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 1989      .         ,   .      ,  TopCar  Penthouse,      ,    .   ,     PlayPump.

 1989     -           -  .       .  ,    ,     , ,       ,    .   ,  ,     ,       ,     .    ,   .     .

   .       , PlayPump    .     ,        - .        ,        . PlayPump        ,    .           ,      .         ,    [1 -   .  ( 2014.].

             .      ,       ,       .  1995       Colgate Palmolive,   PlayPump  ,     :      PlayPumps International.    ,           .             .   90-      .

   2000 .       3.    ()  ,            [2 - World Bank Development Marketplace, http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/content/development-marketplace-1.].         .      AOL      . PlayPump   [3 -   .  ( 2014.],  .      ,   .  2005             PlayPumps International.        .

 PlayPump     .       AOL        .    One Foundation    One Water[4 - .: http://onedifference.org/.],       PlayPumps International.    ,      [5 - Borland, Ralph Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps: Objects in Development, PhD thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, 2011, 37.]  Live 8       (Make Poverty History). PlayPump    .  2006          PlayPump  [6 - Clinton, Bill, Bush, Laura, and Jean Case How the New Philanthropy Works // Time, September 25, 2006.].

  . -     -:   [7 - Jay-Z Helps U. N. Focus on Water Crisis // USA Today, August 9, 2006.]   PlayPumps International   .     (16,4 )    [8 - Costello, Amy PlayPump Project Receives Major U. S. Funding // FRONTLINE/World, September 20, 2006.]      60 ,   2010    4.    .  2007  PlayPump   ,       .

  !           ,    , ,  [9 - Melman, Mark The Making of a Philanthropreneur // The Journal of Values Based Leadership, March 15, 2008, http://www.valuesbasedleadershipjournal.com/issues/vol1issue2/field_melman.php.],   2008  .  ,      ,    ,     ,  [10 - Eastman, John Trevor Field of PlayPumps International // Black and White, April 14, 2008, http://www.blackandwhiteprogram.com/interview/trevor-field-playpumps-international.].  2009  PlayPumps International  1,8.    , ,   .

   .    :   [11 - UNICEF An Evaluation of the PlayPump Water System as an Appropriate Technology for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programs, October 2007, http://www-tc.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/southernafrica904/flash/pdf/unicef_pp_report.pdf.  ,       ,        .]  World Vision,      SKAT[12 - Obiols, Ana Luc?a, and Karl Erpf Mission Report on the Evaluation of the PlayPumps Installed in Mozambique, The Swiss Resource Center and Consultancies for Development, April 29, 2008, http://www-tc.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/southernafrica904/flash/pdf/mozambique_report.pdf.]. , ,   ,     ,        .     ,     .  PlayPump    ,    .   ,      PlayPump   ,    .     ,    .         ,        [13 -     ,  (   )    ,   PlayPump .        ,     .     ,  ,         (,     ),     .      ,       . .: UNICEF An Evaluation of the PlayPump Water System as an Appropriate Technology for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programs, October 2007, 10.].

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       ,   .   (    ) [16 - Borland, Ralph Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps: Objects in Development, PhD thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, 2011, 4982.], ,    Zimbabwe Bush,  PlayPump         .     ,   ,        ,      .     :    ,      .  PlayPump       ,    ,    14.      [17 - UNICEF An Evaluation of the PlayPump Water System as an Appropriate Technology for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programs, October 2007, 13.].

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 2007 ,    PlayPump (    ,       ),        .

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     1990   .    ,           .  1993 ,        ,  .      ,   ,    .

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          ().       ,             .     ,   ,   .

    .        .          .    ,   ,  .            .

      ICS[19 - Kremer, Michael Randomized Evaluations of Educational Programs in Developing Countries: Some Lessons // American Economic Review 93, no. 2 (May 2003): 102106.].        [20 - Glewwe, Paul, Kremer, Michael, and Sylvie Moulin Many Children Left Behind? Textbooks and Test Scores in Kenya // American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association 1, no. 1 (January 2009).].          .   ,       .  ,         ,  ,  ,    ,            . ( ,     ,  ,    ,          .)

      [21 - Paul, Kremer, Michael, Moulin, Sylvie, and Eric Zitzewitz Retrospective vs. Prospective Analyses of School Inputs: The Case of Flip Charts in Kenya // Journal of Development Economics 74, no. 1 (June 2004): 251268.].    ,   , ,     .      .

  :     ,      ?       - ,   .         [22 - Banerjee, Abhijit, and Michael Kremer Teacher-Student Ratios and School Performance in Udaipur, India: A Prospective Evaluation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2002.].

    ,       .    ,        .            .

       ,    1 [23 -   ,  1,5 ,  24%  ,      . .: World Health Organization Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections, Fact sheet no. 366, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/en/.].     ,  ,   ,    .   ,   :     ,   50-  XX ,     ,         .

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       .      .     ,  ,    ..,    , , .    [27 -        . .: GiveWell Combination deworming (mass drug administration targeting both schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths), December 2014, http://www.givewell.org/international/technical/programs/deworming.].  ,       10  , ,  ,   ,   3,4        20%     ,   [28 - Baird, Sarah, Hamory Hicks, Joan, and Edward Miguel Worms at Work: Long-run Impacts of Child Health Gains. Working paper, 2011.].     ,       [29 - Kremer, Michael The Origin and Evolution of Randomized Evaluations in Development. Talk at J-PALs tenth-anniversary event, December 7, 2013, http://youtu.be/YGL6hPgpmDE.].

                 .       .          Poverty Action Lab    ,       ,         .

 2007        Deworm the World Initiative,       ,      .     40  [30 - Deworm the World Initiative Where we work, http://www.evidenceaction.org/dewormtheworld.],        GiveWell  Deworm the World Initiative         .



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   [49 - Stevenson, Betsey, and Justin Wolfers Subjective Well-Being and Income: Is There Any Evidence of Satiation? // American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 2013): 598604.   ,             . , ,    3. ,    6,5     ,   8.     7 . ,            .      ,         .    :        .  ,  :    ,    .      ,       .     ,   .        ,        . .: Larson, Reed, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi The Experience Sampling Method // New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral Science 15 (March 1983): 4156.     ,           (      ). .: Fredrickson, Barbara L., and Daniel Kahneman Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (July 1993): 4555.    , ,     (     2,5 )  75.  ( 30.   )    .  ,   :        .],         1 ,    . ,        ,       . , ?   , ,     ,  ,        .          28. ,  ,      28.,   ,       220 .

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    , , ,  (  ) ,       16.  ,  ,   10%   .       ,      ,    , .  1800           1,4.  (  ),     42. .   200     30  .[52 - Johnston, Louis, and Samuel H. Williamson What Was the US GDP Then? MeasuringWorth, 2014, http://www.measuringworth.com/usgdp/.]      .  ,     -    .



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 ,        ,        ,    ,       [56 - MilanoviC, Branko The Haves and the Have-Nots: A Brief and Idiosyncratic History of Global Inequality. New York: Basic Books, 2011; Clark, Gregory A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 2007.],         .        -       ,    .



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notes








1


  .  ( 2014.




2


World Bank Development Marketplace, http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/content/development-marketplace-1.




3


  .  ( 2014.




4


.: http://onedifference.org/.




5


Borland, Ralph Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps: Objects in Development, PhD thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, 2011, 37.




6


Clinton, Bill, Bush, Laura, and Jean Case How the New Philanthropy Works // Time, September 25, 2006.




7


Jay-Z Helps U. N. Focus on Water Crisis // USA Today, August 9, 2006.




8


Costello, Amy PlayPump Project Receives Major U. S. Funding // FRONTLINE/World, September 20, 2006.




9


Melman, Mark The Making of a Philanthropreneur // The Journal of Values Based Leadership, March 15, 2008, http://www.valuesbasedleadershipjournal.com/issues/vol1issue2/field_melman.php.




10


Eastman, John Trevor Field of PlayPumps International // Black and White, April 14, 2008, http://www.blackandwhiteprogram.com/interview/trevor-field-playpumps-international.




11


UNICEF An Evaluation of the PlayPump Water System as an Appropriate Technology for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programs, October 2007, http://www-tc.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/southernafrica904/flash/pdf/unicef_pp_report.pdf.  ,       ,        .




12


Obiols, Ana Luc?a, and Karl Erpf Mission Report on the Evaluation of the PlayPumps Installed in Mozambique, The Swiss Resource Center and Consultancies for Development, April 29, 2008, http://www-tc.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/southernafrica904/flash/pdf/mozambique_report.pdf.




13


    ,  (   )    ,   PlayPump .        ,     .     ,  ,         (,     ),     .      ,       . .: UNICEF An Evaluation of the PlayPump Water System as an Appropriate Technology for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programs, October 2007, 10.




14


Costello, Amy Southern Africa: Troubled Water, PBS video 23:41, June 29, 2010, http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/southernafrica904/video_index.html.




15


Chambers, Andrew Africas Not-So-Magic Roundabout // The Guardian, November 24, 2009.




16


Borland, Ralph Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps: Objects in Development, PhD thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, 2011, 4982.




17


UNICEF An Evaluation of the PlayPump Water System as an Appropriate Technology for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programs, October 2007, 13.




18


  .  ( 2014.).




19


Kremer, Michael Randomized Evaluations of Educational Programs in Developing Countries: Some Lessons // American Economic Review 93, no. 2 (May 2003): 102106.




20


Glewwe, Paul, Kremer, Michael, and Sylvie Moulin Many Children Left Behind? Textbooks and Test Scores in Kenya // American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association 1, no. 1 (January 2009).




21


Paul, Kremer, Michael, Moulin, Sylvie, and Eric Zitzewitz Retrospective vs. Prospective Analyses of School Inputs: The Case of Flip Charts in Kenya // Journal of Development Economics 74, no. 1 (June 2004): 251268.




22


Banerjee, Abhijit, and Michael Kremer Teacher-Student Ratios and School Performance in Udaipur, India: A Prospective Evaluation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2002.




23


  ,  1,5 ,  24%  ,      . .: World Health Organization Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections, Fact sheet no. 366, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/en/.




24


  .  ( 2014.).




25


Miguel, Edward, and Michael Kremer Worms: Identifying Impacts on Education and Health in the Presence of Treatment Externalities // Econometrica 72, no. 1 (January 2004): 159217.




26


Ibid.




27


       . .: GiveWell Combination deworming (mass drug administration targeting both schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths), December 2014, http://www.givewell.org/international/technical/programs/deworming.




28


Baird, Sarah, Hamory Hicks, Joan, and Edward Miguel Worms at Work: Long-run Impacts of Child Health Gains. Working paper, 2011.




29


Kremer, Michael The Origin and Evolution of Randomized Evaluations in Development. Talk at J-PALs tenth-anniversary event, December 7, 2013, http://youtu.be/YGL6hPgpmDE.




30


Deworm the World Initiative Where we work, http://www.evidenceaction.org/dewormtheworld.




31


      , :                       (75%  ),       ,       ,        . .: Guest Post: Proven Programs Are the Exception, Not the Rule // GiveWell Blog, December 18, 2008, http://blog.givewell.org/2008/12/18/guest-post-proven-programs-are-the-exception-not-the-rule/.




32


,       Roundabout Water Solutions,   .     : ,  ,     ,  .       ,               .    !   Roundabout Water Solutions   ,        ?      :       !         .              .            ,         6-    . ,       ,          .          Roundabout Water Solutions,   PlayPump   .       ,    PlayPump  ,      .  ,    ,    .       :  ,   PlayPump,      .        ,   .   ,   - .       ( ),  .   .         . .: The Playpump III  The challenge of good inquiry // Owen in Malawi (blog), November 3, 2009, http://thoughtsfrommalawi.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/playpump-iii-challenge-of-taking-photos.html.      PlayPump       ,     .




33


  .  ( 2014.).




34


                    . .: Singer, Peter Famine, Affluence, and Morality // Philosophy and Public Af-fairs 1, no. 1 (Spring 1972): 229243; Singer, Peter The Life You Can Save: Acting Now to End World Poverty. New York: Random House, 2009.    ,           20.     (   1      ,  50%    ).        ,         .      . .: Singer, Peter The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2015.




35


    40    40   , 50   ,    80. . (      .)




36


Trice Turner, Dawn How the 1 Percent Live, and Give // Chicago Tribune, December 29, 2011; Social Security Administration Measures of Central Tendency for Wage Data, http://www.ssa.gov/oact/cola/central.html.




37


Congressional Budget Office Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007, October 2011, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/1025-HouseholdIncome_0.pdf.




38


Piketty, Thomas Capital in The Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014, 265.




39


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44


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      1        ,   . , ,  ,    1    ,  99   :        .    99   ,       ,  , , ,      (  , ,        ).        1 .         100: 1.       ,   1       100  ,  1     .   ,     ,    (,    ),   ,  -  1   100  ,  .




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   ,         (. 25).




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  ? . ,  , :     (,  ),       .        ,       ,       .         . ,     ,    -    :            .    ,         .      ,  ,    .  ,     .


