    .      
 


ANIME.     
 2003         .        :   ,     ,    .      (  )          .      ,                 ,     .

        ,       ,    ,        .     ,      ,          .

  PDF A4   .





 

    .      



Susan J. Napier

Anime from Akira to Howls Moving Castle



  .,    , 2021

 .   , 2022


* * *


 

  !










 1989         ,      (),     . ߠ  -  ,       .    [1 - George Gene Gustines, Girl Power Fuels Manga Boom in U. S., New York Times, 26 December 2004, sec. B, 1.].   ,    렖  (Akira, 1982),      XXI ,    .    ,    ,         .            .

        ,     ,   젖  ,   11      ,     .       ,  ,  ,    ,         .

        ,   . ߠ       ,      . ߠ   ,     . Ƞ ,      .

       . Ƞ             ,     .        .

    //,      :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .

           ,       ,          .

  ,     -.     ,       .           .

    . ߠ               .   Palgrave [ () ,    ]  ,  蠖  . Ƞ    蠖     ,   (  )   .       .

Ƞ     ,     (   ). ߠ          ,  . Ƞ   ,       ,      ,   .    .




  


ʠ ,          (      哻),         .           .  ,   ,  ,  -,   ,   ;      ,      . , ,     ,  , , ,   ,    . ߠ   ,          廠  -   .        ,          -   -  .    6  60       .  ,       17000 . (      20000). Ѡ      .    , ,    ,   .       ,           .

               .       ,       .    - ,        . ,        , .   ,      , , , , ,  . ,     (    )  10  ,  . ,    ,     (),     .            .    ,   ( ).     !      Japan External Trade Organization,    60     . -,   ! (Yu-Gi-Oh, 1998) 蠫 (Pokemon, 1997)         (   ).     (The Powerpuff Girls, 1998) 蠫, ,   (HiHi Puffy AmiYumi, 2004) ,     .

       , 堖      .    :   Adult Swim   Cartoon Network,     ,            18  34    .    Daily Show  , The Tonight Show Late Show with David Letterman[2 - Anhony Faiola, Were Playing Their Toons, Washington Post (6 December 2004), sec. C, 1.].

        .       ,     24- -       .   68 [3 - 3.Ibid., 3.].  ,        . -  2002,   ,      ,  !

,       .   2004     ,          ̸.     ,   .  ,   ,    :        ,      .

       ̸    .          : ,    .      .   :   ,   ,     .    .



       .  2003     (Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi, 2001)        ,    ,     .


   (Hauru no Ugoku Shiro, 2004),   ,   ,     , 2005  50 .

   ,    :         ࠖ ? Ƞ     .       ,    ,  .        , ,      . ,     ,    ,     XX    .  ,        ,    -.      ,      .

 ,   ,   11 2001       .     ,         .

      ,   ,           .   :

       XXI.   , ,             ,  -.  ,  [4 - Paul Wells, Animation: Genre and Authorship. London: Wallflower Press, 2002, 1.].

     ,       ,   .      蠖     ,   .     ,      ,  ,   .   ,         ,     .  ,     ,      .  ,    ,         .         :   , , .   , 蠖 .         .

        -,      .

  ,        ,          :    ,     Hello Kitty    .     ,     , , ,   () .

      ?  堖      .          .     ,  -      .     , ,  .  ,  ,     , , ,     ,   .

   ,     : ,  .      . ,     (Rurouni Kenshin, 1996)    ,         .

            ,   , ,   ,      / .      ,            -. ,       . ,   (Inuyasha, 2000),      , 150 ,        ࠖ     .   (Kaubooi Bibappu, 1998),      ,      ,         .

  ,         ,      ,  ,       蠖 .

 ,      (      )       ,      .    ,    (Haibane Renmei, 2002),  ,       , 蠫  (Wolfs Rain, 2003)    .



 ,      ,     .


    (Shiriaru Ekusuperimentsu Rein, 1998)      .      堖 , , .          ;      ,   (Tenku no Esukafurone, 1996),  (Gandamu Shirizu, 1979),   (Fushigi Yugi, 1995)  ,   . ʠ,     , ,   ,    - -    .           , , ,     [5 - ߠ       . ʠ    2002 Japan Forum,   ,      .   Brian Ruh   -   Stray Dog of Anime. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Christopher Bolton     Wooden Cyborgs and Celluloid Souls: Mechanical Bodies in Anime and Japanese Puppet Theater, Positions 10, no. 3 (Winter 2002),  ,      The Mechas Blind Spot: Patlabor 2 and the Phenomenology of Anime, Science Fiction Studies 29, no. 88 (November 2002).        Sharalyn Orbaugh, Sex and the Single Cyborg,  Evangelion Ghost in the Shell.].

Ƞ :       ,   .   ,       -  ,               . ,   ,             ,      .     ,            .      ,  ,  ,     ,   ? (Ranma ?, 1989) 蠫  (Urusei Yatsura, 1981).     ,    ,     ,     ,       .

     縠 ,      1980- .     ,       ,      .      (Furutsu Basketto, 2001)     .         (Tokyo Goddofazazu, 2003) ,  ,  ,      -,      .            .

      ,    -.  -  [6 -          .      , ..  ,     .]   ,   ,     蠖       !  (Onegai Sensei, 2002) 蠫  (Midori no Hibi, 2004).    ,     (Shinseiki Evangerion, 1995)         (  )    - .   ,     13,      .  ,      蠖  ,         .



           (     (Metoroporisu, 2001)     .


      - -  1930-      .                  .       - ,    .

, -    ,     ,  - (Furi Kuri, 2000)    (Gainax Studio),      ,   ,   .        2:  (Inosensu, 2004)    -   (  ),    ,    ,    [7 - Ueno Toshiya Oshii Mamoru, , Anime wa zure kara hajimaru, Eureka 4, no. 491 (April 2004), 59.].      ,    ,     ,      .             (Hagane no Renkinjutsushi, 2003).     ,   , ,      .         ,    . ,   ,     ,   ,  ,         ,     .

   ໠        ,     -.                ,     ,   ⠫  .     ,            .

     ,      ,     . Ƞ      ,      .    Japanese Cybercultures   ,          [8 - David Gauntlett, Preface Japanese Cybercultures, ed. Nanette Gottlieb and Mark McLelland. London: Routledge, 2003.].       ,       蠖    ,      .   1989.        ,      XXI,    ,       :  1990-      ,        [9 - Tomiko Yoda, A Roadmap to Millennial Japan, South Atlantic Quarterly 99, no. 4, Fall 2000, 635.].

     ,    7 9,    ,   (    )   ,   ,  . ,        蠫         . Π        ,        . Ѡ ,  軠   ,    .

    ,  -       .

     ,          ,         .     -   :    (Chobittsu, 2002)      (Fushigi no Kuni no Miyuki-chan, 1995)    .   ( )   ,     (Kareshi Kanojo no Jijo, 1998),      ,   -,      .

,     ,    ,   .  ࠖ   (Pafekuto Buru, 1997),   (Senen Joyu, 2001) 蠫     (    )[10 -          Excuse Me: Who Are You?: The Gaze and the Female in the Works of Satoshi Kon, in Cinema Anime, ed. Stephen Brown. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, forthcoming.].          (Moso Dairinin, 2004),    ,    ,       .

   ,    ,    ,        .  ,   ,  -   (   )    젖    (Samurai Chanpuru, 2004), ,  蠫,    .         ࠖ     蠫 , ,  ,       .

ʠ,          .       .       ,      .   (       )    蠖    . ,         .             . ,     ,     .




 . 





 1.  ?


    ,    ,    ,  .     .  ,  ,      ,   .  ,   (  )     ,       .                 ?             ,     ,    ?

   .  ,    ,     Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture (   ) :

       堖     : , -, ,     ,-, ,           ,       ,  .

,   ,  , ,   ,    . ,       ,    . Ƞ,            ,     .

 , 堖    ,       .          ,     (  -    ),        XX. , ,  (  ),   ,       ( )   .       ,     (   )         .          .  ,    ,    .  -        ,       .  ,       ,  ,  .

 1993           .    ,        .         ,       ,  (    ).    ,     . ,         .             So its begun! (, !)[11 - Ueno Toshiya, Kurenai no metanisutsu: anime to iu sengdMetal Suits: The Red Wars in Japanese Animation (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1998), 9.].

    . ,    ໠    ,     ,    ,      1990.      ,                .        ,    ,      .     .      , ,  ,    - (Mahha GoGoGo, 1967)        ,   ,    .  ,                ,  ,    .

 .       ,  ,   ,         𻠖   ,   堖     animation.   -        New York Times.

         .          .  1997      Newsweek,      .      ,   - ,  -  (Doraemon, 1973)      .     ,          .    , ,  ,     ,         30    (?).        .         ,        .   ,         ,  . ,    ,        .

 ( )   -     .      Sci-Fi Channel,     Blockbuster Video, Virgin Megastore       .          . , 1999 Kentucky Fried Chicken        , -,    ,      . ,            Time (22 1999),      .

    ?      ,         [12 -   ,    ,       . , ,     [Alan Cholodenko, ed. The Illusion of Life Sydney (Australia: Power Institute of Fine Arts, 1991), 28], Paul Wells,           ,    [Paul Wells, Understanding Animation (London: Routledge, 19981), 6].  ,      ,        ,               .].           ,   Disney.     Time ,            堖   : ,   (Bishojo Senshi Sera Mun, 1992),    (),   ( ),   蠖    [13 - Richard Corliss, Amazing Anime, Time 154, (22 November 1999, 94).]. , Time,   ,   ,      ,      (Alps no Shojo Heidi, 1974)    蠖 ! (Tenchi Muyo, 1992).          ,        ,      .    ,        , , ,    ,      .

,       .    50         OVA (Original Video Animation).        ,   堖       [14 - Ibid., 94.].  1997   (Mononoke-hime, 1997)     ,               .

    ,        .     ,        ,   ,        堖   ,     ,  ,     -       . ,        ,    ,    , .

        ( )   .   ,       ,   ,     .  ,        .    (     ),  (        ) ,,  .              (- )     ,     (      )    ,   ,      .

    ,      ,       ,  ,    , -      [15 -  Sharon Kinsella, Adult Manga (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), 131133.].     1980- ,   ,     ,      .  1995  Ƞ       ,     긻, ,           - .

   ,        .  ,    ,      , ,  ,           .  ,          ,     .

       ,    ,      ,   . Ѡ                ,       ,       . ʠ     ,  ,     Amazon.com ( ,  ) Walt Disney Enterprises,      軠     蠖        . ,               ,             [16 -      ,    -  1999,          .     ,         ,     .].

        ,               XXI.  ,       ,     ,    ,     .    ,       [17 - , 1999     -:    ? (: Stone Bridge Press),          .],           .



,      ,     .


    ,         [18 - Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 12.].    ,   Time,        .     :   ,        ,    ,          [19 - Susan Pointon, Transcultural Orgasm as Apocalypse: :  , Wide Angle 19, no. 3, 1997, 45.].         ,    , ,  ,          ,    .

      .        ,       (    ),       ,     . Ƞ,         :      ?[20 -          ,       -  .    -    , ,  ,              .       ,  , ,       [        (   ,    ) Eureka 28, no. 9, August 19961, 5081].      ,   ,  , ,      .]           ,     ,              [21 -      ,   ,  ,         ,            (Understanding Animation, 19).     ,  ,    ,   ,    ,          ,    ,   ,  ,    ,,  ,  ,  ,      R.,      ,     .].

    ,        ?          ,  :  ,      ,    ,     ,    .   堖       蠖    ,     ,    .

   -        .  ,         .   ,          ,    .       ,          ,   ,   ,          -,       [22 - Trish Ledoux and Doug Ranney, The Complete Anime Guide (Issaquah, Washington: Tiger Mountain Press, 1997), 3.].

      -  ,       [23 -       ,       ,   . , ,        蠫   ()   [ ,   Nijuseikianinetaizen ( ), (: Futabasha, 2000)], 6.]. 堖   ,       ,   ,    .     , ,    (     ),     ,      .

     ,  ,      ,     -ࠖ  ,      .  ,           (     ,  ⠖      ).   ,   ,            .         ,   ,  ,       .

,  젖  蠖          .   ,   ,     ,          .      堖     ࠖ    . ,     -     (      ),    ,     ,       .  (    mechanical)       .    ,   (Tetsuwan-Atomu, 1963)  ,    ,  -     .

         .   ..  - :

Ѡ   젖 , , 蠖           ,            ,        [24 - J.P.Telotte, Replications: A Robotic Histoty of the Science Fiction Film (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 170.].

            .        (        (  ),     ),            ,      .



     堖 ,        ,   [25 - , , ,       - [Anime hiroingaho, B Media Books no editor. (Tokyo: Takeshobo, 1999)], ,     -,        .].


      .        ,    ,   ,     (Hotaru no Haka, 1988),      ,     ,     .                  .

  , 堖    ,       ࠖ      .            ,    ,        . ,             ,   .  ,              . ,               [26 - Wells, Understanding Animation, 15.]  ,      .

   ,  ,     ,      . ߠ         ,   : ,  .     ,           . ,      ,         .   ,      ,             ࠖ  蠫 . ,    ,        (        )     ,     .          ,           .

       .         matsuri,        ,    .   ,        ,  [27 -  , Problems of Dostoevslty Poetics (Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 124.].     ,         . Ѡ   렖    ,      ,    .       .    ,        , -    [28 -      . ibid., 123137.].   /   ,  ,           蠫 ?   ,   . Ƞ   ,     ,           ,   .

 ,  ,  ,         ,        .          ,   ,    ,      , 蠫  ,       ,        .    (       )     .

     堖   ,       ,         ,         .

 ,    :  ? ,             .        -   .   ,            .  ,           蠫     ,           .




 2.  / 





  


     ,    ,      ,      .   ,    ,     -      .    ,      .  1988  40      ,   ,     Time,      10 [29 - Richard Corliss, Amazing Anime, Time 154 (November 1999), 94.].     ,         ,    ( 23 ),            2030 . Ѡ         ,   OVA      [30 -          Helen McCarthy and Jonathan Clements, The Erotic Anime Movie Guide (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 1999), 42.].

,           .          ,     .             ,            . ʠ, ,     ,    ,      .        ,        .

       1909,  -     1915-,         ,         ,    [31 -        1980-  . Kinoshita Sayoko, Japon: a cots = de Goldorak Sommaire, Special Issue, Le Cinema danimation, 1993, 157163.]. ,         1963䠖         .   -,    ,      ,         ,    .         (Janguru Taitei, 1965),    ,       [32 -      . Fredrik Schodt, Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga (Berkeley, CA: Stone bridge Press, 1996), 244248. Also see Trish Ledoux and Doug Ranney, The Complete Anime Guide (Issaquah, WA: Tiger Mountain Press, 1997), 910.].

     ,     -.           .  ,         ,      ,    ,     .              -[33 -      ,      , . Misono Makoto, Zusetsu terebi anime zensho (Tokyo: Harashobo, 1999).].           ,    ,     ,   .        ,  ,     ,      .

          ,  .        ,      ,          .    ,  ,    ,      .    ,  Ѹ ,       ,     ,         ,  -.  ,      ,   ,  1970-       [34 - Donald Richie, Japanese Cinema: An Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 80.].

         (      ,   ),     -  蠫       .        ,   ,       .   ,          [35 - Minamida Misao, Kindai animeshigairon, in Nijuseihianimetaizen (noeditor) (Tokyo: Futabasha, 2000), 4.].

       ,   -     .         (Uchu Senkan Yamato, 1974)        .     ,          . Ѡ    OVA     ,   . ʠ    ,        .

       -. ʠ        (Shinseiki Ebuangerion, 19961997)     .         ,     ,     ,   .   ,      (   )   ,   .           ,           ,    .   ,    堖   ,   , -   ,    ,  .     ,            (Kokaku Kidotai, 1995) 蠫,    ,   [36 - Ibid., 7.].

             ,   .            ,        . Ƞ      .  ,          ,  .



         ?              XX.


     堖       .   -   ,        .  1994    :     ,        蠖 ,       [37 - Stuart Galbraith, Japanese Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films: A Critical Analysis (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., 1994), 15.]. Ӡ   ,       . ,  1988          .              (   ).     ,    ,           .   ,       ,      .             ,      ,  -   .

     . ,       XX.       ,        ,     ,    .  , -, -   .    ,  ,    .     (      ,     ),     ,            (Reideezu komikku),     ,    .

         :    堖    .    ,  40       .    ,    ,     ,      [38 - Schodt, DreamlandJapan, 20.].

        . -,    .     ,  堖  [39 - Luca Raffaeli, Disney, Warner Bros., and Japanese Animation: Three World Views, in A Reader in Animation Studies,   Jayne Pilling (Sydney, Australia: John Libby & Co., 1997), 129.],           .    ,   ,        ,    ,     ,       .  ,        [40 - ,    .  -   ,   ,    ,          ,  .          ,        (   ,     ).           ,      Ȼ (Schodt, Dreamland Japan, 93),        .    .].         - ,      ,  ,     ,     ,      [ , , ,     :   (Urusei Yatsura 2 Byutifuru Dorima, 1984),           ,   ,       ![41 - Oshii Mamoru, in conversation, New York, January 1998.] ].    ,     , ,          .      蠫    (Kaze no Tani no Naushika, 1984) .         ,     ,    ,   .

   ,   ,          ,  (  )    ,   .         (16001868),              X. ,       ,          /    (   ) -,     [42 - 䠖  ,     .],       ,    [43 -         . Howard Hibbett, The Floating World in Japanese Fiction (Tokyo: Tuttle Books, 1976).].

  ,         ,   ,    [44 -    .]      .          . ,        ,          ,        ,        ,     -.

         ( )   (18681912)  ,            [45 -    ,         ,     ,       ,    . [Kato Shuichi, apan: Spirit and Form (Rutland VT: Charles Tuttle Co., 1994), 197].].      :         ,     ,        .          ,     [46 - Melinda Takeuchi, Kuniyoshis Minamoto Raiko and the Earth Spider: Demons and Protests in Late Tokugawa Japan, in Ars Orientalis 17, 1997.].

          , ,         ,          .




   


,  ,      ,     . ʠ 1990-   ,          ,     . ,    :

       ,     .  蠖     2030 ,       .     ,         젖      1960-       1970-     - 1980-[47 - Susan Pointon, Transcultural Orgasm as Apocalypse: Urotsukidoji: The Legend of the Overfiend, Wide Angle 19, no. 3, 1997, 44.].

            .            .   ,    , 蠖 蠖         ,    .      ,       .     ,       ,        [48 - Ibid., 45.].     ,       .

        ,      [49 -              .                  ,    , ,  ,       .  : , ,  (:   , 1995).      ,     ,  , , , , ,     .  , Kurenai no metantsuitsti: anime to itt senjo/Metal Suits: The Red Wars in Japanese Animation. (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1998).].     .

    :

    ,      ,           ,        .               , ,      ?[50 - Yoshimoto Mitsuhiro, Real Virtuality, in Global/Local,   Rob Wilson and Wimal Dissanayake (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996), 107.]

Ѡ     .  ,    ,      ,    ,         . ,        1994           [51 -       . Schodt, Dreamland Japan, 268274.].   ,       , ,          [52 -      The New York Times  : Ѡ   ,  , ,       -  ,   ,         ⠖     .   Pixar ,     ,   ,          ; , ,   . Rick Lyman Darkly Mythic World arrives from Japan, New York Times (21 October 1999), sec. B, 1.].    ,      , , ,      ,           .

                .     堖 ,   ࠖ   . ,      ,   堖    ,     . (       ,     .     ,      ,      .)  ,   ,          .



     堖  ࠖ    -.


   -    ,     ,     ⠫       . ,     1970-       ,    ,       ,       .  ,        ,       ,    - -.         ,     (   - )     .

          ,   ,     .    ,    ,         ,      .         ,       ,           .  堖         .

             - , ,   ,       XXI.       -     ,        .  ,   ,   ,      , , .           .

       ,   [53 -           (Kurenai, 141144).].     ,  堖   [54 - Oshii Mamoru, Ueno Toshiya and Ito Kazunori, Eiga to wa jitsu wa animeshon datta, Eureka 28, no. 9 (August 1996), 77.        ,       ,  ,      , 78.].   ,  ,     .         .     ,      ,       .            .           .     ,            .

           -   .     ,    .   ,    -. Ƞ ,   -     ,     ,     -,   -.            ( )          , , , 蠫   .        ,      蠖 ,   .

          堖     .  ,  ,            ,   [55 - Oshii, Ueno, and Ito, Eiga to wa jitsu wa, 80.],      ,  ,      [56 - Ibid., 78.].           ,   .  ,    ,     (),      [57 -        , ,  堖   ,      . Tenkti no shiro Laputa: eiga no yume, jitsugen to sashitsu, Eureka 29, no. 11, 1997, 159.].

      , ,   ,           .  ,      蠖     .    ,   ,      蠖    (Tonari no Totoro, 1988),  (Heisei Tanuki Gassen Ponpoko, 1994) 蠫 ,     .             ,      .     .

   ,     , ,  .          . Ƞ,            ,  ,    ࠖ      .    ,        .



        .          ,     !


,            ,        .     ,      ( )   ,      .  ,   ,  ,         . ,         , ,      [58 -    -      ,   ,  ,  ,  - ,        .                     ,               ,                      . [Imaginings in the Empires of the Sun: Japanese Mass Culture in Asia in Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999), 182.]       ,             ,       .      (  )      ,     (      ,    )   .        .].

        ( ,        ,        )    ,       ,          .

          ,         . ,   ,     ,       [59 -                ,      . ,   -    ,  -,   ,        ,   ,         [],     ,    ,       , ,         ,      . Close Encounters: Film, Feminism, and Science Fiction (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1991), vii.          ,    ,              .].




   


      ,        .        ,      ,      .

           ,  ,      ,       .       ,              (  )   .

 ,     ,   .     .     ,     ,           .         .       ,     ,    , 90       .  ,    ,    .    ,        .  1980-  ,   ,  ,    ,   -   [60 -    ,    ,  1995:        ,   ,     .     .   ,  , , ,     . [Spaces of Identity (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 149.]    2000,  ,       ,     ,            ,    .].

       .            .  -    ,    ,            .          ,   1945       ,    .        .  ,      -        .  1995      ,       - 젖     긻   .

          ,      ,    ,       .         ,      ,        :

     ,       .   ,          .       ,       .    ,    ,       [61 - Ian Reader, Japanese Religion Looks to the Millennium (paper presented at the Symposium on Crisis and Change in Japan, University of Washington, 1995), 39.].



   ,   ,  ,    ,   .


    ՠ, ,    -,      1985     1997-,   ,  ,      .  ࠖ        . ,    ,  ,    ,     ,         .     , ,   -  ,       ,     ߠ  (Ikimono no kiroku, 1955),        (Yume, 1990).           ,           .

  ,   ,    ,      .        .  ,            .   , -     ՠ,      .      ,  ,     ,     ,           .  1989  (   )       ,     .      ,        ( )   ().       ,         .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/suzan-neypir/ot-akiry-do-hodyachego-zamka-kak-yaponskaya-animaciya-perever/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


George Gene Gustines, Girl Power Fuels Manga Boom in U. S., New York Times, 26 December 2004, sec. B, 1.




2


Anhony Faiola, Were Playing Their Toons, Washington Post (6 December 2004), sec. C, 1.




3


3.Ibid., 3.




4


Paul Wells, Animation: Genre and Authorship. London: Wallflower Press, 2002, 1.




5


ߠ       . ʠ    2002 Japan Forum,   ,      .

   Brian Ruh   -   Stray Dog of Anime. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Christopher Bolton     Wooden Cyborgs and Celluloid Souls: Mechanical Bodies in Anime and Japanese Puppet Theater, Positions 10, no. 3 (Winter 2002),  ,      The Mechas Blind Spot: Patlabor 2 and the Phenomenology of Anime, Science Fiction Studies 29, no. 88 (November 2002).        Sharalyn Orbaugh, Sex and the Single Cyborg,  Evangelion Ghost in the Shell.




6


         .      , ..  ,     .




7


Ueno Toshiya Oshii Mamoru, , Anime wa zure kara hajimaru, Eureka 4, no. 491 (April 2004), 59.




8


David Gauntlett, Preface Japanese Cybercultures, ed. Nanette Gottlieb and Mark McLelland. London: Routledge, 2003.




9


Tomiko Yoda, A Roadmap to Millennial Japan, South Atlantic Quarterly 99, no. 4, Fall 2000, 635.




10


         Excuse Me: Who Are You?: The Gaze and the Female in the Works of Satoshi Kon, in Cinema Anime, ed. Stephen Brown. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, forthcoming.




11


Ueno Toshiya, Kurenai no metanisutsu: anime to iu sengdMetal Suits: The Red Wars in Japanese Animation (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1998), 9.




12


  ,    ,       . , ,     [Alan Cholodenko, ed. The Illusion of Life Sydney (Australia: Power Institute of Fine Arts, 1991), 28], Paul Wells,           ,    [Paul Wells, Understanding Animation (London: Routledge, 19981), 6].  ,      ,        ,               .




13


Richard Corliss, Amazing Anime, Time 154, (22 November 1999, 94).




14


Ibid., 94.




15


 Sharon Kinsella, Adult Manga (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), 131133.




16


     ,    -  1999,          .     ,         ,     .




17


, 1999     -:    ? (: Stone Bridge Press),          .




18


Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 12.




19


Susan Pointon, Transcultural Orgasm as Apocalypse: :  , Wide Angle 19, no. 3, 1997, 45.




20


         ,       -  .    -    , ,  ,              .       ,  , ,       [        (   ,    ) Eureka 28, no. 9, August 19961, 5081].      ,   ,  , ,      .




21


     ,   ,  ,         ,            (Understanding Animation, 19).     ,  ,    ,   ,    ,          ,    ,   ,  ,    ,,  ,  ,  ,      R.,      ,     .




22


Trish Ledoux and Doug Ranney, The Complete Anime Guide (Issaquah, Washington: Tiger Mountain Press, 1997), 3.




23


      ,       ,   . , ,        蠫   ()   [ ,   Nijuseikianinetaizen ( ), (: Futabasha, 2000)], 6.




24


J.P.Telotte, Replications: A Robotic Histoty of the Science Fiction Film (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 170.




25


, , ,       - [Anime hiroingaho, B Media Books no editor. (Tokyo: Takeshobo, 1999)], ,     -,        .




26


Wells, Understanding Animation, 15.




27


 , Problems of Dostoevslty Poetics (Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 124.




28


     . ibid., 123137.




29


Richard Corliss, Amazing Anime, Time 154 (November 1999), 94.




30


         Helen McCarthy and Jonathan Clements, The Erotic Anime Movie Guide (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 1999), 42.




31


       1980-  . Kinoshita Sayoko, Japon: a cots = de Goldorak Sommaire, Special Issue, Le Cinema danimation, 1993, 157163.




32


     . Fredrik Schodt, Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga (Berkeley, CA: Stone bridge Press, 1996), 244248. Also see Trish Ledoux and Doug Ranney, The Complete Anime Guide (Issaquah, WA: Tiger Mountain Press, 1997), 910.




33


     ,      , . Misono Makoto, Zusetsu terebi anime zensho (Tokyo: Harashobo, 1999).




34


Donald Richie, Japanese Cinema: An Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 80.




35


Minamida Misao, Kindai animeshigairon, in Nijuseihianimetaizen (noeditor) (Tokyo: Futabasha, 2000), 4.




36


Ibid., 7.




37


Stuart Galbraith, Japanese Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films: A Critical Analysis (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., 1994), 15.




38


Schodt, DreamlandJapan, 20.




39


Luca Raffaeli, Disney, Warner Bros., and Japanese Animation: Three World Views, in A Reader in Animation Studies,   Jayne Pilling (Sydney, Australia: John Libby & Co., 1997), 129.




40


,    .  -   ,   ,    ,          ,  .          ,        (   ,     ).           ,      Ȼ (Schodt, Dreamland Japan, 93),        .    .




41


Oshii Mamoru, in conversation, New York, January 1998.




42


䠖  ,     .




43


        . Howard Hibbett, The Floating World in Japanese Fiction (Tokyo: Tuttle Books, 1976).




44


   .




45


   ,         ,     ,       ,    . [Kato Shuichi, apan: Spirit and Form (Rutland VT: Charles Tuttle Co., 1994), 197].




46


Melinda Takeuchi, Kuniyoshis Minamoto Raiko and the Earth Spider: Demons and Protests in Late Tokugawa Japan, in Ars Orientalis 17, 1997.




47


Susan Pointon, Transcultural Orgasm as Apocalypse: Urotsukidoji: The Legend of the Overfiend, Wide Angle 19, no. 3, 1997, 44.




48


Ibid., 45.




49


             .                  ,    , ,  ,       .  : , ,  (:   , 1995).      ,     ,  , , , , ,     .  , Kurenai no metantsuitsti: anime to itt senjo/Metal Suits: The Red Wars in Japanese Animation. (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1998).




50


Yoshimoto Mitsuhiro, Real Virtuality, in Global/Local,   Rob Wilson and Wimal Dissanayake (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996), 107.




51


      . Schodt, Dreamland Japan, 268274.




52


     The New York Times  : Ѡ   ,  , ,       -  ,   ,         ⠖     .   Pixar ,     ,   ,          ; , ,   . Rick Lyman Darkly Mythic World arrives from Japan, New York Times (21 October 1999), sec. B, 1.




53


          (Kurenai, 141144).




54


Oshii Mamoru, Ueno Toshiya and Ito Kazunori, Eiga to wa jitsu wa animeshon datta, Eureka 28, no. 9 (August 1996), 77.        ,       ,  ,      , 78.




55


Oshii, Ueno, and Ito, Eiga to wa jitsu wa, 80.




56


Ibid., 78.




57


       , ,  堖   ,      . Tenkti no shiro Laputa: eiga no yume, jitsugen to sashitsu, Eureka 29, no. 11, 1997, 159.




58


   -      ,   ,  ,  ,  - ,        .                     ,               ,                      . [Imaginings in the Empires of the Sun: Japanese Mass Culture in Asia in Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999), 182.]       ,             ,       .      (  )      ,     (      ,    )   .        .




59


               ,      . ,   -    ,  -,   ,        ,   ,         [],     ,    ,       , ,         ,      . Close Encounters: Film, Feminism, and Science Fiction (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1991), vii.          ,    ,              .




60


   ,    ,  1995:        ,   ,     .     .   ,  , , ,     . [Spaces of Identity (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 149.]    2000,  ,       ,     ,            ,    .




61


Ian Reader, Japanese Religion Looks to the Millennium (paper presented at the Symposium on Crisis and Change in Japan, University of Washington, 1995), 39.


