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-  Porchlight Business Book Awards.      .       The Guardian  2020 .





 

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Copyright  2020 by Linda Scott

All rights reserved.

Published by arrangement with Andrew Nurnberg Literary Agency.

    ,    , .   , 2022


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THE DOUBLE X ECONOMY

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      .          .      ,    ,    ,    .               .  ,   Power Shift Forum for Women in World Economy          ,      .  2015    .   ,      ,        ,         .

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 -       ,   The New York Times, The Washington Post, Financial Times  The Economist.    ,       ,        .          ,         ,  ,       ,     . ,    -     , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,   .      , , , , ,   , ,    . -     ,       ,         [1 - Diane Coyle, Economics Has a Problem with Women Financial Times, 28  2017., https://www.ft.com/content/6b3cc8be881e-lle7-afd2-74b8ecd34d3b; Mary Daly, Economics Trails the Sciences in Attracting a Diverse Student Mix, Financial Times, 13  2018., https://www.ft.com/content/d47e885a539b-lle8-84f4-43d65af59d43; Inefficient Equilibrium: Women and Economics, Economist, 19  2017., https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2017/12/19/women-and-economics; Elizabeth Winkler, Hotter, Lesbian, Feminazi: How Some Economists Discuss Their Female Colleagues, Washington Post, 22  2017., https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/22/hotter-lesbian-feminazi-how-some-economists-discuss-their-female-colleagues/; Justin Wolfers, Evidence of a Toxic Environment for Women in Economics, New York Times, 18  2017., https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/18/upshot/evidence-of-a-toxic-environment-for-women-in-economics.html; Justin Wolfers, Why Womens Voices Are Scarce in Economics, New York Times, 2  2018., https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/business/why-womens-voices-are-scarce-in-economics.html; Ann Mari May, Women Are Missing from Economics. Heres Why That Matters for All of Us, Huffington Post, 11  2018.  : Mark J. Perry, Womens Voices Might Be Scarce in Economics, but They Are Abundant and Over-Represented in Most Academic Fields and Graduate School Overall, AEIdeas, 4  2018, http://www.aei.org/publication/womens-voices-might-be-scarce-in-economics-but-they-are-abundant-and-over-represented-in-most-academic-fields-and-graduate-school-overall. ,   ,   ,         ,   ,        (,     )       .     ,              . Alice Wu, Gender Stereotyping in Academia: Evidence from Economics Job Market Rumors Forum (,    ,  2017.), https://growthecon.com/assets/Wu_EJMR_paper.pdf.].

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     ,   ,    ,   ,         .       ,        ,   ,    (, ,   ,  ,  ),      [7 -       1995         ,      .   2006 ,            ,            .  2006  2012      ,        . Gender, Equality and Development (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2012); Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now! (:     , 2011); UNICEF, State of the Worlds Children: Women and Children  The Double Dividend of Gender Equality (-: , 2007).   ,   2019 ,       .].    --,                   (.1). ,       ,        . ,      ,        .



     






    




.1.               ()     ().        ,    .          ,          ,      .              .             ,        .     .

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       ,      .    ,      ,       :     ,   ,    .         ,      ,  ,    ,    ,     ,         .

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 CARE International  ,    ,      -   .           ,     .      ,           .       .  , ,     ,    ,      .    ,        . ,    ,    ,  , , :      .                  .

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 ,        - ,            ,    .       ,    ,      .   -   , , ,       ,   ,   ,    ,    ,   .    ,        ,                   .      1,4           [30 - Quentin Wodon, Claudio Montenegro, Hoa Nguyen, and Adenike Onagoruwa, Missed Opportunities: The High Cost of Not Educating Girls (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2018), https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29956; Quentin Wodon, C. Male, A. Nayihouba, A. Onagoruwa, A. Sa- vadogo, A. Yedan, J. Edmeades, et al., Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: Global Synthesis Report (Washington, DC: World Bank and International Center for Research on Women, 2018), https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/EICM-Global-Conference-Edition-June27-FINAL.pdf.].

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   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=67509098)  .

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notes








1


Diane Coyle, Economics Has a Problem with Women Financial Times, 28  2017., https://www.ft.com/content/6b3cc8be881e-lle7-afd2-74b8ecd34d3b; Mary Daly, Economics Trails the Sciences in Attracting a Diverse Student Mix, Financial Times, 13  2018., https://www.ft.com/content/d47e885a539b-lle8-84f4-43d65af59d43; Inefficient Equilibrium: Women and Economics, Economist, 19  2017., https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2017/12/19/women-and-economics; Elizabeth Winkler, Hotter, Lesbian, Feminazi: How Some Economists Discuss Their Female Colleagues, Washington Post, 22  2017., https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/22/hotter-lesbian-feminazi-how-some-economists-discuss-their-female-colleagues/; Justin Wolfers, Evidence of a Toxic Environment for Women in Economics, New York Times, 18  2017., https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/18/upshot/evidence-of-a-toxic-environment-for-women-in-economics.html; Justin Wolfers, Why Womens Voices Are Scarce in Economics, New York Times, 2  2018., https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/business/why-womens-voices-are-scarce-in-economics.html; Ann Mari May, Women Are Missing from Economics. Heres Why That Matters for All of Us, Huffington Post, 11  2018.  : Mark J. Perry, Womens Voices Might Be Scarce in Economics, but They Are Abundant and Over-Represented in Most Academic Fields and Graduate School Overall, AEIdeas, 4  2018, http://www.aei.org/publication/womens-voices-might-be-scarce-in-economics-but-they-are-abundant-and-over-represented-in-most-academic-fields-and-graduate-school-overall. ,   ,   ,         ,   ,        (,     )       .     ,              . Alice Wu, Gender Stereotyping in Academia: Evidence from Economics Job Market Rumors Forum (,    ,  2017.), https://growthecon.com/assets/Wu_EJMR_paper.pdf.




2


Wolfers, Why Womens Voices Are Scarce in Economics; American Physical Society, Doctoral Degrees Earned by Women, https://www.aps.org/programs/education/statistics/fraction-phd.cfm.   2017              .




3


John T. Harvey, Do Women Avoid Economics or Does Economics Avoid Women? Forbes, 11  2019., https://www.forbes.com/sites/johntharvey/2019/01/11/do-women-avoid-economics-or-does-economics-avoid-women/#642585aa2f32; Winkler, Hotter, Lesbian, Feminazi.




4


Market Power: Women in Economics, Economist, 23  2019., 1112; Daly Economics Trails the Sciences in Attracting a Diverse Student Mix; Wolfers, Why Womens Voices Are Scarce in Economics; Inefficient Equilibrium; Winkler, Hotter, Lesbian, Feminazi




5


Inefficient Equilibrium.




6


Coyle, Economics Has a Problem with Women.




7


      1995         ,      .   2006 ,            ,            .  2006  2012      ,        . Gender, Equality and Development (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2012); Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now! (:     , 2011); UNICEF, State of the Worlds Children: Women and Children  The Double Dividend of Gender Equality (-: , 2007).   ,   2019 ,       .




8


.,  , Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003).




9


Katrin Elborgh-Woytek, Monique Newiak, Kalpana Kochlar, Stefania Fabrizio, Kangni Kpodar, Philippe Wingender, Benedict Clements, and Gerd Schwartz, Women, Work and the Economy: Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity (:   , 2013); DeAnne Aguirre, Leila Hoteit, Christine Rupp, and Karim Sabbagh, Empowering the Third Billion: Women and the World of Work (New York: Booz and Company 2012); Sandra Lawson and Douglas B. Gilman, The Power of the Purse: Gender Equality and Middle-Class Spending (New York: Goldman Sachs Global Market Institute, 2009); Jonathan Woetzel, Anu Madgavkar, Kweilin Ellingrud, Eric Labaye, Sandrine Devillard, Eric Kutcher, James Manyika, Richard Dobbs, and Mekala Krishnan, The Power of Parity (New York: McKinsey Global Markets Institute, 2015); Pursuing Womens Economic Empowerment, Meeting of the G7 Ministers and Central Bank Governors, 12  2018., Whistler, Canada,     , 31  2018., https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-empowerment; ,    .




10


Woetzel et al, The Power of Parity, 26.   McKinsey,       2015     ,         ,   ,            . . :     , Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development, in The State of Food and Agriculture (:     , 2011).




11


Ewa Lechman and Harleen Kaur, Economic Growth and Female Labor Force Participation  Verifying the U-Feminization Hypothesis: New Evidence for 162 Countries over the Period 19902012, Economics and Sociology 8, no. 1 (2015): 246257.                . ., : Claudia Goldin, The U-Shaped Female Labor Force in Economic Development and Economic History, NBER Working Paper Series, no. 4707 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994).




12


,    .




13


Quentin Wodon and Benedicte De La Briere, Unrealized Potential: The High Cost of Gender Inequality in Earnings (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, Childrens Investment Fund Foundation, Global Partnership for Education, Canada, 2018).




14


Lawson and Gilman, The Power of the Purse.




15


World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report, 20062018.




16


    , Closing the Gender Gap.




17


 :     , Gender and Land Rights Database, http://www.fao.org/gender-landrights-database/en/.  : Daily Chart: Womens Wealth Is Rising, Economist, 8  2018., https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/03/08/womens-wealth-is-rising.




18


Measuring Womens Financial Inclusion: The Value of Sex-Disaggregated Data (Washington, DC: Global Banking Alliance for Women, Data 2X, InterAmerican Development Bank, 2015).




19


Susan Harris Rimmer, Gender-Smart Procurement Policies for Driving Change (London: Chatham House, 2017); Romina Kazandjian, Lisa Kolovich, Kalpana Kochhar, and Monique Newiak, Gender Equality and Economic Diversification, International Monetary Fund Working Paper, WP/16/140, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2016/wpl6140.pdf.




20


Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); Janet S. Hyde, Sara M. Lindberg, Marcia C. Linn, Amy B. Ellis, and Caroline C. Williams, Gender Similarities Characterize Math Performance, Science 321 (2008): 494495; E. Zell, Z. Krizen, and S. R. Teeter, Evaluating Gender Similarities and Differences Using Metasynthesis, American Psychologist 70 (2015): 1020.




21


WHO Multi-country Study on Womens Health and Domestic Violence Against Women: Summary Report  Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Womens Responses (:   , 2005); Alike Hoeffler and James Fearon, Conflict and Violence Assessment Paper, Copenhagen Consensus Center, 22  2014; Bj?rn Lomborg and Michelle A. Williams, The Cost of Domestic Violence Is Astonishing, Washington Post, 22  2017; Valerie Hudson, Bonnie Ballif-Spanvill, Mary Caprioli, and Chad Emmett, Sex and World Peace (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014).




22


Max Roser, War and Peace, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace. . : Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011).




23


    . Conor Seyle, Is the World Getting More Peaceful? OEF Research, a program of One Earth Future, https://oefresearch.org/think-peace/world-getting-more-peaceful.




24


       , 16  1953.,  .




25


Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017).




26


Marianne Egger de Campo, Contemporary Greedy Institutions: An Essay on Lewis Cosers Concept in the Era of the Hive Mind, Czech Sociological Review 49, no. 6 (2013): 969986.       . . Lewis Coser, Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment (New York: Free Press, 1974). .,  , M. G. Marmot, G. Rose, M. Shipley, and P. J. Hamilton, Employment Grade and Coronary Heart Disease in British Civil Servants, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 32, no. 4 (1978): 244249.




27


Kellie A. McElhaney and Sanaz Mobasseri, Women Create a Sustainable Future (San Francisco: University of California, Center for Responsible Business, Haas Business School, 2012), https://www.eticanews.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/ll/Report-Women_Create_Sustainable_Value.pdf.




28


   ,  ,    ,             -.          ,     .        ,        .




29


Neil Andersson, Sergio Paredes-Sol?s, Deborah Milne, Khalid Omer, Nobantu Marokoane, Ditiro Laetsang, and Anne Cockcroft, Prevalence and Risk Factors for Forced or Coerced Sex Among School-Going Youth: National Cross-Sectional Studies in 10 Southern African Countries in 2003 and 2007, BMJ Open 2 (2012): e000754.




30


Quentin Wodon, Claudio Montenegro, Hoa Nguyen, and Adenike Onagoruwa, Missed Opportunities: The High Cost of Not Educating Girls (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2018), https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29956; Quentin Wodon, C. Male, A. Nayihouba, A. Onagoruwa, A. Sa- vadogo, A. Yedan, J. Edmeades, et al., Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: Global Synthesis Report (Washington, DC: World Bank and International Center for Research on Women, 2018), https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/EICM-Global-Conference-Edition-June27-FINAL.pdf.


