 
 


 ࠖ   ,  ,    (2014).       ,   ,   ,  ,     ,   . ,  ,              : 㠖    򔠖 ,  ,       .





 

 

  ,         



 . , 2019

 . , , 2019

 .,  , , 2019

   Ҕ, 2019


* * *













   .    .   .   ,  ,  1516.       ?,       .      ,     ,  .             ,    . ,    ,    .  ?  ,     .      ,  ,  ,      .

,  .      .  ,        ,   ,   ,    :  .   .    -   ,     , ,  ,    .         ,   ,   .         . ,     ,  ?[1 - 堖 ,   .             ,      .] ,   ,  .        - .    ,  ,  .  ,   .

     ?        .     [2 - Hamani, C. et al. (2008). Memory enhancement induced by hypothalamic/fornix deep brain stimulation. Annals of Neurology, 63(1), 119123.],    - ,        (   :       )   ,       ,         蠖   .    ,        ,  ,      ,   .

   . ,     , ,  30     .   ,  ,       .        ,    ? :    ,   ,   .   ,  ,   ,         ,    .  ,  !








Ƞ   :   ,         ,      .      ,   ,        .          ,        .  ,   (   , ?    !),   . -,            ,    . -,       (  堖    ,  堖    ),        , ,    .  1937           ,           .        . 1950?        [3 - Penfield, W. & Rasmussen, T. (1950). The cerebral cortex of man: aclinical study of localization of function. The Macmillan company, New York.],   400,      ,    ,  ,      . ,   ,      ,         (, ,     ). ,     J.V.    :     ,       ,     :     ?  , ,   .             ,          .      ,   ,   ,     ,       . ,        ,   ,   ? ,   J.V.  ,     .

          .         ,  ?   ,       .         ,    ,        .          ,           ,     .        ,  ,   ,     ,     .            . ,   2005  [4 - Quiroga, R.Q. et al. (2005). Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature, 435, 11021107.]   ,    ,         , ,   ,    (      ).

        ,    ,      ,    -.     ,      . Ӡ       .      , ,  ,      ,         (   ;    ,    ).        ,     [5 -   ,      .].     , ,    .       . (,     :     ,             : ,    ?      ,   ?)

     : ,   ,     ,      ,   .                .  ,      [6 - ,     ,  ,   ,  .      ,    ..]  ,                 ; ,       ,     ,   . Ӡ         蔠 ,   -  .        ,    -,           Halle Berry     ,        .

,  ,       - ;    ,  ,         .      ,    ,     :  .     ,  ,  ?            .   , ,  .    . Ƞ     ,   ,    ;  ,   ;  ,   .   ,    ,    ,    .

 ,        (     ).    ,        -  ,  .        [7 -   ,    ,       .      :    .],        :  .         ,        ,  ,      .   , ,  -   ,    ,        . Ӡ ?.

   蠖        ࠖ     .            ,   -,    25000    10  -    ,  ,  蠖      .  .   .  ,  ,  ,      [8 - Woollett, K. & Maguire, M. (2011). Acquiring the Knowledge of Londons Layout Drives Structural Brain Changes. Current Biology, 21(24), 21092114.]. ,       ,    , ,    ,  ,       .           . ,       . ,    ,   34     . ,      ,   17 ,  ,    . Ƞ,      . Ӡ       ,   ,   (   , ,    :  ,           ,     ).

,  ,   ,    ,  .    ,    ,         .      ,    ( ,   ) ,         . ,  ,       ,        .     .       .  堖     .

     ,    ,     ,   ,    ,   ,        ,    ,        ,  .

    .       蠖 . ,      ,      ,   ,      .  ,   :     ?     ( , , )[9 -      ,     - :     蠓   .],  堖   ,    .    ,     -        ,                  ,  ,    . ,   :        ,    . , ,           ,     ,     .

  ,      ,   :  .  ,    蠖  .   ,      ,   ,        ,     ,      ,    .

   ,    . , ,  .   .

  . Ƞ .  ,           . :    ,   ,  ,    . ,  ,    ,    .    ,      .     : ,    .    ,  ,   .








          ,    ,     .       ,   ,   ᠖ .           : ,   ,     ( ), ,  ,   .        (      ,      ,   ).    (    ,    ).       .      . Ѡ  ,  ,     . .

 2009          16  13  [10 - Dima, D. et al. (2009). Understanding why patients with schizophrenia do not perceive the hollow mask illusion using dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage, 46, 11801186.].           .   (  )      ,    .     , ,     ,   ,  .

    ,          .     . Ӡ     ,    .         :  ?  , ,   .      ,     ,   .       ࠖ      ,             ,     .  ,                    (   ,    ), ,        ,        ,    ,   , 頖 ,    ,        .

    : ,      ,  ? ,   .   : ߠ  ,     ,     .         . Ƞ   ? ,     ,  ,       .       ? ,    ,       ,     .

 ,             . ,     ,   ,    ( ?) .  - ,   2015?       : the dress.    -.  ,  57%     [11 - Lafer-Sousa, R. et al. (2015). Striking individual differences in color perception uncovered by the dress photograph. Current Biology, 25(13), R545 R546.  1.    ?].  ,    ,    ,   -. ,?,   ,     .   () ,    ,      ,           .       ,         ,    -. ( ,   !)

 蠖       ,      ,       ,       . ,        ,           (, ,  )    . ,    ,        ,        ?. Ƞ,     ,    ,      ,    .

㠖      . Ӡ  ,   .  ,  - .   ,  - .     .     ,   ,      ⠖   .       ,            ,  ,       .      ,    ,        ( ,  ,   ,   )  ,       ,    ,  .     ,      ,       . , ,  ,        () .   ,     ,       ,     ,   ,      .

     ,  ,     ,   .      ,   ,  , ,  .                  . ,  ,          ,          .

     ,    ,        ,   ,  ,   ,         ,  .        .    ,         (    ,  ,        ,  ),     .      ,     ,    .     : 㠖     .    , ?,  ,      .       ,   ,        ,    .

        !      ,     ,    .            - ,        .   :  ! ߠ       ,  . Ƞ     ,    .       ,   ࠖ           .        ,         . Ƞ,       .     .




 I

 

  ,   





 1

   ?



       .

    .    : ,   ,  ,  !   .      ,            ,   ,          ?

  170 , 13 1848,     ,  .      1300,              .   25,   ,      , ,       .   , XIX      ,   ,  ,      (, ),       .      .      ,      .    ,          .  , ,   ,  ,         ,         23,5 ( 59).








 ,   .        .    ,  ,        ,  ,   ,     .   ,   [12 - Harlow, J.M. (1848). Passage of an Iron Rod Through the Head. Reprinted in The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 1999, 11(2), 281283.],[13 - Harlow, J.M. (1868). Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head. Reprinted in History of Psychiatry, 1993, 4,274.],   ,  ,   ,  .        . , , ,       ,  ,  ,  ,    ,   ,  .       ,   : very childish  .          (  -, 30 ). 15 ,         ,    ,   ,     . 25      ;       .      ,   ,    . ,    ,  ,      ,         , ,   ,    .    .  ,     .      :



 ,      ,    , ,      ,       .        .  , ,     (   ).   ,   ,   , ,   ,   ,   ,     .       ,      :   .


,      .   ,    ,       ,   .  ?      ,     , ,  ,  ?       .  12        21 1861 .  ,    1860?.    ,    ,     ,         ,     . ,      ,   ? ,     .                [14 -        ,     .     ,    ,          .].

     ,      ,                .  1994 ,  , [15 - Damasio, H. et al. (1994). The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science, 264(5162), 11021105.] ,    ,      .        ,    ,       (    3,    ?     ,    ),     ,  ,          ,  . Ѡ    , [16 - Ratiu, P. et al. (2004). The Tale of Phineas Gage, Digitally Remastered. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351: e21.]2004 ,      .  ,        ,   ,            ,   ,   ,    . ,  ,      ,     ,    (  ,   ). , 2012     [17 - Van Horn, J.D. et al. (2012). Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage. PLOS One, 7(5): e37454.] ,  ,             ,    :    ,  ,   .

          ,     ?   1848  ,     .  ,            ,  ,        ,     , ,       .  ,       12    ,      , ?,     .   1849   ,       ,      .  1858     ,   , ,       , [18 - Macmillan, M. & Lena, M. (2010). Rehabilitating Phineas Gage. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation: An International Journal, 20(5), 641658.].  1860    ,  ,    . ,       (    ,       ),        ,    ?      .

   . Ƞ        . 170,        ,  , ,        . Ƞ,        .




 


          ,   :    ,         .   , ,  ,   [19 -  ,        , .  4%   15%              *.* Knecht, S. et al. (2000). Handedness and hemispheric language dominance in healthy humans. Brain, 123 (12), 25122518.].        XIX,   . ʠ ,       ,   20   ,    ,     , ?,  [20 - Lorch, M. (2011). Re-examining Paul Brocas initial presentation of M.Leborgne: Understanding the impetus for brain and language research. Cortex, 47(10), 12281235.].         .    1861             蠖 ,    .        ,         ,        .           ,          ,      .       (       ),      :    .

 1874          ,      [21 - Geschwind, N. (1967). Wernickes Contribution to the Study of Aphasia. Cortex, 3(4), 449463.].   ,   ,   ,   ࠖ      . ,     ,    .       ,  ?         ,   .         蠖      ,     ,    .      ࠖ      :     ,       ,      ,   ,          .     ,   ,     ,     :  ,      -,    ,    !    !

 , XIX    .  ,    ,  .     .   ,   ,  . Ƞ  ,   ,   . Ƞ      ,              .    :      ࠖ    .    ,  -  ,         .

 XX   , , ,  .         [22 - , .. (1947).  . ,   . .:   .] : . (  3312)  29/XI 1942.    -      ,    .      .    . 19411945. Ƞ   ,            .

        .    ,         (,    ,  ):

     -    -- ,    ----   !

ߠ        !!!       ! Ƞ  ( )  !     ?,     , !

    ,    .

-,  (  )             ,      .         ,    ,         .   , ,     ,   :    ,   ,           .       ,                    .

-,     ⠖         蠖    .  3,5%      ,  15%   .    ,       ,    , .  ,          ,       ,    .     (    )   [23 - Raja Beharelle, A. et al. (2010). Left hemisphere regions are critical for language in the face of early left focal brain injury. Brain, 133(6), 17071716.], ,  ,  ,        -,     .   ,   ? ,  . ,    -.    ,    ,      ,   . Ƞ   ,    ,   ,      [24 -    :       , . Ӡ    ,   젖 젖      .       , , ,     ,    .].     ,  .   ,      .    ?   (   ?!   !),    ,         .








-,    ,      젖    .    :   ,      .    :       ,     ,          堖  ,   .      ,  :                ,      [25 - , .. (1947).  . ,   . .:   .].  ,     1947      ,   ,       ?   .       ,   ?, ,    : -   ,  堖 !  ,                 .

       ?. , ,         ,    ,      ,      ,  ,    ,  ,      ,   ?    .         ,   ,         (   ),    ,  ,     , ,     , ,   ,     .      ,       蠓  ,    ,     ,     ,     :   , .      ,    ,    ,      : , ,   ꅔ,  ,       [26 -  ,    ;    ,  . ,     ,  ,     , ,   ,       .].

    ?      -  (  蠖     ),    .   ,        , 堖  ,      (  ,   씠   ?).       , ,  ,     .     ,       ,  堖   ,  ,  [27 - Bates, E. (1994). Modularity, Domain Specificity and the Development of Language. Discussions in Neuroscience, 10(1/2), 136149.],[28 - Ardila, A. et al. (2016). How Localized are Language Brain Areas? A Review of Brodmann Areas Involvement in Oral Language. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(1), 112122.].   (! !)          ,      ,    ,     ,   ,   .

 - , ,     .   ,       ,        :  ,    ; ,   ; ,  ;      ;    [29 - Huth, A. et al. (2016). Natural speech reveals the semantic maps that tile human cerebral cortex. Nature, 532, 453458.].    . -,   ,       ,    ,         . -,      ,    ,  .     -    ,       ,   .  :   ,     .




  ,  


   XX      -  ( ),        .    ,    , ,  ,      ,  .

   ,   .  1937    450 ,   ;       [30 - Faria, M.A. (2013). Violence, mental illness, and the brain A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 From trephination tolobotomy. Surgical Neurology International, 4(49).].        ,      ,     .    :   1953, 렖 1967?.         , ,       ,     .   ,   (        )                 .        ,            .    :    ,  .          ,       ,     ,     [31 - Moniz, E. (1937). Prefrontal leucotomy in the treatment ofmental disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 93, 13791385.].    ,   .      .

      蠖    .  1942    136 [32 - Freeman, W. & Watts, J. (1942). Prefrontal lobotomy: thesurgical relief of mental pain. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 18(12), 794812.](  ,    ,  ,       ).   27   , 16   , 39   , 30   , , ,    , 13  11        .       堖        .

  ,      ,    .     ;  ,   ,    ;   ,  ;   ,  ,  . Ѡ     ,       ,  .      ( ????? ;    ),      ,    ,     ,    23  3449  25 . 19   ,      [33 - Walker, C., HartA., HannaP. (2017). Introduction: Conceptualising mental health in the twenty-first century. In:Building a New Community Psychology of Mental Health. Palgrave Macmillan, London.].

        ,       .     .  ,   ,       (  ,      IQ        ).       ? ,  ,   ,     ,     .        ,      ,     ;    ,        .








   ,      ,       ,   ,     -[34 - Leveque, M. (2014). Psychosurgery: New Techniques for Brain Disorders. Springer.].     .    [35 - Freeman, W. (1953). Lobotomy and Epilepsy: astudy of 1000patients. Neurology, 3(7), 47994.]. -,  IQ,     ,  [36 - Rosvold, H.E. & Mishkin, M. (1950). Evaluation of the effects of prefrontal lobotomy on intelligence. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 4(3), 122126.],  [37 - Struckett, P.B.A. (1953). Effect of prefrontal lobotomy on intellectual functioning in chronic schizophrenia. AMA Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 69(3), 293304.]:  ,         ,    , 頖          ,       ?     . ʠ      (  ,   ),      .

 ,            .      XX,       [38 - Leveque, M. (2014). Psychosurgery: New Techniques for Brain Disorders. Springer.].        ,   ,    ,        (,  ,  )       ,  ,    .

,        - ࠖ  ,    ,  .             . ,      .      .       ,  ,   ,       ,            , .   ,  -      ,      ,      -   ,     .    ,            ,   .   ,      .   10 ,    193[39 - Brown, L.T. et al. (2016). Dorsal anterior cingulotomy and anterior capsulotomy for severe, refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: asystematic review of observational studies. Journal of Neurosurgery, 124, 7789.], ,          37%,    頖  57%.      ,    ,        ,  .    ?  .




,   


ʠ1950   ,            ,    ,              ,         ,      . Ѡ , ?  ?  .       ,   ?     (    ).      ,         .

          .          ?   蠖 ,  ,  ,  [40 - Scoville, W.B. et al. (1951). Selective cortical undercutting: results in new method of fractional lobotomy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 107(10), 730738.].         60 ,    ,     ,   ,  160 .        ,        ,  .    14  28,     ,     .       5 6( ),    ,    .   ,   ?         ,  ,    .

     ,         ,  ,     , .     ,       .     ,  .    堖    ,  .

        [41 -      patient H.M.,        2008.],  ,     [42 - Scoville, W.B. & MilnerB. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 20(1), 1121.].    27        .         ,   ,            .        ,  . ʠ      ,       :       .

    ,     ,   . , ,      .   ,        ,    . Ƞ,  ,       ,             . ,      ? ,    ,       .  ,  1 1953,           ?    , ,              : ,  ,      .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/asya-kazanceva/mozg-materialen/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


堖 ,   .             ,      .




2


Hamani, C. et al. (2008). Memory enhancement induced by hypothalamic/fornix deep brain stimulation. Annals of Neurology, 63(1), 119123.




3


Penfield, W. & Rasmussen, T. (1950). The cerebral cortex of man: aclinical study of localization of function. The Macmillan company, New York.




4


Quiroga, R.Q. et al. (2005). Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature, 435, 11021107.




5


  ,      .




6


,     ,  ,   ,  .      ,    ..




7


  ,    ,       .      :    .




8


Woollett, K. & Maguire, M. (2011). Acquiring the Knowledge of Londons Layout Drives Structural Brain Changes. Current Biology, 21(24), 21092114.




9


     ,     - :     蠓   .




10


Dima, D. et al. (2009). Understanding why patients with schizophrenia do not perceive the hollow mask illusion using dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage, 46, 11801186.




11


Lafer-Sousa, R. et al. (2015). Striking individual differences in color perception uncovered by the dress photograph. Current Biology, 25(13), R545 R546.  1.    ?




12


Harlow, J.M. (1848). Passage of an Iron Rod Through the Head. Reprinted in The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 1999, 11(2), 281283.




13


Harlow, J.M. (1868). Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head. Reprinted in History of Psychiatry, 1993, 4,274.




14


       ,     .     ,    ,          .




15


Damasio, H. et al. (1994). The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science, 264(5162), 11021105.




16


Ratiu, P. et al. (2004). The Tale of Phineas Gage, Digitally Remastered. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351: e21.




17


Van Horn, J.D. et al. (2012). Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage. PLOS One, 7(5): e37454.




18


Macmillan, M. & Lena, M. (2010). Rehabilitating Phineas Gage. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation: An International Journal, 20(5), 641658.




19


 ,        , .  4%   15%              *.

* Knecht, S. et al. (2000). Handedness and hemispheric language dominance in healthy humans. Brain, 123 (12), 25122518.




20


Lorch, M. (2011). Re-examining Paul Brocas initial presentation of M.Leborgne: Understanding the impetus for brain and language research. Cortex, 47(10), 12281235.




21


Geschwind, N. (1967). Wernickes Contribution to the Study of Aphasia. Cortex, 3(4), 449463.




22


, .. (1947).  . ,   . .:   .




23


Raja Beharelle, A. et al. (2010). Left hemisphere regions are critical for language in the face of early left focal brain injury. Brain, 133(6), 17071716.




24


   :       , . Ӡ    ,   젖 젖      .       , , ,     ,    .




25


, .. (1947).  . ,   . .:   .




26


 ,    ;    ,  . ,     ,  ,     , ,   ,       .




27


Bates, E. (1994). Modularity, Domain Specificity and the Development of Language. Discussions in Neuroscience, 10(1/2), 136149.




28


Ardila, A. et al. (2016). How Localized are Language Brain Areas? A Review of Brodmann Areas Involvement in Oral Language. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(1), 112122.




29


Huth, A. et al. (2016). Natural speech reveals the semantic maps that tile human cerebral cortex. Nature, 532, 453458.




30


Faria, M.A. (2013). Violence, mental illness, and the brain A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 From trephination tolobotomy. Surgical Neurology International, 4(49).




31


Moniz, E. (1937). Prefrontal leucotomy in the treatment ofmental disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 93, 13791385.




32


Freeman, W. & Watts, J. (1942). Prefrontal lobotomy: thesurgical relief of mental pain. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 18(12), 794812.




33


Walker, C., HartA., HannaP. (2017). Introduction: Conceptualising mental health in the twenty-first century. In:Building a New Community Psychology of Mental Health. Palgrave Macmillan, London.




34


Leveque, M. (2014). Psychosurgery: New Techniques for Brain Disorders. Springer.




35


Freeman, W. (1953). Lobotomy and Epilepsy: astudy of 1000patients. Neurology, 3(7), 47994.




36


Rosvold, H.E. & Mishkin, M. (1950). Evaluation of the effects of prefrontal lobotomy on intelligence. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 4(3), 122126.




37


Struckett, P.B.A. (1953). Effect of prefrontal lobotomy on intellectual functioning in chronic schizophrenia. AMA Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 69(3), 293304.




38


Leveque, M. (2014). Psychosurgery: New Techniques for Brain Disorders. Springer.




39


Brown, L.T. et al. (2016). Dorsal anterior cingulotomy and anterior capsulotomy for severe, refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: asystematic review of observational studies. Journal of Neurosurgery, 124, 7789.




40


Scoville, W.B. et al. (1951). Selective cortical undercutting: results in new method of fractional lobotomy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 107(10), 730738.




41


     patient H.M.,        2008.




42


Scoville, W.B. & MilnerB. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 20(1), 1121.


