      
  


      ,      .              ,   -       ,     .

               (  ),       ( ).     , ,    .       ,    ,  ,    ,    .

     , ,   ,      ,     .





      : 

    , ,     .. 



                








:

 ..   , ,    ,         ;

..   ,                 .



         , 2020



The Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation



CERTAIN TYPES OF OBLIGATIONS IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW



Monograph



Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged



Editor

Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation

N.G. Doronina



Moscow

LAW FIRM CONTRACT

2021



Approved at the section Private law of the scientific council

of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law

under the Government of the Russian Federation



Reviewers:

Vilkova N.G. Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Professor of the Department of Private International Law of the Russian Foreign Trade Academy;

Solovyova S.V. Candidate of Law, Leading research fellow of the Department of Civil Legislation of Foreign States of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Certain types of obligations in private international law: Monograph / Marysheva N.I., Lazareva T.P., Shestakova M.P. .; ed. by Doronina N.G.; The Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. Third edition, revised and enlarged. M.: LAW FIRM CONTRACT, 2021. 432 p.



This study is the third edition of a monograph on obligations in private international law. In recent years, the area of direct communication between subjects of civil law of different countries has significantly expanded, a variety of international legal means have appeared to facilitate the cross-border exchange of goods and services, the free movement of people and property.

The monograph examines new types of obligations in the field of property relations both in the field of market relations (in the financial market) and in the field of family law (marriage contract). Particular attention is paid to the problems of unification, harmonization, approximation of the legislation of various states. The material was prepared on the basis of an analysis of international treaties, acts of international soft law, national legislation, judicial and arbitration practice, domestic and foreign doctrine.

For researchers and practicing lawyers, teachers, students and post-graduate students, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in issues of private international law.



 

 ..                 (  ),   ,      . 13 (   .. );

 ..        ,     . 3; . 4; . 5; . 6;

 ..        ,     . 1;

 ..         . 10 (   .. ); .12;

 ..         . 2;

 ..      ,   , ,     , . 7;

 ..         ,   , ,     . 11;

 ..       ,     . 9;

 ..        ,     . 13 (    ..);

 ..        ,   ,     . 10 (   .. );

 ..        ,     . 8.



Authors

Marysheva N.I. Chief research fellow of the Department of Private International Law of the Institute, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation  Ch. 13 (co-authored with Sergeeva O.V.);

Lazareva T.P. Leading research fellow of the Department of Private International Law of the Institute, Candidate of Law  Ch. 3, 4, 5, 6;

Shestakova M.P. Leading research fellow of the Department of Private International Law of the Institute, Candidate of Law  Ch. 1;

Borisov V.N. Research fellow of the Department of Private International Law of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation (hereinafter  the Institute)  Chapter 10 (co-authored with Klestova I.O.); Ch. 12;

Vlasova N.V. Research fellow of the Department of Private International Law of the Institute  Ch. 2;

Doronina N.G. Head of the Department of Private International Law of the Institute, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation  Introduction, Ch. 7;

Egiazarov V.A.  Chief research fellow of the Department of Civil Legislation and Procedure, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation  Ch. 11;

Semilyutina N.G. Head of the Department of Civil Legislation of Foreign States of the Institute, Doctor of Law  Ch. 9;

Sergeeva O.V. Senior research fellow of the Department of Private International Law of the Institute, Candidate of Law  Ch. 13 (co-authored with Marysheva N.I.);

Khlestova I.O. Chief research fellow of the Department of Private International Law of the Institute, Doctor of Law, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation  Ch. 10 (co-authored with Borisov V.N.);

Tsirina M.A. Leading research fellow of the Department of Private International Law of the Institute, Candidate of Law  Ch. 8.







                            .

        ,  -      .    -  ,    ,              ,               .         .                ,          ,          .

         ,   ,       ,      ,      - ,     (),   -         (  ),     .                   ,             .

        -     -   ,    .            9  2019. 24         [1 -  . 2019. 10.].          -  ,     [2 - .: Symeonidis S.C. Private International Law at The End of The 20-th Century: Progress or Regress. General Report. XVth International Congress of Comparative Law. Bristol. July. 1998 (Symeonidis S.C. Report).].  ,   -      .     , ..      ,      .  ,          ,       , ,   [3 -  ..      . .:  , 2007. . 9.].

                  .                 ,      -         .       ,      ,    .    ,   . VI    (   )   2013.

                     .             ,     .   ,    ,    - ,    [4 - .: Ugle?a Gru?ic. Contractual Networks in European Private International Law // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 2016. Vol. 65. Part 3. P. 581.].

   ( contractual networks)            .             [5 - .: Goode R. Private Commercial Law Conventions and Public and Private International Law: The Radical Approach of the Cape Town Convention 2001 and Its Pronocols // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 2016. Vol. 65. Part 3. P. 615.],      .   2001. (           )        ().           .

          ,     , ,    .            ,     , , ,   (    ),   ,  ,  ,     (joint venture agreements),  .

        ,          .  ,     , , ,         , ,   ..     ,              ,      -,       . ,     ,      :    ,   - .

                  .      ,  ,     -.   ,        ,    - ,    . ,      -          ,           .

 -          , ,           ,    ,   ,               [6 - ., : Kozolchyk B. Comparative Commercial Contracts Law. Culture and Economic Development. West Academic Publishers. St Paul. MN, 2014.].      ,      ,         .               -          .

              ,          ,       .    -            .         .      -       ,  ,  .      -     ,              [7 - .:  .    / . .;  . .. . 4- . .:  , 2011.].        ,           ,     .

      ()        (),    ,       ,            ()      .

   ,     2015.[8 - .:         ,      ( 19  2015.).],    ,       ,           , - ,                            .




 1

  -  (    )


1. .              ,        - .

                  ,        .

      -     50- .  [9 -    .:  ..    : 3. ., 2002;  ..   : . 2- . ., 2004;  ..      . ., 1983;  .  :   . ., 1984;  ..   -:       . ., 2001;  .  - :        . ., 2006;  ..       //    . ., 1983;  ..     . ., 2002;   :  /  . ... ., 2018;  ..   . ., 2012;      /  . ..   .. , ., 2012;  ..  :  . ., 2019; .].            ,  ,      .

        .          ,         ,     .

     -         (,   ..)  ,                 .                      -  ( )          .

      ,    -     .

                         .                 ,       ,     ,      .    ,   ,  ..,          [10 -  ..      . . 278.]. .     ,                        ;            [11 - .:  .    :       //   . 2000. 2. . 65.        .    .:     . . 190; Good R. Rule, Practice and Pragmatism in Transnational Commercial Law // The international and comparative law quarterly. Vol. 54, issue 3. P. 539; Zamora S. Is there Customary International Economic Law? // International economic law. 2011. Vol.1. P. 105139; Berger K.P. The Creeping Codification of the New Lex Mercatoria. 2nd ed. Wolters Kluwer, Law & Business, 2010. P. 1951.].          ,            .                  .

         .                                 ,  ,    .

          -         ,   ,           .

                        ,   .           ,     ,           ,        ,       ..[12 -    .:  .. . . . 108;  ..       .  :    :    80-      -    /  . .. . ., 2012. . 185; ..            .        :   /  . . .. . ., 2016. . 6;  ..   : . 4- . ., 2019. . 392;  ..      - //   . 2013. 4. . 7891.]

            .                   -.

       -    ,         .

 1955.      ,    -  (  ),     (   1955.)[13 -   , , , , , ,   .].           ,                 -     ,            ,            [14 - .:  .. . . . 108;  ..      . .269.].

      1955.          (. 2).               ,           .     ,     ,     .    ,            ,  ,       .   ,  ,                     .            ,        (. 3).

   1955.       ,        -  (  ), 1958. (   1958.), , ,    .                , -     (    )[15 - .: Drobning U. Transfert of Property // Towards a European Civil Code. 2nd ed. The Hague/London/Boston, 1998. P. 495510.].

            1986.     ,    - (   1986.).        1955.      1980.   - ,     ,       .

   ,     ,  1986.     ,                 -.      ,  ,     ,   ,           .        -       -  ,  ,    ,        .  1986.,    1958.,    .     ,            ,         .         .                       - ,           .

              ,    .

        ,   -    ,   .         ,    , 1980.[16 -         1  1991.   2005.       , , , , , , , , , .    .:  ..   . ., 2008. .59, 60;  .. . . . 212;  ..   :  . . 67;  .      . . 273;  ..  :  . . 95.] (   ),            .      . .., , ,        -        ,      ,   [17 - Schmitthoff C.M. Conflict of Law Relation to Letters of Credit an English Perspective in Select Essays on International Trade Law. Chia Jui Chang ed. Dordrecht. Nihoff, 1988. P. 588.].           .

 . 1        ,       [18 -      ,        ,    ,    ,   , ,     ,      ,  ,    ,  .].       - ,  ,         .

   . 2        ,       ,    ,  .         ,         :    ,               ,            ,   ,    ,  .       ,     .

  ,                         ,   . 4     ,         .         ,       .       . VI  .

 2008.      () 593/2008      17  2008. ,      ( I) (    I)[19 - Regulation (EC) 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (Rome 1) // OJ. 2008. L177/6.],    17  2009. (  . 26,    17  2009.)[20 -    ,   17  2009.                   .].             [21 -    . 299             (      I)     ,     - (, , ).      ,      ,         (. 46  ).    ,       ,    .].    . 2. 24   I          ,   [22 - .:  ..         : 2. . 1. , 2010. . 21.]      ,      .

  I              , ,     (     )     ,      , ,     .

  ,         ,   I           ,      .

  I,       ,          (. 3);   ,                   .

     . 4  I,  ,      .                               ,     [23 -    .:  ..    . ., 2012. . 385.].

  I        ,    , -,  ,    .   -    ,        (. 1. 4).   ,         ,    ,    ,  ,  . 2  :     ,      ,    ,     .      ,   ,           (. 3 4).

    I (. 9)     ,              ,    ,       ,       ,    ,   ,             .         ,              ,        .              ,       .

 2015.          ,                ,          (   )[24 - .: The Hague Principles On Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts (approved on 19 March 2015). URL: http://www.hcch.net/index_n.php?act= conventions.text&cid=135#text.].

    ,   12 . ,    ,     ,  ,     ,   ,          .                          I,   1994.,  .  ,                          [25 -     .:  ..           //       :   /  . . .. . ., 2016. . 7393.].

          .      ,     1994.,  17  ,          [26 -    .:  ..    ,     (  1994) //   . 1997. 4. . 6266;  ..      . . 276, 277.].

    ,     ,    ,    .             ,        ,                 .

 1992.         ,     ,  20  1992. (   ),[27 -     , , , , ,  , , , , .]   1993.          ,     (   )[28 -     ,   .].          ,          ,      .

  ,            ,  ,      ,      [29 -                  ,     2002. ( ),     1993.].  .  . 11            , ..     .        (   1991.),       .                 .

  ,   1994.,       ,         ,    (     ),     ,    ,      ,    .             30  2013. 260-          .

      ,   ,  ,      ,   .   ,       ,        ,                 [30 -           .. . .:      ,   (). 2- ., . . /. . .. , .. . .: -;   һ, 2006. . 494.].

       (  ),       ,           ,   ,       (  ,  ,    )[31 -         ,          ,    . .:  ..     . . 157, 158.].

                        ,         -   ().

2.         ,   ,       ,    .

    ,   -,     (   ),         ,     ,  .

1  1964.       :       - [32 -        ,      1980.: , ,   -.]       - [33 -         .].              .  ,    [34 -    .:  ..     . . 169.],         -  ,  ,     ,   .   -         ,        .

              , .. ,       ,     ,     ,         [35 - .:      - : . ., 1994. . 213.].

       -             ().

 ,      - ,          ,       - ,   ,      1980.     1  1988. (   ).

         1  1991.        1991.,    ,             .         , , , , .

    ,    ,   -                 - ,     - [36 -    .:       - :  /  . .. . ., 1994;  ..  - . ., 1995;  .  - :        . 3- ., . . ., 2006;  ..     . . 164;    1980.   - .  10-   . ., 2001.].  ,  .. ,                  . ,  ,   ,      ,     ,   ,        .      (  )     [37 -  ..  - :        . . 26.].

                      (  ).        80   ,   , , , , , , , , , , ,   .

       ,       - [38 -     ,        ,      -.   ,  ,       1996.,       2001.,         2005.              .].                     .      ,            ,     -  1986.,      1988.,      -  1983.   ,     -  1980.          ( ),       .

       . 1. 1    .    ,          ,      (       )[39 -    .:      - : . ., 1994;  ..  :   . . 72, 73;  .    . ., 1990. . 12;   :  /  . .. . ., 2008. . 364;  ..  :  . . 15;  ..    . . 430  .].                (. 2. 1).    ,      ,                (. 3. 1).

     . 1.   b ,    -       , ..    ,                           .

   -        ,                 ,      ,           .

     ,  101 : . I      ; . II   ; . III  - ; . IV   .

       ,         .     ,      ,     .          ,    ,     (  ,         ,      );       ,    , ,    , ,  ,       .

 ,        ,  :     ,     (..    ),  ,  ,        ,      .         ,            .

      ,   (- )       ,          ,   ,    ,   .     : -              ,      (. 92).

       ,     ,     ,           , ,    .

      .        - ,                     .  ,             (. 6)[40 -    ,  ,  ,        (  -60/2019).].           . 12,   .       ,    . 96   ,   ,   -      ,       ,    ,     .

          .   ,  ,       ,     ,      -   [41 -      - :        /  . .. . ., 2007;    1980.   -: 10-    / . .. ;  ..     ; Schlechtriem P. Commentary on the UN Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG). 1998; Commentary on the UN Convention on international sale of goods (CISG). Second (english) edition. Edited by Peter Schlechtriem and Ingeborg Schwenzer. Oxford University Press. 2005; UNCITRAL Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (2012). URL: http:www.uncitral.rg;uncitral|en|case-law|digests.html.].

  ,     ,         .    , ,             .    ,     . 1   ,      . 6,      .

  ,                             1980.[42 -   ,  , .. . .:  ..   : . ., 2016. . 428.]

            . ,     ,       ,    ,    ,     ,           ,          [43 - .  155/2003, 15/2004 121/2004 //          2005. /. .. . ., 2006.].            [44 - .:  121/2015 //     : 20042016. ., 2017. . 1354.].

   .. , ,  ,         ,   ,  ,        ,      ,   [45 - .:  ..    1980.       //       -  1980.: 10-    / . .. . . 32.].

  ,            (..    ,  ),  ,   ,         ,  ,         (  . 2. 7)[46 - .  115/2003, 97/2004, 167/2003,186/2003 //          2004. /. .. . ., 2005.].

  .  ,      , ,            ,       .       .       ,   [47 -  ,      ,       ,    (, ).     ,             (  8204, 8482, 7754,8453). .: .  .      -      //      - .        /  . ... . 24.].

                    ,           .     ,    ,  ,         ,       ,       ,             [48 - .:   :  /  . .. , .. , ... 2- . ., 2004. . 400.].

     ,                        ,           .

        :                   ,      ()    ,     (    ),     .   ,  ,   ,  ,       ,           ,   ,   . 4. 15                   .           ,                        .              .

  (. 90)        ,    , ..  -        -,   ,   [49 -                  , ,           ,               . .:         2006. /. .. . ., 2007. . 208.].

   ,     -,         (   )    .       ,    ,      ,       .

     -        - ,  14  1974.     - (   1974.)[50 -     1  1988.        20 .   ,    .],    ,     -  1986.

     11  1980.         ,             [51 -       : . I   , . II   , . III     . IV   .].

 1974.  ,         ,     -     ,   ,        ,     (. 1).      -      .          ,     ,         (10 )     .

     1974.,       ,   ,   ,         .

    ,   -,     (   ),      ,   .

        -         ,     ,   1949.   40 .

 1957.      ,     1  1958. (  1958.),           -   30  (      1968/1988.).

       ,    ,    ,           .    -         ,      ,       .      (122),          ,            .

       :            -          ,         .  ,              .                .             ,   ,              -.

         ,      ,    ,   .                [52 -    .:  ..  - .        . . 22.].

   ,    ,              [53 -     (      )                (   ),    1990.,       (   ),    1981.,        (   ) 1978. .         .           (.:  ..  - .        . . 2021, 383;  ..   :  . ., 2001. . 241242;  ..     . . 203).         .        .. ,  , ,   ,              ,          :       (. 4. 15  ),       (.421  ).      ,      (. 1.422  ).    .:  ..   : . . 430.].

   ,    -,     1990-      .            ,    ,   ( , , , , , ,    ) 20  1992.                  ( ),     1  1992.

              .  ,    . 1,       (   )      .

   ,   , ,             [54 - .:  ..       // . 1995. 6. . 78;  ..   . ., 2000. . 299.].   ,  , ,    ,         .                ,       ,   .          [55 -         , , ,     . :      10  2004. 01-1/3-04;  .].     ,  ,   ,        ,           .             -     ,       ,     [56 -        , , ,  ,   .].

        . 90  ,   ,        ,     .    ,        ,     [57 -    .:  ..  - :       . ., 2001. . 308.].

               [58 -    ,        ,  ,           2020 ,        14  2008.].

       ,    ,      ()[59 - .:      ( 29  2014.,     1 2015.).],                  .             20 1992.    -              -    [60 -    .:  ..           //      . 2016. 6. . 8187.].

 ,     ,     ,          ,   .     ,       ,            ,   .

      ,        -,     .              ,   .               ,      ,      [61 -     -    .:  ..     . . 202;  ..   -      . ., 2012.].

3.   -                  ,        ,   ,        ,      .

  ,         ,     ,         ,     .        ,  .

    ()      ()     ,          .    ,  ,        ,    ,             .      ()       ,      ,        .

     ,    , ,   ,    ,    ,        ,    , .. .           .

   , ,       ,    ,       ,   .       ,              .   ,        ,     ,    ,     ,       ,     , ,    ,   .

         ,           ,  .

        ,    ,    ,    . 2. 7,   . 1, 2, 3 . 1211              (    ).  ,    ,      , ,      (  -   )     .      , ,    ,     ,     ,  .   -.

-,    - () ,      -,        ( , ).      ,   ,          ,      - .  ,            (      .),    - ,           .        .

          ,           ,     .   , ,   . 78 ,               .          ,       . 74  [62 -         :       ( )          .    .:  ..        (          ) //   : . . . 1997. . 309;  .  - :        . . 288;  ..,  ..  :  . ., 1997. . 550;  ..    . ., 2000. . 50.].

         ,                        (. 7).     ,    . 395  [63 -    . 395    ,         24  2016. 7               (.37, 45).].   . 1       ,    ,              ,    .   ,         .      ,      ,     .

                 ,     - . ,  . 7.4.9   , ,      ,    ,                      ,        .     (  - )       .

      , .13.3  ,    -                .

   421 () -          ,       (. 12       -)[64 - .:  ..       . ., 2005. .54, 55.].

                ,     ,              .

    ,   ,               .

4.        -      ,           ,       ,   .

     :

1)    ;

2)    (,      )[65 - .:  ..      . . 13, 84.].

      ,     ,    ,      ,   [66 -          .  .:  ..       //   . ., 1958;  ..   : 3.;  ..     ;  ..      ;  .  :   . . 195;  ..  - :        . . 38; ..   : . . 61;   :  / . . ... ., 2017. . 343.].   ,                 .

 ,            ,   ,    ,   . , ..   -      ,            ໠ ,       ,           .      ,   ,        ,       [67 -   :  /  . .. , .. , ... . 94, 96, 97.].

..   ,     ,     ,              [68 -   :  / . . .. . ., 2018. . 5155.].

          . ,  . 1. 9     ,    ,  ,       .      ,           ,                           .         (19, 35, 37, 38).

       . 1. VII      1961.  .38       ( ) 1966.   ,             .

       7  1993. 5338-I     (. 3. 28).       :  .1 . 1186   ,    -           - ,   ,     ,       ,       ,  ,    ,    .

                      ,    .       . ,      ,     .         ,      ,     .

   ,   .. [69 - .:  ..   . 2- ., . . ., 2004. . 128.],       ,          .        - ,    ,           .    ,  ,        .

       ,    ,          .       (ICC)             .          .                .

           ,   .      ,        -.       ,  - ,   ,     .        ()     .       .

   .      ICC  1936.[70 -      1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 2000  2010.]  1  2020.   ()  ,             2020[71 -  ICC 723.  10  2019.].

  2020        2010,     ,             [72 -  .:  ..   :  2020 //     . 2020. 2. . 912.].

           - ,   ,     ,             .

    ,         ( DAT   DPU),   ,      ,      ,        .

 2020    11  ,          .      ,       (EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DPU, DAP,  DDP).            (FAS, FOB, CFR,  CIF).

 11           ,      .              .         -   ,    .

    .           -,         .       2010.       2020.

  2020                 .

        [73 - .:  ..      . . 17;  ..   :  . . 93;  ..   : . . 346;  ..   1980.      //       - : 10-    / . .. . . 27, 28;  ..     //     . 2006. 2;  ..    .     . ., 2008.].  ,           .     (   )   :         ,       [74 - .:  ..  - :        . . 32.].  , ,      ,  ,     ,       [75 - .: Lord Templeman, Selleman P. Law of International Trade. 1-st edit., Old Bailey Press Ltd. 1997. P.34, 59.].

  ,            (     )  ,          ,     (. 11 . 1211).   -    28  2001.[76 - .: - . 2001. 19/20.] 2000     .       -    28  2012.   2010[77 -  .].

            ,        .

      ,     , ,                    .      ,   ,  , ,   .          ,   .            ,                 ,     .     ,          ,    ,   ,          [78 -    .:  ..     . .49;  ..       .   :    : . . 80-    /  . .. . . 185;  ..      - //   . 2013. 4. . 7891;  ..,  ..          //      . 2019. 6. . 6983.].                .         ,        ,      ,    ,   [79 - .:  ..  .   .   / . . .. . . 409;        . . 1 /  . .. , .. -, . . ., 2013. .84  .].

                [80 - .:  ..   : . . 398.],            .

    .      . 32   9  2019. 24          ,   ,   ,         ,          (  ) ( 1  1210  ).

    ,  ,         (,     ,    ,     ).          . ,            ,    ,    ,       ,         .

            ,   .           ( )      ( ).       ,    ()  ,    - .       ,               ,         ,         .

              1994.[81 - .:     / . . ., 1996.]      ,         ,    ,             .          ( ,  ,    .),     ( ,         ,       ),     ,             ,    1975.,      1995. .

            .   -         [82 - .: Vogenauer S., Kleinheisterkamf J., eds., Commentary on the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, (PICC). Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 9.].

   [83 - Bonell M.J. Unification of law by non-legislative means: the UNIDROIT Draft Principles for International Commercial Contracts // American journal of comparative law. 1992. Vol. 40. P. 617.],         ,    ,            ,          [84 - ,           (.: Canallas A.M. The Influence of The UNIDROIT Principles on the reform of the Spanish Commercial CODE //The UNIDROIT Principles 2004: their impact on contractual practice, jurisprudence and codification: reports of the ISDC Colloquium (89 June 2006). Schulthess, 2007. P. 215229),  , ,    .].

  ,    ,     ,      . ,         .  ,            ,        [85 - .: Bonell M.J. An international restatement of contract law: the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. 3rd ed., incorporating the Unidroit Principles 2004. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2005. P. 14.],        ,   [86 - .: Bonell M.J. Towards a Legislative Codification of the Unidroit Principles? Uniform Law Review, 2007. Vol. 12. P. 233245.].

.. ,   , ,             ,        ,       [87 -  ..          ( ).     . ., 2006. .IV.]. ..    , ,       ,         -       [88 - .:  ..     . ., 2004. . 293.].

        ,  ,         ,    ,   ,              .       ,   ,    ,      [89 - .: Goode R. International Restatements of Contract and English Contract Law. Uniform Law Review. 1997. Vol.2. Issue 2. P. 231, 234.].

        .      ,       - ,  ,      .  ,  ,    ,  ,    ,    ,  ,      .               ,        .    .

 ,    ,         , ,   ,       .       ,  [90 - .:  ..  - .        . . 36.]          .  ,      ,        ,      [91 - ,          (. 6),    (. 6.1.76.1.13)         (. 7.4.97.4.12),       ,  ,         (. 6.1.5),          ,              (. 7.4.13).].

           , ,  , ,    .

          ,     ,      .         ,      .                .  2004.    ,   .      2010.    [92 - .:      2010 / . .  ... ., 2013.].

          2016.                .    ,     ,       .       ,         .      ,     :   , , , , ,    .

                [93 -      .:  ..            //   .    . ., 2012. . 343;  ..            ; ..        ;  ..  :    .    :        . ., 2016;  ..      ( ) //   . 2017. 10.].

      ,      ,           .    ,   ,   ,      ,                  .

  ,  ,         .       :           ;            .   ,               .

     ,     ,    .                     ,  ,  ,  , ,            [94 - .:  ..   : . . 79.].

               .         ,    .        ,           [95 - .:  ..          //   . 2003. 2. . 127;   . 2008. 1 (17);  ..   VI           //    . 2014. 2.].

             ,        ,          .

        .   ,          ,     1980.

      .    ,       ,      .1211  ,                         .         ,     :  ,   , ,    .          .           ,            .

   . 28     ,       ,            .    ,                     ,       ,       ( 17/2017)[96 -  .].

              ,        . ,     ,                 , ,        .         :        , ,  ,     ,   .  ,    ,      [97 - .: - .          //     . 2009. 6. . 26.].

      ,  ,      ,             lex mercatoria   ,    ,      .    ,        .   ,         lex mercatoria   ,           [98 - .:  11/2002.          20012002. /. .. . ., 2004. . 353.].

          ,    [99 -   2019.  Unilex    460 ,       ,     . URL: www.unilex.info.].

,   111/2011,  ,           ,     [100 -    . 2012. 2. . 231.].

           ,        ,      .  ,  ,  ,           .     . 78,         ,      .       . 2. 7.4.9 ,     [101 - ., :  11/2009,   //  .].

          .                   . 1.7  . 5.3   ( 177/2012)[102 - .:  ..   VI           //    . 2014. 2.].

               .                .

               .         [103 - .. ,     , ,             (.:  ..,  ..  :  . ., 1999. . 36, 37).    . ..  ,                   ,      1980. .:  ..   : . 3- ., . . ., 1988. . 48.].

    .           ,     [104 - ., :   40-26256/16   40-42441/18,    .,       27  2918. 09-55680/2018   23  2017. 09-4612/2017;    782-1070/2010   -   . //  ; :  ..            //   .   . 2018. 1.].                  ,   ,       ,   , lex mercatoria   ,          (,  )[105 - .:  ..   : . . 82.].

           ( )[106 - .:  ..,  ..    .       //     . 2005. 34.],    19952002.                 [107 -          26  1989.  6 1994.].

                    .      ,    -           -  1980.       ,             -.

    17 ,    130 ,        .    (    )        .

   ,       .

   . 1:101      :

1)       ,       ;

2) ,        , lex mercatoria    ;

3)            (. 1:101).

           1980.[108 -     .. . .:  ..     . . 219224.]

  (. 1:102),    ,   ,            ,       ,    ,  .            ,   ,  ,        .   ,     ,     ,        (. 1:103).

    . 1:105      . 9 ,     ,    ,  ,      .

      ,    ,              ,                            .

         .       .                    ,               ,    . 1:101,            .             ,        .         ,     ,     . -          .

    ,       ,    ,          ,         ,     .

   ,      .           ,       .       ,       [109 - .:     / . . .. , ..  //     . 2005. 3, 4.].

 ,        ,       ,           ,               [110 - .: Blase F. Leaving the Shadow for the Test of Practice  On the Future of the Principles of European Contract Law // The Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration. 1999. Vol. 3. No. 1. P. 314; RosettA. UNIDROIT Principles and Harmonization of International Commercial Law: Focus on Chapter Seven // Uniform Law Review. 1997. P. 442;  .    :       //   . 2000. 2. . 6689.].              .              ,    , , , ,   .,             [111 - .:  .     //     . 2003. 58; Zimmerman R. The new German law of obligations. Historical and comparative perspective. Oxford University press, 2005;    / ., ., . . .. . ., 2008;  ..            //     . 2009. 4. . 189; Lando O. Some Features of the Law Contract in the Third Millenium // Scandinavian Studies in Law. 2000. No. 40. P. 367.].            :  ,    ,            ,    . 1:101,            .                      .

       -    .

  ,        . ..  ,              - ,                    [112 - .:  ..   :      . . 25.]. .. ,      , ,      ,    ,  ,      , ,      , ,  ,        .   ,                     - [113 - .:  .. :     . ., 2001. . 83, 140.].     .

   ,                    .

 [114 - .: Goode R., Kronke H., McKendrick E. Transnational Commercial Law, Text, Cases and Materials. Oxford, 2007. P.511; Hermann G. The Future of Trade Law Unification // Internationales Handelsrecht. 2001. No. 6. P. 11.]    ,               :                 .

  ,      [115 - .: Lando O. European Contract Law in Petar Sarcevic (ed) international Contracts and Conflicts of Laws: A Collection of Essays (Graham & Trotman London, 1990). P. 1, 5.], ,         ,          ,                .

    ,      ,  . ,         .    ,  ,    , ,          .     ,                   .  ,       .      ,             ,     [116 - .: Bonell M.J. The UNIDROIT Principles of international Commercial Contracts and the Principles of European Contract Law. Similar Rules for the Same Purposes? Uniform Law Review. 1996. Vol. 14. P. 229, 242.].

        [117 - .: Raeschke-Kessler H. Should an Arbitrator in an international Arbitration Procedure apply the UNIDOIT Principles? // Institute of iternational Business Law and Practice. P. 174175;   : : 2- . . 1. . 186.].

      ,      ,  .  . ,            [118 - .: Lando O. Op. cit. P. 23.].

                     2008.          (Draft Common Frame of Reference  DCFR)[119 - Principles, Definitions and Rules of European Private Law. Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Munich: interim Outline Edition, 2008.] (  ),      2009.      [120 -        .        ,        ( ,    ,  ,     .).  ,    ,    .    10 :  1  ;  2     ;  3     ;  4   .      ;  5     ;  6  ;  7  ;  8     ;  9      ;  10   ().].     ,    () .  ,    ,         ,  ,        .             [121 -  ,    ,     ,                   ,   ,         (.:  ..                 //      / . .., .. . ., 2008. C. 2028.].

       26  2010.    .

    (,    )      ,      CENTRAL ( , ),                TransLex[122 -     .: International Arbitration and International Commercial Law: Synergy, Convergence and Evolution, Liber Amicorum Eric Bergsten, 2011. P. 3353; Berger K.P. Transnational Commercial Law Online. URL: www.trans-lex.org.].        TransLex,       ,  ,          , ,       ,    ,      [123 -     TransLex        ,     2001.  CENTRAL     (Transnational Law Database  Tldb),    ,    lex mercatoria CENTRAL (       .      ..   ..       lex mercatoria //  . 2008. 2).    .: Berger K.P. Internationale Wirtschaftsbarkeit, 1992. P. 374 et. seq.; Berger K.P. The Greeping Codification of the Lex Mercatoria, 1999. P. 278 et seq. URL: http://trans-lex.org/000004.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=67285268)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 . 2019. 10.




2


.: Symeonidis S.C. Private International Law at The End of The 20-th Century: Progress or Regress. General Report. XVth International Congress of Comparative Law. Bristol. July. 1998 (Symeonidis S.C. Report).




3


 ..      . .:  , 2007. . 9.




4


.: Ugle?a Gru?ic. Contractual Networks in European Private International Law // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 2016. Vol. 65. Part 3. P. 581.




5


.: Goode R. Private Commercial Law Conventions and Public and Private International Law: The Radical Approach of the Cape Town Convention 2001 and Its Pronocols // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 2016. Vol. 65. Part 3. P. 615.




6


., : Kozolchyk B. Comparative Commercial Contracts Law. Culture and Economic Development. West Academic Publishers. St Paul. MN, 2014.




7


.:  .    / . .;  . .. . 4- . .:  , 2011.




8


.:         ,      ( 19  2015.).




9


   .:  ..    : 3. ., 2002;  ..   : . 2- . ., 2004;  ..      . ., 1983;  .  :   . ., 1984;  ..   -:       . ., 2001;  .  - :        . ., 2006;  ..       //    . ., 1983;  ..     . ., 2002;   :  /  . ... ., 2018;  ..   . ., 2012;      /  . ..   .. , ., 2012;  ..  :  . ., 2019; .




10


 ..      . . 278.




11


.:  .    :       //   . 2000. 2. . 65.        .    .:     . . 190; Good R. Rule, Practice and Pragmatism in Transnational Commercial Law // The international and comparative law quarterly. Vol. 54, issue 3. P. 539; Zamora S. Is there Customary International Economic Law? // International economic law. 2011. Vol.1. P. 105139; Berger K.P. The Creeping Codification of the New Lex Mercatoria. 2nd ed. Wolters Kluwer, Law & Business, 2010. P. 1951.




12


   .:  .. . . . 108;  ..       .  :    :    80-      -    /  . .. . ., 2012. . 185; ..            .        :   /  . . .. . ., 2016. . 6;  ..   : . 4- . ., 2019. . 392;  ..      - //   . 2013. 4. . 7891.




13


  , , , , , ,   .




14


.:  .. . . . 108;  ..      . .269.




15


.: Drobning U. Transfert of Property // Towards a European Civil Code. 2nd ed. The Hague/London/Boston, 1998. P. 495510.




16


        1  1991.   2005.       , , , , , , , , , .    .:  ..   . ., 2008. .59, 60;  .. . . . 212;  ..   :  . . 67;  .      . . 273;  ..  :  . . 95.




17


Schmitthoff C.M. Conflict of Law Relation to Letters of Credit an English Perspective in Select Essays on International Trade Law. Chia Jui Chang ed. Dordrecht. Nihoff, 1988. P. 588.




18


     ,        ,    ,    ,   , ,     ,      ,  ,    ,  .




19


Regulation (EC) 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (Rome 1) // OJ. 2008. L177/6.




20


   ,   17  2009.                   .




21


   . 299             (      I)     ,     - (, , ).      ,      ,         (. 46  ).    ,       ,    .




22


.:  ..         : 2. . 1. , 2010. . 21.




23


   .:  ..    . ., 2012. . 385.




24


.: The Hague Principles On Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts (approved on 19 March 2015). URL: http://www.hcch.net/index_n.php?act= conventions.text&cid=135#text.




25


    .:  ..           //       :   /  . . .. . ., 2016. . 7393.




26


   .:  ..    ,     (  1994) //   . 1997. 4. . 6266;  ..      . . 276, 277.




27


    , , , , ,  , , , , .




28


    ,   .




29


                 ,     2002. ( ),     1993.




30


          .. . .:      ,   (). 2- ., . . /. . .. , .. . .: -;   һ, 2006. . 494.




31


        ,          ,    . .:  ..     . . 157, 158.




32


       ,      1980.: , ,   -.




33


        .




34


   .:  ..     . . 169.




35


.:      - : . ., 1994. . 213.




36


   .:       - :  /  . .. . ., 1994;  ..  - . ., 1995;  .  - :        . 3- ., . . ., 2006;  ..     . . 164;    1980.   - .  10-   . ., 2001.




37


 ..  - :        . . 26.




38


    ,        ,      -.   ,  ,       1996.,       2001.,         2005.              .




39


   .:      - : . ., 1994;  ..  :   . . 72, 73;  .    . ., 1990. . 12;   :  /  . .. . ., 2008. . 364;  ..  :  . . 15;  ..    . . 430  .




40


   ,  ,  ,        (  -60/2019).




41


     - :        /  . .. . ., 2007;    1980.   -: 10-    / . .. ;  ..     ; Schlechtriem P. Commentary on the UN Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG). 1998; Commentary on the UN Convention on international sale of goods (CISG). Second (english) edition. Edited by Peter Schlechtriem and Ingeborg Schwenzer. Oxford University Press. 2005; UNCITRAL Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (2012). URL: http:www.uncitral.rg;uncitral|en|case-law|digests.html.




42


  ,  , .. . .:  ..   : . ., 2016. . 428.




43


.  155/2003, 15/2004 121/2004 //          2005. /. .. . ., 2006.




44


.:  121/2015 //     : 20042016. ., 2017. . 1354.




45


.:  ..    1980.       //       -  1980.: 10-    / . .. . . 32.




46


.  115/2003, 97/2004, 167/2003,186/2003 //          2004. /. .. . ., 2005.




47


 ,      ,       ,    (, ).     ,             (  8204, 8482, 7754,8453). .: .  .      -      //      - .        /  . ... . 24.




48


.:   :  /  . .. , .. , ... 2- . ., 2004. . 400.




49


                 , ,           ,               . .:         2006. /. .. . ., 2007. . 208.




50


    1  1988.        20 .   ,    .




51


      : . I   , . II   , . III     . IV   .




52


   .:  ..  - .        . . 22.




53


    (      )                (   ),    1990.,       (   ),    1981.,        (   ) 1978. .         .           (.:  ..  - .        . . 2021, 383;  ..   :  . ., 2001. . 241242;  ..     . . 203).         .        .. ,  , ,   ,              ,          :       (. 4. 15  ),       (.421  ).      ,      (. 1.422  ).    .:  ..   : . . 430.




54


.:  ..       // . 1995. 6. . 78;  ..   . ., 2000. . 299.




55


        , , ,     . :      10  2004. 01-1/3-04;  .




56


       , , ,  ,   .




57


   .:  ..  - :       . ., 2001. . 308.




58


   ,        ,  ,           2020 ,        14  2008.




59


.:      ( 29  2014.,     1 2015.).




60


   .:  ..           //      . 2016. 6. . 8187.




61


    -    .:  ..     . . 202;  ..   -      . ., 2012.




62


        :       ( )          .    .:  ..        (          ) //   : . . . 1997. . 309;  .  - :        . . 288;  ..,  ..  :  . ., 1997. . 550;  ..    . ., 2000. . 50.




63


   . 395    ,         24  2016. 7               (.37, 45).




64


.:  ..       . ., 2005. .54, 55.




65


.:  ..      . . 13, 84.




66


         .  .:  ..       //   . ., 1958;  ..   : 3.;  ..     ;  ..      ;  .  :   . . 195;  ..  - :        . . 38; ..   : . . 61;   :  / . . ... ., 2017. . 343.




67


  :  /  . .. , .. , ... . 94, 96, 97.




68


  :  / . . .. . ., 2018. . 5155.




69


.:  ..   . 2- ., . . ., 2004. . 128.




70


     1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 2000  2010.




71


 ICC 723.  10  2019.




72


 .:  ..   :  2020 //     . 2020. 2. . 912.




73


.:  ..      . . 17;  ..   :  . . 93;  ..   : . . 346;  ..   1980.      //       - : 10-    / . .. . . 27, 28;  ..     //     . 2006. 2;  ..    .     . ., 2008.




74


.:  ..  - :        . . 32.




75


.: Lord Templeman, Selleman P. Law of International Trade. 1-st edit., Old Bailey Press Ltd. 1997. P.34, 59.




76


.: - . 2001. 19/20.




77


 .




78


   .:  ..     . .49;  ..       .   :    : . . 80-    /  . .. . . 185;  ..      - //   . 2013. 4. . 7891;  ..,  ..          //      . 2019. 6. . 6983.




79


.:  ..  .   .   / . . .. . . 409;        . . 1 /  . .. , .. -, . . ., 2013. .84  .




80


.:  ..   : . . 398.




81


.:     / . . ., 1996.




82


.: Vogenauer S., Kleinheisterkamf J., eds., Commentary on the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, (PICC). Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 9.




83


Bonell M.J. Unification of law by non-legislative means: the UNIDROIT Draft Principles for International Commercial Contracts // American journal of comparative law. 1992. Vol. 40. P. 617.




84


,           (.: Canallas A.M. The Influence of The UNIDROIT Principles on the reform of the Spanish Commercial CODE //The UNIDROIT Principles 2004: their impact on contractual practice, jurisprudence and codification: reports of the ISDC Colloquium (89 June 2006). Schulthess, 2007. P. 215229),  , ,    .




85


.: Bonell M.J. An international restatement of contract law: the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. 3rd ed., incorporating the Unidroit Principles 2004. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2005. P. 14.




86


.: Bonell M.J. Towards a Legislative Codification of the Unidroit Principles? Uniform Law Review, 2007. Vol. 12. P. 233245.




87


 ..          ( ).     . ., 2006. .IV.




88


.:  ..     . ., 2004. . 293.




89


.: Goode R. International Restatements of Contract and English Contract Law. Uniform Law Review. 1997. Vol.2. Issue 2. P. 231, 234.




90


.:  ..  - .        . . 36.




91


,          (. 6),    (. 6.1.76.1.13)         (. 7.4.97.4.12),       ,  ,         (. 6.1.5),          ,              (. 7.4.13).




92


.:      2010 / . .  ... ., 2013.




93


     .:  ..            //   .    . ., 2012. . 343;  ..            ; ..        ;  ..  :    .    :        . ., 2016;  ..      ( ) //   . 2017. 10.




94


.:  ..   : . . 79.




95


.:  ..          //   . 2003. 2. . 127;   . 2008. 1 (17);  ..   VI           //    . 2014. 2.




96


 .




97


.: - .          //     . 2009. 6. . 26.




98


.:  11/2002.          20012002. /. .. . ., 2004. . 353.




99


  2019.  Unilex    460 ,       ,     . URL: www.unilex.info.




100


   . 2012. 2. . 231.




101


., :  11/2009,   //  .




102


.:  ..   VI           //    . 2014. 2.




103


.. ,     , ,             (.:  ..,  ..  :  . ., 1999. . 36, 37).    . ..  ,                   ,      1980. .:  ..   : . 3- ., . . ., 1988. . 48.




104


., :   40-26256/16   40-42441/18,    .,       27  2918. 09-55680/2018   23  2017. 09-4612/2017;    782-1070/2010   -   . //  ; :  ..            //   .   . 2018. 1.




105


.:  ..   : . . 82.




106


.:  ..,  ..    .       //     . 2005. 34.




107


         26  1989.  6 1994.




108


    .. . .:  ..     . . 219224.




109


.:     / . . .. , ..  //     . 2005. 3, 4.




110


.: Blase F. Leaving the Shadow for the Test of Practice  On the Future of the Principles of European Contract Law // The Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration. 1999. Vol. 3. No. 1. P. 314; RosettA. UNIDROIT Principles and Harmonization of International Commercial Law: Focus on Chapter Seven // Uniform Law Review. 1997. P. 442;  .    :       //   . 2000. 2. . 6689.




111


.:  .     //     . 2003. 58; Zimmerman R. The new German law of obligations. Historical and comparative perspective. Oxford University press, 2005;    / ., ., . . .. . ., 2008;  ..            //     . 2009. 4. . 189; Lando O. Some Features of the Law Contract in the Third Millenium // Scandinavian Studies in Law. 2000. No. 40. P. 367.




112


.:  ..   :      . . 25.




113


.:  .. :     . ., 2001. . 83, 140.




114


.: Goode R., Kronke H., McKendrick E. Transnational Commercial Law, Text, Cases and Materials. Oxford, 2007. P.511; Hermann G. The Future of Trade Law Unification // Internationales Handelsrecht. 2001. No. 6. P. 11.




115


.: Lando O. European Contract Law in Petar Sarcevic (ed) international Contracts and Conflicts of Laws: A Collection of Essays (Graham & Trotman London, 1990). P. 1, 5.




116


.: Bonell M.J. The UNIDROIT Principles of international Commercial Contracts and the Principles of European Contract Law. Similar Rules for the Same Purposes? Uniform Law Review. 1996. Vol. 14. P. 229, 242.




117


.: Raeschke-Kessler H. Should an Arbitrator in an international Arbitration Procedure apply the UNIDOIT Principles? // Institute of iternational Business Law and Practice. P. 174175;   : : 2- . . 1. . 186.




118


.: Lando O. Op. cit. P. 23.




119


Principles, Definitions and Rules of European Private Law. Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Munich: interim Outline Edition, 2008.




120


       .        ,        ( ,    ,  ,     .).  ,    ,    .    10 :  1  ;  2     ;  3     ;  4   .      ;  5     ;  6  ;  7  ;  8     ;  9      ;  10   ().




121


 ,    ,     ,                   ,   ,         (.:  ..                 //      / . .., .. . ., 2008. C. 2028.




122


    .: International Arbitration and International Commercial Law: Synergy, Convergence and Evolution, Liber Amicorum Eric Bergsten, 2011. P. 3353; Berger K.P. Transnational Commercial Law Online. URL: www.trans-lex.org.




123


    TransLex        ,     2001.  CENTRAL     (Transnational Law Database  Tldb),    ,    lex mercatoria CENTRAL (       .      ..   ..       lex mercatoria //  . 2008. 2).    .: Berger K.P. Internationale Wirtschaftsbarkeit, 1992. P. 374 et. seq.; Berger K.P. The Greeping Codification of the Lex Mercatoria, 1999. P. 278 et seq. URL: http://trans-lex.org/000004.


