     .             
 


,     
        .   ,         -  ,    .

    ,                    .       ,   ,    ,    ,     ,     .          .

        ,  ,             .    .

  PDF A4   .








 

     .             


 



Stanislas Dehaene

READING IN THE BRAIN



Copyright  2009 by Stanislas Dehaene. All rights reserved.



  ..,    , 2022

   , 2022






  








   



      ,   ;     ,     .

  [1 -  . . (. .)]
(  Ƞ, 15801645)

         .  ,    .           ,        .   , ,  .        .        ,    ,       ,         ?



,   ,   .  ,  . --:          ,      . . . .[2 -  . . .: -, 1998. (. .)]


      ,    .      Homo sapiens  .     ,           .   20           ,     .            ,     .               .       ,           :  ?   ?   ?   ?   ?   ?

       .   ,           ,         .               .   ,       ,           .       .  ,           ,   (   ).

 ,          ,        .   , XXI        ,   ,   ,     . ,      ,     ,   ,       .  ,    :            .     ,         ,     -    .  ,  ,      ,   ,  ,      .           ,          .  ,      , , -,       ,  -,      .




   


        .     ;   ,           .    ,   ,   ,         .

     ?          ?              ,  ?       -     ,    ?       ;  ,  ?    ,              .  ,  ,           ,          ,    .

,      ,       .     ,      ,    ,     ,          .     ,         .       ,            .         . ,  ,     ,     ,    ,        .




 


        .   Homo sapiens   ,   ?          ?           ? ,   , , , ,            .         ;           ,   .    ,      ,     .

            ,        .         ⻠       ,         .       ,                (   ).            .          ,     ,  ,    ,      .                  .  ,              .




  


      ,    ,     :   ,        ,  ?      , ,           ?

  ,         .  ,       ,      .   ,            .  ,        !

    5400    [3 -         ,     . (. .)],      3800 .          .         Homo sapiens  ,    .       ,       -.       ,          .             .    ,        ,    .

  -    [4 -   (17431805)  ,     . (. .)],       .      (1802)    :            ,     ,        ,  -   ,     ?  ,  ,  ,        ,  ,   ,      ,    .

    , ,         .            ,    ,      ,      .      ,        ;       .   , ,        ,          .    , ?

   ,   [5 -    (19412002)   , -. (. .)]       ,     [6 - Gould, 1992.].      ,                 ,    [7 - Dawkins, 1996. (. . . , .  . .: Corpus, 2015.)]. ,  ,   ,      .

     ,         .  ,  , ,       ,   .                .        ,              ,    .            .       ?           .         ,     ?




    


     ,   ,    ,     .       ,            .             ,      ,         .    .        ,    .  ,  ,   ,            .

 ,     ,   .   ꠫  [8 - Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992; Pinker, 2002. (. . . , .  . .:   , 2019.)],    , ,      ,         - [9 - Quartz & Sejnowski, 1997.]. ,           .  ,   ,    (  -)  ,   -[10 -  - (. Upper East Side)   ;         -. (. .)] -,   .   ,                   ,         ,    .

 ,  ,   ,           ,     .          ,   ,        .

             .      ,   ,      . ,      ,          ,   .       .     .       Homo sapiens       .             .                 .

         ,   [11 -  ,            . (. .)]     .      .    ,       ,       .    , ,         .             .

    ,  ,    [12 - Changeux, 1983.]  ,          .       ,        .        .      ,    ,   ;     ,        .  ,     tabula rasa[13 - ,                       . (. .)],      ,    ,        .     ,      ,      ,   ,      .




  


     ,   [14 - . (. .)]   ,      .         .   1        :          ?   2   ,    ,      . ,   3      ,     ,     .

       ,        ,      ,   . ,    ,        ,   .  ,   ,   ,          .     ,      ?        .         ,       ,      ,       .  ,            ,    ,       .

,      ,      .      ?   .      , ,  :        .   4        ,         .          .       ,   ,      .           ,      ,      .

    ,       ,            ,   ,     .   ,             .   5     ,  ,   ,    .   ,               .

  ,             . ,          ?   , ,    ,     ; ,       .       ,       .   ,   ,     ,     ,   6.   7  ,          .

,   8       ,          ,  .    ,        .    ,     ,      ,   .   .          ,      .       ,          .     .          . , , ,        ,         .

  :     ,  Homo sapiens      ?        ,            . ,       ,               ,  , , , ,   .        ,     ,      .           .         :    (    )     ( ,      ).  ,    ,       .        .           :     ,  ,     ?      ,       ,    .             , ,   ,    .




1

  



     ,     ,     .   ,       ,     .       .

 ,  ߻[15 -  .   // . ; . . . . : -, 2008. (. .)]

     .             ,    .        .    ,      - .         ,    .      , , ,    .       : ,      ,  ,       .

      :   ,            .     .   ,     :       .   ,      ,  ,  ,    , , ,  .

  30         .                .        .               .                  .        ,   ,       . ,       -      ,     ,     .     ,      :   ,        ,      .




   


    ,  [16 -     (). (. .)],   ,    .      .    ()            .       .     15        ,   .    , , -  , ,     ,   ,     ,    ,   [17 - Rayner & Bertera, 1979.].

,      ,      .           .       .      ,    .          [18 - Rayner, 1998.].  :    .  ,     .              .         .

           .  ,        ,  ,     ,        .      .          .    .  ,      ,            ?  .    ,        ,    .       (.1.1)[19 - Sere, Marendaz, & Herault, 2000.].






.1.1.     ,   .      [20 -   (17091784)   ,     . (. .)]The Adventurer (1754)      ,         .   ,      ,       .           ,  ,  .    ,        .



 ,     ,    ,      :    ,  .   ,   .   ,    ,       . ,   ,   ,        .       ,          . ,     ,      ,       .     ,   ,   ,   .

      ,        ,    ,      [21 - Morrison & Rayner, 1981; ORegan, 1990.]. , ,      ,    ,   ,      .   ,    ,     ,    .        -  ,    ,    .          .        - .

  ,            ?  .      ,      .           ,    :



,   ,    ,  ,  -  ,      ,      ,     :   , , , , ,           ,      ;     ,  , ,   , - :   ,   ,     [22 -  .   / . .   2. .: , 1994. . 2. (. .)]


    ,         ,  ,  ,      .           ,       [23 - McConkie & Rayner, 1975.].               . ,    ,             ,         :








    ,    .          ,   ,      x:






*      ,    :

,   ,      ,  ,   ,   ,           ,         . (. .)



  ,          .  ,        .              ,      ,      .

    : ,     ,    .       :         - .    ,   :      .        ,        .  ,     ,          .          15  ,    [24 - Rayner, Well, & Pollatsek, 1980; Rayner, Inhoff, Morrison, Slowiaczek, & Bertera, 1981.   . Rayner, 1998.].  ,             .        ,    20    ,    ,       !

   20    .    10  12   : -      - .            .             ,          .     ,           ,      .       ,         .      ,       ,     , [25 - Pollatsek, Bolozky, Well, & Rayner, 1981.].    ,  ,    ,  ,   , , .  ,             .

      ,        .    ,          ,  ,      .  :            50 . ,   ,   ,   ,      .    ,       500    .           .

,        .        ,      -   .     ,          .        ,    ,     ,       .

              . ,      ,  ,    400  500   ,      .        (),      - . ,       ,   [26 - Rubin & Turano, 1992.].    ,          ,   ,    .             1100  1600   ,      40 ,   -   !                 , , ,           . ,         ,     .

           ,        .       ,      1000     ,   [27 - . Rayner & Pollatsek, 1989, c. 440449.]. ,       ,      ,     ,        .     ,     ,  ,       . ,             .      :             20 .  -  .




 


.    ?

. ,  ,        .

- ,  [28 - , .-.  ,   . // .-. .  : 2. .: 1957. . 2. (. .)]

     [29 -      . (. .)] .          ,        ,   .     :     ,      (    )     ,     .

     ,   ,                      .   ,             .    :  -      .               .    ,     (.1.2). ,             .






 1.2.          .      ,  ,  :       ,    ,    ,     .             .        .   s   , , sight () ⠫eight (),           .



     ,        .       ,     ,   .        50 ,        .                 30        .

         .     ,       ,   . ,     ,          .   ,       .           ,         .  ,          .

,        .       . ,      ,  .  ,     ,   (     ,          ).      ,  :    (  ,  ,            ;       ,      ). ,    ,  ,  (  ),  (,   ), ,     . ,           .           .

      ,         .        . , ,  .           ,   .  ,    o     .      .   .    ,   , ,         ,   ,     .         , ,  e.   ,    ,  ,       ,       .    ,  ,   ,       ,       .   ,       ,       ,   [30 - Paap, Newsome, & Noel, 1984; Besner, 1989; Mayall, Humphreys, & Olson, 1997; Mayall, Humphreys, Mechelli, Olson, & Price, 2001.].            ,      [31 - McConkie & Zola, 1979; Rayner, McConkie, & Zola, 1980.]!          ,    ,     ,        .

  :          .     ,  , λ 蠫λ     ,   ,          ,   ,   .    ,   . ,           .




 


       ,    (,   蠫),   ,        .    , ,     ()  ,         .    蠫[32 -       eight ()  sight (). (. .)].      ,          .           蠫.  ,        .          ,      ,    蠫Ż.

     ,           . ,        蠫     蠫,   ,     蠫     ,      .




    


              .      2,   ,    ,     . ,   (,  蠫),     ,                    ,      .  ,  ,   蠫Ż,        ,   ,     .        蠫л. ,  ,   e 蠫E        .    ,            蠫Ż           ,         .

   ?   ,       ,    -----.   ,        ,    : , [1296]   , [3452]  .        .   ,   ,   .        , ,   ,     .           , ,   ,     .         ,        ,  ,   ,     .

            unbuttoning (, ).    un-        ing.       button.        ,   .           .          ,      ,  reunbutton (   ;  re-   )  deglochization ( de-  ,  -; , deglochization    gloching,      ).   ,     ,        ,     ,    .   ,    ,              .

  ,            . ,         ,  ,   [33 -        departure ()  depart (). (. .)],     .   , -,     ,        .         ()        . ,         : ,    -,    ,   蠫,    ,     ,      ,   蠫[34 -        can () could ()  aspire () aspirin (). (. .)], .  ,        .  ,   蠫   蠫[35 -      2  : hard () hardly ( ), depart () department (, ). (. .)],    ,         [36 - Rastle, Davis, Marslen-Wilson, & Tyler, 2000; Longtin, Segui, & Hall, 2003.].    , -,        ,         .        - +  [37 -          department (, )  depart- + ment-. (. .)]  ,     ,   [38 - ,       .    ,  repair,       .     ,    :    ,         .   -     ,     .     ., , Caramazza, Laudanna, & Romani, 1988; Taft, 1994; Ferrand, 2001, . 5.]. ,     . ,    , ࠫ      [39 -       : listless   ,     ,  apartment  ,       . (. .)].          .

    unbuttoning.      button-     .     , b-   ton-,           : [b] [] [t] [o] [n].          : .       ,    .  :     tt     [t][40 -             ,       . ,  women   [wimin].]. ,           .         .  , ,       ,   ough, oi 蠫au.

         ,           .    ,   .      ,    :



garage

metal

people

coat

please

meat


 ,    -      : coat [kut], please [pli: z] 蠫meat [mi: t]?     ,      ,     [a].      ,          .       ,         .           , ,    ,  ea,      a,  - [41 - Rey, Jacobs, Schmidt-Weigand, & Ziegler, 1998; Rey, Ziegler, & Jacobs, 2000.].

  ,     .    .       .     ,   .        ,    [42 -       : 1: HORNY RIDER GRAVY FILET 2: VODKA METRO HANDY SUPER. (. .)]:



 1:    

 2:    


  ,     ,  ?   ,   ,        ,   л  һ   ,      .         ,  ,      [43 - Prinzmetal, Treiman, & Rho, 1986;  . Prinzmetal, 1990.].    ,             ,     ,     .

          .  ,         :   ,    ( ,  ,      ), , ,     .           ,   .           .

 ,       ,   ,      .            .









 


        .

   ( , 16171661)

     ,    ,     ,         :



  [] ,     ,    ,     . ,    (   ,       ),     ,     [44 - , , . 6, . 3.              .].


  VII       ,     ,  ,   ,         [45 - . . . . (. .)].    -   ,      ,   . -,    ,  -,       .        ,   .        ,      :   ,    .

  ,              ,    ,        ,    ,    .    ,  ,       30 .  ,       :  ,  ,      ,       ,   .         . , ,     ,    .          ,        .

       :     ,    .        ,       .         ,     . ,      .          .      ,   .

  ,           . ,       ,     . ? :















[47 -        : rabbit, bountery, culdolt, money, dimon, karpit, nee.      ,   , ,   boundary  couldnt.     demon, carpet  knee. (. .)]


 ,  ,        , ,   .      (),    .  ,              ,         [46 - Rubenstein, Lewis, & Rubenstein, 1971; Coltheart et al., 1977; Seidenberg et al., 1996; Ferrand, 2001, . 4.].

             ,   [48 -       Kalashnikov. (. .)].          ,    ,    . ,    ,    , ,     ,        .        .  ,     ,   .           .            ,  ,   ,   , ,   :



   ,   ,  .    ,    ,  .    ,      ,         !  !    .

,  .      ,      .

!  ,  .  !    ?  !   ?[49 -  .  . // . . . .:  , 1980. (. .)]


  ,     ,    :  ,         ,       ,  -     .

    ,      ?     ,       .      ,   -    ,    . ,   ,        .    ,              . :















[50 -        : knee, leg, table, head, plane, bucket, hare. (. .)]


,          ,   --  ?  :          ,     [51 - Van Orden, Johnston, & Hale, 1988; Jared & Seidenberg, 1991.]. ,      ,       .            .      --   ,      .         ,        .

  ,            : ,   ,      .      ,           (Shes the kind of girl who climbed the ladder of success wrong by wrong[52 - .:    ,     ,     . (. .)]),       (Theres no police like Holmes[53 - .:   ,   (    There is no place like home   ,  ). (. .)]).            [54 -  ,         Hammond & Hughes, 1978.]:



     :    .  ,  .  ,  .  ,  .   !  [55 -     : An admirer says to President Lincoln, Permit me to introduce my family. My wife, Mrs. Bates. My daughter, Miss Bates. My son, Master Bates. Oh dear! replied the president.  My son, Master Bates (master     )    my son masturbates. (. .)].


  ,          ,    . ,        LATE [let],       mate [met],        .     ,        .     ,        ,   ,        ( BOWL 蠫mate).       .    MATH [m??]   mate [met],      -. ,     ,      (LATE 蠫mate),   ,      (EIGHT [et] 蠫mate [met]).  , ,   ,  .       .    2030,     ,    40      ,      [56 - Perfetti & Bell, 1991; Ferrand & Grainger, 1992, 1993, 1994; Lukatela, Frost, & Turvey, 1998.].

,                      .         ,     .




 


      ,     .        .  ,     ,    ,            .

  ,     ,  ,       .       ,  蠫,  蠫,  蠫,  蠫[57 -        : maid made, raise raze, board bored, muscles mussels. (. .)].    ,   ,    ,        [58 -        : serial killers hate cornfields  one-carat diamonds are an odd shade of orange. (. .)].  ,          ,   ,       :            .

           :            .               .    blood (). ,      [bld]   bud [bd] 蠫mud [md].     ?   blood   food [fu: d] , , good [gud]?         bloom [blu: m]  bloomer [blu: m?]?         -, , ,   sign [san] 蠫signature [sgn].     ,   ,      (colonel [k: nl], yacht [jt], though [?u]   ).           .

    .         ,            .   :



     ,     ,   ,     ,    ,     .     (-   !),      .[59 - , .   . // . .   : 8. .: , 1958. . 2. (. .)]


    .    - ,   fish ()      ghoti: gh    enough [nf], o    women [wimin],  ti    lotion [lun]!     ,                 Shavian.  ,       , ,          [60 - Coulmas, 1989, . 251.].

,      .     ghoti  fish:  ,      g    [g]  [j],    [f].  ,     ,      alf     [af],  ⠫calf 蠫half[61 -         , : doubt dout, debt det, calf cauf, half hauf; neighbor nebor. (. .)].     ,       ,     .        : has [h?z] 蠫was [wz], tough [tf] 蠫dough [du], flour [flau] 蠫tour [tu], header [hed] 蠫reader [ri: d], choir [kwa] 蠫chair [], friend [frend] 蠫fiend [fi: nd].   ,    ,   .  :   ,     dough,      .




   


        ? , ,     .   :     ,   .    ,   ,    .    :    ,       ,               .  ,       ,    . ,     ,        ,       ?

,    .      ,     [62 -    (14  1066 )      ,         .        . (. .)].       :      ,    ,    ,      .         [s],    cinder ().   ,   ,    .   ,   ,    ,       . ,  s  island ()      insula.  , ,      ,    .             ,   ,  ,   .       . ,       .

,    -   ,       .        .          .                        .    , ,     ,    ,     ,  .  ,     .     ,       .

    ,    ,  ,      ,       .   - :       ,  .      40  45,       ,         30.        :     (   bat, bet, bit, but, good 蠫pot),    (   beef, boot, bird, bard 蠫boat)       (   bay, boy, toe, buy, cow, beer, bear).           ,      ,       . ,   :       ,  ?, ?  ?.     ,       ,  .        :               .       ,      .      170 ,       ().         .

     ,     ,     ,   .          (, ?),    (, oo  oy).  ,     ,    :     ⠫            .

            , , ,     .     ,       . ,       [f]   f  ph,     . ,           ,       .            ,      behaviour 蠫analyse,   ⠫behavior 蠫analyze.         .       . ,     :     [ks],   .  , ,    taksi,    taxi.  ,      ( 1928  1929)   ,          .    ,    .

    .  ,    ,  ,    ,    .   ,         .  ,  ,      :   ,  .        .      ,    ,    ,   ,       ,      .

   ,      ,    .             . ,      ,  [63 -      . (. .)], [64 -       . (. .)]  [65 -      . ,    []   ,    軠   . (. .)],        .             -.             ,  cab driver  cap driver,    b    [d]    [],      ( !   ?). ,    apsurd (,       [p]).       .  ,     ,     .

        . ,  insane [nsen] 蠫insanity [n's?nt][66 - .   . (. .)]      ,       - -    . , ,    n   column, autumn  condemn, ,      columnist, autumnal 蠫condemnation[67 - . column  columnist   , autumn  autumnal   , condemn  condemnation   . (. .)].

 ,    (,   ),           -.       ,          .  : eye () 蠫I (), you () 蠫ewe ().      ,        . ,       .           ,     ,    . ,          [u] two, too, to, stew,      .          .   ,       .       ,          ,               ,    .




   


          .       -. ,   ,    . ,    ,          ,    .      ,         .   ,    ,   , .     ,    .  ,      .          ,       .

       ( ).          ,     1239 (410,     ),         (.1.3). ,           ,          .          ,         .  ,       .  ,     ,    ,     . ,  ?,      [],    ? ()    ? = [ma]. ,   ,         (   ),   (    ).    ,      ,     [68 - Coulmas, 1989.].

,   -  ,  -.     ,    .  ,           .          [69 - Wydell & Butterworth, 1999.].     ,       (right, write, rite).    ,             ,    ,     .






.1.3.     ,  .            20,   30  ,     . ,     ,        ,   ,    , , ,  one () 蠫won ()[70 -     . (. .)].    ,  92     !      .      --腻    .    ,      .   ,                   (I scream for ice cream[71 - I scream ( )  ice-cream ()  : [a?skri: m]. (. .)]).



,     ,      .    -  ?   ,    .         ,       .      :   - ,    ,       .        . ,           ,                ,     . ,     ,   .      ,  .        ,       ,       :



                ,   ,     .      ,     ,          (  ).

     c   s. ,      .  ,  c    k.     ,     ,         .       ,      ph  f.    ,  photograph,   20% .

            .       ,      .  ,  ,    廠   .   .

        ,   th  z 蠫w  v.          o  ou.  , ,     .

      -   .       .       .  - !





   


    ,     ,     . ,              .        .         ,      .    ,   ,   ,  ,       :     ,      , ,        (  ).      ,        ,  ,    :     ,  ,     ,    (.1.4).

                 .              [72 - Marshall & Newcombe, 1973; Shallice, 1988; McCarthy & Warrington, 1990; Coltheart & Coltheart, 1997.]. ,     ,    .      ,    ,   .       ,     ,   (, ),       (, , -  [73 -         ,  departition  calbonter. (. .)]).   ,         ,     ,        (, , , [74 -       ,  eyes, door  women. (. .)]).       .   , ,     [75 -        ,  ham meat (໠ ). (. .)]     .       ,         .       ,    ,         .    , -,   ,       .  ,       (   )   ,        (   )   -.




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/stanislas-dean-17993/pryamo-seychas-vash-mozg-sovershaet-podvig-kak-chelov/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 . . (. .)




2


 . . .: -, 1998. (. .)




3


        ,     . (. .)




4


  (17431805)  ,     . (. .)




5


   (19412002)   , -. (. .)




6


Gould, 1992.




7


Dawkins, 1996. (. . . , .  . .: Corpus, 2015.)




8


Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992; Pinker, 2002. (. . . , .  . .:   , 2019.)




9


Quartz & Sejnowski, 1997.




10


 - (. Upper East Side)   ;         -. (. .)




11


 ,            . (. .)




12


Changeux, 1983.




13


,                       . (. .)




14


. (. .)




15


 .   // . ; . . . . : -, 2008. (. .)




16


    (). (. .)




17


Rayner & Bertera, 1979.




18


Rayner, 1998.




19


Sere, Marendaz, & Herault, 2000.




20


  (17091784)   ,     . (. .)




21


Morrison & Rayner, 1981; ORegan, 1990.




22


 .   / . .   2. .: , 1994. . 2. (. .)




23


McConkie & Rayner, 1975.




24


Rayner, Well, & Pollatsek, 1980; Rayner, Inhoff, Morrison, Slowiaczek, & Bertera, 1981.   . Rayner, 1998.




25


Pollatsek, Bolozky, Well, & Rayner, 1981.




26


Rubin & Turano, 1992.




27


. Rayner & Pollatsek, 1989, c. 440449.




28


, .-.  ,   . // .-. .  : 2. .: 1957. . 2. (. .)




29


     . (. .)




30


Paap, Newsome, & Noel, 1984; Besner, 1989; Mayall, Humphreys, & Olson, 1997; Mayall, Humphreys, Mechelli, Olson, & Price, 2001.




31


McConkie & Zola, 1979; Rayner, McConkie, & Zola, 1980.




32


      eight ()  sight (). (. .)




33


       departure ()  depart (). (. .)




34


       can () could ()  aspire () aspirin (). (. .)




35


     2  : hard () hardly ( ), depart () department (, ). (. .)




36


Rastle, Davis, Marslen-Wilson, & Tyler, 2000; Longtin, Segui, & Hall, 2003.




37


         department (, )  depart- + ment-. (. .)




38


,       .    ,  repair,       .     ,    :    ,         .   -     ,     .     ., , Caramazza, Laudanna, & Romani, 1988; Taft, 1994; Ferrand, 2001, . 5.




39


      : listless   ,     ,  apartment  ,       . (. .)




40


            ,       . ,  women   [wimin].




41


Rey, Jacobs, Schmidt-Weigand, & Ziegler, 1998; Rey, Ziegler, & Jacobs, 2000.




42


      :

 1: HORNY RIDER GRAVY FILET

 2: VODKA METRO HANDY SUPER. (. .)




43


Prinzmetal, Treiman, & Rho, 1986;  . Prinzmetal, 1990.




44


, , . 6, . 3.              .




45


. . . . (. .)




46


Rubenstein, Lewis, & Rubenstein, 1971; Coltheart et al., 1977; Seidenberg et al., 1996; Ferrand, 2001, . 4.




47


       : rabbit, bountery, culdolt, money, dimon, karpit, nee.      ,   , ,   boundary  couldnt.     demon, carpet  knee. (. .)




48


      Kalashnikov. (. .)




49


 .  . // . . . .:  , 1980. (. .)




50


       : knee, leg, table, head, plane, bucket, hare. (. .)




51


Van Orden, Johnston, & Hale, 1988; Jared & Seidenberg, 1991.




52


.:    ,     ,     . (. .)




53


.:   ,   (    There is no place like home   ,  ). (. .)




54


 ,         Hammond & Hughes, 1978.




55


    : An admirer says to President Lincoln, Permit me to introduce my family. My wife, Mrs. Bates. My daughter, Miss Bates. My son, Master Bates. Oh dear! replied the president.  My son, Master Bates (master     )    my son masturbates. (. .)




56


Perfetti & Bell, 1991; Ferrand & Grainger, 1992, 1993, 1994; Lukatela, Frost, & Turvey, 1998.




57


       : maid made, raise raze, board bored, muscles mussels. (. .)




58


       : serial killers hate cornfields  one-carat diamonds are an odd shade of orange. (. .)




59


, .   . // . .   : 8. .: , 1958. . 2. (. .)




60


Coulmas, 1989, . 251.




61


        , : doubt dout, debt det, calf cauf, half hauf; neighbor nebor. (. .)




62


   (14  1066 )      ,         .        . (. .)




63


     . (. .)




64


      . (. .)




65


     . ,    []   ,    軠   . (. .)




66


.   . (. .)




67


. column  columnist   , autumn  autumnal   , condemn  condemnation   . (. .)




68


Coulmas, 1989.




69


Wydell & Butterworth, 1999.




70


    . (. .)




71


I scream ( )  ice-cream ()  : [a?skri: m]. (. .)




72


Marshall & Newcombe, 1973; Shallice, 1988; McCarthy & Warrington, 1990; Coltheart & Coltheart, 1997.




73


        ,  departition  calbonter. (. .)




74


      ,  eyes, door  women. (. .)




75


       ,  ham meat (໠ ). (. .)


