,    ,    ,    ,        ,      ,   [92 - Radin, Boilerplate, 1617.].

      .  ,                ,   .     ,   ,      , ,     ,   .  , , .   , ,      .    ,           蠫   ,         ,       ,     [93 - Nancy S.Kim, Wrap Contracts: Foundations andRamifications (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 5069.].      ,      3,          ,        .          :     ,      [94 - Jon Leibowitz, Introductory Remarks at theFTC Privacy Roundtable, FTC, December 7, 2009, http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/leibowitz/091207.pdf.].  2008     ,      ,       ,  76  ,        781  [95 - Aleecia M.McDonald andLorrie Faith Cranor, The Cost ofReading Privacy Policies, Journal ofPolicy for theInformation Society, 4, no. 3 (2008), http://hdl.handle.net/1811/72839.].      .           , ,   ,    ,          ,       ,  [96 - Kim, Wrap Contracts, 7072.].

 ,   -    ,        .            ,     - ,  - .   Apple      ,    :        .                ,            .   iPod  iTunes   -        , Apple       ,      ,     iPod    ,   -    .

      ,          ,       .           ,       .   ,  ,     ,     ,       [97 -    . : Tom Hayes, America Needs aDepartment ofCreative Destruction, Huffington Post, October 27, 2011, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-hayes/america-needs-a-departmen_b_1033573.html.].     ,       ,              .          ,     .

    ꠫ ,   ,             .      .  , ,    ,     ,  ,      .  ,        ,         ,     :    ,           [98 - Joseph A.Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, andDemocracy (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2008), 68;  ., ,    (: , 1995), 110.].

    ,           :



 ,           ,     ,      ,       ,    .


 ,   ,  堫.                 , US Steel[99 - Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, andDemocracy, 83; , ,   , 126127.].

                . ,  ,   .      :            <>          <>         :        [100 - Joseph A.Schumpeter, TheEconomics andSociology ofCapitalism, ed. Richard Swedberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 417, 411 ( . ..).]. ,        ,  ,     :



     ,        ,        ,         :      ,     [101 - Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, andDemocracy, 83; , ,   , 127.].


       ,     , c        ,      .         ,      .      US Steel,      -  ,    ...        US Steel               ,     ,  ,  ,  ,   ,          .

      ;   ,        .      ,     ,    .        ,  ,       ,   ,          .




VI.   


      ,      ,      ,   ,    - ,         iPod.          ,    ,     .            ࠫ -. ,  ,  ,      ,       ,     , ,    ,     .       ,         .

 ,  ,               ,          ,                   .        , ,      ,   .           .

       ,          .   ,           ,  Apple     .              ,       [102 - Yochai Benkler, TheWealth ofNetworks: How Social Production Transforms Markets andFreedom (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006).].

     ,       ,                .            .      ,       ,      ,       .             ,        ,       .    ,    ,     .     ,          ,  ,   ,       .

  ?  ,                 .    ,          . -             ,    , , ,     ,    ,    .      ,   ,     ,       ,       ,   ,           .    ,         ,  ,   蠫,       ,            .

     , ,     -    ,                  .       4,      ,        ,     .             ,       ,             ,      .                 ,      .

    ,     ,   Apple,       ,    -  , ,      ,          .        . ,          ,                ,        .  ,          ,       .

    ,      -      ,   , ,        .  ,    ,      ,         ,    ,            .                       .

, ,                  ,         ,         ,      ,       .                  XIX XX,          , ,        .         ,          ,       .

9 2011          .                 .         .         ,     ,   ,   , ,    ,      ,         .




VII.  


  9 2011          ,      , ,   -,       ,      ,  ,         .

 LaDulce    ,          ,    ,      .               .         ,   ,  ,   ,      ,   ,   ,    ,   ,                   ,   .              ,   ,  -   .    ,  ,         .     ,         .

  .                    ,         ,          .   2011, , ,         .     ,   ,       21%,   ,   46%     24.  ,   , 18%   7,5-     [103 - Tom Worden, Spains Economic Woes Force aChange inTraditional Holiday Habits, Guardian, August 8, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/ 08/spain-debt-crisis-economy-august-economy.].  2011            .

            LaDulce.          ,    ,      .   ,       -  , ,     ,     .  ,   , ,            .         ,    La Dulce  .

        ,      --,         Los Indignados,   ꠫ 15-M,   ,      . ,   ,  Ya.No mas! !.            ,          ,  .      ,             -.

       ,    9       ,        La Dulce,   ,    .

     ,   ,      . , ,         .    ,     ,       .  ,     .       .       .          .      .

  ,      .        ,     .     LaDulce,       .    ,     .     ,       ,     .

 ,    ,  .   ;   .   .                  , , , ,   ,   ,    ,     .   , ,                            .

9      ,      ,        ,  ,  , .     ,       ,          New York Times[104 - Suzanne Daley, On Its Own, Europe Backs Web Privacy Fights, New York Times, August 9, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/world/europe/10spain.html.].   ,          ,  LaDulce           ,      ,        ,            .

           , ,   ,        ,     [105 - Ankit Singla et al., The Internet at theSpeed ofLight (ACM Press, 2014), https://doi.org/10.1145/2670518.2673876; Taylor Hatmaker, There Could Soon Be Wi-Fi That Moves at theSpeed ofLight, Daily Dot, July 14, 2014, https://www.dailydot.com/debug/sisoft-li-fi-vlc-10gbps.].            ,   ,         Google,    .    -   ,    ,           .

      ,   ,        ,          .     ,        ,     ,       .  , ,        ,   ,          ,        . ,   Google             ,    . Google        ,      .

        .          ,        .         ,    .  ,  ,    ,   .           .     ,   ,         .     ,  Google            , ,   ,   .                     ,  ,     - ,    , Google        .   ,  Google       ,   ,           - .    ,       ,   Google         .

 Google          黠         .  ,    .      ,  ,     ,               .      ,     .     ,     . , Google      ,                 . ,     ,   2014              [106 - Google Spain SL v. Agencia Espa?ola de Proteccin de Datos (Case C-131/12 (May 13, 2014), Harvard Law Review 128, no. 2 (2014): 735.].

  ,         ,         ,     ,                 ,        .        ,     Google    ,         ,        :                   .        ,        ,           [107 - Google Spain, 2014E.C.R. 317, 8081.].     . - ,       ,  ,           ,      [108 - Paul M.Schwartz andKarl-Nikolaus Peifer, Transatlantic Data Privacy, Georgetown Law Journal 106, no. 115 (2017): 131, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3066971. Afew of the many excellent analyses of the right to be forgotten include Dawn Nunziato, Forget About It? Harmonizing European andAmerican Protections forPrivacy, Free Speech, andDue Process (GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper, George Washington University, January 1, 2015), http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1295; Jeffrey Rosen, The Right toBe Forgotten, Stanford Law Review Online 64 (2012): 88; The Right toBe Forgotten (Google v.Spain), EPIC.org, October 30, 2016, https://epic.org/privacy/right-to-be-forgotten; Ambrose Jones, Meg Leta, andJef Ausloos, The Right toBe Forgotten Across thePond, Journal ofInformation Policy 3 (2012): 123; Hans Graux, Jef Ausloos, andPeggy Valcke, The Right toBe Forgotten in theInternet Era, Interdisciplinary Centre forLaw andICT, November 12, 2012, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/256039959_The_Right_to_Be_Forgotten_in_the_Internet_Era; Franz Werro, The Right toInform v. theRight toBe Forgotten: ATransatlantic Clash, Liability in theThird Millennium, May 2009, 285300; Google Spain SL v. Agencia Espa?ola de Proteccin de Datos.   . : Anita L.Allen andMarc Rotenberg, Privacy Law andSociety, 3rd ed. (St.Paul: West, 2016), 15201552.].       ,  Google                  ,     ,               [109 - Judgement inCase C-131/12: Google Spain SL, Google Inc. vAgencia Espa?ola de Proteccin de Datos, Mario Costeja Gonzlez (Court ofJustice of theEuropean Union, May 13, 2014), https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-05/cp140070en.pdf.].

   ,  ,        ,      .  ,                     ,      .        ,                 ,  ࠫ      [110 - Federico Fabbrini, The EU Charter ofFundamental Rights and theRights toData Privacy: TheEU Court ofJustice as aHuman Rights Court, inTheEU Charter ofFundamental Rights as aBinding Instrument: Five Years Old andGrowing, ed. Sybe de Vries, Ulf Burnitz, andStephen Weatherill (Oxford: Hart, 2015), 2122.].

     ,   ,       ,  -        , ,   ,   [111 -         . : Anupam Chander andUy?n L?, The Free Speech Foundations ofCyberlaw (UCDavis Legal Studies Research Paper 351, September 2013, School ofLaw, University ofCalifornia, Davis).].     ,    [112 - Henry Blodget, Hey, Europe, Forget theRight toBe Forgotten Your New Google Ruling Is Nuts! Business Insider, May 14, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-google-ruling-2014-5.].  Google   .  ,   Google    蠫.                 ,  :  ,       [113 - Greg Sterling, Google Co-Founder Sergey Brin: I Wish I Could Forget theRight toBe Forgotten, Search Engine Land, May 28, 2014, http://searchengineland.com/ google-co-founder-brin-wish-forget-right-forgotten-192648.].

         Google        ,   Financial Times,   -           铻.        Google,   ,     Google ,   :       , Google, ,    ,        ,   , ,    .  ,        [114 - Richard Waters, Googles Larry Page Resists Secrecy but Accepts Privacy Concerns, Financial Times, May 30, 2014, https://www.ft.com/content/f3b127ea-e708-11e3-88be-00144feabdc0.].          ,         ,          [115 - James Vincent, Google Chief Eric Schmidt Says Right toBe Forgotten Ruling Has Got theBalance Wrong, Independent, May 15, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-chief-eric-schmidt-says-right-to-be-forgotten-ruling-has-got-the-balance-wrong-9377231.html.].

  Google             ,  -   .     ,          .         .     ,     , 88%    ,      .      Pew Research , 93%  ,      ,      .       [116 - Pete Brodnitz et al., Beyond theBeltway February 2627 Voter Poll, Beyond theBeltway Insights Initiative, February 27, 2015, http://web.archive.org/web/20160326035834/http://beltway.bsgco.com/about; Mary Madden andLee Rainie, Americans Attitudes About Privacy, Security andSurveillance, PewResearchCenter (blog), May 20, 2015, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/05/20/americans-attitudes-about-privacy-security-and-surveillance.  ,   Software Advice, , 61%  ,      -  , 39%               ,       . ,  YouGov, , 55%    ,    ,     14%,     .  ,  Benenson Strategy Group SKDKnickerbocker,       , , 88%    (36%)  (52%)   ,        , Google, Yahoo! Bing,     ,     . .:Daniel Humphries, U.S.Attitudes Toward theRight toBe Forgotten, Software Advice, September 5, 2014, https://www.softwareadvice.com/security/industryview/right-to-be-forgotten-2014; Jake Gammon, Americans Would Support Right toBe Forgotten, YouGov, December 6, 2017, https://today.yougov.com/news/2014/06/02/americans-would-support-right-be-forgotten; Mario Trujillo, Public Wants Right toBe Forgotten Online, Hill, March 19, 2015, http://thehill.com/policy/technology/236246-poll-public-wants-right-to-be-forgotten-online.].

1 2015     ,  ꠫  -,    -, -, -     ,     ,  ,        ,   .           ,   Google       ,   ,     ,       .

    ,        ,      ,                       .   ,                .       ,     .   ,       ,  ,  ,                ,                     .         :     ,   ,   ,       .




VIII.  


        .            ,      .        ,        ,      ,        ,       [117 - Francis Collins, Vaccine Research: New Tactics forTackling HIV, NIH Directors Blog, June 30, 2015, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2015/06/30/vaccine-research-new-tactics-for-tackling-hiv; Liz Szabo, Scientists Making Progress on AIDS Vaccine, but Slowly, USAToday.com, August 8, 2012, http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-07-25/aids-vaccine/56485460/1.].

     2012,     ,         ,     .      ,     [118 - Collins, Vaccine Research.].      :      ,      ,    [119 - Szabo, Scientists Making Progress on AIDS Vaccine.].

    ,          .  ,   ,     ,  .          ,    .              ,      ,   ,       ,   ,       .

         ,   .       ,     ,    ,    .   ,     ,        Google[120 - .:Mary Madden andLee Rainie, Americans Attitudes About Privacy, Security andSurveillance, PewResearchCenter (blog), May 20, 2015, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/05/20/americans-attitudes-about-privacy-security-and-surveillance.].       ,            ,   ,   ,  ,       ,         .       ,       .    .     .    ,   .      .




 3

  


		      ,
		     ,
		      ,
		    .

..,  , VI[121 - . ..]




I.Google:   


Google       ,   Ford Motor Company General Motors       .               ,       .    Google  , , , ,  ,        .   GM Ford    XX         ,   ,    ,        .  Google    ,     ,         .

             , , ,              [122 - .  : David A.Hounshell, From theAmerican System toMass Production, 18001932: TheDevelopment ofManufacturing Technology in theUnited States, 7th ed., Studies inIndustry andSociety 4 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).].    ,      ,   [123 - .:Reinhard Bendix, Work andAuthority inIndustry: Ideologies ofManagement in theCourse ofIndustrialization (Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1974).]. GM    .             軠(1946),      XX      .                      .        ,         ,   , ,     ,         [124 - David Farber, Sloan Rules: Alfred P.Sloan and theTriumph ofGeneral Motors (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 2005); Henry Ford, My Life andWork (Garden City, NY: Ayer, 1922);  ,  ,   (: ,  , 2014).].

Google    ,        ,          .           ,         [125 - Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Beyond Google andEvil: How Policy-Makers, Journalists, andConsumers Should Talk Differently About Google andPrivacy, First Monday, April 6, 2009.].  2016   ,       ,      ,          ,              -    -[126 - Reed Albergotti et al., Employee Lawsuit Accuses Google ofSpying Program, Information, December 20, 2016, https://www.theinformation.com/employee-lawsuit-accuses-google-of-spying-program.].        ,     Google,       ,            .      蠫    [127 - .:Steven Levy, In thePlex: How Google Thinks, Works, andShapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 116; Hal R.Varian, Biography ofHal R.Varian, UC Berkeley School ofInformation Management & Systems, October 3, 2017, http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/people/hal/biography.html; Economics According toGoogle, Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2007, http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2007/07/19/economics-according-to-google; Steven Levy, Secret ofGooglenomics: Data-Fueled Recipe Brews Profitability, Wired, May 22, 2009, http://archive.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-06/nep_googlenomics; Hal R.Varian, Beyond Big Data, Business Economics 49, no. 1 (2014): 2731.      Google   ,    ,   ,      Google        ,    .         Ford.                  Ford.    Ford    ,           .    ,   , ,               ,    .      Google 2007.,      .      , 2002.       ,   ,  , ,     .  2007.  Wall Street Journal      Google,  ,       ,   ,     ⠄,   ,  ,   .    Google     ,   ,        :         .   ,  ,     ,              ,     Google:   ,    .  ,     ,       Google.         ,  , :     Google  ,             .    ,            ,     .].                      .

                [128 - Hal R.Varian, Computer Mediated Transactions, American Economic Review 100, no. 2 (2010): 110; Varian, Beyond Big Data.  ,  2010.,         ..  ,  ,         ,   .].    ,  ,          :         <> ,   ,       [129 - Varian, Beyond Big Data, 27.].       :    ,   ,    ,    蠫 .

               ,  ,   ,    ,    .                      ,         ,   .      ,  , ,        . 廠  ,        .       ,           ,           .

      ,          .     ,        ,        . ,   ,     Google.  ,          , ,    ,      ,  ,     ,     ,  ꠫  蠫 .    Google      ,  ,  , ,    :



               ,    ,        [130 - Machine Intelligence, Research atGoogle, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20180427114330/https://research.google.com/pubs/MachineIntelligence.html.].


           ,      .           ,        .

 Google       ,        :     .      ,         Google        -.      ,           .         I   ,    ,      ,           ,        .

   ,       .       , ,        ,    . , ,         -,         -   .     ,       ,       .

           . ,         , ,        -,      ,  :



      ᠫ     ,       ,         ,  [131 - Ellen Meiksins Wood, TheOrigin ofCapitalism: ALonger View (London: Verso, 2002), 125.].


 ,           :



                ,         <>       ,           <>         ,    .        ,  ,     [132 - Wood, TheOrigin ofCapitalism, 76, 93.].


   , ,         ,    ,  ,   ,           ,       .          ,        ,     ,            ,          ,             ,  ,               ,          .       ,         ,      ,    Google.




II. 


Google   1998.              ,   Mosaic      .                ,          .

    Google          ,                     Google.           . ,     ,    Google     ,       ,   , , ,   ,      .

            .  ,         Google,    ,   ,    ꠫  .          ,    ,   -,          , , .  ,  ,                  ,  ,     [133 - Levy, In thePlex, 46; Jennifer Lee, Postcards from Planet Google, New York Times, November 28, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/28/technology/circuits/28goog.html.].

 Google  ,              ,            ,   ,    .     ,



   1990-      ,   .  2000 Yahoo!   ,    .  Google              ,    <> Google  ,       , 蠫 ,            [134 - Kenneth Cukier, Data, Data Everywhere, Economist, February 25, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/15557443.].


,        ,    Google     ,          Google      .

     Google   ,      ,    :   ,      ,    ,    .     Google          .   ,   ;   ,    .        [135 - Levy, In thePlex, 4648.].   ,       - 1999,       25           , Sequoia Capital Kleiner Perkins,  Google        [136 - Google Receives $25 Million inEquity Funding, Google News, July 7, 1999, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/1999/06/google-receives-25-million-inequity.html.].     ,  2002  Google    , :



 ,   ,  ,       [137 - Hal R.Varian, Big Data: New Tricks forEconometrics, Journal ofEconomic Perspectives 28, no. 2 (2014): 113.].


 Page Rank,     ,   Google          .       , ,          Google    -.

     .          .     ,              ,     .       ,       ,   ,      ,   .        ( ),            (.1).

    iPod; Google   ,    :    .    iPod      .    iPod       .     ,         ,  ,     .  Google           ,    ,    ,    ,    ,     .






. 1.    



  ,       Google   :      ,   .       .            ,  ,   ,  ,       .     .      ,       (       ). ,  ,    .   ,        .   ,        ,   .  ,          ,     .        ,    ,      .

 :      Google   ,      ,         .            ,   ,    .  ,      ,     ,     Google   .     ,   ,  ,     Google           .




III. :     


ʠ1999,      Google      -,     -    ,          .         ,      . -  ,           , , .          ,     ,    Google     .   ,  iPod,         ,   ,    ,          .

 Google    :  AdWords    ,         .                   World Wide Web 1998,        :



 ,   ,    ,          .      ,          <>  ,        ,       ,        [138 - Sergey Brin andLawrence Page, The Anatomy of aLarge-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, Computer Networks andISDN Systems 30, nos. 17 (1998): 18.].


    Google  ,      -  , Yahoo!  BIGLOBE[139 - NEC Selects Google toProvide Search Services on Japans Leading BIGLOBE Portal Site, Google Press, December 18, 2000, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/12/nec-selects-google-to-provide-search.html; Yahoo! Selects Google as Its Default Search Engine Provider, Google Press, June 26, 2000, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html.].       ,      [140 - Wood, TheOrigin ofCapitalism, 125.             .].    .  Google  ,  Overture,      AOL, Inktomi,  ,  Microsoft,    ,    . Overture     -  ,              ,    [141 - Scarlet Pruitt, Search Engines Sued Over Pay-for-Placement, CNN.com, February4, 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/internet/02/04/search.engine.lawsuit.idg/index.html.].

     ,   Google     .    New York Times:   Google  -,      ,    ?[142 - Saul Hansell, Googles Toughest Search Is for aBusiness Model, New York Times, April8, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/08/business/googles-toughest-search-is-for-a-business-model.html.]   Forrester Research ,  Google         :   [ Yahoo!] <>     <>   <> ,    -  [143 - Elliot Zaret, Can Googles Search Engine Find Profits? ZDNet, June14, 1999, http://www.zdnet.com/article/can-googles-searchengine-find-profits.].

       Google,               .      2000,                   .

  ,      ,         .  ,          ,   ,      . ,       ,    .         ,      - -              :     ,   , -    [144 - John Greenwald, Doom Stalks theDotcoms, Time, April 17, 2000.].        .  ,  10,       NASDAQ,    -,       ,   [145 - Alex Berenson andPatrick McGeehan, Amid theStock Markets Losses, aSense theGame Has Changed, New York Times, April 16, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/16/business/amid-the-stock-market-s-losses-a-sense-the-game-has-changed.html; Laura Holson andSaul Hansell, The Maniac Markets: TheMaking of aMarket Bubble, New York Times, April 23, 2000.].

          ,     ,  Google -  ,            .   Google       ,    ,    .   ,       ,  ,   Google Search    ,      ,       Mountain View     . ,    ,     ,   Kleiner Perkins   Sequoia,   [146 - Ken Auletta, Googled: TheEnd of theWorld as We Know It (New York: Penguin, 2010).].    Google  ,



    .      ,   , Google     ,   [147 - Levy, In thePlex, 83.].


    ,   ,        ,   Google    .                 ,



                   [148 - Michel Ferrary andMark Granovetter, The Role ofVenture Capital Firms inSilicon Valleys Complex Innovation Network, Economy andSociety 38, no. 2 (2009): 347348, https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140902786827.].


    ,           .                ,     ,         ⠫ ,      .                    .

       ,   ,          [149 - Dave Valliere andRein Peterson, Inflating theBubble: Examining Dot-Com Investor Behaviour, Venture Capital 6, no. 1 (2004): 122.].           ,        ,       ,  -        -,          [150 - Valliere andPeterson, Inflating theBubble, 1718. . : Udayan Gupta, ed., Done Deals: Venture Capitalists Tell Their Stories (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000), 170171, 190. Junfu Zhang, Access toVenture Capital and thePerformance ofVenture-Backed Startups inSilicon Valley, Economic Development Quarterly 21, no. 2 (2007): 124147.].            ,   ,            [151 -    -  ,   , 12,5%       2001.,   7,3%    ,      4,2%     ,   ,     .].         ,       ,    ,        68   112   [152 - Zhang, Access toVenture Capital, 124147.].       ,            ,       ,     .        ,             ,    [153 - Patricia Leigh Brown, Teaching Johnny Values Where Money Is King, New York Times, March 10, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/10/us/teaching-johnny-values-where-money-is-king.html.].

      ,      ,      .   2000 Wall Street Journal    ,      :



      ,       .         [154 - Kara Swisher, Dot-Com Bubble Has Burst; Will Things Worsen in2001? Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2000, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB9770911 8336535099.].





IV.  


                ,  [155 - S.Humphreys, Legalizing Lawlessness: On Giorgio Agambens State ofException, European Journal ofInternational Law 17, no. 3 (2006): 677687, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chl020.].  Google   2000       ,   Google   ,           .             AdWords      [156 - Levy, In thePlex, 8385.].       .        ,            Google   [157 - Ibid., 8687 ( . ..).].

     , Google       ,          - :      .     ,     .    ,       .           ,          .               .

    ,       Google      ,    ,             ,     .                   . ,         ,           .    -    ,             Google,     .   ,        ,  ,            ꠫    ,     .     ,          ,      ,       .

 Google         2002,        .             ,    ,    ,   , ,        :    .          1970-?      ,     ,        New York Times:     ,   ,     [158 - Lee, Postcards.].

   ,    . -,  ,       ,         .   ,            ?     ,     ,  .             ,         Google    .

   New York Times:         .        ,      ,  蠫    .   New York Times:         .      [159 - Ibid.].  ,   Google       ,          .      ,    [160 - Ibid.].

     ,   AdWords     ,          ,  ,     .         .        ,   ,      [161 - Auletta, Googled.].      ,        ,        .       ,         ,   .

  ,                  ,     [162 - John Markoff andG.Pascal Zachary, In Searching theWeb, Google Finds Riches, New York Times, April 13, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/13/business/in-searching-the-web-google-finds-riches.html.].   (, ,   ),           Google   ,      ,            Google   ,     ,      AdWords, Google,           .

    Google   ,    -,       ,    Google  ,        (     ꠫ , click-through rate, CTR).   ,      ,    ,    .     Google      AdWords,      ,    ,           .          .

   Overture   -     -,     -,    . Google     ,      .   2006     Bloomberg,



Google  ,       ,        , ,  ,    Google  ,     ,    Google  ,  -    [163 - Peter Coy, The Secret toGoogles Success, Bloomberg.com, March 6, 2006, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2006-03-05/the-secret-to-googles-success ( . ..).].


        Google,           .                    .  Google        ,   ,              ,  -  .          .

  Google,      ,    ,   ,          [164 - ., ,      ,  Google    : Krishna Bharat, Stephen Lawrence, andMehran Sahami, Generating user information for use in targeted advertising, US9235849 B2, filed December 31, 2003, and issued January 12, 2016, http://www.google.com/patents/US9235849; Jacob Samuels Burnim, System and method for targeting advertisements or other information using user geographical information, US7949714 B1, filed December 5, 2005, and issued May24, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/US7949714; Alexander P.Carobus et al., Content-targeted advertising using collected user behavior data, US20140337128A1, filed July25, 2014, and issued November 13, 2014, http://www.google.com/patents/US20140337128; Jeffrey Dean, Georges Harik, andPaul Buchheit, Methods and apparatus for serving relevant advertisements, US20040059708 A1, filed December6, 2002, and issued March 25, 2004, http://www.google.com/patents/US20040059708; Jeffrey Dean, Georges Harik, andPaul Buchheit, Serving advertisements using information associated with e-mail, US20040059712 A1, filed June2, 2003, and issued March 25, 2004, http://www.google.com/patents/US20040059712; Andrew Fikes, Ross Koningstein, andJohn Bauer, System and method for automatically targeting web-based advertisements, US8041601B2, issued October 18, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/US8041601; Georges R.Harik, Generating information for online advertisements from internet data and traditional media data, US8438154 B2, filed September 29, 2003, and issued May 7, 2013, http://www.google.com/patents/US8438154; Georges R.Harik, Serving advertisements using a search of advertiser web information, US7647299 B2, filed June 30, 2003, and issued January 12, 2010, http://www.google.com/patents/US7647299; Rob Kniaz, Abhinay Sharma, andKai Chen, Syndicated trackable ad content, US7996777 B2, issued August 9, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/US7996777; Method of delivery, targeting, and measuring advertising over networks, USRE44724 E1, filed May 24, 2000, and issued January 21, 2014, http://www.google.com/patents/USRE44724.].       ,      2003     ,          [165 -   ,     (Generating user information for use in targeted advertising),        ,    .].          ,     Google.   ,       ,     ,      Google,        [166 - Bharat, Lawrence, andSahami, Generating user information.].                ,            .

      Google       .    ,  .      ,  ,  ,        <>       [167 - Ibid., 11.].

     : ,   ,  ,  ,   堫.             ,            ,     .   ,   -       .  ,   Google,         ,    ,      .     ,       :



   ,   -  ,        <>  ,    <>        , ,   /                [168 - Ibid., 1112.].


 , Google           ,             ,          .    Google       ,   ,            . ,            ,     ,           .

,   , ,   ,      Google,        ,      ,       . ,          ,   ,    , 蠫,       .    ,      .          (user profile information, UPI).    ,               .      .

   UPI?    .   ,                   .   ,               . UPI,  ,       ,  蠫 .         UPI        ,         ,         :



               .      ,   ,    , /    .                  /     . UPI     [169 - Ibid., 15 ( . ..).].


 , UPI         ,    ,   ,   ,    : ,          ,    蠄 45  哻[170 - Ibid.].      UPI.    ࠫ ,      .     , ,    -   ;       [171 - Ibid., 18.].    ,            ,       -:



    ,                <>            [172 - Ibid., 12.].


         ,        ,     .  ,      ,  ,    .  ,      ,  .       , 蠫     <> , ,       ..[173 - Ibid. ( . ..).]

       ,   ,                Google,                [174 -     , ,     ,        . .:Laura Brandimarte, Alessandro Acquisti, andGeorge Loewenstein, Misplaced Confidences: Privacy and theControl Paradox, Social Psychological andPersonality Science 4, no. 3 (2010): 340347.].        ,  ,       ,    <> UPI  <>    (   ),           <>  UPI        ,    [175 - Bharat, Lawrence, andSahami, Generating user information, 17 ( . ..).].

 ,    ,            ,       .  Google    , , ,     ,  ,     .        .  ,       ,        .

     ,  Google         UPI          .      -,  ,         ,   ,  /     [176 - Ibid., 1617.       (,  ,   ..)   - (     );  ,  ,  ,    (/    );    ,     ,  /     ;    (  ), / /  ;  ;   ;    .].   ,  , ,   .

          .      ,  ,            [177 - Ibid., 13.].     ,   ,   ,       Google   ,      ,    .               ,     ,      .  2003  Google                      .         Google    ,        ,      ,       ,       .

  ,  Google       , ,           ,        ,      ,         .

      ,      .   ,  Google,   ,  ,          .    ,       ;                     ,      .            -    ,  ,         .

Google       ,        .          ,   Google   ,     ,         .       ,    ,            .  ,          ,          Google       -.  Google     ,     .  ,  ,       ,             .

        ,      ,    Google   .                  .       .

 ,   Google,          ,         ,        .  Google          ,     .                     .   Google    ,    ,         .  Google  ,          ,     ,   .




V. 


   ,            Google,     .       ࠫ  (CTR),  ,        - ,         .         , ,       ,         .

           ,     .          , ,  . Google         ,             ,          (   ) .      Google   ,       ,      ,      .          ,  ,          .     ,              .

                   ,    (quality score).              .     - ,    ,         ,       [178 - Douglas Edwards, Im Feeling Lucky (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 268.].      ,       ,       -.          ,    .  Google      ,        , Google      .   ,         ,    .

AdWords    ,       .    [179 - Levy, In thePlex, 101.].    ,        Google           Google.      Google    ,    ,    -          Google       ,      .   Google       ,      .    ,    Google ,     AdSense. ʠ2004 AdSense,  ,      ,  2010  ,   10   .

     :  ,   ,  ,  ,     .       .     .  AdWords AdSense     ,     .

         ,              ,     -.     Google     [180 -          /  . .:Eric Schmidt andJonathan Rosenberg, How Google Works, interview byComputer History Museum, October 15, 2014, https://youtu.be/3tNpYpcU5s4?t=3287.].           ,     Google     .          ,    ,   , ,  ,      ,        ,   :      .                      Google 2001        .

       , ,        ,       ,   [181 - ., .: Edwards, Im Feeling Lucky, 264270.].            ,    ,    ,          .    ,     ,  ,       .   - ,     ,  [182 - .:Levy, In thePlex, 13, 32, 35, 105106; John Battelle, TheSearch: How Google andIts Rivals Rewrote theRules ofBusiness andTransformed Our Culture (New York: Portfolio, 2006), 6566, 74, 82; Auletta, Googled.]. Ӡ      :   ,         .    -      .   ,   [183 - .:Levy, In thePlex, 94.].        , ,     ,     [184 - Humphreys, Legalizing Lawlessness.].   Google  ,   ,  ,    ,       ,     Google         .

    Sequoia   ,       ,             .     Google,        180       .  ,   ,   ,      ,   ,   Google   ,     Google  Overture,         ,    :



 12 Google   ,       ,       .      ,              -    -        .  ,  ,  <>  <>     , ,  ,    , Overture,    .  ,      ,  ,     [185 - Michael Moritz, Much Ventured, Much Gained, interview, Foreign Affairs, February 2015, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/interviews/2014-12-15/much-ventured-much-gained.].


   ,          , 蠫  , Google    ,       .    ,     Google,       ,    ,        .           ?         ,           ?   Google      ,   ,      .




VI. 


       :              .           .  -     ,    ,          Ford Motor Company  1913.

   ,    ,  ,      .     ,       ,  .         ,   ,     ,  ,    .             ,     .       ,      .

     ,  , 1 1913,  , ,              Ford,     -    .        ,     [186 - Hounshell, From theAmerican System, 247248.].         50%   ,       [187 - Ibid., 10.].  T,  1908  825, 1924        ,  260[188 - Richard S.Tedlow, Giants ofEnterprise: Seven Business Innovators and theEmpires They Built (New York: HarperBusiness, 2003), 15960; Donald Finlay Davis, Conspicuous Production: Automobiles andElites inDetroit 18991933(Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1989), 122.].

   Ford,     -  ,        . ,  ,  ꠫cookie  ,        ,   1994 Netscape,   ,  -[189 - David M.Kristol, HTTP Cookies: Standards, Privacy, andPolitics, ArXiv: Cs/0105018, May 9, 2001, http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0105018.].  -軠  ( )  ,   -                     1990- [190 - Richard M.Smith, The Web Bug FAQ, Electronic Frontier Foundation, November11, 1999, https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/Marketing/web_bug.html.].

          , ,        cookie,      -,      cookie       [191 - Kristol, HTTP Cookies, 916; Richard Thieme, Uncompromising Position: AnInterview About Privacy with Richard Smith, Thiemeworks, January 2, 2000, http://www.thiemeworks.com/an-interview-with-richard-smith.]. ʠ1996  cookie     ,    .      19961997  ,                 .     ;  ,    ,  ,   ,  ꠫   .      2000      cookie    -,   2001  ,    ,    ,    cookie[192 - Kristol, HTTP Cookies, 1315.].

Google      .     Ford  , ,      ,     ,     ,   cookie       ,      ,            .       ,    Ford.  2001,  Google         ,    86  (  400-    2000)     . ʠ2002       ,         Google    .   347  2002,  1,5  2003  3,5  2004,    [193 - Amendment no. 9toForm S-1 Registration Statement Under theSecurities Act of1933forGoogle Inc., Securities andExchange Commission, August 18, 2004, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312512025336/d260164d10k.htm.].        3590%     .




VII. 


           Ford Google.  Ford    .  Google           :  .   ,       .                 .          .

              XX.     :       [194 - Henry Ford, Mass Production, Encyclopedia Britannica (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1926), 821, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/coolbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(amrlg+lg48)).].         ,              .         .

,  Google  ,       .     ,  -  Google   ,  .        ,     , Google            ,           ,      .        ,       .

        ,              .   ,  Google,          ,                   ,   Google  .   ,   , Google        ,          ,           .

      ,     ,         ,        . ,   Google,    ,               .       ,         .

    ,        Google,   .    Google     ,     ,    [195 - .:Levy, In thePlex, 69.].  Google      ,      , ,   /       .     post hoc;      ,    .

    Google,  ,         ,   .   ,    ,       :      ,                    .       ,             Google   .         ,      , 蠫    Google Zeitgeist,      ,    [196 - Edwards, Im Feeling Lucky, 340345.].

  ,    Google 20022004,  ᠫ ,    蠫     [197 - Battelle, TheSearch.].     :    ,   ,     ,    ,  ,  Google    - [198 - Levy, In thePlex, 69.].      New York Times:  ,      [199 - .:Hansell, Googles Toughest Search.].      ,        ,       -   .          ,    [200 - .:Markoff andZachary, In Searching theWeb.].

,          .   Google       ,     ,      .        ,    ,   Google              ,       ,       ?  Google    ,   ,      ,     -            .

, Google     ,         .            蠫.       ,   -       .         .      .       1967:  ,     ,   ,   ,   ,  [201 - William O.Douglas, Dissenting Statement ofJustice Douglas, Regarding Warden v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294 (US Supreme Court, April 12, 1967), https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/387/294; Nita A.Farahany, Searching Secrets, University ofPennsylvania Law Review 160, no. 5 (2012): 1271.].

        .    ,    .        ,  ,            .   ,     ,    ,   .        Google:        ,     .

               ,   .   - ,  ,       ,     ,    [202 - George Orwell, Politics and theEnglish Language (Peterborough: Broadview, 2006);  ,  . , ,  (:    , 2003), 356.]. Google     ,    ,    .       蠫 軠    : ,     [203 -           Economist: Google  ,      ,   ,           . Clicking forGold, Economist, February 25, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/15557431.].     ,       ?         ,   ?            , Google           ,    ?

廠   .     ,   .    ,      ,      Google            ,   -   ,     ,     ?

     ,  ,        ,       , , , ,  蠫.                   ,     ,       .

        , , , , ,  ,       ,   ,     Google                .             .        ,       .     ,   ,        ,             .      ,     , ,               .             Google,    .

 ,       2004,    Google  ,    -.              -,    .    Google   ,       [204 - Valliere andPeterson, Inflating theBubble, 122.].

      Facebook,       ,  Google   .            ,        .        .       ,  [205 - .:Lev Grossman, Exclusive: Inside Facebooks Plan toWire theWorld, Time.com (blog), December 2015, http://time.com/facebook-world-plan.].   2007    Facebook,     ,        .   ,  ,       Beacon,             .   ,        Facebook,       .      ,      Facebook,  Coca-Cola,    .   Beacon  ,     .       ,      Google      .

   - Facebook         Facebook  ? -  [206 - David Kirkpatrick, TheFacebook Effect: TheInside Story of theCompany That Is Connecting theWorld (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 257.].   2008,      ,           Google,      Google,  ,      Facebook. ,  -      ,  Google 2001,      -   -  .  Google        AdWords    -[207 - Kirkpatrick, TheFacebook Effect, 80; Auletta, Googled.].  ,       ,   , AdWords  [208 - .:Auletta, Googled.].

  Facebook,          Facebook      .  ,   ,   Facebook,     ,      :       XIX   ,         .   ,   - .   , , ,    ,  ,    ,  . Facebook   , ,    UPI     , ,  Google,      ,     .  , ,    Facebook    ,         ,    .  ,       - Facebook,      ꠫[209 - Kirkpatrick, TheFacebook Effect, 266.].




VIII.     


ѠGoogle             ,     ,      .     ,        , ,  ,     . Google ,    ,      ,  .   .

    Google.  2016 89%    , Alphabet,       Google[210 - Selected Financial Data forAlphabet Inc., Form 10-K, Commission File, United States Securities andExchange Commission, December 31, 2016, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204417000008/goog10-kq42016.htm#s58C60B74D56A630AD6EA2B64F53BD90C.      Google   89,5 .    20%,       0,8 .   82%.     Google  79383000000., 88,73%    Google.].       , Google   ,     40000      3,5     1,2        2017[211 - Google Search Statistics  Internet Live Stats, Internet Live Stats, September20, 2017, http://www.internetlivestats.com/google-search-statistics; Greg Sterling, Data: Google Monthly Search Volume Dwarfs Rivals Because ofMobile Advantage, Search Engine Land, February 9, 2017, http://searchengineland.com/data-google-monthly-search-volume-dwarfs-rivals-mobile-advantage-269120.   76%       96%        87 95%    .].

     2014 Google,  400 ,  ExxonMobil                    Apple[212 - Roben Farzad, Google at$400 Billion: ANew no. 2inMarket Cap, BusinessWeek, February 12, 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-12/google-at-400-billion-a-new-no-dot-2-in-market-cap.].  2016 Alphabet/Google     Apple   ;   20 2017      [213 - Largest Companies byMarket Cap Today, Dogs of theDow, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20180701094340/http://dogsofthedow.com/largest-companies-by-market-cap.htm.].

            ,     :

1.: Google       ꠫ 蠫 ,      [214 - Jean-Charles Rochet andJean Tirole, Two-Sided Markets: AProgress Report, RAND Journal ofEconomics 37, no. 3 (2006): 645667.]. Google              ,           [215 -         - . : Katherine J.Strandburg, Free Fall: TheOnline Markets Consumer Preference Disconnect (working paper, New York University Law andEconomics, October 1, 2013).].   ,    ,   ,  Google     .    ,      ,   ,    ,        .     ,      .          ,      .      ,         ,    .

    :  ,     Google,     .                .            ,         :  .       ,                   .       .   ,   , 蠫  Google.   ,   ,          Google.        Google,      ,  .       .

      ,   ,    ,      .     ,             . ,       ,         ,  .    ,        , ,        .    ,   ,                    .      ,         ;       ;         ,  ,    - ;          ,  ;   ,      ,  ,    ;      ,    ,          ,     ,    .

2. :   Google       .     ,      ,  ,     .         ,           . ,    2003    , Google     ,        ,         ,    -,  ,     .

  Google       ,      ,       .     Wired    , ,  , Google           ,  , Google           [216 - Kevin Kelly, The Three Breakthroughs That Have Finally Unleashed AI on theWorld, Wired, October 27, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-intelligence.].      .    ,     ,    .              ,        .    ,   ,           ,    .

             Google,                 ,       . ,  ,      Microsoft  Bing , 2017   .     (CTR)        ;      0,1%       ,  .         ,    0,9%     蠫     -[217 - Xiaoliang Ling et al., Model Ensemble forClick Prediction inBing Search Ads, inProceedings of the26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion, 68998, https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054192.].     Google      ,              [218 - Ruoxi Wang et al., Deep & Cross Network forAd Click Predictions, ArXiv: 1708.05123 [Computer Science. Learning], August 16, 2017, http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.05123.].      ,       , ,      XXI.

3.:        ,     ,   :  ,  ,    .         Google.    ,  Google    ,    . ? !  Google        ,        .     ,              .

     ,  ,    .         ,      :   ,           . Google     ,      ,       ,  ,   .      Google        , ,   ,     ,   .






. 2.   



4.:       ,      .            .             ,    ,        . ,       ,    ,      ,            .            .     ,   ,  ,    ,        /    ,        ,     , ,    (. .2).




 4

  


		    .
		,    ꠗ
		 ,   ,
		  ,  .

..,  , I[219 - . ..]




I.   


   Google   ,             ,     Google:   ,    [220 - .:Steven Levy, Secret ofGooglenomics: Data-Fueled Recipe Brews Profitability, Wired, May 22, 2009, http://archive.wired.com/culture/culture reviews/magazine/17-06/nep_googlenomics.].               Google?.          2001,            .   :



       - ,       <> ,   . . <>   .<>  .  .       <> ,   - ,   ,    .       [221 - Douglas Edwards, Im Feeling Lucky (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 291.].


     ,       ,     ,           .            ,  1944,             ,      蠫 .     ,           ⠫,     .         ,     ⠫ 蠫.    ,         [222 - Karl Polanyi, TheGreat Transformation: ThePolitical andEconomic Origins ofOur Time, 2nd ed. (Boston: Beacon, 2001), 7576;  ,  :       (-: , 2002), 9697.].                  ,      ,    [223 - Karl Marx, Capital, 3rd ed. (New York: Penguin, 1992), Ch. 26;    , , 2- . . 23. (:   , 1960), . 24.].

      .  ,        ,  . ,        ,              .     ,  ,      ,     [224 - Hannah Arendt, TheOrigins ofTotalitarianism (New York: Schocken, 2004), 198;  ,   (: , 1996), 216217.].

           ,            . , ,      , -,    ,           ,  ,     ,     .      [225 - Michael J.Sandel, What Money Cant Buy: TheMoral Limits ofMarkets (New York: Farrar, Straus andGiroux, 2013);  ,     .     (: ,  , 2013).].

           :



        <>    (   ) .              .


 ,  ,       ,  ,   ,         [226 - David Harvey, TheNew Imperialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 153.].

 ,      Google    ,      -           , 堫  .       ,  ,        .          ,         ,     .   ,    Google      .

        ,      ,  ,        ,    ,     ,       .                   .     ,       ,   ,          .

            ,       ,    .   ,    ,       ,     ,         ,       .     ,        .

        ,        ,         . ,        ,      .      ,          .

      ,    ,   ,  ,  .  Google    ,         ,         .     ,    -       .           ,     .

     ?   ,           .        ,         .        2  .          蠫   .             II.

          ,           .         .   ,   ,  ,      ,              ,        .    (1)    ꠫               ࠫ  ; (2)    ,       ,     ,      2001,        ; (3)        ,            ,   .




II.  


  ,   Google    ,     ,       .    ,             Google 2004.        B,      ,     A,       .             ,    ⠫ ,      :



          ,        Google    . <>    , ,  ,   ,    ,          ,      Google      [227 - Sergey Brin, 2004Founders IPO Letter, Google, https://abc.xyz/investor/founders-letters/2004.].


     ,     .          ,     . ,     2014       Google.         .        2011,        :



    <>      <>      <>  ,  Google,   , ,  ,        [228 - Cato Institute, Eric Schmidt Google/Cato Interview, YouTube, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH3vjTz8OII.].


      56-  ,     ,   ,        [229 - Nick Summers, Why Google Is Issuing aNew Kind ofToothless Stock, Bloomberg.com, April 3, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-03/why-google-is-issuing-c-shares-a-new-kind-of-powerless-stock.           ,  180       ,  ,   551 ,       .].   Bloomberg Businessweek,             셻[230 - Eric Lam, New Google Share Classes Issued as Founders Cement Grip, Bloomberg.com, April 3, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-03/new-google-shares-hit-market-as-founders-cement-grip-with-split.] ʠ2017    83%    ,    51% [231 - Tess Townsend, Alphabet Shareholders Want More Voting Rights but Larry andSergey Dont Want It That Way, Recode, June 13, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/6/13/15788892/alphabet-shareholder-proposals-fair-shares-counted-equally-no-supervote.].

       Google. ʠ2015 15% IPO    ,   1% 2005,         [232 - Ronald W.Masulis, Cong Wang, andFei Xie, Agency Problems atDual-Class Companies, Journal ofFinance 64, no. 4 (2009): 16971727, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15406261.2009.01477.x; Randall Smith, One Share, One Vote? Wall Street Journal, October 28, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203911804576653591322367506.  2017.     Snap    ,      70% ;       . .:Maureen Farrell, In Snap IPO, New Investors toGet Zero Votes, While Founders Keep Control, Wall Street Journal, January17, 2017, http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-snap-ipo-new-investors-to-get-zero-votes-while-founders-keep-control-148 4568034.    IPO   ,         (3010000)  ,    . .:Alfred Lee, Where Supervoting Rights Go to theExtreme, Information, March 22, 2016.].  ,     2012     Facebook,          .  2016      ,        [233 - Power Play: How Zuckerberg Wrested Control ofFacebook from His Shareholders, VentureBeat (blog), February 2, 2012, https://venturebeat.com/2012/02/01/zuck-power-play.].

        ,      Google Facebook     ,   ꠫    [234 - Spencer Feldman, IPOs in2016Increasingly Include Dual-Class Shareholder Voting Rights, Securities Regulation & Law Report, 47 SRLR 1342, July 4, 2016; R.C.Anderson, E.Ottolenghi, andD.M.Reeb, The Extreme Control Choice, paper presented attheResearch Workshop on Family Business, Lehigh University, 2017.].           ,  Google,   Facebook    ,       ,  ,    [235 - Adam Hayes, Facebooks Most Important Acquisitions, Investopedia, February 11, 2015, http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/021115/facebooks-most-important-acquisitions.asp; Rani Molla, Google Parent Company Alphabet Has Made theMost AI Acquisitions, Recode, May 19, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/5/19/15657758/google-artificial-intelligence-ai-investments; The Race forAI: Google, Baidu, Intel, Apple in aRush toGrab Artificial Intelligence Startups, CB Insights Research, July 21, 2017, http://www.cbinsights.com/research/top-acquirers-ai-startups-ma-timeline.].    ,     .      Google Facebook  ,     ,       ,  ,    .                   ,      .

, 2006,        , Google  1,65    ,               YouTube.       ,      ,    ,  , Google     ,    . ʠ2009   Forrester Research   :



       ,  Google   YouTube        <>  ,         ,  Google,  -   <>     ,           ,      [236 - Schmidt: We Paid $1 Billion Premium forYouTube, CNET, March 27, 2018, https://www.cnet.com/news/schmidt-we-paid-1-billion-premium-for-youtube.].


 Facebook    ,      ,  ,  ,  Oculus (2 ),      ,      WhatsApp (19 ),    Facebook      ,     .        ,         ,      [237 - Adrian Covert, Facebook Buys WhatsApp for$19 Billion, CNNMoney, February19, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/19/technology/social/facebook-whatsapp/ index.html.].    :



  -     <>      [238 - Tim Fernholz, How Mark Zuckerbergs Control ofFacebook Lets Him Print Money, Quartz (blog), March 27, 2014, https://qz.com/192779/how-mark-zuckerbergs-control-of-facebook-lets-him-print-money.]


 ,        ,     WhatsApp   ,    ,    ,        .   ,                         [239 - Duncan Robinson, Facebook Faces EU Fine Over WhatsApp Data-Sharing, Financial Times, December 20, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/f652746c-c6a4-11e6-9043-7e34c07b46ef; Tim Adams, Margrethe Vestager: We Are Doing This Because People Are Angry, Observer, September 17, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/17/margrethe-vestager-people-feel-angry-about-tax-avoidance-european-competition-commissioner; WhatsApp FAQHow Do I Choose Not toShare My Account Information with Facebook toImprove My Facebook Ads andProducts Experiences? WhatsApp.com, August 28, 2016, https://www.whatsapp.com/faq/general/26000016.].

 Google   ,        ,       .     Google    ,        ,       .      ,            :  ,  ,     <>      [240 - Eric Schmidt andJared Cohen, TheNew Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, andOur Lives (New York: Vintage, 2014);    ,   .     ,      (: ,  , 2013).].      ,    ,    ,       XIX.

            XIX,       :



,   ,     ,      ,     ,          <>.        ,         [241 - Arendt, TheOrigins ofTotalitarianism, 183; ,  , 202.].


          . ,          ,   Google  ,  , ,     [242 - Vinod Khosla, Fireside Chat with Google Co-Founders, Larry Page andSergey Brin, Khosla Ventures, July 3, 2014, http://www.khoslaventures.com/fireside-chat-with-google-co-founders-larry-page-and-sergey-brin.].       :     Google  ,       ,             ,       ,    ,          .

Ƞ, ,      .  2010    Wall Street Journal  , Google     -          [243 - Holman W.Jenkins, Google and theSearch for theFuture, Wall Street Journal, August 14, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704901104575423294099527212.].  2011     Washington Post         Intel  , :   [ ], . Google         :



    <>     ,  .     ,   .      <>    ,         [244 - .:Lillian Cunningham, Googles Eric Schmidt Expounds on His Senate Testimony, Washington Post, September 30, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-leadership/googles-eric-schmidt-expounds-on-his-senate-testimony/2011/09/30/gIQAPyVgCL_story.html.].


  Mobile World Congress       Business Insider, :



     ,  ,     ,        ,             .      [245 - Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, Eric Schmidt toWorld Leaders atEG8: Dont Regulate Us, orElse, Business Insider, May 24, 2011, http://www.businessinsider.com/eric-schmidt-google-eg8-2011-5.].


           .       2013, ,    ,   ,               :



 ,    ..     ,       <> ,     ,  50.     ,   50,     .


    ,       ,  :



 ,      <>  ,     ,    -  ,    -    ,     ,   ,        [246 - .:Jay Yarow, Google CEO Larry Page Wants aTotally Separate World Where Tech Companies Can Conduct Experiments on People, Business Insider, May16, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/google-ceo-larry-page-wants-a-place-for-experiments-2013-5.].


 ,        ,     . Google Facebook          ,  ,    ,  ,       ,           [247 - Conor Dougherty, Tech Companies Take Their Legislative Concerns to theStates, New York Times, May 27, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/technology/tech-companies-take-their-legislative-concerns-to-the-states.html; Tim Bradshaw, Google Hits Out atSelf-Driving Car Rules, Financial Times, December 18, 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d4afee02-a517-11e5-97e1-a754d5d9538c.html?ftcamp=crm/email/20151217/nbe/InTodaysFT/product#axzz3ufyqWRo2; Jon Brodkin, Google andFacebook Lobbyists Try toStop New Online Privacy Protections, Ars Technica, May 24, 2017, https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/05/google-and-facebook-lobbyists-try-to-stop-new-online-privacy-protections.].

    ,           .       .     Google    ,              .     ,   .            ,     ,      ,       .                , , ,      ,      .

          -  .   Google,   XIX        ,                .    , ,    .

        -  ,          ,  ,          .   ,                  , 堫  ,      ,          ,           [248 - Robert H.Wiebe, TheSearch forOrder: 18771920(New York: Hill andWang, 1967), 135137.     ,    ,         ,        ,        ,       蠫.    XIX,            ,        ,        .         ,    ,     , ࠫ  .       ,    .        ꠫      .].

  ,    ,        ,      ,        ,      ,    ,     ,         . ,    XXI,      ,   ,     蠫 ,  ,             , ,     .

   ,     ,      ,                    [249 - David Nasaw, Gilded Age Gospels, inRuling America: AHistory ofWealth andPower in aDemocracy, ed. Steve Fraser andGary Gerstle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 124125.].    ,  ,     ,   蠫  .     ,           .  ,          , ,        ,   [250 - Nasaw, Gilded Age, 132.].   1896,        ,        ,          [251 - Ibid., 146.].

       ,           ,    ,  .   ,      ,                     [252 - Lawrence M.Friedman, American Law in the20th Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 1528.].      軠      . ,  ,   ,          ,       [253 - Nasaw, Gilded Age, 148.].      Google ,  ,         .      ,               ,      .




III. :  


 Google    . ȠGoogle,          ,         .               ,        2[254 -     : Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Federal Trade Commission: Privacy Law andPolicy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016); Julie E.Cohen, The Regulatory State in theInformation Age, Theoretical Inquiries inLaw 17, no. 2 (2016), http://www7.tau.ac.il/ojs/index.php/til/article/view/1425.].

                 Google        [255 - Jodi L.Short, The Paranoid Style inRegulatory Reform, Hastings Law Journal63 (January 12, 2011): 633.].   1400      ,   19802005.    ,    ,               蠫.   ,   ,          .  ,                ,       ,       .

           , ,      ,   ꠫      [256 -      : Steve Fraser andGary Gerstle, eds., TheRise andFall of theNew Deal Order 19301980(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).].        ,      ,   .                  [257 - Alan Brinkley, Liberalism andIts Discontents (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).].

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       ,   ,            ,     [268 - Section 230of theCommunications Decency Act, Electronic Frontier Foundation, n.d., https://www.eff.org/issues/cda230.].


  - ,  , , TripAdvisor            Twitter,        ,    .  230    ,  -    , ࠫ.    :



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      ,             ,       ,       .      ,  ,         .     18,      ,      .      , ,         ,      .     , Facebook, Google Twitter,          ,    ,      ,        230[274 - Ibid.]. , -       ,    ,   ,   ,   .




IV. :  


     11     ,           ,    :



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     .    ,        ,            ,  11 2001  .       ,   [280 - Swire, The Second Wave, 845.].   ,     ,         .   ,          ,     .     ,           ,        ,        .  11     ,      ,   ,   (,             ),  [281 - Paul M.Schwartz, Systematic Government Access toPrivate-Sector Data inGermany, International Data Privacy Law 2, no. 4 (2012): 289, 296; Ian Brown, Government Access toPrivate-Sector Data in theUnited Kingdom, International Data Privacy Law 2, no. 4 (2012): 230, 235; W.Gregory Voss, After Google Spain andCharlie Hebdo: TheContinuing Evolution ofEuropean Union Data Privacy Law in aTime ofChange, Business Lawyer 71, no. 1 (2015): 281; Mark Scott, Europe, Shaken byParis Attacks, Weighs Security with Privacy Rights, New York Times Bits Blog, September 18, 2015; Frank A.Pasquale, Privacy, Antitrust, andPower, George Mason Law Review 20, no. 4 (2013): 10091024; Alissa J.Rubin, Lawmakers inFrance Move toVastly Expand Surveillance, New York Times, May 5, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/world/europe/french-legislators-approve-sweeping-intelligence-bill.html; Georgina Prodham andMichael Nienaber, Merkel Urges Germans toPut Aside Fear ofBig Data, Reuters, June 9, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-technology-merkel/merkel-urges-germansto-put-aside-fear-of-big-data-idUSKBN0OP2EM 20150609.].

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          2002,                  (Total Information Awareness, TIA),     ,              :



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 2003 Google                   Intelink,  ,    ,    Intranet     [296 - Nafeez Ahmed, How theCIA Made Google, Medium (blog), January 22, 2015, https://medium.com/insurge-intelligence/how-the-cia-made-google-e836451a959e.].     Google        Intellipedia,            ,     [297 - Verne Kopytoff, Google Has Lots toDo with Intelligence, SFGate, March 30, 2008, http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Google-has-lots-to-do-with-intelligence-3221500.php.].  2004 Google        Keyhole,        , In-Q-Tel. Keyhole     Google  ,     Google ,     .  2009 Google Ventures In-Q-Tel     Recorded Future,              .  ,   Wired,       Google               Recorded Future[298 - Noah Shachtman, Exclusive: Google, CIA Invest inFuture ofWeb Monitoring, Wired, July 28, 2010, http://www.wired.com/2010/07/exclusive-google-cia.].

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    ,  ,       ,          .

       ,  ,      Google  ,    .              ,        ,         .      ,              ,                   .     Google   ,        ,     , ,      ,      .

         ,    , -,       .   ,  ,      ,   Google            ,    ,        .

      , ,     ,     ,      .           .     .     ,      XX,          .   , ,    .                   ,              1970-   1980- [312 - Michael Alan Bernstein, TheGreat Depression: Delayed Recovery andEconomic Change inAmerica, 19291939, Studies inEconomic History andPolicy (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1987), chapters 1, 8.].

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V. 


 ,      ,     ,   -   ,  ?       ,  -                            ,     ,         .

,       ;              .        ,    ,         Google        ,         .

       ,        ,          ,       ,     ,   .   Google           ,      : (1)    Google        ; (2)                ; (3)   ,   Google   ,      Google   (20092016); (4)   Google          ,      ,     . ,      ,   ,          .

-, Google ,   ,      ,     ,      .   , Google              XXI,      2008.             ,          [313 - http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/how-obamas-internet-campaign-changed-politics/?_r=0.]. ,  -   <>           <>                 [314 - Sasha Issenberg, The Romney Campaigns Data Strategy, Slate, July 17, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/victory_lab/2012/07/the_romney_campaign_s_data_strategy_they_re_outsourcing_.single.html. . : Joe Lertola andBryan Christie Design, A Short History of theNext Campaign, Politico, February 27, 2014, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/02/a-short-history-of-thenext-campaign-103672.html.].

,       , ,    2008       250 ,            ,     -        Facebook[315 - Daniel Kreiss andPhilip N.Howard, New Challenges toPolitical Privacy: Lessons from theFirst U.S.Presidential Race in theWeb 2.0 Era, International Journal ofCommunication 4 (2010): 10321050.].   ,         ,       2008,      :  ,   <>   ,   ,    [316 - Sasha Issenberg, TheVictory Lab: TheSecret Science ofWinning Campaigns (New York: Crown, 2012), 271.].

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,            ,     ,      ,     .  <>   <>   ,    . ,  ,   ,    ,   , ꠫  蠫,    [323 - Rutenberg, Data You Can Believe In.].


-,     2012,    Washington Post 2011,      :



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    ,          ,  ,   ,      ,            [326 - Eric Schmidt andJonathan Rosenberg, How Google Works (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 255;  ,    ,   Google (: , 2015), 343.].


    ,        , Google    ,       17 ,    ,      , Facebook.     ,     , Google   ,         18-    2018,          ,          . Google        ,  ,    ,    [327 - Deborah DSouza, Big Tech Spent Record Amounts on Lobbying Under Trump, Investopedia, July 11, 2017, https://www.investopedia.com/tech/what-are-tech-giants-lobbying-trump-era; Brodkin, Google andFacebook Lobbyists; Natasha Lomas, Google Among Top Lobbyists ofSenior EC Officials, TechCrunch (blog), June 24, 2015, http://social.techcrunch.com/2015/06/24/google-among-top-lobbyists-of-senior-ec-officials; Googles European Revolving Door, Google Transparency Project, September 25, 2017, http://googletransparencyproject.org/articles/googles-european-revolving-door.].

         ,         ,         . , Google                    ,              [328 - Google Enlisted Obama Officials toLobby States on Driverless Cars, Google Transparency Project, March 29, 2018, https://googletransparencyproject.org/articles/google-enlisted-obama-officials-lobby-states-driverless-cars.]. ȠGoogle Facebook           ,      ,      .     ,    [329 - Tech Companies Are Pushing Back Against Biometric Privacy Laws, Bloomberg.com, July 20, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-20/tech-companies-are-pushing-back-against-biometric-privacy-laws; Biometric Privacy Laws: Illinois and theFight Against Intrusive Tech, March 29, 2018, https://news.law.fordham.edu/jcfl/2018/03/20/biometric-privacy-laws-illinois-and-the-fight-against-intrusive-tech; April Glaser, Facebook Is Using anNRA Approach toDefend Its Creepy Facial Recognition Programs, Slate, August 4, 2017, http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2017/08/04/facebook_is_fighting_biometric_facial_recognition_privacy_laws.html; Conor Dougherty, Tech Companies Take Their Legislative Concerns to theStates, New York Times, May 27, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/tech nology/tech-companies-take-their-legislative-concerns-to-the-states.html.].

                  ,            .  Washington Post  Google     ,                .      .       ,   ,           , 2013    ,      1         12,9.   19992016,    ,   Google,     ,  , 21 [330 -  1999.        . 2013.      ,     -     ,      :   ,   (Lumina Foundation)    .       Google. .:http://newamerica.net/about/funding.       ,          . .:http://newamerica.net/about/board.].

Washington Post      Google    .     ,      ,    -.         ,      ,    Google[331 - Tom Hamburger andMatea Gold, Google, Once Disdainful ofLobbying, Now aMaster ofWashington Influence, Washington Post, April 12, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html.].     2012,           Google.  ,      ,     Google   ,     Google.   蠫        ,   ,        .  ,           ,     -  ,   Google,       , ,  ,    .     ,     Google,  Google        [332 -   . : David Dayen, Googles Insidious Shadow Lobbying: How theInternet Giant Is Bankrolling Friendly Academicsand Skirting Federal Investigations, Salon.com, November 24, 2015, https://www.salon.com/2015/11/24/googles_insidious_shadow_lobbying_how_the_internet_giant_is_bankrolling_friendly_academics_and_skirting_federal_investigations.].

    , ,   Google      .     Google   ,     ,   .            ,    2012     ,       ,     .          , Heritage Action,   ,   ,   ,     [333 - Nick Surgey, The Googlization of theFar Right: Why Is Google Funding Grover Norquist, Heritage Action andALEC? PR Watch, November 27, 2013, http://www.prwatch.org/news/2013/11/12319/google-funding-grover-norquist-heritage-action-alec-and-more. PR Watch       (Center forMedia andDemocracy).                     Google       .].             ALEC,            ,        ,          [334 - Mike McIntire, ALEC, aTax-Exempt Group, Mixes Legislators andLobbyists, New York Times, April 21, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/us/alec-a-tax-exempt-group-mixes-legislators-and-lobbyists.html; Nick Surgey, The Googlization of theFar Right: Why Is Google Funding Grover Norquist, Heritage Action andALEC? PR Watch, November 27, 2013, http://www.prwatch.org/news/2013/11/12319/google-funding-grover-norquist-heritage-action-alec-and-more; What Is ALEC? ALEC Exposed, Center forMedia andDemocracy, February 22, 2017, http://www.alecexposed.org/wiki/What_is_ALEC%3F; Katie Rucke, Why Are Tech Companies Partnering with ALEC? Mint Press News (blog), December 13, 2013, http://www.mintpressnews.com/tech-companies-partnering-alec/175074.].       Google Policy 2014     , ,  ,                ,         (Center forDemocracy andTechnology),    (Electronic Frontier Foundation),    (Future ofPrivacy Forum),    (National Consumers League),   (Citizen Lab)     (Asociacin por los Derechos Civiles)[335 - 2014FellowsPolicy FellowshipGoogle, https://www.google.com/policy fellowship/2014fellows.html.].

  2017  Wall Street Journal ,  2009 Google              ,    Google   , , ,  ..[336 - Brody Mullins andJack Nicas, Paying Professors: Inside Googles Academic Influence Campaign, Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/paying-professors-insidegoogles-academic-influence-campaign-1499785286.]    Google     ,      Google    .  Google  :     黠  2017   .            (New America Foundation),         ,          Google,    ,    2,7 .   New York Times    ,                ,    . Google      ,     ,     New York Times.     Google.  ,       ,  Google,       [337 - Kenneth P.Vogel, Google Critic Ousted from Think Tank Funded by theTech Giant, New York Times, August 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/politics/eric-schmidt-google-new-america.html; Hope Reese, The Latest Google Controversy Shows How Corporate Funding Stifles Criticism, Vox, September 5, 2017, https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/9/5/16254910/google-controversy-newamerica-barry-lynn.].

ѠGoogle        ,           . Google         ,  ,              ,   Realpolitik             ,              .

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         Google:      ,   ,   (automagical),   ,   ,      [338 - Google Management Discusses Q3 2011ResultsEarnings Call Transcript About Alphabet Inc. (GOOG), Seeking Alpha, October 14, 2011, http://seekingalpha.com/article/299518-google-management-discusses-q3-2011-results-earnings-call-transcript ( . ..).].                   .     ,      ,       .         ,             ,   ,  .  ,    Google  ,   ,       ,      .   ,  Google,   ,     -: ,  , , , , , , ,  , , , ,  , , ,  ,    .         ,       Google, Facebook       ,     .  ,    ,  ,     ,    .

    ,       ,        II.  Google   ,        ,      ?  Facebook   ,       ?     ,       ,      .   ,                  ,       ,          .        ,  , ,    ,   , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,     -,            .

Google  ,        :    . ,       ?    ?   ?    ?           ,    :              ,   ,       .  2008     ,  Google 150 ,      :



   ,      .     .    Google   :  [339 - .:Ken Auletta, Googled: TheEnd of theWorld as We Know It (New York: Penguin, 2010).].


       ,    .  ,     Google      ,     .

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       ,          .                .      ,   ,       .        .           , , ,    ,            .   ,  Google,    Facebook,     ,           ,          .




II. 


   20012002 ,  Google    Google,      .     ,    ,     ,   .           2010,  ,          Google   - Microsoft Internet Explorer,    ,    google.com     URL-   ,      .  ,      ,   .                ,    ,        [340 -       : Benjamin Edelman, Bias inSearch Results? Diagnosis andResponse, Indian Journal ofLaw andTechnology 7 (2011): 1632; Benjamin Edelman andZhenyu Lai, Design ofSearch Engine Services: Channel Interdependence inSearch Engine Results (working paper, Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School, March 9, 2015), Journal ofMarketing Reseach 53, no. 6 (2016): 881900; Benjamin Edelman, Leveraging Market Power Through Tying andBundling: Does Google Behave Anti-competitively? (working paper, no. 14112, Harvard, May 28, 2014), http://www.benedelman.org/publications/google-tying-2014-05-12.pdf; Benjamin Edelman et al., Exclusive Preferential Placement as Search Diversion: Evidence from Flight Search (Social Science Research Network, 2013); Benjamin Edelman, Google Tying Google Plus andMany More, Benedelman.org, January 12, 2012, http://www.benedelman.org/news/011212-1.html; Benjamin Edelman, HardCoding Bias inGoogle Algorithmic Search Results, Benedelman.org, November 15, 2010, http://www.benedelman.org/hardcoding.]. ,  Google     ,    ,   ,         cookie (  ,    ),     ,     Google   [341 - Ashkan Soltani, Andrea Peterson, andBarton Gellman, NSA Uses Google Cookies toPinpoint Targets forHacking, Washington Post, December 10, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/12/10/nsa-uses-google-cookies-to-pinpoint-targets-for-hacking.].

 2015       ,            Yelp  ,       Google,     ,     .  , Google    ,        ,   :



  Google     ,             <> Google     ,    .           , Google  ,   ,             Google[342 - Michael Luca et al., Does Google Content Degrade Google Search? Experimental Evidence (working paper, NOM Unit, Harvard Business School, August 2016), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2667143.].


         ,    .      Google,     ,       ,    ,     ,        .      ,       ,  XX,   .  ,   ,      .     .            ,   .    ;   ,     .    ;   ,      .      ,            ,    .

         ,        .       ,    ,     (cornering)  ,   .    ,    ,       .         ,          ,    .              ,      .       ,        ,   ,   .

         ,    ,  -       .         .     ;    .                 ,     ,   ,                  .           ,     ,     Google,  ,        .     ,     .            ,        .

 Google   Android     ,         .         Google               . Android          .  2008 Google          ,           .   , Android-    Google  Apple    ,   Google                 .

Google    Android    ,            Google,     ,         ,      ,   [343 - Alistair Barr, How Google Aims toDelve Deeper into Users Lives, Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/how-google-aims-to-delve-deeper-into-users-lives-1432856623.].   2009   Google  :



           ,     ,   ,    [ ][344 - .:Erick Schonfeld, Schmidt: Android Adoption Is About toExplode, TechCrunch (blog), October 15, 2009, http://social.techcrunch.com/2009/10/15/schmidt-android-adoption-is-about-to-explode.].


     2011   Android 堫   :



    Android <>      ,             (    ) <>  ,    ; Google    250  ,       [345 - Bill Gurley, The Freight Train That Is Android, Above theCrowd, March 25, 2011, http://abovethecrowd.com/2011/03/24/freight-train-that-is-android.].


          ,    Android          .    iPhone,  Android    ,             Android.    Google          Google Play. ,    Google Play   ,        Google         : , Gmail, Google Pay, YouTube,  Google, Google      ,      .

 2016  Google   Android      ,              Google             .          Google     ,    ,   .   2013     ,   :



  Android    .  -     Android   .        . <>     젖  ,        .


 , ,     Android.           Google,        ,      [346 - Steve Kovach, Eric Schmidt: Well Have 2 Billion People Using Android Thanks toCheap Phones, Business Insider, April 16, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/eric-schmidt-on-global-android-growth-2013-4 ( . ..); Ina Fried, Eric Schmidt on theFuture ofAndroid, Motorola, Cars andHumanity (Video), AllThingsD (blog), May 8, 2013, http://allthingsd.com/20130508/eric-schmidt-on-the-future-of-android-motorola-cars-and-humanity-video.].

Google    ,    .                .  2009 Motorola,   Android,      Google  Skyhook Wireless, ,   Motorola,    .    Google   Skyhook,      Google   , , ,     Skyhook,    Google,              Wi-Fi.  ,        Skyhook  Motorola (Samsung),      - Google     Motorola,  ,  Google        [347 - .:Ameet Sachdev, Skyhook Sues Google After Motorola Stops Using Its Location-Based Software, Chicago Tribune, August 19, 2011, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-08-19/business/ct-biz-0819-chicago-law-20110819_1_google-s-android-google-risks-google-spokesperson. .     750  : Nilay Patel, How Google Controls Android: Digging Deep into theSkyhook Filings, Verge, May 12, 2011, http://www.theverge.com/2011/05/12/google-android-skyhook-lawsuit-motorola-samsung.].

      ,   , Android,     ,   .  Disconnect,Inc.,  2011    Google  ,    ,     ,         ,  ,           /,            <>     -,    ,   [348 - Complaint ofDisconnect, Inc. Regarding Googles Infringement ofArticle 102 TFEU Through Bundling into theAndroid Platform and theRelated Exclusion ofCompeting Privacy andSecurity Technology, no. COMP/40099, June 2015, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2109044/disconnect-google-antitrust-complaint.pdf.]. Disconnect   ⠫,           ,  ,     -    .

  Disconnect,   ,    ,        Google    [349 -             (2015)  110      Android (Google)  iOS (Apple). , 73%  Android,  16%  iOS     (personally identifying information, PII)  .   ,                 ,     ( . ..). .:Jinyan Zang et al., Who Knows What About Me? ASurvey ofBehind theScenes Personal Data Sharing toThird Parties byMobile Apps, Journal ofTechnology Science, October 30, 2015, http://techscience.org/a/2015103001.   ,       EURECOM 2015.,    5000       Google Play.  , 500       500 URL-, 25    1000URL-.  URL        .  ,    ,       .     ,     ,  -,   Google.            .     Google    ,  Facebook, Samsung Scorecard Research,  ,      .      .    URL-,    , ꠫   蠫   ,  , 66%     40 URL-,   ,       1000.    ,   URL-,   Google.   ,     ,       .  ,    , 73%     , 16%  100   . Google    , 44% ,   ,    32%,  AT Internet     ,  ࠫ .        Google Play    Google   . .:Luigi Vigneri et al., Taming theAndroid AppStore: Lightweight Characterization ofAndroid Applications, ArXiv:1504.06093 [Computer Science], April 23, 2015, http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.06093.             - 19962016. ,    ,  -          ,      .  , ,       ,    ,         ,      .  2000.   5%         ,  2016. 40%    .  ,          , google-analytics.com  ꠫          ,  -  .    , ,    ,       ,      ,    .  ,   ,  -    ,          . .:Adam Lerner etal., Internet Jones and theRaiders of theLost Trackers: AnArcheological Study ofWeb Tracking from 19962016, inProceedings of theWorkshop on End-to-End, Sense-and-Respond Systems, Applications, andServices: (EESR 05), June5, 2005, Seattle (Berkeley, CA: USENIX Association, 2005), http://portal.acm.org/toc.cfm?id=1072530.].    Google    ,     (Web Privacy Census),      cookie.      -100, 100025000- 2011, 20122015         .   20122015             cookie        150  .  ,  ,     100  2015 -,       6000 cookie, 83%     ,     -.      Google   92 100    923 1000       ,  Google     -        ,     -[350 - Ibrahim Altaweel, Nathan Good, andChris Jay Hoofnagle, Web Privacy Census (SSRN scholarly paper, Social Science Research Network, December 15, 2015), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2703814.].

   2015,      -,     , ,  90%          ,  ,        .    78%    ,     Google.  34%    ,  Facebook[351 - Timothy Libert, Exposing theInvisible Web: AnAnalysis ofThird-Party HTTP Requests on 1 Million Websites, International Journal ofCommunication 9 (October 28, 2015): 18.].        2016         -[352 - Altaweel, Good, andHoofnagle, Web Privacy Census.].   81000 ,   123      1% .               ,  Google.  ,  , Google, Facebook Twitter    ,     10% .    10000,         2017.    ,             ,    ,           Android. 1000         822   76 , 77%       push-,     , , ,   .  ,   Android push-  Google[353 - Mengwei Xu et al., AppHolmes: Detecting andCharacterizing App Collusion Among Third-Party Android Markets, Association forComputing Machinery, 2017, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/appholmes-detecting-characterizing-app-collusion-among-third-party-android-markets.].

,      Exodus Privacy  Yale Privacy Lab 2017        . Exodus  44    300   Android Google,        iOS.        .           :   . -,      ;      ,         :



  ,    ,  ,   ,   ,     .  ,       ,    .


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         ,    Google,      3       ,    ꠫  Android,       [354 - .:Press | Yale Privacy Lab, https://privacylab.yale.edu/press.html; andExodus Privacy, Exodus-Privacy, https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/. . : Yael Grauer, Staggering Variety ofClandestine Trackers Found InPopular Android Apps, Intercept, November 24, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/11/24/staggering-variety-of-clandestine-trackers-found-in-popular-android-apps/.].

          ,   ,    Disconnect        Google Play,     Disconnect  Google 2015.   ,  ,  Google,    ,    ,          ,      ,      ,    [355 - Complaint ofDisconnect, Inc., 2.].  ,    ,  Google,       [356 - Complaint ofDisconnect, Inc., 3.].  Google  Disconnect      , ,   Apple, Google    ,     ,        .             ,   [357 - Vigneri et al., Taming theAndroid AppStore; Antitrust/Cartel Cases40099 Google Android, European Union Commission on Competition, April 15, 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/case_details.cfm?proc_code= 1_40099.].

 Disconnect     ,      .       Google,           Google ,         Android[358 - European Commission  Press Release  Antitrust: Commission Sends Statement ofObjections toGoogle on Android Operating System andApplications, European Commission, April 20, 2016, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ IP-16-1492_en.htm.].   Disconnect,



Google                 .          (     )            Google[359 - Complaint ofDisconnect, Inc., 40.].


   Google,  Disconnect ,      ,     ,     ,           .




III. 


   Disconnect Google ,         ,    , ,    ,       .   ,  Google,    ,       ,            ,     .

      , ,   .  ,     ,          ,        ,    .      ,      Google   Gmail;  Google       ,  Buzz,   Google+;   Google Glass.          (Street View),          .

              ,  , -, ,    ,    ,   ,     ,    ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .   ,             ,      .       Google         .   ,    ,           ,    .   ,  .    .

         ,    .   , ,      .      :   ,      ,  .             ,   ,   ,    .  Google     , ,    ,     ,     .    ,       (Electronic Privacy Information Center, EPIC),    ,       [360 -  ,    ,  2014.].   ,             ,  .

     , ,     [361 - Jennifer Howard, Publishers Settle Long-Running Lawsuit Over Googles Book-Scanning Project, Chronicle ofHigher Education, October 4, 2012, https://chronicle.com/article/Publishers-Settle-Long-Running/134854; Google Books Settlement andPrivacy, EPIC.org, October 30, 2016, https://epic.org/privacy/googlebooks; Juan Carlos Perez, Google Books Settlement Proposal Rejected, PCWorld, March 22, 2011, http://www.pcworld.com/article/222882/article.html; Eliot Van Buskirk, Justice Dept. toGoogle Books: Close, but No Cigar, Wired, February 5, 2010, http://www.wired.com/2010/02/justice-dept-to-google-books-close-but-no-cigar; Miguel Helft, Opposition toGoogle Books Settlement Jells, New York TimesBits Blog, April17,2009, https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/opposition-to-googlebooks-settlement; Brandon Butler, The Google Books Settlement: Who Is Filing andWhat Are They Saying? Association ofResearch Libraries 28 (2009):9; Ian Chant, Authors Guild Appeals Dismissal ofGoogle Books Lawsuit, Library Journal, April 16, 2014, http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2014/04/litigation/authors-guild-appeals-dismissal-of-google-books-lawsuit.],      Wi-Fi-      [362 - Investigations ofGoogle Street View, EPIC.org, 2014, https://epic.org/privacy/streetview; David Kravets, An Intentional Mistake: TheAnatomy ofGoogles Wi-Fi Sniffing Debacle, Wired, May 2, 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/05/google-wifi-fcc-investigation; Clint Boulton, Google WiFi Privacy Breach Challenged by38 States, eWeek, July 21, 2010, http://www.eweek.com/c/a/SearchEngines/Google-WiFi-Privacy-Breach-Challenged-by-38-States-196191; Alastair Jamieson, Google Will Carry On with Camera Cars Despite Privacy Complaints Over Street Views, Telegraph, April 9, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/5130068/Google-will-carry-on-with-camera-cars-despite-privacy-complaints-over-street-views.html; Gareth Corfield, At Least I Can Walk Away with My DignityStreetmap Founder After Google Lawsuit Loss, Register, February 20, 2017, https://www.the register.co.uk/2017/02/20/streetmap_founder_kate_sutton_google_lawsuit.],    [363 - Joseph Menn, Daniel Sch?fer, andTim Bradshaw, Google Set forProbes on Data Harvesting, Financial Times, May 17, 2010, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/254ff5b6-61e2-11df-998c-00144feab49a.html#axzz3JjXPNno5.],   [364 - Julia Angwin, Google inNew Privacy Probes, Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304692804577283821586827892; Julia Angwin, Google, FTC Near Settlement on Privacy, Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2012, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303567704577517081178553046; Jonathan Owen, Google inCourt Again Over Right toBe Above British Law on Alleged Secret Monitoring, Independent, December 8, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/google-challenges-high-court-decision-on-alleged-secret-monitoring-9911411.html.],   [365 - Testimony ofBenjamin Edelman Presented Before theUnited States House ofRepresentatives Committee on theJudiciary Task Force on Competition Policy andAntitrust Laws, June 27, 2008; Brody Mullins, Rolfe Winkler, andBrent Kendall, Inside theU.S.Antitrust Probe ofGoogle, Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/inside-the-u-s-antitrust-probe-of-google-1426793274.],    [366 - Nate Anderson, Why Google Keeps Your Data Forever, Tracks You with Ads, Ars Technica, March 8, 2010, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2010/03/google-keeps-your-data-to-learn-from-good-guys-fight-off-bad-guys.ars; Kevin J.OBrien andThomas Crampton, E.U.Probes Google Over Data Retention Policy, New York Times, May 26, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/26/business/26google.html; Mark Bergen, Google Manipulates Search Results, According toStudy from Yelp andLegal Star TimWu, Recode, June 29, 2015, http://www.recode.net/2015/6/29/11563936/yelp-teams-with-legal-star-tim-wu-to-trounce-google-in-new-study.],     [367 - David Snelling, Google Maps Is Tracking You! How Your Smartphone Knows Your Every Move, Express, August 18, 2014, http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/500811/Google-Maps-is-tracking-your-every-move; Jason Mick, ACLU Fights forAnswers on Police Phone Location Data Tracking, Daily Tech, August 4, 2011, http://www.dailytech.com/ACLU+Fights+for+Answers+on+Police+Phone+Location+Data+Tracking/article22352.htm.],      [368 - Google Glass andPrivacy, EPIC.org, October 6, 2017, https://epic.org/privacy/google/glass.],        [369 - Benjamin Herold, Google Under Fire forData-Mining Student Email Messages, Education Week, March 26, 2014, http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/03/13/26google.h33.html; Quinten Plummer, Google Email Tip-Off Draws Privacy Concerns, Tech Times, August 5, 2014, http://www.techtimes.com/articles/12194/20140805/google-email-tip-off-draws-privacy-concerns.htm.]          Google[370 - Grant Gross, French Fine Google Over Change inPrivacy Policy, PCWorld, January 8, 2014, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2085920/french-fine-google-over-change-in-privacy-policy.html; Dheepthika Laurent, Facebook, Twitter andGoogle Targeted inFrench Lawsuit, CNN.com, March 26, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/france-social-media-lawsuit/index.html; Mark Milian, Google toMerge User Data Across Its Services, CNN.com, January 25, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/24/tech/web/google-privacy-policy/index.html; Martin Gijzemijter, Googles Privacy Policy Merger Against Dutch Law, ZDNet, November 29, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/article/googles-privacy-policy-merger-against-dutch-law; Zack Whittaker, Google Faces EU State Fines Over Privacy Policy Merger, ZDNet, April 2, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/article/google-faces-eu-state-fines-over-privacy-policy-merger.].        ,  , ,      .   Google   ,    .           .

     .            ,   , Google       .  ,           ,  ,      ,              ,      .        ,   .     .  ,    - ,      .   ,     .   .       ,        .

   ,  Google       ,      ,    ,      ,     .       ,    ,    ,       ,  ,        .  ,    ,      ,   . ,              ,        -   .

         ,         ,            .        ,    Gmail 1 2004            ,         .            ,    ,        -         .

   Google       Gmail,         ,    ,  2007.      .          ,  , ,        ,         ,  ,      .


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             .  ,    Google,    ,   ,      , ,   ,        ,   .  ,  ,           ,       2007.       ,   ,        Google.   ,              ,   - ,   . , , , , ,       ,     ,     .  ,  ,             GPS-   .

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  ,    ,    ,  -      .          ,       ,    .          .  ,          360-       ,  ,      ,     ,  .      ,             .  ,          [371 - Peter Fleischer, Street View andPrivacy, Google Lat Long, September 24, 2007, https://maps.googleblog.com/2007/09/streetview-and-privacy.html.].

    .   2009       .  ,    -  ,  Google Maps,     . (  ,        Keyhole,   ,     Google,    Google  .)   ,          ,       ,       ,  ,  . Google     ,    ,       ,    ,    Google        .       Google           ,    [372 - .:Stephen Hutcheon, Were Not Stalking You orHelping Terrorists, Says Google Earth Boss, Sydney Morning Herald, January 30, 2009, http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/biztech/were-not-stalking-you-or-helping-terrorists-says-google-earthboss/2009/01/30/1232818692103.html.]. Google        ,    .

       ,    2009         ,     ,    ?     ,      ,        堫.  Privacy International           ,    200  ,        ,     .

 Google        .       .    Times,               .  ,              . <>       ,     [373 - .:Jamieson, Google Will Carry On with Camera Cars.].

, ,    ,          Google:      ,      ,              .       ,    ,       Google.   Google     ,   .    ,    ,    .  ,    ,  , , .

 2010       ,   Google       ;           Wi-Fi[374 - Kevin J.OBrien andClaire Cain Miller, Germanys Complicated Relationship with Google Street View, New York Times Bits Blog, April 23, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/germanys-complicated-relationship-with-google-street-view.]. Google   , ,       Wi-Fi    Wi-Fi ,   ,    [375 - Peter Fleischer, Data Collected byGoogle Cars, Google Europe, April 27, 2010, https://europe.googleblog.com/2010/04/data-collected-by-google-cars.html.].     ,      ,  ,        . Google   ,      ,  ,     Wi-Fi.        ,         URL-,   .   ,   ,       ,  ,  , , ,     ,   ,  -, ,   ,  ,   , , -  -.    ,               [376 - In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture, File No.: EB-10-IH-4055, NAL/Acct. No.: 201232080020, FRNs: 0010119691, 0014720239, Federal Communications Commission, April 13, 2012, 1213.].

  Spy-Fi      .  ,        Google.  ,            ,     , Google        .      ,     Google       . Google      , ,  . ʠ2012      ,    ,   , Google            [377 - Kevin J.OBrien, Googles Data Collection Angers European Officials, New York Times, May 15, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/technology/16google.html; Commissioners FindingsPIPEDA Report ofFindings #2011-001: Report ofFindings: Google Inc. WiFi Data CollectionOffice of thePrivacy Commissioner ofCanada, June 6, 2011, https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-actions-and-decisions/investigations/investigations-into-businesses/2011/pipeda-2011-001; CNIL, Dlibration de La Commission Nationale de lInformatique et Des Liberts Decision no. 2011-035of theRestricted Committee Imposing aFinancial Penalty on theCompany Google Inc., 2011-035  (2011), https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCnil.do?&id =CNILTEXT000023733987; Final Findings, Dutch Data Protection Authority Investigation into theCollection ofWifi Data byGoogle Using Street View CarsZ2010-00582DDPA Decision, December 7, 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20130508060039/http://www.dutchdpa.nl/downloads_overig/en_pb_20110811_google_final_findings.pdf; Investigations ofGoogle Street View; Kevin J.OBrien, Europe Pushes Google toTurn Over Wi-Fi Data, New York Times, June 27, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/technology/28google.html.].

           .      ,           .  Privacy International , Google   [378 - In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture; OBrien, Googles Data Collection.].       ,        Google      Spy-Fi,            , , ,     ,           [379 - EPIC  -   ,        ,  ,   . .:Investigations ofGoogle Street View; Ben Joffe v.Google, EPIC.org, 2017, https://epic.org/amicus/google-street-view; FCC Investigation ofGoogle Street View, EPIC.org, 2017, https://www.epic.org/privacy/google/fcc_investi gation_of_google_st.html; Mark A.Chavez andMarc Rotenberg, Brief forAmicus Curiae: Electronic Privacy Information Center inSupport ofPlaintiffs  InRe Google Street View Electronic Communications Litigation, Case no. 5:10-Md-02184-JW, US District Court forNorthern District ofCalifornia San Jose Division, April 11, 2011, https://epic.org/privacy/streetview/EPICStreetviewAmicus.pdf.].

Google      ,   ,  䠫 ,         .          ,         蠫    .    Financial Times  :  .  ,         Google   . ,      Google     [380 - .:Maija Palmer andLionel Barber, Google toHand Over Intercepted Data, Financial Times, June 3, 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/db664044-6f43-11df-9f43-00144feabdc0.html.].

,      2012,    ꠫      Google,     [381 - In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture.].        -    ⠫ (Wi-Fi wardriving)    c   ,   [382 - Denis Howe, Wardriving, Dictionary.com, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/wardriving.].      ,            ,   ,            .     ,   [383 - In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture, 11.].

     ,     ,  Google.  ,               ,         .     ,           ,     .    ,                         - Google ,  Google ,   -    [384 - Ibid., 1112.].


 : 

   ,      ,      ,  ,  Gmail    .     :   .  .  ,   .

       2012  -          ,    -.   2010   Google     .     .         .  Google      ,        -.         Google    .                   .

           .               .  ,       ,   . Google     .  .  ,        .    .      , Google   . Google ,             . Google 녻         蠫 . Google    <>  腻        ,           2011,      .       ,             .    :   ,       Google     .    .

      ,                 . ,        , ,   ,          ,   .     Google  25000   . Google     ,      ,  ,   ,       .

       .    ,   ,     -  (   ),       , Google  [385 - David Streitfeld, Google Concedes That Drive-By Prying Violated Privacy, New York Times, March 13, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/daily-report-google-concedes-that-drive-by-prying-violated-privacy.].    2013        ,   7         .  New York Times , Google  ,            ,    <>  ,            .      ,   <>     ,         [386 - David Streitfeld, Google Admits Street View Project Violated Privacy, New York Times, March 12, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/technology/google-pays-fine-over-streetview-privacy-breach.html.]. ,        , ,           Google     .

     ,     .              2007,  2010-,    2012-    2013-.       2012         .        .      ,       .   20082010       600   ,   200 [387 - In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture, 11; Google toGive Governments Street View Data, New York Times, June 3, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/04/business/global/04google.html.].  ,     . ? -     ?   ,   ,     ,  .

    , ,  , ,          ,         .             ,      ,    ,   .                .     ,    .

Google   ,   .    ,    ,       ,      Google,          .   ,    ,    ,   ,         ,           Google   .     ,               ,  蠫.


 : 

  2010,   ,     - ,  - Google            Google  ᠫ    .    ,  .        ,    ,   ,    .      ,             ,  ,        .              ,  Google      .           ࠫ ,     . ,        ,   .   ,   ,  ,             ,          [388 - Alan Eustace, Creating Stronger Privacy Controls Inside Google, Google Public Policy Blog, October 22, 2010, https://publicpolicy.googleblog.com/2010/10/creating-stronger-privacy-controls.html.].

  ,             ,    , , , , , , , , ,  , , ,  ,  ,     ,  / .        ,         . Google        ,           .   Google   ,          .  20092010  250000   ,   Google   200    [389 - Measures (Guidance) Concerning Protection ofSecrecy ofCommunication toGoogle Inc., Ministry ofInternal Affairs andCommunications, November 11, 2011, http://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01kiban08_02000056.html; Navigating Controversy: Google Launches Street View Germany, Spiegel Online, November 18, 2010, http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/navigating-controversy-google-launches-streetview-germany-a-729793.html; Matt McGee, Google Street View Debuts inGermany, Blurry Houses Included, Search Engine Land, November 1, 2010, http://searchengineland.com/google-street-view-germany-blurry-houses-included-54632.].     ,         ,  Google 145000,      150000,    [390 - Arne Gerhards, Fine Imposed upon Google, Hamburg Commissioner forData Protection andFreedom ofInformation, April 22, 2013, https://www.datenschutz-hamburg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/PressRelease_2013-04-22_Google-Wifi-Scanning.pdf.].     , -     ,     . Google        ,       .  2011 Google      ,  ,     ,    [391 - Matt McGee, Google Has Stopped Street View Photography inGermany, Search Engine Land, April 10, 2011, http://searchengineland.com/google-has-stopped-street-view-photography-germany-72368.].

        .      2009,   ,  Google          .      ,        ,     ,       . 2016  Google      [392 - Peter Fleischer, Street View inSwitzerland, Google Europe, November 13, 2009, https://europe.googleblog.com/2009/11/streetview-in-switzerland.html; Scott Capper, Google Faces Court Action Over Street View, Swissinfo.ch, November 16, 2009, http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/google-faces-court-action-over-street-view/7656246; Anita Greil andKatharina Bart, Swiss Court toRule on Google Street View, Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2011, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703408604576163770758984178; Frank Jordans, Google Threatens toShut Down Swiss Street View, Phys.org, May11, 2011, http://phys.org/news/2011-05-google-appeals-streetview-switzerland.html; Kevin J.OBrien andDavid Streitfeld, Swiss Court Orders Modifications toGoogle Street View, New York Times, June 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/09/technology/09iht-google09.html; Google Beefs Up Restricted Swiss Street View, swissinfo.ch, May 19, 2015, http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/eagle-eye_google-beefs-up-restricted-swiss-streetview/41439290.].        , , ,  .    2017                [393 -         ,       ,     ,      .       .:New Developments Regarding Google Street View, Austrian Data Protection Agency, April 4, 2016, http://web.archive.org/web/20160404072538/https://www.dsb.gv.at/site/6733/default.aspx; Helena Smith Athens, Google Street View Banned from Greece, Guardian, May 12, 2009, https://www.the guardian.com/technology/2009/may/12/google-street-view-banned-greece; John Ribeiro, Google Street View inIndia Faces Challenges, PCWorld, May 26, 2011, http://www.pcworld.com/article/228713/article.html; Danuta Pavilenene, Google Street View Banned from Lithuanian Streets, Baltic Course, May 23, 2012, http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/Technology/?doc =57649.].


 : 

  , Google      ,    ,           ,         .         ,  Google        .          . Google          ,     .   , ,      2015,    Google,  Google        <>  <>    ,      .    65 200  ,     Google[394 - Liz Gannes, Ten Years ofGoogle Maps, from Slashdot toGround Truth, Recode, February 8, 2015, http://www.recode.net/2015/2/8/11558788/ten-years-of-google-maps-from-slashdot-to-ground-truth.].

     ,    Google   ,                .  ,     .  ,  , ,      ,   ,               ,   2013      Google. ,    ,      Google       2013.    ,      ,    ,   ,   ,      [395 - Kashmir Hill, Googles Privacy Director Is Stepping Down, Forbes, April 1, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2013/04/01/googles-privacy-director-is-stepping-down/print; ScroogledTruth, ScroogledDr. Alma Whitten (Googles Privacy Engineering Lead) Before Congress, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTLEJsunCfI.].        ,   .

 ,       ,       Google    ,   .          2012   ,    ,     ,      .        ,   Google,     ,       ,  YouTube.           ,     ,           [396 - Steve Lohr andDavid Streitfeld, Engineer inGoogles Street View Is Identified, New York Times, April 30, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/ technology/engineerin-googles-street-view-is-identified.html; Farhad Manjoo, IsIt Time toStop Trusting Google? Slate, May 1, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2012/05/marius_milner_google_wi_fi_snooping_assessing_the_disturbing_fcc_report_on_the_company_s_street_view_program_.html; John V.Hanke et al., Asystem and method for transporting virtual objects in aparallel reality game, United States US8968099 B1, filed November 1, 2012, and issued March 3, 2015, https://patents.google.com/patent/ US8968099B1/en.].

,      ,        Ingress,       Google. (      Niantic Labs      Google Alphabet.) Ingress       ,     , PokmonGo,      ,       II.      Google              ,    .               .      2012,          ,   Google    Google:



     ,  ,    ,      .       ,      [-],        [397 - .:Alexis C.Madrigal, How Google Builds Its Maps  andWhat It Means for theFuture ofEverything, Atlantic, September 6, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/09/how-google-builds-its-maps-and-what-it-means-for-the-future-of-everything/261913.].


     Google   Ground Truth,  2008,              2012. Ground Truth    ,     :  , ,   ,  ,  , , , ,   [398 - Brian McClendon, Building aBetter Map ofEurope, Google Maps, December5, 2012, https://maps.googleblog.com/2012/12/building-better-map-of-europe.html.].               ,    .        ,           [399 - TIGER Geodatabases, US Census Bureau, 2016, https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-geodatabases.html.],     Google           .  , ,    ,  ,            .        .

   ,    Ground Truth 2012,  , :



 ,      ,       ,     Google 2006 <> Google       .


         Google,    -         . ʠ2012         . ,  ,              Google.    Ground Truth,  :



   ,    ,     Google <>           [400 - Madrigal, How Google Builds Its Maps ( . ..).].


     ,   ,       ,    ,      [401 - .:Gannes, Ten Years ofGoogle Maps.].   ,  2016 -   Google,     , :       2007    .     360-     .                 ,  ,   ,      ,        .          Google  Trekker (   ),       ,  ,     ,  [402 - Soufi Esmaeilzadeh, See Inside with Google Maps Business View, Google Lat Long, December 17, 2014, https://maps.googleblog.com/2014/12/see-inside-with-google-maps-business.html; Google Street ViewWhat It Takes toBe Trusted, Google Street View, November 10, 2016, https://www.google.com/streetview/earn; AboutGoogle Maps, Google Maps, November 10, 2016, https://www.google.com/maps/about/partners.].

, Google   ,  .  2013      Facebook      Waze, ,              .  2014    Skybox,       ,            .  :



 ,      ,     ,      .   ,        31,    ,    .     ,     ,     .       ,      [403 - James Vincent, Skybox: Google Maps Goes Real-Timebut Would You Want aSpy in theSky Staring into Your Letter Box? Independent, June 21, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/skybox-google-maps-goes-real-time-but-would-you-want-a-spy-in-the-sky-staring-into-your-letter-box-9553934.html; DigitalGlobe Hosts U.S.Secretary ofCommerce Pritzker for aDiscussion on Commerce inColorado | Seeing aBetter WorldTM, DigitalGlobe Blog, June 25, 2014, http://blog.digitalglobe.com/2014/06/25/digitalglobehostsussecretarypritzker; Ellen Huet, Google Buys Skybox ImagingNot Just forIts Satellites, Forbes, June 10, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/06/10/google-buys-skybox-imaging-not-just-for-its-satellites.].


         Google  :  2011  ,    ࠫ     ,             ,    .            ,             [404 - Tom Warren, Google Just Showed Me theFuture ofIndoor Navigation, Verge, February 23, 2016, http://www.theverge.com/2016/2/23/11094020/google-lenovo-project-tango-indoor-navigation.].    ,   2014,        Google,                       .           .                  ,          [405 - Sophia Lin, Making ofMaps: TheCornerstones, Google Maps, September 4, 2014, https://maps.googleblog.com/2014/09/making-of-maps-cornerstones.html.].           ,   Google            .

       ;           .                     ,      . Google  ,    ,   .    (Business View)      ,    .         .         .   ,    ,          Google   .  ,     ,    ,      Google       .        ,    .       ,   ,   VIP-,        .

              :      ,   .         .   ,        Google       ,       :   -      ,             .               Google:    Google (Google City),        7.     ,       ,                  .  ,                   .

    Google     , ,  ,           ,        . , 2016       Google    (Driving Mode),         ,   ,   ,    .      , ,     ,       . Google           ,   Wall Street Journal[406 - Alistair Barr, Google Maps Guesses Where Youre Headed Now, Wall Street Journal (blog), January 13, 2016, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2016/01/13/google-maps-guesses-where-youre-headed-now.].

    Google            ,           .   ,      ,     Google          :  .  .    ,  ,  ,    ,             ,      ,   ,   ,     ,  ,        . , , , , , , : Google        .               .          - Google:          .   .

    ,       , . Google       [407 - Akshay Kannan, Introducing Nearby: ANew Way toDiscover theThings Around You, Official Android Blog, June 9, 2016, https://android.googleblog.com/2016/06/introducing-nearby-new-way-to-discover.html.].   2016     (Register) ,   Google Play,     Android,    ,         ,      Google.       ,    Android     McDonalds    ,      .   , Google Play     .   Google          .    ,   ,      [408 - Kieren McCarthy, Delete Google Maps? Go Ahead, Says Google, Well Still Track You, Register, September 12, 2016, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/09/12/turn_off_location_services_go_ahead_says_google_well_still_track_you.].  Google     ,          .

  ,    ,   ,                   ,    . -    -,        ,      ,       ,   ,         ,  , , ,   .         ,      ,      .

  , Google     .   ,  .,    :   .     ,    ,   ,     .     ,   .    ,   ,   ,         ,        .            :   [409 - John B.Harley, TheNew Nature ofMaps: Essays in theHistory ofCartography, ed. Paul Laxton (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 5859.].        ;       :   .      ,  Google          :      ,   .




IV. 


 ,  ,  Google,         ,      .          ,           . ,                  ,          Wi-Fi, Google  Buzz  ,   ,    Google     ,     .  ,     Buzz,                        .

 Google     ,      ,              .    ,           ,    Google Glass. Google Glass     , , ,  GPS-,    -           .     , , ,            Google,            .

               .   ,               ,    ,        .  ,     -  :



    ,   ,        ,       ,         ,  ,      -,     [410 - .:Stephen Graves, Niantic Labs John Hanke on Alternate Reality Games and theFuture ofStorytelling, PC&Tech Authority, October 13, 2014.].


                2012,           . ,    ,   (glassholes),         [411 - David DiSalvo, The Banning ofGoogle Glass Begins (and They Arent Even Available Yet), Forbes, March 10, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2013/03/10/the-ban-on-google-glass-begins-and-they-arent-even-available-yet; David Streitfeld, Google Glass Picks Up Early Signal: Keep Out, New York Times, May 6, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/07/technology/personaltech/google-glass-picks-up-early-signal-keep-out.html.].

       ,     ,          / .     ,            ,  ,   , Glass,       .   2013,   ,  Google          ,                  Glass.   2014    (Pew Research) , 53%        ,    59%  [412 - Aaron Smith, U.S.Views ofTechnology and theFuture, Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech (blog), April 17, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/04/17/us-views-of-technology-and-the-future.].

Google    ,      .       Glass      Livestream,   Glass          .        ,       ,   Livestream :       Google[413 - Drew FitzGerald, Now Google Glass Can Turn You into aLive Broadcast, Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/now-google-glass-can-turn-you-into-a-live-broadcast-1403653079.].    ,     ,      Wall Street Journal,        [414 - .:Amir Efrati, Google Glass Privacy Worries Lawmakers, Wall Street Journal, May 17, 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014241278873247 67004578487661143483672.].

  2015,       Glass.    ,               ,  Glass.      :



           <>      Glass,    [415 - Were Graduating from Google[x] Labs, Google, January 15, 2015, https://plus.google.com/app/basic/stream/z124trxirsruxvcdp23otv4qerfwghdhv04.].


   ,          -  .

   .   2015 -           Glass,        , Glass      [416 - Alistair Barr, Google Glass Gets aNew Name andHires from Amazon, Wall Street Journal, September 16, 2015.].    ,     Google,        : Google      .  , Glass       ,       <>    [417 - Fred OConnor, Google is Making Glass Ready forUsers, Says Schmidt, PCWorld, March 23, 2015, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2900632/google-is-making-glass-ready-for-users-says-schmidt.html; Looking Ahead forWhatsApp, WhatsApp (blog), August 25, 2016, https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000627/Looking-ahead-for-WhatsApp.].         ,  ,              ,    . Glass     ,             [418 - Alistair Barr, Googles Tough Search forNew Platforms on Display atI/O, Wall Street Journal, May 27, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-tough-search-for-new-platforms-on-display-at-i-o-1432748457.].

  2017    ,      ,        Google Glass,    Glass Enterprise Edition[419 - Jay Kothari, A New Chapter forGlass, Team atX (blog), July 18, 2017, https://blog.x.company/a-new-chapter-for-glass-c7875d40bf24.].          .              ,         .   ,   , ,    ,             ,     ,   ,       ,        ,   Google Glass[420 - ., .: Darrell Etherington, Google Glass Is Back with Hardware Focused on theEnterprise, TechCrunch (blog), July 18, 2017, http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/07/18/google-glass-is-back-with-hardware-focused-on-the-enterprise; Hayley Tsukayama, Google Will Stop Selling Glass to theGeneral Public, but Google Says theDevice Is Not Dead Yet, Washington Post, January 15, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/01/15/google-will-stop-selling-glass-to-the-general-public-but-google-says-the-device-is-not-dead-yet; Brid-Aine Parnell, NYPD Dons Google Tech Specs: Part Man. Part Machine. All Glasshole, Register, February 10, 2014, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/02/10/nypd_tests_google_glass.].    ,   Glass  , ,    Glass   ,       ,   ,     ,     .

 Google Glass   ,           ,         .  -            ,      ,         ,    .

       ,    ,        ,       .                  .          ,     ,     ,             Google,   .    ,            .    ,    ,   , ,     ,    .




V.  


  Google                   . Google   ,        ,    .   Facebook,         ,    ,         ,    ,        .  ,    2010      ,   Facebook        .                  .  ,        ,     ,      cookie,   ,      .    ꠫ -,  ,     ,   Facebook,    , Facebook    , , ,   -[421 - Arnold Roosendaal, Facebook Tracks andTraces Everyone: Like This! (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, November 30, 2010), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1717563.].    ,       Facebook [422 - Jose Antonio Vargas, The Face ofFacebook, New Yorker, September 13, 2010, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/09/20/the-face-of-facebook.].    ,       [423 - Cynthia Ghazali, Facebook Keeps Tabs on Users Even After They Sign Off: Report, NY Daily News, November 18, 2011, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/facebook-tabs-users-sign-report-article-1.979848.].

ʠ2011      .    Wall Street Journal,     ,    , Facebook   ,      ,              -  .     Facebook    :     ,      [424 - Amir Efrati, Like Button Follows Web Users, Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870428150457632944143299561. . : Emil Protalinski, Facebook Denies Cookie Tracking Allegations, ZDNet, October 3, 2011, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-denies-cookie-tracking-allegations/; Riva Richmond, As Like Buttons Spread, So Do Facebooks Tentacles, New York Times Bits Blog, September 27, 2011, https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/as-like-buttons-spread-so-do-facebooks-tentacles/; Julia Angwin, Its Complicated: Facebooks History ofTracking You, ProPublica, June 17, 2014, https://www.propublica.org/article/its-complicated-facebooks-history-of-tracking-you; Rainey Reitman, Facebooks Hotel California: Cross-Site Tracking and thePotential Impact on Digital Privacy Legislation, Electronic Frontier Foundation, October 10, 2011, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/10/facebook%E2%80%99s-hotel-california-cross-site-tracking-and-potential-impact-digital-privacy.]. 25      , , Facebook            [425 - Asher Moses, Facebooks Privacy Lie: Aussie Exposes Tracking as New Patent Uncovered, TheSydney Morning Herald, October 4, 2011, https://www.smh.com.au/technology/facebooks-privacy-lie-aussie-exposes-tracking-as-new-patent-uncovered-20111004-1l61i.html.]. Facebook ,     , ,    cookie    ,  ,           蠫[426 - Moses, Facebooks Privacy Lie; Emil Protalinski, Facebook Denies Cookie Tracking Allegations; Emil Protalinski, Facebook Fixes Cookie Behavior After Logging Out, ZDNet, September 27, 2011, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-fixes-cookie-behavior-after-logging-out/; Nik Cubrilovic, Facebook Fixes Logout Issue, Explains Cookies, New Web Order, September 27, 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20140701103652/https://www.nikcub.com/posts/face book-fixes-logout-issue-explains-cookies-2/.].  ,                    .     Facebook  ,         ,          Facebook       Facebook,         [427 - Kent Matthew Schoen, Gregory Luc Dingle, andTimothy Kendall, Communicating information in asocial network system about activities from another domain, WO2011097624 A3, filed February 8, 2011, and issued September 22, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011097624A3.].          [428 - Emil Protalinski, Facebook Denies Patent Is Used forTracking Logged-out Users, ZDNet, October 3, 2011, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-denies-patent-is-used-for-tracking-logged-out-users/. . : Michael Arrington, Facebook: Brutal Dishonesty, Uncrunched (blog), October 2, 2011, https://uncrunched.com/2011/10/01/brutal-dishonesty/.].

    Facebook,     ,       ,    ,     . ,     .          , Facebook     ,       ,                [429 -        TheHill , Facebook         ,   ,       蠫    . Gautham Nagesh, Facebook toForm Its Own PAC toBack Political Candidates, TheHill, September 26, 2011, http://thehill.com/policy/technology/183951-facebook-forming-own-pac-to-back-candidates.].

          ,     2011 Facebook          ,    ,  ,       Facebook ,             [430 - Facebook Settles FTC Charges That It Deceived Consumers byFailing toKeep Privacy Promises, Federal Trade Commission, November 29, 2011, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/pressreleases/2011/11/facebook-settles-ftc-charges-it-deceived-consumers-failing-keep.]. ,  EPIC     2009,   ,         [431 - FTC Facebook Settlement, Electronic Privacy Information Center, December 2009, https://epic.org/privacy/ftc/facebook/.].    ,    ,       ,      ,   ,     ,      ,            Safe Harbor Framework,        .              .           ,                           .       ,  Facebook       [432 - Facebook Settles FTC Charges That It Deceived Consumers. . : Emily Steel andApril Dembosky, Facebook Raises Fears with Ad Tracking, Financial Times, September 23, 2012, https://www.ft.com/content/6cc4cf0a-0584-11e2-9ebd-00144feabdc0.].    ;           ,          .

  .  2012  ,         ,      Datalogix,  ,  -    .      ,    ,    .  2012 Facebook       ,     ,      -,  ,            -       -[433 - Facebook Custom Audiences: Target Facebook Ads byEmail List, Jon Loomer Digital, September 24, 2012, https://www.jonloomer.com/2012/09/24/facebook-custom-audiences/.]. ʠ2014  ,       , ,    ,  ,         .           ,   ,    2010,        .         [434 - Tom Simonite, Facebook Will Now Target Ads Based on What Its Like Buttons Saw You Do, MIT Technology Review, September 16, 2015, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/541351/facebooks-like-buttons-will-soon-track-your-web-browsing-to-target-ads; Cotton Delo, Facebook toUse Web Browsing History forAd Targeting, AdAge, June 12, 2014, http://adage.com/article/digital/facebook-web-browsing-history-ad-targeting/293656; Violet Blue, Facebook Turns User Tracking Bug into Data Mining Feature forAdvertisers, ZDNet, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-turns-user-tracking-bug-into-data-mining-feature-for-advertisers/.].  , , :   .

  Google  ,           2001    DoubleClick,             ,   ,     .    Google, , ,  Facebook               . ,  2016, Google   , ,    DoubleClick      ,   , Gmail    Google.                     Google.                   .         FTC,     : -,  Google  ,     ,   [435 - Julia Angwin, Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking, ProPublica, October 21, 2016, https://www.propublica.org/article/google-has-quietly-dropped-ban-on-personally-identifiable-web-tracking; Jack Nicas, Privacy Groups Seek Regulatory Review ofGoogle Privacy Policy, Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/privacy-groups-seek-regulatory-review-of-google-privacy-policy-1482190366.].

   Facebook 2012    ,       ,      ,              .  ,          ,          .          ,    ,      ,         .

       ,      . ʠ2017  Financial Times  71-     Facebook:  ,      Facebook    500       2 .    2017     100  Facebook   ,           .         2017  ,     9,29,3  ,  47%     [436 - Ross Hunter, Farhad Zaman, andKennedy Liu, Global Top 100 Companies byMarket Capitalisation, IPO Center, Price Waterhouse Coopers, March 31, 2017, http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/audit-services/assets/pdf/global-top-100-companies-2017-final.pdf; Deborah Crawford et al., Facebook, Inc. (FB) Fourth Quarter andFull Year 2016Results Conference Call, February 1, 2017, https://s21.q4cdn.com/399680738/files/doc_financials/2016/Q4/Q416-Earnings-Transcript.pdf.].

 Guardian ,  2016   Google Facebook       ,   ,  2012-,    , Google Facebook    90%    2016[437 - Julia Kollewe, Google andFacebook Bring inOne-Fifth ofGlobal Ad Revenue, Guardian, May 1, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/may/02/google-and-facebook-bring-in-one-fifth-of-global-ad-revenue; Paul Murphy, It Seems Google andFacebook Really Are Taking ALL theGrowth inAd Revenue, Financial Times, April 26, 2017, http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2017/04/26/2187891/it-seems-google-and-facebook-really-are-taking-all-the-growth-in-ad-revenue; Mathew Ingram, Google andFacebook Have Taken Over theDigital Ad Industry, Fortune, January 4, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/01/04/google-facebook-ad-industry.].     , , -,  .

    -, Microsoft, Apple Amazon,  Microsoft              ,        2014    . Microsoft,  ,      Google         .  2009,     -      Microsoft,        ,       .  ,  ,  , [   ]   :            .  ,    Bing Microsoft    Google,          ,         :



   <>   . ,      ,    <>  , , ,     ,     [438 - Kara Swisher, Microsofts Point Man on SearchSatya NadellaSpeaks: Its aGame ofScale, AllThingsD (blog), August 4, 2009, http://allthingsd.com/20090804/microsofts-point-man-on-search-satya-nadella-speaks-its-a-game-of-scale.].


                Microsoft      ,      ,       IDC[439 - Julie Bort, Satya Nadella Just Launched Microsoft into aNew $1.6Trillion Market, Business Insider, April 15, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/micro soft-launches-iot-cloud-2014-4.].     , ,   ,        1,6     ,    ,             . Microsoft          ,   [ ]     .   ,    , :



                       [440 - Satya Nadella, A Data Culture forEveryone, Official Microsoft Blog, April 15, 2014, https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/04/15/a-data-culture-for-everyone.].


   ,     : ,  -  ,    .

     ,                .    Bing          ,    Satori   ,   ,  28000DVD-[441 - Richard Qian, Understand Your World with Bing, Bing Blogs, March 21, 2013, http://blogs.bing.com/search/2013/03/21/understand-your-world-with-bing.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=66928093)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


. ..




2


 ..




3


Martin Hilbert, Technological Information Inequality as anIncessantly Moving Target: TheRedistribution ofInformation andCommunication Capacities Between 1986and2010, Journal of theAmerican Society forInformation Science andTechnology 65, no. 4 (2013): 821835.




4


ʠ2014,        ,   Pew Research ,    87% .   76%     , 90%   . ,     Facebook       911.      ,       Mosaic,       ,  BBC 2010 , 79%              .        19      ࠫ :           ;           ,             . .:Susannah Fox andLee Rainie, The web at25in theU.S., Pew Research Center, February 27, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/27/the-web-at-25-in-the-u-s; 911 Calls About Facebook Outage Angers L.A.County Sheriffs Officials, Los Angeles Times, August 1, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-911-calls-about-facebook-outage-angers-la-sheriffs-officials-20140801-htmlstory.html; Internet Access a Human Right, BBC News, March8, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8548190.stm; The Promotion, Protection andEnjoyment ofHuman Rights on theInternet, United Nations Human Rights Council, June27, 2016, https://www.article19.org/data/files/Internet_Statement_Adopted.pdf;      , , , ,    ,    ,    , 27 2016, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/845728/files/A_HRC_32_L-20-RU.pdf.




5


Jo?o Leal, TheMaking ofSaudade: National Identity andEthnic Psychology inPortugal (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 2000), https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/4386.




6


Cory D.Kidd et al., The Aware Home: ALiving Laboratory forUbiquitous Computing Research, inProceedings of theSecond International Workshop on Cooperative Buildings, Integrating Information, Organization, andArchitecture, CoBuild 99 (London: Springer-Verlag, 1999), 191198, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id= 645969.674887.




7


Global Smart Homes Market 2018byEvolving Technology, Projections& Estimations, Business Competitors, Cost Structure, Key Companies andForecast to2023, Reuters, February19, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/venture-capital/article?id=28096.




8


Ron Amadeo, Nest Is Done as aStandalone Alphabet Company, Merges with Google, Ars Technica, February7, 2018, https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/02/nest-is-done-as-a-standalone-alphabet-company-merges-with-google; Leo Kelion, Google-Nest Merger Raises Privacy Issues, BBC News, February8, 2018, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42989073.




9


Kelion, Google-Nest Merger Raises Privacy Issues.




10


Rick Osterloh andMarwan Fawaz, Nest toJoin Forces with Googles Hardware Team, Google, February7, 2018, https://www.blog.google/insidegoogle/company-annoucements/nest-join-forces-googles-hardware-team.




11


Grant Hernandez, Orlando Arias, Daniel Buentello, andYier Jin, Smart Nest Thermostat: ASmart Spy inYour Home, Black Hat USA, 2014, https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-14/materials/us-14-Jin-Smart-Nest-Thermostat-A-Smart-Spy-In-Your-Home-WP.pdf.




12


Guido Noto La Diega, Contracting for theInternet ofThings: Looking into theNest (research paper, Queen Mary University ofLondon, School ofLaw, 2016); Robin Kar andMargaret Radin, Pseudo-Contract & Shared Meaning Analysis (legal studies research paper, University ofIllinois College ofLaw, November16, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3083129.




13


Hernandez, Arias, Buentello, andJin, Smart Nest Thermostat.




14


       . : Langdon Winner, A Victory forComputer Populism, Technology Review 94, no. 4 (1991):66. . : Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Jennifer M.Urban, andSu Li, Privacy andModern Advertising: Most US Internet Users Want Do Not Track toStop Collection ofData About Their Online Activities (BCLT Research Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, October8, 2012), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2152135; Joseph Turow et al., Americans Reject Tailored Advertising andThree Activities That Enable It, Annenberg School forCommunication, September 29, 2009, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1478214; Chris Jay Hoofnagle andJan Whittington, Free: Accounting for theCosts of theInternets Most Popular Price, UCLA Law Review 61 (February28, 2014): 606; Jan Whittington andChris Hoofnagle, Unpacking Privacys Price, North Carolina Law Review 90 (January 1, 2011): 1327; Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Jennifer King, Su Li, andJoseph Turow, How Different Are Young Adults from Older Adults When It Comes toInformation Privacy Attitudes & Policies? April14, 2010, http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/399.




15


   : Roberto Mangabeira Unger, The Dictatorship ofNo Alternatives, inRoberto Mangabeira Unger, What Should theLeft Propose? (London: Verso, 2006), 111.




16


Jared Newman, Googles Schmidt Roasted forPrivacy Comments, PCWorld, December 11, 2009, http://www.pcworld.com/article/184446/googles_schmidt_roasted_for_privacy_comments.html.




17


Max Weber, Economy andSociety: AnOutline ofInterpretive Sociology (Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press, 1978), 1:67;  ,   :    (:     , 2016), 1: 116.




18


. ..




19


Roben Farzad, Apples Earnings Power Befuddles Wall Street, Bloomberg Businessweek, August 7, 2011, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-07-28/apple-s-earnings-power-befuddles-wall-street.




20


iTunes Music Store Sells Over One Million Songs inFirst Week, Apple Newsroom, March 9, 2018, https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/05/05iTunes-Music-Store-Sells-Over-One-Million-Songs-in-First-Week.




21


Jeff Sommer, The Best Investment Since 1926? Apple, New York Times, September 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/business/apple-investment.html.




22


.:Shoshana Zuboff andJames Maxmin, TheSupport Economy: How Corporations Are Failing Individuals and theNext Episode ofCapitalism (New York: Penguin, 2002), 230.




23


Henry Ford, Mass Production, Encyclopedia Britannica (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1926), 821, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/coolbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(amrlg+lg48)).




24


Lizabeth Cohen, AConsumers Republic: ThePolitics ofMass Consumption inPostwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003); Martin J.Sklar, TheCorporate Reconstruction ofAmerican Capitalism: 18901916: TheMarket, theLaw, andPolitics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).




25


Emile Durkheim, TheDivision ofLabor inSociety (New York: Free Press, 1964), 275;  ,    .   (: , 1990), 257 ( . ..).




26


Ibid., 266;  , 248.




27


Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards aNew Modernity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1992);  ,  .      (: -, 2000).




28


,        ,     : Zuboff andMaxmin, TheSupport Economy. . : Ulrich Beck andElisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism andIts Social andPolitical Consequences (London: Sage, 2002); Ulrich Beck, Why Class Is Too Soft aCategory toCapture theExplosiveness ofSocial Inequality at theBeginning of theTwenty-First Century, British Journal ofSociology 64, no. 1 (2013): 6374; Ulrich Beck andEdgar Grande, Varieties ofSecond Modernity: TheCosmopolitan Turn inSocial andPolitical Theory andResearch, British Journal ofSociology 61, no. 3 (2010): 409443.




29


Beck, Risk Society; ,  .




30


Talcott Parsons, Social Structure andPersonality (New York: Free Press, 1964).




31


       (1963),           ,   . . .




32


Beck andBeck-Gernsheim, Individualization.




33


Erik Erikson, Childhood andSociety (New York: W.W.Norton, 1993), 279;  ,    (: , 1996), 294.




34


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35


Beck andBeck-Gernsheim, Individualization; Ulrich Beck, AGod ofOnes Own: Religions Capacity forPeace andPotential forViolence, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2010).




36


Thomas M.Franck, TheEmpowered Self: Law andSociety in anAge ofIndividualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).




37


Beck andBeck-Gernsheim, Individualization, xxii.




38


Daniel Stedman Jones, Masters of theUniverse: Hayek, Friedman, and theBirth ofNeoliberal Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012);  -,   :     (: , 2017); T.Flew, Michel Foucaults TheBirth ofBiopolitics andContemporary NeoLiberalism Debates, Thesis Eleven 108, no. 1 (2012): 4465, https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513611421481; Philip Mirowski, Never Let aSerious Crisis Go toWaste: How Neoliberalism Survived theFinancial Meltdown (London: Verso, 2013); Grard Dumnil andDominique Lvy, TheCrisis ofNeoliberalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013); Pierre Dardot andChristian Laval, TheNew Way of theWorld: On Neoliberal Society (Brooklyn: Verso, 2013); Antnio Ferreira, The Politics ofAusterity as Politics ofLaw, O?ati Socio-Legal Series 6, no. 3 (2016): 496519; David M.Kotz, TheRise andFall ofNeoliberal Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017); Philip Mirowski andDieter Plehwe, eds., TheRoad from Mont Pelerin: TheMaking of theNeoliberal Thought Collective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009); Wendy Brown, Undoing theDemos: Neoliberalisms Stealth Revolution (New York: Zone, 2015); David Jacobs andLindsey Myers, Union Strength, Neoliberalism, andInequality: Contingent Political Analyses ofUS Income Differences Since 1950, American Sociological Review 79 (2014): 752774; Angus Burgin, TheGreat Persuasion: Reinventing Free Markets Since theDepression (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012);  ,   .       (: , 2017); Greta R.Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis: ThePolitical Origins of theRise ofFinance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).




39


Jones, Masters of theUniverse, 215; ,   , 273. . : Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis.




40


    . : Mirowski, Never Let aSerious Crisis Go toWaste; Dardot andChristian Laval, TheNew Way of theWorld; Jones, Masters of theUniverse; ,   .




41


Friedrich August von Hayek, TheFatal Conceit: TheErrors ofSocialism, ed. William Warren Bartley, vol. 1, TheCollected Works ofFriedrich August Hayek (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1988), 1415;    ,  .   (:      Catallaxy, 1992), 34.




42


Mirowski, Never Let aSerious Crisis Go toWaste, 5367.




43


Michael C.Jensen andWilliam H.Meckling, Theory of theFirm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs andOwnership Structure, Journal ofFinancial Economics3, no. 4 (1976): 12;    ,  :  ,     ,  - .  , 4 (2004).




44


Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis.




45


Karl Polanyi, TheGreat Transformation: ThePolitical andEconomic Origins ofOur Time (Boston: Beacon, 2001), 79;  ,  :       (-: , 2002), 90.




46


Martin J.Sklar, TheUnited States as aDeveloping Country: Studies inU.S.History in theProgressive Era and the1920s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Sanford M.Jacoby, Modern Manors: Welfare Capitalism Since theNew Deal (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998); Michael Alan Bernstein, TheGreat Depression: Delayed Recovery andEconomic Change inAmerica, 19291939(Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1987); C.Goldin andR.A.Margo, The Great Compression: TheWage Structure in theUnited States atMid-century, Quarterly Journal ofEconomics 107, no. 1 (1992): 134; Edwin Amenta, Redefining theNew Deal, inThePolitics ofSocial Policy in theUnited States, ed. Theda Skocpol, Margaret Weir, andAnn Shola Orloff (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), 81122.




47


Ian Gough, Anis Ahmad Dani, andHarjan de Haan, European Welfare States: Explanations andLessons forDeveloping Countries, inInclusive States: Social Policies andStructural Inequalities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008); Peter Baldwin, ThePolitics ofSocial Solidarity: Class Bases of theEuropean Welfare State, 18751975(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); John Kenneth Galbraith, Sean Wilentz, andJames K.Galbraith, TheNew Industrial State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967); Gerald Davis, The Twilight of theBerle andMeans Corporation, Seattle University Law Review 34, no. 4 (2011): 11211138; Alfred Dupont Chandler, Essential Alfred Chandler: Essays Toward aHistorical Theory ofBig Business, ed. Thomas K.McCraw (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1988).




48


Jones, Masters of theUniverse, 217; ,   , 275.




49


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50


Gerald F.Davis, Managed by theMarkets: How Finance Reshaped America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011); Davis, The Twilight of theBerle andMeans Corporation; ?zg?r Orhangazi, Financialisation andCapital Accumulation in theNon-financial Corporate Sector: ATheoretical andEmpirical Investigation on theUS Economy: 19732003, Cambridge Journal ofEconomics 32, no. 6 (2008): 863886; William Lazonick, The Financialization of theU.S.Corporation: What Has Been Lost, andHow It Can Be Regained, inTheFuture ofFinancial andSecurities Markets (Fourth Annual Symposium of theAdolf A.Berle,Jr. Center forCorporations, Law andSociety of theSeattle School ofLaw, London, 2012); Yuri Biondi, The Governance andDisclosure of theFirm as anEnterprise Entity, Seattle University Law Review 36, no. 2 (2013): 391416; Robert Reich, Obamas Transition Economic Advisory Board: TheFull List, US News& World Report, November 7, 2008, http://www.usnews.com/news/campaign-2008/articles/2008/11/07/obamas-transition-economic-advisory-board-the-full-listn; Robert B.Reich, Beyond Outrage: What Has Gone Wrong with Our Economy andOur Democracy, andHow toFix It, rev. ed. (New York: Vintage, 2012).




51


Michael Jensen, Eclipse of thePublic Corporation, Harvard Business Review, SeptemberOctober, 1989.




52


Michael C.Jensen, Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and theCorporate Objective Function, Business Ethics Quarterly 12, no. 2 (2002): 235256.




53


Thomas I.Palley, Financialization: What It Is andWhy It Matters (white paper, Levy Economics Institute ofBard College, 2007), http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_525.pdf; Jon Hanson andRonald Chen, The Illusion ofLaw: TheLegitimating Schemas ofModern Policy andCorporate Law, Michigan Law Review 103, no. 1 (2004): 1149; Henry Hansmann andReinier Kraakman, The End ofHistory forCorporate Law (working paper, Discussion Paper Series, Harvard Law Schools John M.Olin Center forLaw, Economics andBusiness, 2000), http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=harvard_olin.




54


Davis, The Twilight of theBerle andMeans Corporation, 1131.




55


Gerald F.Davis, After theCorporation, Politics & Society 41, no. 2 (2013): 41.




56


Juta Kawalerowicz andMichael Biggs, Anarchy in theUK: Economic Deprivation, Social Disorganization, andPolitical Grievances in theLondon Riot of2011, Social Forces 94, no. 2 (2015): 673698.




57


Paul Lewis et al., Reading theRiots: Investigating Englands Summer ofDisorder, London School ofEconomics andPolitical Science, 2011, 17, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/46297.




58


Saskia Sassen, Why Riot Now? Malaise Among Britains Urban Poor Is Nothing New. So Why Did It Finally Tip into Widespread, Terrifying Violence? Daily Beast, August 15, 2011, http://www.donestech.net/ca/why_riot_now_by_saskia_ sassen_newsweek.




59


Lewis et al., Reading theRiots, 25.




60


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64


Jonathan D.Ostry, Neoliberalism: Oversold? Finance & Development 53, no. 2 (2016): 3841;     ,   2008.      ,         ,  :        1970-,       . . : Josh Bivens, In2013, Workers Share ofIncome in theCorporate Sector Fell toIts Lowest Point Since 1950, Economic Policy Institute (blog), September 4, 2014, http://www.epi.org/publication/ 2013-workers-share-income-corporate-sector.   蠫  ,     ,       ,  ,  ,         . ., : Malcolm Sawyer, Financial Development, Financialisation andEconomic Growth (working paper, Financialisation, Economy, Society & Sustainable Development Project, 2014), http://fessud.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/Financialisation-and-growth-Sawyer-working-paper-21.pdf. . : William A.Galston, The New Challenge toMarket Democracies: ThePolitical andSocial Costs ofEconomic Stagnation (research report, Brookings Institution, 2014), http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2014/10/new-challenge-market-democracies; Joseph E.Stiglitz, ThePrice ofInequality: How Todays Divided Society Endangers Our Future (New York: W.W.Norton, 2012);  ,  .       (: , 2015); James K.Galbraith, Inequality andInstability: AStudy of theWorld Economy Just Before theGreat Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Ronald Dore, Financialization of theGlobal Economy, Industrial andCorporate Change 17, no. 6 (2008): 10971112; Philip Arestis andHoward Stein, An Institutional Perspective toFinance andDevelopment as anAlternative toFinancial Liberalisation, International Review ofApplied Economics 19, no. 4 (2005): 381398; Asil Demirguc-Kunt andEnrica Detragiache, The Determinants ofBanking Crises inDeveloping andDeveloped Countries, Staff PapersInternational Monetary Fund 45, no. 1 (1998): 81109.




65


Emanuele Ferragina, Mark Tomlinson, andRobert Walker, Poverty, Participation andChoice, JRF, May 28, 2013, https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/poverty-participation-and-choice.




66


Helen Kersley et al., Raising theBenchmark: TheRole ofPublic Services inTackling theSqueeze on Pay, New Economics Foundation, https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2013/12/On-line-Catalogue219732.pdf.




67


Sally Gainsbury andSarah Neville, Austeritys ?18bn Impact on Local Services, Financial Times, July 19, 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/5fcbd0c4-2948-11e5-8db8-c033edba8a6e.html?ftcamp=crm/email/2015719/nbe/InTodaysFT/product#axzz3gRAfXkt4.




68


Carmen DeNavas-Walt andBernadette D.Proctor, Income andPoverty in theUnited States: 2014, US Census Bureau, September 2015, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf; Thomas Gabe, Poverty in theUnited States: 2013, Congressional Research Service, September 25, 2014, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/1329.




69


Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Mark Nord, andAnita Singh, Household Food Security in theUnited States in2012 (economic research report, US Department ofAgriculture, September 2013), https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/45129/39937_err-155.pdf?v=42199.




70


Piketty, Capital in theTwenty-First Century, 334235; ,  XXI, 333334. . : Theda Skocpol andVanessa Williamson, TheTea Party and theRemaking ofRepublican Conservatism, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Naomi Oreskes andErik M.Conway, Merchants ofDoubt: How aHandful ofScientists Obscured theTruth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke toGlobal Warming (London: Bloomsbury, 2010).




71


Nicholas Confessore, The Families Funding the2016Presidential Election, New York Times, October 10, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/11/us/politics/2016-presidential-election-super-pac-donors.html.




72


           -    -,               , - ,            . .:Nancy MacLean, Democracy inChains: TheDeep History of theRadical Rights Stealth Plan forAmerica (New York: Viking, 2017); Jane Mayer, Dark Money: TheHidden History of theBillionaires Behind theRise of theRadical Right (New York: Anchor, 2017).




73


Piketty, Capital in theTwenty-First Century, 571; ,  XXI, 585.




74


Milan Zafirovski, Neo-Feudalism inAmerica? Conservatism inRelation toEuropean Feudalism, International Review ofSociology 17, no. 3 (2007): 393427, https://doi.org/10.1080/03906700701574323; Alain Supiot, The Public-Private Relation in theContext ofTodays Refeudalization, International Journal ofConstitutional Law 11, no. 1 (2013): 129145, https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mos050; Daniel J.H.Greenwood, Neofeudalism: TheSurprising Foundations ofCorporate Constitutional Rights, University ofIllinois Law Review 163 (2017).




75


Piketty, Capital in theTwenty-First Century, 237270; ,  XXI, 238269.




76


      . : Carol Graham, Happiness forAll? Unequal Hopes andLives inPursuit of theAmerican Dream (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017); David G.Blanchflower andAndrew Oswald, Unhappiness andPain inModern America: AReview Essay, andFurther Evidence, on Carol Grahams Happiness forAll? (NBER working paper, November 2017).




77


.:Tim Newburn et al., David Cameron, theQueen and theRioters Sense ofInjustice, Guardian, December 5, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/cameron-queen-injustice-english-rioters.




78


Slater, From Criminality toMarginality.




79


Todd Gitlin, Occupy Nation: TheRoots, theSpirit, and thePromise ofOccupy Wall Street (New York: Harper Collins, 2012); Zeynep Tufekci, Twitter andTear Gas: ThePower andFragility ofNetworked Protest (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017). . : Andrew Gavin Marshall, World ofResistance Report: Davos Class Jittery amid Growing Warnings ofGlobal Unrest, Occupy.com, July 4, 2014, http://www.occupy.com/article/world-resistance-report-davos-class-jittery-amid-growing-warnings-global-unrest.




80


Todd Gitlin, Occupys Predicament: TheMoment and theProspects for theMovement, British Journal ofSociology 64, no. 1 (2013): 325.




81


Anthony Barnett, The Long andQuick ofRevolution, Open Democracy, February 2, 2015, https://www.opendemocracy.net/anthony-barnett/long-and-quick-of-revolution.




82


Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 2000), 38;  ,   (-: , 2008), 4647.




83


Peter Wells andPaul Nieuwenhuis, Transition Failure: Understanding Continuity in theAutomotive Industry, Technological Forecasting andSocial Change 79, no. 9 (2012): 16811692.




84


Steven Levy, In thePlex: How Google Thinks, Works, andShapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 172173.




85


Bobbie Johnson, Privacy No Longer aSocial Norm, Says Facebook Founder, Guardian, January 10, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/jan/11/facebook-privacy.




86


.:Charlene Li, Close Encounter with Facebook Beacon, Forrester, November 23, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20071124121739/http://blogs.forrester.com/charleneli/2007/11/close-encounter.html.




87


Peter Linzer, Contract as Evil, Hastings Law Journal 66 (2015): 971; Paul M.Schwartz, Internet Privacy and theState, Connecticut Law Review 32 (1999): 815859; Daniel J.Solove, Privacy Self-Management and theConsent Dilemma, Harvard Law Review 126, no. 7 (2013): 18801904.




88


Yannis Bakos, Florencia Marotta-Wurgler, andDavid R.Trossen, Does Anyone Read theFine Print? Consumer Attention toStandard-Form Contracts, Journal ofLegal Studies 43, no. 1 (2014): 135, https://doi.org/10.1086/674424; Tess Wilkinson-Ryan, APsychological Account ofConsent toFine Print, Iowa Law Review 99 (2014): 1745; Thomas J.Maronick, Do Consumers Read Terms ofService Agreements When Installing Software? ATwo-Study Empirical Analysis, International Journal ofBusiness andSocial Research 4, no. 6 (2014): 137145; Mark A.Lemley, Terms ofUse, Minnesota Law Review 91 (2006), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=917926; Nili Steinfeld, I Agree to theTerms andConditions: (How) Do Users Read Privacy Policies Online? AnEye-Tracking Experiment, Computers inHuman Behavior 55 (2016): 9921000; Victoria C.Plaut andRobert P.Bartlett, Blind Consent? ASocial Psychological Investigation ofNon-readership ofClick-Through Agreements, Law andHuman Behavior, June16, 2011, 123.




89


Ewa Luger, Stuart Moran, andTom Rodden, Consent forAll: Revealing theHidden Complexity ofTerms andConditions, inProceedings of theSIGCHI Conference on Human Factors inComputing Systems, CHI 13 (New York: ACM, 2013), 26872696.




90


Debra Cassens Weiss, Chief Justice Roberts Admits He Doesnt Read theComputer Fine Print, ABA Journal, October 20, 2010, http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/chief_justice_roberts_admits_he_doesnt_read_the_computer_fine_print.




91


Margaret Jane Radin, Boilerplate: TheFine Print, Vanishing Rights, and theRule ofLaw (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 14.




92


Radin, Boilerplate, 1617.




93


Nancy S.Kim, Wrap Contracts: Foundations andRamifications (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 5069.




94


Jon Leibowitz, Introductory Remarks at theFTC Privacy Roundtable, FTC, December 7, 2009, http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/leibowitz/091207.pdf.




95


Aleecia M.McDonald andLorrie Faith Cranor, The Cost ofReading Privacy Policies, Journal ofPolicy for theInformation Society, 4, no. 3 (2008), http://hdl.handle.net/1811/72839.




96


Kim, Wrap Contracts, 7072.




97


   . : Tom Hayes, America Needs aDepartment ofCreative Destruction, Huffington Post, October 27, 2011, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-hayes/america-needs-a-departmen_b_1033573.html.




98


Joseph A.Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, andDemocracy (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2008), 68;  ., ,    (: , 1995), 110.




99


Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, andDemocracy, 83; , ,   , 126127.




100


Joseph A.Schumpeter, TheEconomics andSociology ofCapitalism, ed. Richard Swedberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 417, 411 ( . ..).




101


Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, andDemocracy, 83; , ,   , 127.




102


Yochai Benkler, TheWealth ofNetworks: How Social Production Transforms Markets andFreedom (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006).




103


Tom Worden, Spains Economic Woes Force aChange inTraditional Holiday Habits, Guardian, August 8, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/ 08/spain-debt-crisis-economy-august-economy.




104


Suzanne Daley, On Its Own, Europe Backs Web Privacy Fights, New York Times, August 9, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/world/europe/10spain.html.




105


Ankit Singla et al., The Internet at theSpeed ofLight (ACM Press, 2014), https://doi.org/10.1145/2670518.2673876; Taylor Hatmaker, There Could Soon Be Wi-Fi That Moves at theSpeed ofLight, Daily Dot, July 14, 2014, https://www.dailydot.com/debug/sisoft-li-fi-vlc-10gbps.




106


Google Spain SL v. Agencia Espa?ola de Proteccin de Datos (Case C-131/12 (May 13, 2014), Harvard Law Review 128, no. 2 (2014): 735.




107


Google Spain, 2014E.C.R. 317, 8081.




108


Paul M.Schwartz andKarl-Nikolaus Peifer, Transatlantic Data Privacy, Georgetown Law Journal 106, no. 115 (2017): 131, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3066971. Afew of the many excellent analyses of the right to be forgotten include Dawn Nunziato, Forget About It? Harmonizing European andAmerican Protections forPrivacy, Free Speech, andDue Process (GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper, George Washington University, January 1, 2015), http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1295; Jeffrey Rosen, The Right toBe Forgotten, Stanford Law Review Online 64 (2012): 88; The Right toBe Forgotten (Google v.Spain), EPIC.org, October 30, 2016, https://epic.org/privacy/right-to-be-forgotten; Ambrose Jones, Meg Leta, andJef Ausloos, The Right toBe Forgotten Across thePond, Journal ofInformation Policy 3 (2012): 123; Hans Graux, Jef Ausloos, andPeggy Valcke, The Right toBe Forgotten in theInternet Era, Interdisciplinary Centre forLaw andICT, November 12, 2012, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/256039959_The_Right_to_Be_Forgotten_in_the_Internet_Era; Franz Werro, The Right toInform v. theRight toBe Forgotten: ATransatlantic Clash, Liability in theThird Millennium, May 2009, 285300; Google Spain SL v. Agencia Espa?ola de Proteccin de Datos.   . : Anita L.Allen andMarc Rotenberg, Privacy Law andSociety, 3rd ed. (St.Paul: West, 2016), 15201552.




109


Judgement inCase C-131/12: Google Spain SL, Google Inc. vAgencia Espa?ola de Proteccin de Datos, Mario Costeja Gonzlez (Court ofJustice of theEuropean Union, May 13, 2014), https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-05/cp140070en.pdf.




110


Federico Fabbrini, The EU Charter ofFundamental Rights and theRights toData Privacy: TheEU Court ofJustice as aHuman Rights Court, inTheEU Charter ofFundamental Rights as aBinding Instrument: Five Years Old andGrowing, ed. Sybe de Vries, Ulf Burnitz, andStephen Weatherill (Oxford: Hart, 2015), 2122.




111


        . : Anupam Chander andUy?n L?, The Free Speech Foundations ofCyberlaw (UCDavis Legal Studies Research Paper 351, September 2013, School ofLaw, University ofCalifornia, Davis).




112


Henry Blodget, Hey, Europe, Forget theRight toBe Forgotten Your New Google Ruling Is Nuts! Business Insider, May 14, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-google-ruling-2014-5.




113


Greg Sterling, Google Co-Founder Sergey Brin: I Wish I Could Forget theRight toBe Forgotten, Search Engine Land, May 28, 2014, http://searchengineland.com/ google-co-founder-brin-wish-forget-right-forgotten-192648.




114


Richard Waters, Googles Larry Page Resists Secrecy but Accepts Privacy Concerns, Financial Times, May 30, 2014, https://www.ft.com/content/f3b127ea-e708-11e3-88be-00144feabdc0.




115


James Vincent, Google Chief Eric Schmidt Says Right toBe Forgotten Ruling Has Got theBalance Wrong, Independent, May 15, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-chief-eric-schmidt-says-right-to-be-forgotten-ruling-has-got-the-balance-wrong-9377231.html.




116


Pete Brodnitz et al., Beyond theBeltway February 2627 Voter Poll, Beyond theBeltway Insights Initiative, February 27, 2015, http://web.archive.org/web/20160326035834/http://beltway.bsgco.com/about; Mary Madden andLee Rainie, Americans Attitudes About Privacy, Security andSurveillance, PewResearchCenter (blog), May 20, 2015, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/05/20/americans-attitudes-about-privacy-security-and-surveillance.  ,   Software Advice, , 61%  ,      -  , 39%               ,       . ,  YouGov, , 55%    ,    ,     14%,     .  ,  Benenson Strategy Group SKDKnickerbocker,       , , 88%    (36%)  (52%)   ,        , Google, Yahoo! Bing,     ,     . .:Daniel Humphries, U.S.Attitudes Toward theRight toBe Forgotten, Software Advice, September 5, 2014, https://www.softwareadvice.com/security/industryview/right-to-be-forgotten-2014; Jake Gammon, Americans Would Support Right toBe Forgotten, YouGov, December 6, 2017, https://today.yougov.com/news/2014/06/02/americans-would-support-right-be-forgotten; Mario Trujillo, Public Wants Right toBe Forgotten Online, Hill, March 19, 2015, http://thehill.com/policy/technology/236246-poll-public-wants-right-to-be-forgotten-online.




117


Francis Collins, Vaccine Research: New Tactics forTackling HIV, NIH Directors Blog, June 30, 2015, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2015/06/30/vaccine-research-new-tactics-for-tackling-hiv; Liz Szabo, Scientists Making Progress on AIDS Vaccine, but Slowly, USAToday.com, August 8, 2012, http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-07-25/aids-vaccine/56485460/1.




118


Collins, Vaccine Research.




119


Szabo, Scientists Making Progress on AIDS Vaccine.




120


.:Mary Madden andLee Rainie, Americans Attitudes About Privacy, Security andSurveillance, PewResearchCenter (blog), May 20, 2015, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/05/20/americans-attitudes-about-privacy-security-and-surveillance.




121


. ..




122


.  : David A.Hounshell, From theAmerican System toMass Production, 18001932: TheDevelopment ofManufacturing Technology in theUnited States, 7th ed., Studies inIndustry andSociety 4 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).




123


.:Reinhard Bendix, Work andAuthority inIndustry: Ideologies ofManagement in theCourse ofIndustrialization (Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1974).




124


David Farber, Sloan Rules: Alfred P.Sloan and theTriumph ofGeneral Motors (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 2005); Henry Ford, My Life andWork (Garden City, NY: Ayer, 1922);  ,  ,   (: ,  , 2014).




125


Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Beyond Google andEvil: How Policy-Makers, Journalists, andConsumers Should Talk Differently About Google andPrivacy, First Monday, April 6, 2009.




126


Reed Albergotti et al., Employee Lawsuit Accuses Google ofSpying Program, Information, December 20, 2016, https://www.theinformation.com/employee-lawsuit-accuses-google-of-spying-program.




127


.:Steven Levy, In thePlex: How Google Thinks, Works, andShapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 116; Hal R.Varian, Biography ofHal R.Varian, UC Berkeley School ofInformation Management & Systems, October 3, 2017, http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/people/hal/biography.html; Economics According toGoogle, Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2007, http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2007/07/19/economics-according-to-google; Steven Levy, Secret ofGooglenomics: Data-Fueled Recipe Brews Profitability, Wired, May 22, 2009, http://archive.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-06/nep_googlenomics; Hal R.Varian, Beyond Big Data, Business Economics 49, no. 1 (2014): 2731.      Google   ,    ,   ,      Google        ,    .         Ford.                  Ford.    Ford    ,           .    ,   , ,               ,    .      Google 2007.,      .      , 2002.       ,   ,  , ,     .  2007.  Wall Street Journal      Google,  ,       ,   ,     ⠄,   ,  ,   .    Google     ,   ,        :         .   ,  ,     ,              ,     Google:   ,    .  ,     ,       Google.         ,  , :     Google  ,             .    ,            ,     .




128


Hal R.Varian, Computer Mediated Transactions, American Economic Review 100, no. 2 (2010): 110; Varian, Beyond Big Data.  ,  2010.,         ..  ,  ,         ,   .




129


Varian, Beyond Big Data, 27.




130


Machine Intelligence, Research atGoogle, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20180427114330/https://research.google.com/pubs/MachineIntelligence.html.




131


Ellen Meiksins Wood, TheOrigin ofCapitalism: ALonger View (London: Verso, 2002), 125.




132


Wood, TheOrigin ofCapitalism, 76, 93.




133


Levy, In thePlex, 46; Jennifer Lee, Postcards from Planet Google, New York Times, November 28, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/28/technology/circuits/28goog.html.




134


Kenneth Cukier, Data, Data Everywhere, Economist, February 25, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/15557443.




135


Levy, In thePlex, 4648.




136


Google Receives $25 Million inEquity Funding, Google News, July 7, 1999, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/1999/06/google-receives-25-million-inequity.html.




137


Hal R.Varian, Big Data: New Tricks forEconometrics, Journal ofEconomic Perspectives 28, no. 2 (2014): 113.




138


Sergey Brin andLawrence Page, The Anatomy of aLarge-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, Computer Networks andISDN Systems 30, nos. 17 (1998): 18.




139


NEC Selects Google toProvide Search Services on Japans Leading BIGLOBE Portal Site, Google Press, December 18, 2000, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/12/nec-selects-google-to-provide-search.html; Yahoo! Selects Google as Its Default Search Engine Provider, Google Press, June 26, 2000, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html.




140


Wood, TheOrigin ofCapitalism, 125.             .




141


Scarlet Pruitt, Search Engines Sued Over Pay-for-Placement, CNN.com, February4, 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/internet/02/04/search.engine.lawsuit.idg/index.html.




142


Saul Hansell, Googles Toughest Search Is for aBusiness Model, New York Times, April8, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/08/business/googles-toughest-search-is-for-a-business-model.html.




143


Elliot Zaret, Can Googles Search Engine Find Profits? ZDNet, June14, 1999, http://www.zdnet.com/article/can-googles-searchengine-find-profits.




144


John Greenwald, Doom Stalks theDotcoms, Time, April 17, 2000.




145


Alex Berenson andPatrick McGeehan, Amid theStock Markets Losses, aSense theGame Has Changed, New York Times, April 16, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/16/business/amid-the-stock-market-s-losses-a-sense-the-game-has-changed.html; Laura Holson andSaul Hansell, The Maniac Markets: TheMaking of aMarket Bubble, New York Times, April 23, 2000.




146


Ken Auletta, Googled: TheEnd of theWorld as We Know It (New York: Penguin, 2010).




147


Levy, In thePlex, 83.




148


Michel Ferrary andMark Granovetter, The Role ofVenture Capital Firms inSilicon Valleys Complex Innovation Network, Economy andSociety 38, no. 2 (2009): 347348, https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140902786827.




149


Dave Valliere andRein Peterson, Inflating theBubble: Examining Dot-Com Investor Behaviour, Venture Capital 6, no. 1 (2004): 122.




150


Valliere andPeterson, Inflating theBubble, 1718. . : Udayan Gupta, ed., Done Deals: Venture Capitalists Tell Their Stories (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000), 170171, 190. Junfu Zhang, Access toVenture Capital and thePerformance ofVenture-Backed Startups inSilicon Valley, Economic Development Quarterly 21, no. 2 (2007): 124147.




151


   -  ,   , 12,5%       2001.,   7,3%    ,      4,2%     ,   ,     .




152


Zhang, Access toVenture Capital, 124147.




153


Patricia Leigh Brown, Teaching Johnny Values Where Money Is King, New York Times, March 10, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/10/us/teaching-johnny-values-where-money-is-king.html.




154


Kara Swisher, Dot-Com Bubble Has Burst; Will Things Worsen in2001? Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2000, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB9770911 8336535099.




155


S.Humphreys, Legalizing Lawlessness: On Giorgio Agambens State ofException, European Journal ofInternational Law 17, no. 3 (2006): 677687, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chl020.




156


Levy, In thePlex, 8385.




157


Ibid., 8687 ( . ..).




158


Lee, Postcards.




159


Ibid.




160


Ibid.




161


Auletta, Googled.




162


John Markoff andG.Pascal Zachary, In Searching theWeb, Google Finds Riches, New York Times, April 13, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/13/business/in-searching-the-web-google-finds-riches.html.




163


Peter Coy, The Secret toGoogles Success, Bloomberg.com, March 6, 2006, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2006-03-05/the-secret-to-googles-success ( . ..).




164


., ,      ,  Google    : Krishna Bharat, Stephen Lawrence, andMehran Sahami, Generating user information for use in targeted advertising, US9235849 B2, filed December 31, 2003, and issued January 12, 2016, http://www.google.com/patents/US9235849; Jacob Samuels Burnim, System and method for targeting advertisements or other information using user geographical information, US7949714 B1, filed December 5, 2005, and issued May24, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/US7949714; Alexander P.Carobus et al., Content-targeted advertising using collected user behavior data, US20140337128A1, filed July25, 2014, and issued November 13, 2014, http://www.google.com/patents/US20140337128; Jeffrey Dean, Georges Harik, andPaul Buchheit, Methods and apparatus for serving relevant advertisements, US20040059708 A1, filed December6, 2002, and issued March 25, 2004, http://www.google.com/patents/US20040059708; Jeffrey Dean, Georges Harik, andPaul Buchheit, Serving advertisements using information associated with e-mail, US20040059712 A1, filed June2, 2003, and issued March 25, 2004, http://www.google.com/patents/US20040059712; Andrew Fikes, Ross Koningstein, andJohn Bauer, System and method for automatically targeting web-based advertisements, US8041601B2, issued October 18, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/US8041601; Georges R.Harik, Generating information for online advertisements from internet data and traditional media data, US8438154 B2, filed September 29, 2003, and issued May 7, 2013, http://www.google.com/patents/US8438154; Georges R.Harik, Serving advertisements using a search of advertiser web information, US7647299 B2, filed June 30, 2003, and issued January 12, 2010, http://www.google.com/patents/US7647299; Rob Kniaz, Abhinay Sharma, andKai Chen, Syndicated trackable ad content, US7996777 B2, issued August 9, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/US7996777; Method of delivery, targeting, and measuring advertising over networks, USRE44724 E1, filed May 24, 2000, and issued January 21, 2014, http://www.google.com/patents/USRE44724.




165


  ,     (Generating user information for use in targeted advertising),        ,    .




166


Bharat, Lawrence, andSahami, Generating user information.




167


Ibid., 11.




168


Ibid., 1112.




169


Ibid., 15 ( . ..).




170


Ibid.




171


Ibid., 18.




172


Ibid., 12.




173


Ibid. ( . ..).




174


    , ,     ,        . .:Laura Brandimarte, Alessandro Acquisti, andGeorge Loewenstein, Misplaced Confidences: Privacy and theControl Paradox, Social Psychological andPersonality Science 4, no. 3 (2010): 340347.




175


Bharat, Lawrence, andSahami, Generating user information, 17 ( . ..).




176


Ibid., 1617.       (,  ,   ..)   - (     );  ,  ,  ,    (/    );    ,     ,  /     ;    (  ), / /  ;  ;   ;    .




177


Ibid., 13.




178


Douglas Edwards, Im Feeling Lucky (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 268.




179


Levy, In thePlex, 101.




180


         /  . .:Eric Schmidt andJonathan Rosenberg, How Google Works, interview byComputer History Museum, October 15, 2014, https://youtu.be/3tNpYpcU5s4?t=3287.




181


., .: Edwards, Im Feeling Lucky, 264270.




182


.:Levy, In thePlex, 13, 32, 35, 105106; John Battelle, TheSearch: How Google andIts Rivals Rewrote theRules ofBusiness andTransformed Our Culture (New York: Portfolio, 2006), 6566, 74, 82; Auletta, Googled.




183


.:Levy, In thePlex, 94.




184


Humphreys, Legalizing Lawlessness.




185


Michael Moritz, Much Ventured, Much Gained, interview, Foreign Affairs, February 2015, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/interviews/2014-12-15/much-ventured-much-gained.




186


Hounshell, From theAmerican System, 247248.




187


Ibid., 10.




188


Richard S.Tedlow, Giants ofEnterprise: Seven Business Innovators and theEmpires They Built (New York: HarperBusiness, 2003), 15960; Donald Finlay Davis, Conspicuous Production: Automobiles andElites inDetroit 18991933(Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1989), 122.




189


David M.Kristol, HTTP Cookies: Standards, Privacy, andPolitics, ArXiv: Cs/0105018, May 9, 2001, http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0105018.




190


Richard M.Smith, The Web Bug FAQ, Electronic Frontier Foundation, November11, 1999, https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/Marketing/web_bug.html.




191


Kristol, HTTP Cookies, 916; Richard Thieme, Uncompromising Position: AnInterview About Privacy with Richard Smith, Thiemeworks, January 2, 2000, http://www.thiemeworks.com/an-interview-with-richard-smith.




192


Kristol, HTTP Cookies, 1315.




193


Amendment no. 9toForm S-1 Registration Statement Under theSecurities Act of1933forGoogle Inc., Securities andExchange Commission, August 18, 2004, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312512025336/d260164d10k.htm.




194


Henry Ford, Mass Production, Encyclopedia Britannica (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1926), 821, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/coolbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(amrlg+lg48)).




195


.:Levy, In thePlex, 69.




196


Edwards, Im Feeling Lucky, 340345.




197


Battelle, TheSearch.




198


Levy, In thePlex, 69.




199


.:Hansell, Googles Toughest Search.




200


.:Markoff andZachary, In Searching theWeb.




201


William O.Douglas, Dissenting Statement ofJustice Douglas, Regarding Warden v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294 (US Supreme Court, April 12, 1967), https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/387/294; Nita A.Farahany, Searching Secrets, University ofPennsylvania Law Review 160, no. 5 (2012): 1271.




202


George Orwell, Politics and theEnglish Language (Peterborough: Broadview, 2006);  ,  . , ,  (:    , 2003), 356.




203


          Economist: Google  ,      ,   ,           . Clicking forGold, Economist, February 25, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/15557431.




204


Valliere andPeterson, Inflating theBubble, 122.




205


.:Lev Grossman, Exclusive: Inside Facebooks Plan toWire theWorld, Time.com (blog), December 2015, http://time.com/facebook-world-plan.




206


David Kirkpatrick, TheFacebook Effect: TheInside Story of theCompany That Is Connecting theWorld (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 257.




207


Kirkpatrick, TheFacebook Effect, 80; Auletta, Googled.




208


.:Auletta, Googled.




209


Kirkpatrick, TheFacebook Effect, 266.




210


Selected Financial Data forAlphabet Inc., Form 10-K, Commission File, United States Securities andExchange Commission, December 31, 2016, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204417000008/goog10-kq42016.htm#s58C60B74D56A630AD6EA2B64F53BD90C.      Google   89,5 .    20%,       0,8 .   82%.     Google  79383000000., 88,73%    Google.




211


Google Search Statistics  Internet Live Stats, Internet Live Stats, September20, 2017, http://www.internetlivestats.com/google-search-statistics; Greg Sterling, Data: Google Monthly Search Volume Dwarfs Rivals Because ofMobile Advantage, Search Engine Land, February 9, 2017, http://searchengineland.com/data-google-monthly-search-volume-dwarfs-rivals-mobile-advantage-269120.   76%       96%        87 95%    .




212


Roben Farzad, Google at$400 Billion: ANew no. 2inMarket Cap, BusinessWeek, February 12, 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-12/google-at-400-billion-a-new-no-dot-2-in-market-cap.




213


Largest Companies byMarket Cap Today, Dogs of theDow, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20180701094340/http://dogsofthedow.com/largest-companies-by-market-cap.htm.




214


Jean-Charles Rochet andJean Tirole, Two-Sided Markets: AProgress Report, RAND Journal ofEconomics 37, no. 3 (2006): 645667.




215


        - . : Katherine J.Strandburg, Free Fall: TheOnline Markets Consumer Preference Disconnect (working paper, New York University Law andEconomics, October 1, 2013).




216


Kevin Kelly, The Three Breakthroughs That Have Finally Unleashed AI on theWorld, Wired, October 27, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-intelligence.




217


Xiaoliang Ling et al., Model Ensemble forClick Prediction inBing Search Ads, inProceedings of the26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion, 68998, https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054192.




218


Ruoxi Wang et al., Deep & Cross Network forAd Click Predictions, ArXiv: 1708.05123 [Computer Science. Learning], August 16, 2017, http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.05123.




219


. ..




220


.:Steven Levy, Secret ofGooglenomics: Data-Fueled Recipe Brews Profitability, Wired, May 22, 2009, http://archive.wired.com/culture/culture reviews/magazine/17-06/nep_googlenomics.




221


Douglas Edwards, Im Feeling Lucky (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 291.




222


Karl Polanyi, TheGreat Transformation: ThePolitical andEconomic Origins ofOur Time, 2nd ed. (Boston: Beacon, 2001), 7576;  ,  :       (-: , 2002), 9697.




223


Karl Marx, Capital, 3rd ed. (New York: Penguin, 1992), Ch. 26;    , , 2- . . 23. (:   , 1960), . 24.




224


Hannah Arendt, TheOrigins ofTotalitarianism (New York: Schocken, 2004), 198;  ,   (: , 1996), 216217.




225


Michael J.Sandel, What Money Cant Buy: TheMoral Limits ofMarkets (New York: Farrar, Straus andGiroux, 2013);  ,     .     (: ,  , 2013).




226


David Harvey, TheNew Imperialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 153.




227


Sergey Brin, 2004Founders IPO Letter, Google, https://abc.xyz/investor/founders-letters/2004.




228


Cato Institute, Eric Schmidt Google/Cato Interview, YouTube, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH3vjTz8OII.




229


Nick Summers, Why Google Is Issuing aNew Kind ofToothless Stock, Bloomberg.com, April 3, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-03/why-google-is-issuing-c-shares-a-new-kind-of-powerless-stock.           ,  180       ,  ,   551 ,       .




230


Eric Lam, New Google Share Classes Issued as Founders Cement Grip, Bloomberg.com, April 3, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-03/new-google-shares-hit-market-as-founders-cement-grip-with-split.




231


Tess Townsend, Alphabet Shareholders Want More Voting Rights but Larry andSergey Dont Want It That Way, Recode, June 13, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/6/13/15788892/alphabet-shareholder-proposals-fair-shares-counted-equally-no-supervote.




232


Ronald W.Masulis, Cong Wang, andFei Xie, Agency Problems atDual-Class Companies, Journal ofFinance 64, no. 4 (2009): 16971727, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15406261.2009.01477.x; Randall Smith, One Share, One Vote? Wall Street Journal, October 28, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203911804576653591322367506.  2017.     Snap    ,      70% ;       . .:Maureen Farrell, In Snap IPO, New Investors toGet Zero Votes, While Founders Keep Control, Wall Street Journal, January17, 2017, http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-snap-ipo-new-investors-to-get-zero-votes-while-founders-keep-control-148 4568034.    IPO   ,         (3010000)  ,    . .:Alfred Lee, Where Supervoting Rights Go to theExtreme, Information, March 22, 2016.




233


Power Play: How Zuckerberg Wrested Control ofFacebook from His Shareholders, VentureBeat (blog), February 2, 2012, https://venturebeat.com/2012/02/01/zuck-power-play.




234


Spencer Feldman, IPOs in2016Increasingly Include Dual-Class Shareholder Voting Rights, Securities Regulation & Law Report, 47 SRLR 1342, July 4, 2016; R.C.Anderson, E.Ottolenghi, andD.M.Reeb, The Extreme Control Choice, paper presented attheResearch Workshop on Family Business, Lehigh University, 2017.




235


Adam Hayes, Facebooks Most Important Acquisitions, Investopedia, February 11, 2015, http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/021115/facebooks-most-important-acquisitions.asp; Rani Molla, Google Parent Company Alphabet Has Made theMost AI Acquisitions, Recode, May 19, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/5/19/15657758/google-artificial-intelligence-ai-investments; The Race forAI: Google, Baidu, Intel, Apple in aRush toGrab Artificial Intelligence Startups, CB Insights Research, July 21, 2017, http://www.cbinsights.com/research/top-acquirers-ai-startups-ma-timeline.




236


Schmidt: We Paid $1 Billion Premium forYouTube, CNET, March 27, 2018, https://www.cnet.com/news/schmidt-we-paid-1-billion-premium-for-youtube.




237


Adrian Covert, Facebook Buys WhatsApp for$19 Billion, CNNMoney, February19, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/19/technology/social/facebook-whatsapp/ index.html.




238


Tim Fernholz, How Mark Zuckerbergs Control ofFacebook Lets Him Print Money, Quartz (blog), March 27, 2014, https://qz.com/192779/how-mark-zuckerbergs-control-of-facebook-lets-him-print-money.




239


Duncan Robinson, Facebook Faces EU Fine Over WhatsApp Data-Sharing, Financial Times, December 20, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/f652746c-c6a4-11e6-9043-7e34c07b46ef; Tim Adams, Margrethe Vestager: We Are Doing This Because People Are Angry, Observer, September 17, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/17/margrethe-vestager-people-feel-angry-about-tax-avoidance-european-competition-commissioner; WhatsApp FAQHow Do I Choose Not toShare My Account Information with Facebook toImprove My Facebook Ads andProducts Experiences? WhatsApp.com, August 28, 2016, https://www.whatsapp.com/faq/general/26000016.




240


Eric Schmidt andJared Cohen, TheNew Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, andOur Lives (New York: Vintage, 2014);    ,   .     ,      (: ,  , 2013).




241


Arendt, TheOrigins ofTotalitarianism, 183; ,  , 202.




242


Vinod Khosla, Fireside Chat with Google Co-Founders, Larry Page andSergey Brin, Khosla Ventures, July 3, 2014, http://www.khoslaventures.com/fireside-chat-with-google-co-founders-larry-page-and-sergey-brin.




243


Holman W.Jenkins, Google and theSearch for theFuture, Wall Street Journal, August 14, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704901104575423294099527212.




244


.:Lillian Cunningham, Googles Eric Schmidt Expounds on His Senate Testimony, Washington Post, September 30, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-leadership/googles-eric-schmidt-expounds-on-his-senate-testimony/2011/09/30/gIQAPyVgCL_story.html.




245


Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, Eric Schmidt toWorld Leaders atEG8: Dont Regulate Us, orElse, Business Insider, May 24, 2011, http://www.businessinsider.com/eric-schmidt-google-eg8-2011-5.




246


.:Jay Yarow, Google CEO Larry Page Wants aTotally Separate World Where Tech Companies Can Conduct Experiments on People, Business Insider, May16, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/google-ceo-larry-page-wants-a-place-for-experiments-2013-5.




247


Conor Dougherty, Tech Companies Take Their Legislative Concerns to theStates, New York Times, May 27, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/technology/tech-companies-take-their-legislative-concerns-to-the-states.html; Tim Bradshaw, Google Hits Out atSelf-Driving Car Rules, Financial Times, December 18, 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d4afee02-a517-11e5-97e1-a754d5d9538c.html?ftcamp=crm/email/20151217/nbe/InTodaysFT/product#axzz3ufyqWRo2; Jon Brodkin, Google andFacebook Lobbyists Try toStop New Online Privacy Protections, Ars Technica, May 24, 2017, https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/05/google-and-facebook-lobbyists-try-to-stop-new-online-privacy-protections.




248


Robert H.Wiebe, TheSearch forOrder: 18771920(New York: Hill andWang, 1967), 135137.     ,    ,         ,        ,        ,       蠫.    XIX,            ,        ,        .         ,    ,     , ࠫ  .       ,    .        ꠫      .




249


David Nasaw, Gilded Age Gospels, inRuling America: AHistory ofWealth andPower in aDemocracy, ed. Steve Fraser andGary Gerstle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 124125.




250


Nasaw, Gilded Age, 132.




251


Ibid., 146.




252


Lawrence M.Friedman, American Law in the20th Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 1528.




253


Nasaw, Gilded Age, 148.




254


    : Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Federal Trade Commission: Privacy Law andPolicy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016); Julie E.Cohen, The Regulatory State in theInformation Age, Theoretical Inquiries inLaw 17, no. 2 (2016), http://www7.tau.ac.il/ojs/index.php/til/article/view/1425.




255


Jodi L.Short, The Paranoid Style inRegulatory Reform, Hastings Law Journal63 (January 12, 2011): 633.




256


     : Steve Fraser andGary Gerstle, eds., TheRise andFall of theNew Deal Order 19301980(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).




257


Alan Brinkley, Liberalism andIts Discontents (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).




258


Short, The Paranoid Style, 4446.




259


Short, The Paranoid Style, 5253.      ,  1980- .       ,    , ,       .         ,       : (1)             ; (2)    ,          , ࠫ ; (3)   , ꠫      ,   ,  ,   ; (4)                  . ,   ,          ,  ,   ⠫  ,         ,      . .:Philip Mirowski, Never Let aSerious Crisis Go toWaste: How Neoliberalism Survived theFinancial Meltdown (London: Verso, 2013). . : Wendy Brown, Undoing theDemos: Neoliberalisms Stealth Revolution (New York: Zone Books, 2015); David M.Kotz, TheRise andFall ofNeoliberal Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 166175.




260


Frank A.Pasquale, Privacy, Antitrust, andPower, George Mason Law Review 20, no. 4 (2013): 10091024.




261


      ,  -        .       : Andrew Tutt, The New Speech, Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 41 (July 17, 2013): 235; Richard Hasen, Cheap Speech andWhat It Has Done (to American Democracy), First Amendment Law Review 16 (January 1, 2017), http://scholarship.law.uci.edu/faculty_scholarship/660; Dawn Nunziato, With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility: Proposed Principles ofDigital Due Process forICT Companies (GWU Law School Public Law research paper, George Washington University, January 1, 2013), http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1293; Tim Wu, Machine Speech, University ofPennsylvania Law Review 161, no. 6 (2013): 1495; Dawn Nunziato, Forget About It? Harmonizing European andAmerican Protections forPrivacy, Free Speech, andDue Process (GWU Law School Public Law research paper, George Washington University, January 1, 2015), http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1295; Marvin Ammori, The New New York Times: Free Speech Lawyering in theAge ofGoogle andTwitter, Harvard Law Review 127 (June 20, 2014): 225995; Jon Hanson andRonald Chen, The Illusion ofLaw: TheLegitimating Schemas ofModern Policy andCorporate Law, Legitimating Schemas ofModern Policy andCorporate Law 103, no. 1 (2004): 1149.




262


Steven J.Heyman, The Third Annual C.Edwin Baker Lecture forLiberty, Equality, andDemocracy: TheConservative-Libertarian Turn inFirst Amendment Jurisprudence (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, October 8, 2014), 300, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2497190.




263


Heyman, The Third Annual C.Edwin Baker Lecture, 277; Andrew Tutt, TheNew Speech.




264


Daniel J.H.Greenwood, Neofederalism: TheSurprising Foundations ofCorporate Constitutional Rights, University ofIllinois Law Review 163 (2017): 166, 221.




265


Frank A.Pasquale, The Automated Public Sphere (Legal Studies research paper, University ofMaryland, November10, 2017).




266


Ammori, The New New York Times, 22592260.




267


Adam Winkler, We theCorporations (New York: W.W.Norton, 2018), xxi.




268


Section 230of theCommunications Decency Act, Electronic Frontier Foundation, n.d., https://www.eff.org/issues/cda230.




269


Christopher Zara, The Most Important Law inTech Has aProblem, Wired, January 3, 2017.




270


David S.Ardia, Free Speech Savior orShield forScoundrels: AnEmpirical Study ofIntermediary Immunity Under Section 230of theCommunications Decency Act (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, June 16, 2010), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1625820.




271


Paul Ehrlich, Communications Decency Act 230, Berkeley Technology Law Journal 17 (2002): 404.




272


Ardia, Free Speech Savior orShield forScoundrels.




273


.:Zara, The Most Important Law inTech.




274


Ibid.




275


David Lyon, Surveillance After September 11, Themes for the21st Century (Malden, MA: Polity, 2003), 7; Jennifer Evans, Hijacking Civil Liberties: TheUSA Patriot Act of2001, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 33, no. 4 (2002): 933; Paul T.Jaeger, John Carlo Bertot, andCharles R.McClure, The Impact of theUSA Patriot Act on Collection andAnalysis ofPersonal Information Under theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Government Information Quarterly 20, no. 3 (2003): 295314.




276


    ,     ,   1970- .,      ,       (Fair Credit Reporting Act) 1970.     (Fair Information Practices Principles) 1973.            1980.,  1998        . .:Peter Swire, The Second Wave ofGlobal Privacy Protection: Symposium Introduction, Ohio State Law Journal 74, no. 6 (2013): 84243; Peter P.Swire, Privacy andInformation Sharing in theWar on Terrorism, Villanova Law Review 51, no. 4 (2006): 951; Ibrahim Altaweel, Nathaniel Good, andChris Jay Hoofnagle, Web Privacy Census, Technology Science, December 15, 2015, https://techscience.org/a/2015121502.




277


Swire, Privacy andInformation Sharing, 951; Swire, The Second Wave; Hoofnagle, Federal Trade Commission; Brody Mullins, Rolfe Winkler, andBrent Kendall, FTC Staff Wanted toSue Google, Wall Street Journal, March 20, 2015; Daniel J.Solove andWoodrow Hartzog, The FTC and theNew Common Law ofPrivacy, Columbia Law Review 114, no. 3 (2014): 583676; Brian Fung, The FTC Was Built 100 Years Ago toFight Monopolists. Now, Its Washingtons Most Powerful Technology Cop, Washington Post, September 25, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/09/25/the-ftc-was-built-100-years-ago-to-fight-monopolists-now-its-washingtons-most-powerful-technology-cop; Stephen Labaton, The Regulatory Signals Shift; F.T.C.Serves as Case Study ofDifferences Under Bush, New York Times, June 12, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/12/business/the-regulatory-signals-shift-ftc-serves-as-case-study-of-differences-under-bush.html; Tanzina Vega andEdward Wyatt, U.S.Agency Seeks Tougher Consumer Privacy Rules, New York Times, March 26, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/business/ftc-seeks-privacy-legislation.html.




278


Robert Pitofsky et al., Privacy Online: Fair Information Practices in theElectronic Marketplace: AFederal Trade Commission Report toCongress, Federal Trade Commission, May 1, 2000, 35, https://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy-online-fair-information-practices-electronic-marketplace-federal-trade-commission.




279


Pitofsky et al., Privacy Online, 3637.                -,   ,  ,             (Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, COPPA).      ,     ,          ,              (Administrative Procedure Act),       .    -,  -    ,       ,   ,      COPPA,         : (1) . -     ,         ,     ,    ,     (,     , ,   cookie),    ,       ,  ,              - . (2) . -           ,    ,      (,   ).         (,    ),      (,     ). (3) . -    ,   ,     ,   -,  ,   ,        . (4) . -            .




280


Swire, The Second Wave, 845.




281


Paul M.Schwartz, Systematic Government Access toPrivate-Sector Data inGermany, International Data Privacy Law 2, no. 4 (2012): 289, 296; Ian Brown, Government Access toPrivate-Sector Data in theUnited Kingdom, International Data Privacy Law 2, no. 4 (2012): 230, 235; W.Gregory Voss, After Google Spain andCharlie Hebdo: TheContinuing Evolution ofEuropean Union Data Privacy Law in aTime ofChange, Business Lawyer 71, no. 1 (2015): 281; Mark Scott, Europe, Shaken byParis Attacks, Weighs Security with Privacy Rights, New York Times Bits Blog, September 18, 2015; Frank A.Pasquale, Privacy, Antitrust, andPower, George Mason Law Review 20, no. 4 (2013): 10091024; Alissa J.Rubin, Lawmakers inFrance Move toVastly Expand Surveillance, New York Times, May 5, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/world/europe/french-legislators-approve-sweeping-intelligence-bill.html; Georgina Prodham andMichael Nienaber, Merkel Urges Germans toPut Aside Fear ofBig Data, Reuters, June 9, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-technology-merkel/merkel-urges-germansto-put-aside-fear-of-big-data-idUSKBN0OP2EM 20150609.




282


Richard A.Clarke et al., TheNSA Report: Liberty andSecurity in aChanging World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 27, 29; Declan McCullagh, How 9/11 Attacks Reshaped U.S.Privacy Debate, CNET, September9, 2011, http://www.cnet.com/news/how-911-attacks-reshaped-u-s-privacy-debate.  ,      2013.,    ,    :  11           <>  ,    ,   ,   ,      ,      <>   :               ,      .




283


Hoofnagle, Federal Trade Commission, 158.




284


.:Andrea Peterson, Former NSA andCIA Director Says Terrorists Love Using Gmail, Washington Post, September 15, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/09/15/former-nsa-and-cia-director-says-terrorists-love-using-gmail.




285


Marc Rotenberg, Security andLiberty: Protecting Privacy, Preventing Terrorism, testimony before theNational Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon theUnited States, 2003.




286


Swire, The Second Wave, 846.




287


Hoofnagle, Federal Trade Commission, Chapter6.




288


Lyon, Surveillance After September 11, 15.




289


Richard Herbert Howe, Max Webers Elective Affinities: Sociology Within theBounds ofPure Reason, American Journal ofSociology 84, no. 2 (1978): 366385.




290


.:Joe Feuerherd, Total Information Awareness Imperils Civil Rights, Critics Say, National Catholic Reporter, November 29, 2002, http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2002d/112902/112902d.htm.




291


.:Matt Marshall, Spying on Startups, Mercury News, November 17, 2002.




292


Marshall, Spying on Startups.




293


Mark Williams Pontin, The Total Information Awareness Project Lives On, MIT Technology Review, April 26, 2006, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/405707/the-total-information-awareness-project-lives-on.




294


John Markoff, Taking Spying toHigher Level, Agencies Look forMore Ways toMine Data, New York Times, February 25, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/25/technology/25data.html.




295


Inside Google, Lost in theCloud: Google and theUS Government, Consumer Watchdog, January 2011, insidegoogle.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/01/GOOGGovfinal012411.pdf.




296


Nafeez Ahmed, How theCIA Made Google, Medium (blog), January 22, 2015, https://medium.com/insurge-intelligence/how-the-cia-made-google-e836451a959e.




297


Verne Kopytoff, Google Has Lots toDo with Intelligence, SFGate, March 30, 2008, http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Google-has-lots-to-do-with-intelligence-3221500.php.




298


Noah Shachtman, Exclusive: Google, CIA Invest inFuture ofWeb Monitoring, Wired, July 28, 2010, http://www.wired.com/2010/07/exclusive-google-cia.




299


Ryan Gallagher, The Surveillance Engine: How theNSA Built Its Own Secret Google, Intercept (blog), August 25, 2014, https://firstlook.org/theintercept/ 2014/08/25/icreach-nsa-cia-secret-google-crisscross-proton.




300


Robyn Winder andCharlie Speight, Untangling theWeb: AnIntroduction toInternet Research, National Security Agency Center forDigital Content, March 2013, http://www.governmentattic.org/8docs/UntanglingTheWeb-NSA_2007.pdf.




301


Richard ONeill, Seminar on Intelligence, Command, andControl (Cambridge, MA: Highlands Forums Press, 2001), http://www.pirp.harvard.edu/pubs_pdf/oneill/oneill-i01-3.pdf; Richard P.ONeill, The Highlands Forum Process, interview byOettinger, April 5, 2001.




302


Mary Anne Franks, Democratic Surveillance (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, November 2, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2863343.




303


Ahmed, How theCIA Made Google.




304


Stephanie A.DeVos, The Google-NSA Alliance: Developing Cybersecurity Policy atInternet Speed, Fordham Intellectual Property, Media andEntertainment Law Journal 21, no. 1 (2011): 173227.




305


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336


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355


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357


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360


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362


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363


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364


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365


Testimony ofBenjamin Edelman Presented Before theUnited States House ofRepresentatives Committee on theJudiciary Task Force on Competition Policy andAntitrust Laws, June 27, 2008; Brody Mullins, Rolfe Winkler, andBrent Kendall, Inside theU.S.Antitrust Probe ofGoogle, Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/inside-the-u-s-antitrust-probe-of-google-1426793274.




366


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367


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370


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371


Peter Fleischer, Street View andPrivacy, Google Lat Long, September 24, 2007, https://maps.googleblog.com/2007/09/streetview-and-privacy.html.




372


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373


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374


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375


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376


In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture, File No.: EB-10-IH-4055, NAL/Acct. No.: 201232080020, FRNs: 0010119691, 0014720239, Federal Communications Commission, April 13, 2012, 1213.




377


Kevin J.OBrien, Googles Data Collection Angers European Officials, New York Times, May 15, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/technology/16google.html; Commissioners FindingsPIPEDA Report ofFindings #2011-001: Report ofFindings: Google Inc. WiFi Data CollectionOffice of thePrivacy Commissioner ofCanada, June 6, 2011, https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-actions-and-decisions/investigations/investigations-into-businesses/2011/pipeda-2011-001; CNIL, Dlibration de La Commission Nationale de lInformatique et Des Liberts Decision no. 2011-035of theRestricted Committee Imposing aFinancial Penalty on theCompany Google Inc., 2011-035  (2011), https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCnil.do?&id =CNILTEXT000023733987; Final Findings, Dutch Data Protection Authority Investigation into theCollection ofWifi Data byGoogle Using Street View CarsZ2010-00582DDPA Decision, December 7, 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20130508060039/http://www.dutchdpa.nl/downloads_overig/en_pb_20110811_google_final_findings.pdf; Investigations ofGoogle Street View; Kevin J.OBrien, Europe Pushes Google toTurn Over Wi-Fi Data, New York Times, June 27, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/technology/28google.html.




378


In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture; OBrien, Googles Data Collection.




379


EPIC  -   ,        ,  ,   . .:Investigations ofGoogle Street View; Ben Joffe v.Google, EPIC.org, 2017, https://epic.org/amicus/google-street-view; FCC Investigation ofGoogle Street View, EPIC.org, 2017, https://www.epic.org/privacy/google/fcc_investi gation_of_google_st.html; Mark A.Chavez andMarc Rotenberg, Brief forAmicus Curiae: Electronic Privacy Information Center inSupport ofPlaintiffs  InRe Google Street View Electronic Communications Litigation, Case no. 5:10-Md-02184-JW, US District Court forNorthern District ofCalifornia San Jose Division, April 11, 2011, https://epic.org/privacy/streetview/EPICStreetviewAmicus.pdf.




380


.:Maija Palmer andLionel Barber, Google toHand Over Intercepted Data, Financial Times, June 3, 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/db664044-6f43-11df-9f43-00144feabdc0.html.




381


In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture.




382


Denis Howe, Wardriving, Dictionary.com, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/wardriving.




383


In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture, 11.




384


Ibid., 1112.




385


David Streitfeld, Google Concedes That Drive-By Prying Violated Privacy, New York Times, March 13, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/daily-report-google-concedes-that-drive-by-prying-violated-privacy.




386


David Streitfeld, Google Admits Street View Project Violated Privacy, New York Times, March 12, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/technology/google-pays-fine-over-streetview-privacy-breach.html.




387


In theMatter ofGoogle, Inc.: Notice ofApparent Liability forForfeiture, 11; Google toGive Governments Street View Data, New York Times, June 3, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/04/business/global/04google.html.




388


Alan Eustace, Creating Stronger Privacy Controls Inside Google, Google Public Policy Blog, October 22, 2010, https://publicpolicy.googleblog.com/2010/10/creating-stronger-privacy-controls.html.




389


Measures (Guidance) Concerning Protection ofSecrecy ofCommunication toGoogle Inc., Ministry ofInternal Affairs andCommunications, November 11, 2011, http://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01kiban08_02000056.html; Navigating Controversy: Google Launches Street View Germany, Spiegel Online, November 18, 2010, http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/navigating-controversy-google-launches-streetview-germany-a-729793.html; Matt McGee, Google Street View Debuts inGermany, Blurry Houses Included, Search Engine Land, November 1, 2010, http://searchengineland.com/google-street-view-germany-blurry-houses-included-54632.




390


Arne Gerhards, Fine Imposed upon Google, Hamburg Commissioner forData Protection andFreedom ofInformation, April 22, 2013, https://www.datenschutz-hamburg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/PressRelease_2013-04-22_Google-Wifi-Scanning.pdf.




391


Matt McGee, Google Has Stopped Street View Photography inGermany, Search Engine Land, April 10, 2011, http://searchengineland.com/google-has-stopped-street-view-photography-germany-72368.




392


Peter Fleischer, Street View inSwitzerland, Google Europe, November 13, 2009, https://europe.googleblog.com/2009/11/streetview-in-switzerland.html; Scott Capper, Google Faces Court Action Over Street View, Swissinfo.ch, November 16, 2009, http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/google-faces-court-action-over-street-view/7656246; Anita Greil andKatharina Bart, Swiss Court toRule on Google Street View, Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2011, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703408604576163770758984178; Frank Jordans, Google Threatens toShut Down Swiss Street View, Phys.org, May11, 2011, http://phys.org/news/2011-05-google-appeals-streetview-switzerland.html; Kevin J.OBrien andDavid Streitfeld, Swiss Court Orders Modifications toGoogle Street View, New York Times, June 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/09/technology/09iht-google09.html; Google Beefs Up Restricted Swiss Street View, swissinfo.ch, May 19, 2015, http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/eagle-eye_google-beefs-up-restricted-swiss-streetview/41439290.




393


        ,       ,     ,      .       .:New Developments Regarding Google Street View, Austrian Data Protection Agency, April 4, 2016, http://web.archive.org/web/20160404072538/https://www.dsb.gv.at/site/6733/default.aspx; Helena Smith Athens, Google Street View Banned from Greece, Guardian, May 12, 2009, https://www.the guardian.com/technology/2009/may/12/google-street-view-banned-greece; John Ribeiro, Google Street View inIndia Faces Challenges, PCWorld, May 26, 2011, http://www.pcworld.com/article/228713/article.html; Danuta Pavilenene, Google Street View Banned from Lithuanian Streets, Baltic Course, May 23, 2012, http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/Technology/?doc =57649.




394


Liz Gannes, Ten Years ofGoogle Maps, from Slashdot toGround Truth, Recode, February 8, 2015, http://www.recode.net/2015/2/8/11558788/ten-years-of-google-maps-from-slashdot-to-ground-truth.




395


Kashmir Hill, Googles Privacy Director Is Stepping Down, Forbes, April 1, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2013/04/01/googles-privacy-director-is-stepping-down/print; ScroogledTruth, ScroogledDr. Alma Whitten (Googles Privacy Engineering Lead) Before Congress, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTLEJsunCfI.




396


Steve Lohr andDavid Streitfeld, Engineer inGoogles Street View Is Identified, New York Times, April 30, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/ technology/engineerin-googles-street-view-is-identified.html; Farhad Manjoo, IsIt Time toStop Trusting Google? Slate, May 1, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2012/05/marius_milner_google_wi_fi_snooping_assessing_the_disturbing_fcc_report_on_the_company_s_street_view_program_.html; John V.Hanke et al., Asystem and method for transporting virtual objects in aparallel reality game, United States US8968099 B1, filed November 1, 2012, and issued March 3, 2015, https://patents.google.com/patent/ US8968099B1/en.




397


.:Alexis C.Madrigal, How Google Builds Its Maps  andWhat It Means for theFuture ofEverything, Atlantic, September 6, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/09/how-google-builds-its-maps-and-what-it-means-for-the-future-of-everything/261913.




398


Brian McClendon, Building aBetter Map ofEurope, Google Maps, December5, 2012, https://maps.googleblog.com/2012/12/building-better-map-of-europe.html.




399


TIGER Geodatabases, US Census Bureau, 2016, https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-geodatabases.html.




400


Madrigal, How Google Builds Its Maps ( . ..).




401


.:Gannes, Ten Years ofGoogle Maps.




402


Soufi Esmaeilzadeh, See Inside with Google Maps Business View, Google Lat Long, December 17, 2014, https://maps.googleblog.com/2014/12/see-inside-with-google-maps-business.html; Google Street ViewWhat It Takes toBe Trusted, Google Street View, November 10, 2016, https://www.google.com/streetview/earn; AboutGoogle Maps, Google Maps, November 10, 2016, https://www.google.com/maps/about/partners.




403


James Vincent, Skybox: Google Maps Goes Real-Timebut Would You Want aSpy in theSky Staring into Your Letter Box? Independent, June 21, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/skybox-google-maps-goes-real-time-but-would-you-want-a-spy-in-the-sky-staring-into-your-letter-box-9553934.html; DigitalGlobe Hosts U.S.Secretary ofCommerce Pritzker for aDiscussion on Commerce inColorado | Seeing aBetter WorldTM, DigitalGlobe Blog, June 25, 2014, http://blog.digitalglobe.com/2014/06/25/digitalglobehostsussecretarypritzker; Ellen Huet, Google Buys Skybox ImagingNot Just forIts Satellites, Forbes, June 10, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/06/10/google-buys-skybox-imaging-not-just-for-its-satellites.




404


Tom Warren, Google Just Showed Me theFuture ofIndoor Navigation, Verge, February 23, 2016, http://www.theverge.com/2016/2/23/11094020/google-lenovo-project-tango-indoor-navigation.




405


Sophia Lin, Making ofMaps: TheCornerstones, Google Maps, September 4, 2014, https://maps.googleblog.com/2014/09/making-of-maps-cornerstones.html.




406


Alistair Barr, Google Maps Guesses Where Youre Headed Now, Wall Street Journal (blog), January 13, 2016, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2016/01/13/google-maps-guesses-where-youre-headed-now.




407


Akshay Kannan, Introducing Nearby: ANew Way toDiscover theThings Around You, Official Android Blog, June 9, 2016, https://android.googleblog.com/2016/06/introducing-nearby-new-way-to-discover.html.




408


Kieren McCarthy, Delete Google Maps? Go Ahead, Says Google, Well Still Track You, Register, September 12, 2016, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/09/12/turn_off_location_services_go_ahead_says_google_well_still_track_you.




409


John B.Harley, TheNew Nature ofMaps: Essays in theHistory ofCartography, ed. Paul Laxton (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 5859.




410


.:Stephen Graves, Niantic Labs John Hanke on Alternate Reality Games and theFuture ofStorytelling, PC&Tech Authority, October 13, 2014.




411


David DiSalvo, The Banning ofGoogle Glass Begins (and They Arent Even Available Yet), Forbes, March 10, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2013/03/10/the-ban-on-google-glass-begins-and-they-arent-even-available-yet; David Streitfeld, Google Glass Picks Up Early Signal: Keep Out, New York Times, May 6, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/07/technology/personaltech/google-glass-picks-up-early-signal-keep-out.html.




412


Aaron Smith, U.S.Views ofTechnology and theFuture, Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech (blog), April 17, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/04/17/us-views-of-technology-and-the-future.




413


Drew FitzGerald, Now Google Glass Can Turn You into aLive Broadcast, Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/now-google-glass-can-turn-you-into-a-live-broadcast-1403653079.




414


.:Amir Efrati, Google Glass Privacy Worries Lawmakers, Wall Street Journal, May 17, 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014241278873247 67004578487661143483672.




415


Were Graduating from Google[x] Labs, Google, January 15, 2015, https://plus.google.com/app/basic/stream/z124trxirsruxvcdp23otv4qerfwghdhv04.




416


Alistair Barr, Google Glass Gets aNew Name andHires from Amazon, Wall Street Journal, September 16, 2015.




417


Fred OConnor, Google is Making Glass Ready forUsers, Says Schmidt, PCWorld, March 23, 2015, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2900632/google-is-making-glass-ready-for-users-says-schmidt.html; Looking Ahead forWhatsApp, WhatsApp (blog), August 25, 2016, https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000627/Looking-ahead-for-WhatsApp.




418


Alistair Barr, Googles Tough Search forNew Platforms on Display atI/O, Wall Street Journal, May 27, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-tough-search-for-new-platforms-on-display-at-i-o-1432748457.




419


Jay Kothari, A New Chapter forGlass, Team atX (blog), July 18, 2017, https://blog.x.company/a-new-chapter-for-glass-c7875d40bf24.




420


., .: Darrell Etherington, Google Glass Is Back with Hardware Focused on theEnterprise, TechCrunch (blog), July 18, 2017, http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/07/18/google-glass-is-back-with-hardware-focused-on-the-enterprise; Hayley Tsukayama, Google Will Stop Selling Glass to theGeneral Public, but Google Says theDevice Is Not Dead Yet, Washington Post, January 15, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/01/15/google-will-stop-selling-glass-to-the-general-public-but-google-says-the-device-is-not-dead-yet; Brid-Aine Parnell, NYPD Dons Google Tech Specs: Part Man. Part Machine. All Glasshole, Register, February 10, 2014, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/02/10/nypd_tests_google_glass.




421


Arnold Roosendaal, Facebook Tracks andTraces Everyone: Like This! (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, November 30, 2010), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1717563.




422


Jose Antonio Vargas, The Face ofFacebook, New Yorker, September 13, 2010, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/09/20/the-face-of-facebook.




423


Cynthia Ghazali, Facebook Keeps Tabs on Users Even After They Sign Off: Report, NY Daily News, November 18, 2011, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/facebook-tabs-users-sign-report-article-1.979848.




424


Amir Efrati, Like Button Follows Web Users, Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870428150457632944143299561. . : Emil Protalinski, Facebook Denies Cookie Tracking Allegations, ZDNet, October 3, 2011, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-denies-cookie-tracking-allegations/; Riva Richmond, As Like Buttons Spread, So Do Facebooks Tentacles, New York Times Bits Blog, September 27, 2011, https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/as-like-buttons-spread-so-do-facebooks-tentacles/; Julia Angwin, Its Complicated: Facebooks History ofTracking You, ProPublica, June 17, 2014, https://www.propublica.org/article/its-complicated-facebooks-history-of-tracking-you; Rainey Reitman, Facebooks Hotel California: Cross-Site Tracking and thePotential Impact on Digital Privacy Legislation, Electronic Frontier Foundation, October 10, 2011, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/10/facebook%E2%80%99s-hotel-california-cross-site-tracking-and-potential-impact-digital-privacy.




425


Asher Moses, Facebooks Privacy Lie: Aussie Exposes Tracking as New Patent Uncovered, TheSydney Morning Herald, October 4, 2011, https://www.smh.com.au/technology/facebooks-privacy-lie-aussie-exposes-tracking-as-new-patent-uncovered-20111004-1l61i.html.




426


Moses, Facebooks Privacy Lie; Emil Protalinski, Facebook Denies Cookie Tracking Allegations; Emil Protalinski, Facebook Fixes Cookie Behavior After Logging Out, ZDNet, September 27, 2011, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-fixes-cookie-behavior-after-logging-out/; Nik Cubrilovic, Facebook Fixes Logout Issue, Explains Cookies, New Web Order, September 27, 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20140701103652/https://www.nikcub.com/posts/face book-fixes-logout-issue-explains-cookies-2/.




427


Kent Matthew Schoen, Gregory Luc Dingle, andTimothy Kendall, Communicating information in asocial network system about activities from another domain, WO2011097624 A3, filed February 8, 2011, and issued September 22, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011097624A3.




428


Emil Protalinski, Facebook Denies Patent Is Used forTracking Logged-out Users, ZDNet, October 3, 2011, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-denies-patent-is-used-for-tracking-logged-out-users/. . : Michael Arrington, Facebook: Brutal Dishonesty, Uncrunched (blog), October 2, 2011, https://uncrunched.com/2011/10/01/brutal-dishonesty/.




429


       TheHill , Facebook         ,   ,       蠫    . Gautham Nagesh, Facebook toForm Its Own PAC toBack Political Candidates, TheHill, September 26, 2011, http://thehill.com/policy/technology/183951-facebook-forming-own-pac-to-back-candidates.




430


Facebook Settles FTC Charges That It Deceived Consumers byFailing toKeep Privacy Promises, Federal Trade Commission, November 29, 2011, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/pressreleases/2011/11/facebook-settles-ftc-charges-it-deceived-consumers-failing-keep.




431


FTC Facebook Settlement, Electronic Privacy Information Center, December 2009, https://epic.org/privacy/ftc/facebook/.




432


Facebook Settles FTC Charges That It Deceived Consumers. . : Emily Steel andApril Dembosky, Facebook Raises Fears with Ad Tracking, Financial Times, September 23, 2012, https://www.ft.com/content/6cc4cf0a-0584-11e2-9ebd-00144feabdc0.




433


Facebook Custom Audiences: Target Facebook Ads byEmail List, Jon Loomer Digital, September 24, 2012, https://www.jonloomer.com/2012/09/24/facebook-custom-audiences/.




434


Tom Simonite, Facebook Will Now Target Ads Based on What Its Like Buttons Saw You Do, MIT Technology Review, September 16, 2015, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/541351/facebooks-like-buttons-will-soon-track-your-web-browsing-to-target-ads; Cotton Delo, Facebook toUse Web Browsing History forAd Targeting, AdAge, June 12, 2014, http://adage.com/article/digital/facebook-web-browsing-history-ad-targeting/293656; Violet Blue, Facebook Turns User Tracking Bug into Data Mining Feature forAdvertisers, ZDNet, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-turns-user-tracking-bug-into-data-mining-feature-for-advertisers/.




435


Julia Angwin, Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking, ProPublica, October 21, 2016, https://www.propublica.org/article/google-has-quietly-dropped-ban-on-personally-identifiable-web-tracking; Jack Nicas, Privacy Groups Seek Regulatory Review ofGoogle Privacy Policy, Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/privacy-groups-seek-regulatory-review-of-google-privacy-policy-1482190366.




436


Ross Hunter, Farhad Zaman, andKennedy Liu, Global Top 100 Companies byMarket Capitalisation, IPO Center, Price Waterhouse Coopers, March 31, 2017, http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/audit-services/assets/pdf/global-top-100-companies-2017-final.pdf; Deborah Crawford et al., Facebook, Inc. (FB) Fourth Quarter andFull Year 2016Results Conference Call, February 1, 2017, https://s21.q4cdn.com/399680738/files/doc_financials/2016/Q4/Q416-Earnings-Transcript.pdf.




437


Julia Kollewe, Google andFacebook Bring inOne-Fifth ofGlobal Ad Revenue, Guardian, May 1, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/may/02/google-and-facebook-bring-in-one-fifth-of-global-ad-revenue; Paul Murphy, It Seems Google andFacebook Really Are Taking ALL theGrowth inAd Revenue, Financial Times, April 26, 2017, http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2017/04/26/2187891/it-seems-google-and-facebook-really-are-taking-all-the-growth-in-ad-revenue; Mathew Ingram, Google andFacebook Have Taken Over theDigital Ad Industry, Fortune, January 4, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/01/04/google-facebook-ad-industry.




438


Kara Swisher, Microsofts Point Man on SearchSatya NadellaSpeaks: Its aGame ofScale, AllThingsD (blog), August 4, 2009, http://allthingsd.com/20090804/microsofts-point-man-on-search-satya-nadella-speaks-its-a-game-of-scale.




439


Julie Bort, Satya Nadella Just Launched Microsoft into aNew $1.6Trillion Market, Business Insider, April 15, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/micro soft-launches-iot-cloud-2014-4.




440


Satya Nadella, A Data Culture forEveryone, Official Microsoft Blog, April 15, 2014, https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/04/15/a-data-culture-for-everyone.




441


Richard Qian, Understand Your World with Bing, Bing Blogs, March 21, 2013, http://blogs.bing.com/search/2013/03/21/understand-your-world-with-bing.


