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Copyright  2018, David J. Linden

Published in the Russian language by arrangement with The Wylie Agency

Russian Edition Copyright  Sindbad Publishers Ltd., 2020

       

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1


           ,       ,   ,  ,   (   ),   (  )     (    ).  ,          ,         (           ),      ,    .   ,     (  :   )    (  ), ,     (   ) ,  ,     .          ()  ,  ,    ,    ;        .           The Philosophy of Karl Popper (1977)         The Threat and the Glory (New York: Harper Collins, 1990).          ,     ,            .




2


   : ,  ,        ;    .  껠      (History of the Inductive Sciences, London: John W. Parker, 1837),      The Limits of Science (New York: Harper and Row, 1984).         ( 1960         )    -      ,      .       ,      .




3


    .          ,      1935 . (    ,  - ,      ,    .)          Failure   (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).




4


J.C. Weeks and W. B. Kristan, Jr., Initiation, Maintenance, and Modulation of Swimming in the Medicinal Leech by the Activity of a Single Neuron, Journal of Experimental Biology 77 (1978): 7188.




5


    ,    ,    : W. B. Kristan, Jr., R. L. Calabrese, and W. O. Friesen, Neuronal Basis of Leech Behaviors, Progress in Neurobiology 76 (2005): 279327.




6


        ,      ,   ,      ,          ,    204   .               .          ,   ,       .   ,  ,     204,        ,    .      ,       .          ,               ,        ,         .                    .           .      ,     ,    . K. Deisseroth, Controlling the Brain with Light, Scientific American 303 (2010): 4855; K. Deisseroth, Optogenetics: 10 Years of Microbial Opsins in Neuroscience, Nature Neuroscience 18 (2015): 12131225; E. Pastrana, Primer on Optogenetics. Optogenetics: Controlling Cell Function with Light, Nature Methods 8 (2010): 2425; V. Emiliani, A. E. Cohen, K. Deisseroth, M. Haeusser, All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits, Journal of Neuroscience 35 (2015): 1391713926.




7


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8


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9


F.Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (London: J. M. Dart, 1907),    www.galton.org.




10


D. K. Belyaev, Destabilizing Selection as a Factor in Domestication, Journal of Heredity 70 (1979): 301308 (  :  . .      //    . .: , 1981); L. Trut, Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment, American Scientist 87 (1999): 160169.




11


T. J. Bouchard, D. T. Lykken, M. McGue, N. L. Segal, and A. Tellegen,  Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart», Science 250 (1990): 223–228.




12


N. L. Segal, Born Together  Reared Apart: The Landmark Minnesota Twin Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).




13


       50% ⻠      :                  50%. ,        ,   ,       50%       50%  .             ,               ,       .




14


 ,     IQ,     ,      .   ,         , ,       ,  ,   .




15


L. J. Eaves, H. J. Eysenck, and N. G. Martin, Genes, Culture, and Identity: An Empirical Approach (New York: Academic Press, 1989).




16


G. E. McLearn, B. Johnasson, S. Berg, N. L. Pederson, F. Ahern, S. A. Petrill, and R. Plomin, Substantial Genetic influence on Cognitive Abilities in Twins 80 or More Years Old, Science 276 (1997): 15601563.




17


E. S. Lander, Initial Impact of the Sequencing of the Human Genome, Nature 470 (2011): 187197.




18


     ,   .            ,     ,                        .




19


S. Ramo?n y Cajal, Histology of the Nervous System, trans. N. Swanson and L. W. Swanson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995;       1909 ).




20


J. DeFelipe, Cajals Butterflies of the Soul (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).




21


A. L. Kolodkin and M. Tessier-Lavigne, Mechanisms and Molecules of Neuronal Wiring: A Primer, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 3 (2011): 114.




22


S. Benzer,  From Gene to Behavior», Journal of the American Medical Association 218 (1971): 1015–1022; D. Anderson and S. Brenner,  Obituary: Seymour Benzer (1921–2007)», Nature 451 (2008): 139.




23


E. Agi, M. Langen, S. J. Altschuler, L. F. Wu, T. Zimmermann, and P. R. Hiesinger, The Evolution and Development of Neural Superposition, Journal of Neurogenetics 28 (2014): 216232.       ,   ,   ,     ,              .




24


E. Agi, M. Langen, S. J. Altschuler, L. F. Wu, T. Zimmermann, and P. R. Hiesinger, The Evolution and Development of Neural Superposition, Journal of Neurogenetics 28 (2014): 216232.




25


M. L. Langen, E. Agi, D. J. Altschuler, L. F. Wu, S. J. Altschuler, and P. R. Hiesinger, The Developmental Rules of Neural Superposition in Drosophila, Cell 162 (2015): 120133.




26


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27


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28


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29


S. Aamodt and S. Wang, Welcome to Your Childs Brain: How the Mind Grows from Conception to College (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011).




30


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