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       Andersdenken digital. Das russische Internet als individueller Freiraum und / oder ?ffentlicher Gegenraum (20152018),     ()    -  (DFG),  SCHM 2378/ 51.







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     ,   ,    XX. ,     ,     ,    [5 -     : BallA. Imagining America: Influence and Images in Twentieth-Century Russia. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.].         ,    .  ,  ,       ,       .   ,            .   .  ,      :  ,          ,     1917       [6 - .  . . 34. .198.].      ,   1920-  ,     ,       ,    [7 -    1959,     ,        ,      .].        , , [8 -      ,     ,     .      ,        .]           .  ,        ,             [9 - BallA.Imagining America P.12.].           ,    ,         ,   .      ,    ,     ,    .

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          .              ,           [17 - , , 1955          ,      蠓  .      1955            ,     . (., , .., ..     //    , 06, 2018. .1888.)         -,   ,      , -,   ,  ,   ,           ,  NORC  IBM,  -          (HouseholderA.S. Digital Computers in Eastern Europe // Computers and Automation, 12, 1955. .10).    ,          1952 (Computerszene 1955. Heinz Nixdorf Museumsforum, 23.10.2020. https://blog.hnf.de/computerszene-1955/ (https://blog.hnf.de/computerszene-1955/)).    ,    , ,      (    )         (GoodmanS. The Origins of Digital Computing in Europe // Communications of the ACM, September 2003, Vol. 46, 9. P.2125).  ,                  .               ,  ,            ,   .].          ,           .   ,        . -,       ,         .  , ,     ,            .  ,      ,    ,     :      .          ,      1959.     ,    ,  -   1917.        :               .

        .    ENIAC,  , ,   ,    -    [18 - SternN. Herman Goldstine Interview // The Center for the History of Information Processing, 11August 1980. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/11299/107333/1/oh018hhg.pdf (http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/11299/107333/1/oh018hhg.pdf).].  ,    ,     ,       :  ,   ,          . , 1959,             IBM,         [19 - .  :    // , 13 2014. https://polymus.ru/ru/news/blogs/channels/8116-rossiyskie-deyateli-nauki-i-tehniki/8360/.].  ,          ,      1960-,  .

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      .     ,             ,       .    ,             (How Not to Network a Nation




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


                   (SconceJ.Haunted Media: Electronic Presence from Telegraphy to Television. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000).




2


MilnerG.Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music. Faber and Faber, 2009.




3


. .     . . .  . .:   ,    , 2019.




4


   ,  , , ,       ,            .  ,         ,           .        . -.   : , ,   ? //   , 4, 2016. https://www.nlobooks.ru/magazines/novoe_literaturnoe_obozrenie/140_nlo_4_2016/article/12048/ (https://www.nlobooks.ru/magazines/novoe_literaturnoe_obozrenie/140_nlo_4_2016/article/12048/).




5


    : BallA. Imagining America: Influence and Images in Twentieth-Century Russia. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.




6


.  . . 34. .198.




7


   1959,     ,        ,      .




8


     ,     ,     .      ,        .




9


BallA.Imagining America P.12.




10


.      //    , 3(1). .5071. 15 2013. http://cybertronica.de.com/sites/default/files/publications/Kernbach-UnconvResUSRR-ru.pdf (http://cybertronica.de.com/sites/default/files/publications/Kernbach-UnconvResUSRR-ru.pdf).  1.      




11


 XXI. .:  , 1963. .335.




12


  ,        , . NataleS., BalbiG. Media and the Imaginary in History: The Role of the Fantastic in Different Stages of Media Change // Media History. Issue 20, 2, 2014. P.203218.   ,           ,    ,        . , ,           .




13


..  :    . : -, 2010. .68.




14


        .  ,   ,       .       , , ,     --,      . (.    . :  ,  ..., 1995. .239).        , ,       1946,   ,   ,  ,   . (GerovitchS. Mathematical Machines of the Cold War: Soviet Computing, American Cybernetics and Ideological Disputes in the Early 1950s // Social Studies of Science, 31/2, April 2001. . 253287).




15


                .        ,   ,   .  1949,        ,      ,        -1.                 .                     (,  )   .




16


.     .182.




17


, , 1955          ,      蠓  .      1955            ,     . (., , .., ..     //    , 06, 2018. .1888.)         -,   ,      , -,   ,  ,   ,           ,  NORC  IBM,  -          (HouseholderA.S. Digital Computers in Eastern Europe // Computers and Automation, 12, 1955. .10).    ,          1952 (Computerszene 1955. Heinz Nixdorf Museumsforum, 23.10.2020. https://blog.hnf.de/computerszene-1955/ (https://blog.hnf.de/computerszene-1955/)).    ,    , ,      (    )         (GoodmanS. The Origins of Digital Computing in Europe // Communications of the ACM, September 2003, Vol. 46, 9. P.2125).  ,                  .               ,  ,            ,   .




18


SternN. Herman Goldstine Interview // The Center for the History of Information Processing, 11August 1980. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/11299/107333/1/oh018hhg.pdf (http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/11299/107333/1/oh018hhg.pdf).




19


.  :    // , 13 2014. https://polymus.ru/ru/news/blogs/channels/8116-rossiyskie-deyateli-nauki-i-tehniki/8360/.




20


 ,  ,   ,    ,         -1,      -13. .  -1-13(19501990). .: , 1998.




21


LavingtonS.Moving Targets: Elliott-Automation and the Dawn of the Computer Age in Britain, 194767. Springer Science & Business Media, 2011. P.457.




22


ICL Computers for the USSR. Central Intelligence Agency. FOIA Collection. 0000969851. Washington: CIA, January 1, 1971. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000969851.pdf (https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000969851.pdf).




23


.     .7880, 234235.




24


.., .., ..    //  , 1955, 4. .136148; .    // , 1955, 5. .1826; .  . .:  , 1956.




25


., .   :  .. .. 1959 //     ,  32, 3, 2011. .4849.




26


..    // , 7, 1962. .1622.




27


. -!          //  , 1, 2011. .2739.




28


      (PetersB. How Not to Network a Nation. The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2016).




29


StandageT.The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph And the Nineteenth Centurys On-line Pioneers. New York: Walker, 2007. P.119.




30


., .   Ѕ




31


EllmanM.Planning Problems in the USSR: The Contribution of Mathematical Economics to Their Solution 19601971. Cambridge University Press, 1973. P.10.




32


.     .160.


