       
  


           .    XX       , , ,         ,             .

              ,       ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .

       л,                       .

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      XX 








                    .   ,     ,     [1 -       ,           Encyclopedia Americana.    ,         ,                 (Encyclopedia Americana, . 4. . 692).]            .      ,            ,         .      ,        ,          .     .      .        ,      [2 -  .    . . . ., 2003. . 8.].

  ,      , ,    ,  ,       .    .          ,        .        ,  (    )        .

            .        ,    ,    ,        XIX ?    ,        ,          1864 ,     ,   ,    ,    ,               XVIII [3 -  .,  . . 2- . . 16. . 17.      ,          -  .].

,          ,              .     ,          (      )    ,    XX       .

                    ,     . ,   ,      ,     .                .

        .. ,  ,  -       ,     .  ,  ,        ,         .      ,        .      ,      ,      : 1) XVIIXVIII.  ; 2) 17701810-      ; 3) 18201860-      ; 4) 18701920-      ; 5)  1930-       ,      [4 -  ..   : , ,  //   : , , , 2002, 5. . 5.].

, , ,    18701920             .  ,   XX         .  1913    XVII     ,      ,   1920   XIX ,    .     ,   19001914.              [5 -  ..   : , ,  //   : , , , 2002, 5. . 20.].

        (,  ,    ),            .        ,       [6 -  ..   : , ,  //   : , , , 2002, 5. . 21.].

    ,          .                     XIX .  ,          ,               .  . -      ,    ,      ,   , , ,   () ,       .   (     ),        ,   . ,              ,          ,         XIX ,          .

 XX     .        ,      ,      ::  per se,  ,             , ,    .

                 ,  , ,   ..          ,    .        ,    ,  , ,    ,         ..   .     (      )        .

       ,    ,     ,     , , ,   ,     ,   ,    .

  ,      /    ,         .  ,     ()         ()         .         ,    [7 -            .  ,    ,      ,     ,      ( .  . . . ., 2000. . 20).],              .

              , ..      ,             -   .     XX ,          :                   ( ,     )         ,    .              .       .

                - ,       (     ),                /           .              .            - ,            .

         .   -        ,          () .   ,         ,     (         )  ,   , ,   , ,      ,                  ,    .. ..

 ,    -                    ( ,   ,   ,    .  ..),   ,            ,           .

 ,    ,        (   )  ,     ,         .         (        XX )    ,      .

,         :    ,  ,     .         - (      )  (response)    (challenge)[8 -   challenge  response,   , , ,  ,    . , ,       ,    ,    ,  .].       ,            ,       .

              .              .  ,    ,     [9 -           (USIA)      .           1990-  (   )     (USIA Special Features Service)      1990-,       36. , . , . , .     .].              ,     .

          (   ,   )   :    ,    (   -)        ,      .              .

 ,           ,  ,     ,     per se    ;             ;   ,          ,  ..

           XX .   :             ,  ,      ,    .       ;   30-    40- ;     4080- ;   - .

  ,      ,         XX .     :      ,        XX               .  ,   ,         ;      ;              .    :              ,                    ,      .

   ,          XX : 1)       40-   50- ; 2)  50-    80-   90- ; 3)   90-    . , , ,    ,     ,  .           ,    ,     ,     ,    .

            [10 -         (    )   XX ,         :        . , ,          ,             .        ,          ,  ,   ,    ,      ..          XX    :  , ,  ,   ..];       ;   ,          .

          ,       (  )    ;     ,      ;          ; - ;      .

          ,        ;   ;    ,     ;          .

          ,     ,   .     ,         (social science)  ,       .  ,     ,    ,    ,    (evidence),  (validity)   .                    ,     .             [11 - Neal P. Theory, Postwar Anglo-American //The Encyclopedia of Democracy S. M. Lipset Ed. in chief. Congressional Quarterly Incorporated. Wash. D. C., 1995. P. 1247.].

    ,     , , -      XX   ,    ,   ,  ,  ,  ,     [12 -    ,   ,   ,  ,        ,  ,   :  . .  .  . .  . . . ., 2008;  . .     . XX . ., 1999;  .   . . . ., 2001;  .    . . . ., 2002;  .   . .  ., 2000;  .    . . . ., 2003.].      ,  ,    (    )            ,  ,    ()       ,    .     ,    .       ,         ,        ,      ,    .           .      ,    ,       .     ,  , ,                  [13 -  . . . 413, 420421.].

,        XX ,  .            .           ,     [14 -            (     )          New Handbook of Political Science. Ed. By Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. Oxford Univ. Press, 1996. (  :  :  . ., 1999)   The Democracy Sourcebook   .   . ,     2003 . (  :    .  . . .  .  .  . . . ., 2006).].      (        )   ,   ,       ,  American Political Science Review, American Journal of Political Science, Current History, The National Interest, The Public Interest, Foreign Policy,  .     (    )  Journal of Democracy.    90-    Congressional Quarterly Inc.      ,        ,   The Encyclopedia of Democracy (            ,  ,  ,  ,    .)[15 - .: The Encyclopedia of Democracy. S. M. Lipset Ed. in chief. Congressional Quarterly Incorporated. Vol. 14. Wash. D. C., 1995.           ,      .  ,        ,      ,    ,   ,         ,      .      .          - ,    ,               ,  ,   ,    .]

           . ,  , ,     ( -         , , , , ,  , , ,       , , , , , )[16 - ., .: Von der Muhll G. Robert A. Dahl and the Study of Contemporary Democracy: A Review Essay // The American Political Science Review, 1977, vol. 71; Farr J. John Dewey and American Political Science // American Journal of Political Science, 1999, vol. 43; American Political Thought. The Philosophic Dimension of American Statesmanship. Ed. by Frisch ., Stevens R. Itasca (111), 1983 (1971);  .    . . . ., 1996;  .  . . . ., 2000.],    (,   ),    (,    XX        ).  ,       (           [17 - Gabriel R. The Course of American Democratic Thought. Third edition with Robert H. Walker. N. Y. et al., 1986.       XX     : Curti . The Grouth of American Thought. New Brunswick and London, 1983 (1943)  Bums E. Ideas in Conflict. The Political Theories of the Contemporary World. N. Y., 1960.]           1986 ),      .       XX , ,     ,         .

  ,  , : XX   ,  ,   ,        .        ,                    .

    ,   ,     XX , ,       [18 -    ,      ,     ..        , ., 1980;      (              . . )      :    . ., 1982;  . X. . ., 1984;  A. .   . .     쓻    :     . ., 1989;  ..    // - . ., 1990.].

            ,  ,       [19 - .,  :  ..      //   . ., 1994;  ..        //  , 1994, 1;  B.C.     //  . ,   . ., 1995;  ..  ,    // .    . . . ., 1996;  ..    // .    :  . . . ., 1997;  ..   (  ) // .    . . . .,2003   ,         .].   ,       , ,       [20 - ,  ,  . .   . -   . ., 1999,    ..   . ., 1997.            XX ,         (  .. )      .].      [21 - .: .. .   : , ,  //   : , , , 2002, 5;  ..       ;   . . :              .         . , 2001. . :  ..     XX  //   : , , , 2006, 2.],                 XX .

           XX ,    ,  ,   ,   ,   .              ,      ( ,  ,   ),      ,          ,          .           ,  , , ,   .

   ,     ,     ,       .     ,     .       -  ,             [22 -  :   /  . .   .-. . . . ., 1999. . 135.].      ( ),       ,  -  :         ,     .      : -      , ,     ,              .     ,       .  ,         ,    .    ,       [23 -  .        // , 2001, 3. . 7.].

             .        . ,     (   )    ,     ,       :       ,   .                .  ,       ,      .     ,    ,     ,    [24 - Dewey J. The Later Works: 19251953. Vol. 11. Carbondale, 1981/1990. . 182.]. ,   ,   ,  :   ,   ,        .         .

    ,    :         ;           .   , ,       , , , , , , , ,        ,            ,       .      , ,     ,     ,  ,    , ,       (       )    [25 -     :     (political science).       .                     .],        ,            .

    ,    .    .              ,  , , ,  ,    ..      .          , ,   ,       .

   ()      .    ,       ,    ,         ..       ,          (  ,  ).

    ().       deliberative  ,        ,   ,             ,    .             (deliberation). ,       .

      .     ,       ,     ,   ,  -.  , , , ,   ,      .  , ,         ,     




 

        XX 





 


       XX         ( ,        ,   -    ),    ,   . ,   ,           .

    , , ,   ,     .         ,     .         .         , ,     -.,           .  ,   ,    ,    ,   ,   ,     [26 - Wilentz S. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. N.Y, London. R XVII.       . .: . . .   : , ,  //   : , , , 2002, 5.].

   (  ),   1780-    .   ,   ,     [27 - Wilentz S. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. N.Y, London. R XVII.].    :       .       ,    .    ,          ,      ,       ..    ,   ,    .

         ,                         .

          ,      ,    ,           .  ,        ,  ,    ,          ( ,  ,        ,      ,     ),         (   ,      ).

,           ,   -  ,      ,    ,        .

 ,  ,      . ,      , ,     [28 -                         . . . ., 2003.]:    ,   -        . ,        ( )     ( ).     (      ).     ,           ,   ,       (    ,      .).

  ,           .   ,    ,    ,    ,        ,    ,          ,      .

    ,       . , -   ,    XX      (    ),     ,       .

      ,        ,        ()       ,    .          ,                  (   ).         ,         .           (   )         ,       ,     ,   .

   ()            .  -      (   . ..),    (it is the right of the people)  . ,            (in the name and by authority of the good people of these colonies)     셻.     . ,    (We the People of the United States).     .      30  1789      ,   셻[29 -    . ., 2001. . 39.    ..].  ,      (4  1797 ),    ,           ,  ,    [30 -    . ., 2001. . 47.].     ,    ,                     ,     ,     ,     ,         腻[31 -    . ., 2001. . 57.].         ,  , ,   -.

   :    ,         .     -,    ,    .  ,  ,      ,     , ,    [32 -    . ., 2001. . 56.].

   ,   ,           :    , , ,    .  ,   ,    ,    (    ),    ,        . ,    ,      ,      ,      蔅     . ,             ,     ,    [33 -     .  . ., 1983. . 182183.  (.. )   : Jensen . The American People and the American Revolution // Journal of American History, 1970, vol. 57. P. 56.].           [34 - Hofstadter R. The Anerican Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. N. Y., 1948. P.45.].

  ?   , ,       ? -軔,   ,    ,       .       ,                ,       .    ,                  ,  .     ,     ,     (demos,   )           ,     [35 - Lakoff S. Democracy. Boulder, 1996. P. 26.].

    .   10  14          ,     ,               .

  (,    ,  )   ,     ,      [36 - .   . , .   . . . . ., 1993. . 83.   14      .            ,  ,           ,             ,      ,   ,      ; ,    ,   ,         ( . . 104105).].     ,    ,    ,            ,      [37 - . . 83.   14  ,             (. ..)        []      ( . . 104).].

,  ,    .      ,  ,     .     ,    ,  ,         -  [38 - . . 83.].    :        ,    [39 - . . 104.   ,         ,      ,    ,       .   ,        ? ( . . 105). ,       ,      ,      ( . . 105).].    :        ,         ,       [40 - . . 83.].

  .      :       ,    ,   ,        ,                   [41 - . . 84.].  ,     ,   ,     ,   ,     ,    [42 - . . 84.].

 ,      .  ,    ,           ,    .   ,      ,                ,       [43 - . . 104.         ,             .      , ,        ,         ,    ,    ,     ,     ,    ?          ,                 (. ..)   ,          ( . . 108109).     ,          ,       ,     .].

   ,  ,  ,   ,     (   .  ..)     :    , ,  ,      .           [44 -  .  . . 22.].

  , , ,          .    ,  XVIII        :   , , ,    [45 - Ketcham R. Notes on James Madisons Sources  Midwest Journal of Political Science, 1957, May. P. 25. . :    .  . . 100.].        (1804.),     (the government of the worst)[46 - Cabot to Timothy Pickering, Feb. 14, 1804, in Henry Adams, ed., Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 18001815 (Boston, 1877), 346. . no: Sean Wilentz. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. N.Y., London, 2005. P. XVII.].         ,        , ,   .       , ,  ,   (   ,  ,      )     .         (  )                  ,     XVIII .               ,       .      ,      ,      [47 -     10 :   ,      (. ..),  , ,      ,             ,       (. . 83).].  , ,    , ,    ,    (mob rule)[48 - .: Bums J., Peltason J., Cronin T. Government by the People. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1981. P. 5.],  .

     .    ,     ( ,    ),  , ,     -     ,  ,     , ,  , .

           [49 -                   .  ,  ,   ,              ,   200  . (.Burnham W D. Democracy in the Making. American Government and Politics. Englewood Cliffs. N. J., 1986. P. 45.)]. , ,    , ,          ,       -         [50 -  A.A.,  B.A.  . - . ., 1985. . 15.], ,                 [51 -  ..,  ..  . - . . 15.].

        .  ,    [52 -   ,    ,        (,         ,   ),    ,           ,      (       ).     ,  ,    [] ,   .            .          []   (popular government),      ,      ,   ,       (Burnham W. D. Op. cit. P. 45).],      .      :        , ,     ,   .  ,             .      The Democracy Sourcebook           (10, 14, 23, 47, 48, 62, 70  78)  .

,         ,   (    )     XVIII,   XIX,   XX . , -,       ().    ,     (  )    ,      []  [53 - . . 459.].                     [54 - . . 165.].      [55 - . . 412.].        ,     [56 - . . 459.].       ,         ,       [57 - . . 507.].

     ,   ,  , ,  ,       , ..         .  ,              ,       (demos  )   [58 -         .      -,       ,  , ,   . ,  , , ,       ,      , ,   .].         .

 ,   ,  .     ,       ,   ,       ,  ,   ,      [59 - . . 323.].     ,  ,                       ,        ,        , ,   ,   [60 - . . 331.].  ,           (checks and balances) ..       . ,               .

             .        ,  .          ,      ,        ,   [61 - . . 462.].  , ,   , ,   , , .                            ,  [62 - . . 462.].

       ,          [63 - . . 458.]. ,     ,       : -, , -,    , -,     , -,  [64 - . .458459.].

         ,   ,     ,                 .       (,       ) [65 -      . . III  .],           ,    ,      ,         .

  ,   ,     .                .   - ,      .           ,     [66 -  .  .    //    . . 17.             .    ,   ,  ,        (people)       .  -,  ,          .  ,     ,   ,        (design)   .     ,      ,                 ,    (who would deliberate)   (public issues).         ,       (successive) .     ,  ,     ( )      (Fishkin J. The Nation in a Room. Turning public opinion into policy // http: www.bostonreview.net/BR3L2/fishkin.php). To,      ,                   .].   ,      ,    ,                     ,          蔻[67 -  .  .    //    . . 17.].

,  , .     ,    ,   ,         ,     ,     ,      ,  ,         ,  ,          .

                   .    ,  -       .             ,      ,     ,               .

,     ,   ,       [68 - . . 503.],            ,      .                      [69 - . . 503.].

       , ,      ,            [70 - . . 504.].    ,    [],    ,   ,   ,    ,   [71 - . . 505.].

      , , ,     .        ,              ,         ;              ,          (        . ..);    ;             ;          ;  ;          


 (#litres_trial_promo);    [72 -    . . 5758.].

      ,  :     (,    ,   ).       ,    ,        ,         ;         ,           [73 -    . . 5556.].

              ( ,   ),        (    )       XVIII       ,        : ,      (),  ,     (   ).

               .   ,     ,         [74 -  .    . . . ., 1996. . 151.]. , , ,        (   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,     ),        ,    .

      () ,        ,    ,             腻[75 -  .    . . 151.]. ,    ,    , :    ,     (   )       ,        [76 -  .    . . 154.],   , ,    .           ,      .          ,       .   ,   , ,    ,   ,                  ,  ,     ;   ,               ,         ,  [77 -  .    . . 152153.].

   (     ,   )    ,          .    (   , ,      )   ,    () , ,       [78 -            , ,       .]     ,   ,     (     )  .          ,    ,   -,           (    ,  )[79 -        .,             . ,           ,  ,            ,           ,    .    ,     ,      ( .  ,    //  .    . . 16.).].

  ,           ,         [80 -               .].            ,          ,        [81 -  .   //    . . 175.].

            ,         .      (   )  .  ,  , ,  .     , , []  ,     .  ,  ,          1789.       .  ,         ,            [82 -  .   //    . . 175.].

   ,   ,    ,     ,       [83 - .  ,  :  ..      XVIII . ., 1980.].   ,   -      ,  ,   ,     ,    ,   ,  . -, ,       ,   ,         .     , ,      ,        ,    ,      . -,    ,     (   ,   )    ,          ,       .

  ,                   ?    :   ,      XIX  XX ,    :     ,  ,      ,    ,      (   ).

 ,           ,  ,     ,    -  .     ,     ,     ,   ,    , [84 -  ,            30  1789   .    ,   .    ,         ,   .      ,  ,       .]    -       .        ,  ,  ,          , , , [85 - .: Gabriel R. The Course of American Democratic Thought. N. Y., 1986. P. 12.].

,   1829.    ,   ,   ,     ,      ,              ,        .        , ,   ,       ,   .         ( ,     ..),     .    ,          :  ,     ,   (  ,    ,   ); ,         ; ,            .

  ,    ,     , ,  ,    ,       ,     .      [86 -          (               )    . , .   . ,        ,   .  :         ,   ,     ,   ,       ,        ,        (the great bulk)   (.: urns J., Peltason J., Cronin . Government by the People. P. 5.  . ..).],    -        , ,  .    .       .        ,   1985 [87 - .: Hanson R. The Democratic Imagination in America. Conversations with our Past. Princeton, 1985. P. 88.         ,           ,    1793    - ,             - ,   1800  1828        .         :     ,         ,               ,    .       .].    1790  1850 ,  ,     170 ,      ,     .       1790  1820   16   ( 9 )     .     ,  1820  1850-    :   101  (  63 )      .

            ,   , ,       .      ,      ,                         ,      .  ,        ,   ,        ,     .          .

      ,                 . ,   ,    ,    ,   ,     , ,      ,      .           :        ,  .

   .  ,           ,     ,       ,     ,      .       ,            .       ,                   ,                  .

        XIX ?   ,  . ,        .     ,   [  ] ,    [ ] (log-rolling),                           ,     ,       ,    .      ,    ,   ,   .         ,    .  ,  ,        [88 - Gabriel R. The Course of American Democratic Thought. P. 14.].

 ,    ,  ,     ,   ,     ,    XIX .

   ,  ,    (     ,  ,    ,   - )        ,      (   )  .  ,    ,   ,        ,    ,         .              ,   , ,    XIX ,           ,     ,   .

               .      ,     ,         .      ,                  ,        .            ,      .

       :    ,      .        ,          .  -       ,                  -     ,          ,         -   ,     ,                     ,               [89 - Samuel Kirkland Lothrop. Oration, Delivered in Boston, July 4, 1866.     .  ,  ,           ,    .               . ,   []   (of the destiny of America)    ,           ,  ,        ,    (Gabriel R. The Course of American Democratic Thought. R 25).].

 ,    ,          ,                . ,   .  ,   ()   () ,  ,  ,    ,    ,  ()  .           XIX    .

         ,        ,   ,   .     ,       .     :      ,           ,         .       ,          .        ,   ,   ,    ,  ,  ,    [90 -  .   . . . ., 1992. . 27.].    .  ,         ,         ,  ,   ,       ,            ,      [91 -  .   . . 27.].

 ,             ,     ,      [92 -  .   . . 27.  ,         :           .       (demos unbound),  , .     .                 .                ,      (Lerner . Americca as a Civilization. N. Y., 1957. P.262263).].    .            ,           ,              ,        ,    .

          (   XIX     ),         ,    ,    , ,     (,  ,   ).       ,       ,     .  ,        ,         ,      [93 - Lerner M. America as a Civilization. N. Y., 1957. P. 362.].         ,     XX .

     XIX     , ,  ,         .   ,   .      ,            .     .  , ,           ,        ,  (  )     ,     .

   XIX              ,    ,     ,  .   ,         .            . ,   .   .        ,               ,       .   ,        ,       XX ,             .




   


  XIX   XX        ,    . ,           ,       ,  ,        .

     .       ,         ,  ,   ,          .         ,             XX ,  .   ,       . , ,    ,         .              ,       ,          .      ,            ,  ,   .          ,          ,     .         ,   ,  ,   ,      .        [94 - Burns . Ideas in Conflict. The Political Theories of the Contemporary World. N. Y., 1960. P. 3.]. ,    (   ),    , , ,           .

    ,         .       ,   ,        ,  ,        .   ,     , ,    ,       XX   ,      ,       .

            () ,                 ,         :  .

     (     )   XX.     ,   -.  , ,  , ,    ,           ,    ,             ,         .          XX .           .       XIX.        ,         .    [95 -     .  . ., 1985. . 236.   ,      ,      , ,    ,     .].

  ,      ,   .   . ,         ,   [96 - Gabriel R. The Course of American Democratic Thought. P. 360.].    ,         ,   ,          .                .   (    ..)      [97 - Gabriel R. The Course of American Democratic Thought. P. 360.].

         ,      ,      .        - .    ,    ,            .  ,         ,      ,    [98 - Gabriel R. The Course of American Democratic Thought. P. 351.].

  ,  ,   ,           .      .  ,   ,    ,  ,    ,     (for mans advantage)  ,     ,   ,           .  ,  ,   ,     .          []  [99 - Gabriel R. The Course of American Democratic Thought. P. 361.].

      :  ,                    .

,          .          ,    .       ,       :   .     . ;  .      . ;   .   . ;    .     .     ,        .

    .               XX ,       .    1940      ,    ,           ,                .     (mind)     .   ,   1918 ,         .            .       腻[100 - Perry R. Shall not Perish from the Earth. N.Y., 1940. P. 1920.].

          .           .      (      )  2040-  XX.,     1922  1942. (  . )       ,    (18281926),        [101 -  ,  ,   1922.    ,              .    ,       , ,         .  ,    ,     ,      .     1933      ,        , ,     1938.   .  ,   1915.   ,     1936.   1926.    ,      .     1930.   .      1933.   1936.            1939. ,  ,   1920- . ,   1930- .     ( .  .    XX . . . ., 2003, . 28).].   ,  ,   ,    .  ,    ,    ,    ,     1920- .  1930- . ,    ,     ,    ,  ,   ,    [102 -  .  . . 2829.].

        .   .      ,     .    -    (),    .      ,    .  ,  ,  ,    ,              ,                    . -,  ,          ,    ,   ,                  .            .

     ,           :  ,           ,   ,         .      ,    .          ,  ,        [103 - Sherwood R.E. Rooosevelt and Hopkins.N.Y., 1948. P. 73.].   ,   ,   ,          (, ,      ,         )       ,          .

         .   :     ,       ,  ,        .       ,                ,           ,    .  ,  ,  ,          ,    ,           . ,  ,  ,      ,   ,          .  ,   ,    ,     ;  ,    ,   .    .    ,         ,  [104 - American Political Thought: The Philosophic Dimension of American Statesmanship. Ed. by Morton J. Frish and Richard G. Stevens. Itasca (111.), 1983 (1971). P.320321.     ..        ,  ,  .       ,     4  1933 .            ,        (   . ., 2001. . 384);         ,        ( , . 385);      ,     ( , . 386).      ,   (          ..),      ,       ,              ,    ,     ( , . 386).            ( , .386)  ,                  ,   ,  ,            ( , . 386387).          ( , . 387)  ,        ,             ,     ,       ,      ,    ( , . 386).].

          [105 - American Political Thought: The Philosophic Dimension of American Statesmanship. P. 319.],   ,    ,      .  , , ,     ,     ,      , ,           ,         ,          (  )    .  , ,         ,  ,   ,      ,         .

       [106 - ,   30-   ,        .  ,  ,     -  ,         ,         ,         ,      .  ,          ,      ,    .  ,   ,     ,  ,            (Commager . Regimentation: A New Bogy. Currant History, July 1934. P. 391. . :  H.B.,  ..   . ., 1980. . 111).].   20-30-              , , ,      .          , , ,    ,            [107 - McDougall W. An Introduction to Social Psychology. Boston, 1921.].

     ,      ,        ,    30-   40-      ,                .                ,      ;                ;    ;     ()   ; ,          .      ,  , ,  ,    .                            ,      .      ,           .

   ,   .    ,                ,    .    , , , , , ,   ,   .    XX     :       ,  ,     ,     ,  -        [108 -  ,       ,       .  ,   ,   .          .    ,        ,            (depth of understanding).             .    .    ,      (American Political Thought: The Philosophic Dimension of American Statesmanship. C. 319).].           ,       ( ).

,  ,     30-40-   ,      ,   . , , , , ,  ,           1934    [109 - Ickes . The New Democracy. N.Y., 1934.],   ,      ( ,   ),      ,     [110 -          :    ( ).].  ,   ,  ,   ,     ,     ,   [111 -             ( ).].        .   ,   [112 -        , ,  ( ).],     [113 - Perry R. Shall not Perish from the Earth. N.Y., 1940; Stapleton L. The Design of Democracy. N.Y., 1949.].   ,   [114 - Friedrich C. The New Belief in the Common Man. Boston, 1942.],            [115 -  .   .           ( ).].   ,      [116 - Commager . Majority Rule and Minority Rights. L., N.Y., Toronto, 1943; Becker C. Modern Democracy. New Haven, L., 1941.].

    30-40-      .   ,     ,  .        ,     ,       :       ,     .          ,    XX            ()          -    ,    .

     ,    ,                () ,       . ,    ,      ,  ,   .    ,        ,   ,     ,    .  ,  ,      []  ,    ,     ,   .  ,     XIX.,     1920- . ,         1920-  1940-,    ,      [117 - Easton D. Political Science in the U.S. Past and Present // Divided Knowledge. Ed. by Easton D., Schelling C. L.,1991. P. 39.].

,            ,            .         30- .        ,             ,     .

         XX ,  ,      .    , , ,  ,   .    ,    ( )     1922 ,     ,      (  )  1955-.           ,           ,  ?    XX .

     .    ,   ,     1942  ,  ,       .     ,       ,    ,       .             .          .

-     .       .   , ,          ,     .   ,              ,        XX .         ,     2040- .        .      ,          .




    


  XX ,     ,  ,     - , , , ,         ,  .      ,  ,  ,  [118 - Forcey Ch. The Crossroads of Liberalism. Croly, Weyl, Lippmann and the Progressive Era. 19001925. N. Y., 1961. P. XIII.].       .    ,   1912    ,    .     .

 (  )        ,   -,                         .   1912      (  )    .         [119 - Weyl W. E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964 (1912).].   ,  1909    (  1910  1911 )             [120 - Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965 (1909).              . ,         promise (promised land   ).].    ,              ,     . . ; ,   1909     . ;   . .    ,          ,               .

  ,        ,        (government),     (majority rule).       . ,        ,      [121 - Burns . Ideas in Conflict. P. 4.].  ,   , ,   ,        ,         ,      .

  ,           (          ,  , . [122 -    . , ,   ,     ,         ,        ,                XX .       ,  ,     ,     ,     .   ,      (. :     .  . ., 1985. . 38).]),           ,         .  ,   ,        ,    ,       . ,      ,        .      ,    ,   ( ,   ,             ,    )             ,          .

      ,      .      ,    ,        1930 ,             ,     .   []     ,   ,      [123 - Frankfurter F. Herbert Croly and American Public Opinion // New Republic, July 16, 1930. . no: Schlesinger A. Jr. Introduction. Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. V.  ,  ,    . ,              .]. ,    -.,            ,      ,              , ,         ,      [124 - Schlesinger A. Jr. Introduction. Croly . The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.). 1965. P. V.].

,       ,    ,          ,     ,                ().

   ,  ,   ,   ,   ,    .   ,  ,   ,                  ,     [125 - Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. 21.].       ,        ,             .      :     ,     . , ,       ,  ,   ,      ,              (improved)  [126 - Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. 209.].

          .    ,         ,   1914 ,        ,     .      ,    .          ,  ,       [127 - Croly . Progressive Democracy. N. Y., 1914. P. 370371.].

   ,    .   []  ,      (machinery)     (partial)    .       (government by the people)    (majority rule)    [128 - Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. 207.].     ,    ,  (devices)    ,           .        ,         .        ,          ,   .                   3.

 ,  ,     [129 - Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. 209.].           - .      ,     XIX ,        .        .  ,  ,    ,     .       ,   (expressly)              ,   ,            (welfare)  [130 - Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. 207.].

        .    ,     ,           (amelioration),            ,     .          ,      ,      ,      [131 - Croly . The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. 207.].

      ,           ,      :  -        ,  ,  ,  [132 - Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. 209210.].

           .      .              .               . ,  ,         ,     ,   ,    (consecration of the will)[133 - Croly H. Progressive Democracy. N.Y., 1914. P. 404.].

     .    ,    ,      .     (   )        ,                 腻[134 - Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. 208.].

            .  -      ,  -  ,  -   .         ,     ,       ,    ,     .

   -,          ,      ,     ,       ,          ,    .        ,    ,      .                   ,    .

   ,    ,      . -,      ,      ,   .  ,    ,     ,      ,   , [ ]     ,   (favoritism),    ,         [135 - Forcey Ch. Introduction to the Torchback Edition. Weyl W. E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. X.].

   , -      .   ,   ,           ,          ,             ,        .       ,      ,       [136 - Weyl W. E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N.Y., 1964 (1912). P. 162.].

  ,    ,  ,      ,           ,           .      ,     ,  ,  -    ,         ,        ,       [137 - .: Beard Ch. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. N.Y., 1913 (  1935  1965).].

,     ,          . ,  , . . ,     ,            ,    ,         , ,     (   )  ,     .    ,           [138 - .: Smith J. A. The Spirit of American Government. N. Y., 1907.],   .

   .   ,  ,     -,     ,        .          ,   ,           . ,     ,    , ,    [139 - Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964 (1912). P. 160.].        ,    ,       ,           [140 - Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964 (1912). P. 162.].

                   .     ,      .                    .              ,        ,             .              ,        [141 - Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964 (1912). P. 161162.].

            ,       .  ,  ,     ,      ,      (generalization)     ,            [142 - Weyl W . The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964 (1912). P.164165.].

                  . , -,   .    , ..             2.    ,       ,  ,   .

       ,        ,     [143 - Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. 298.].   ,         ,       .

         .         ();   ;     ;   ;     .

      ,     (advancement)   (improvement)      (advantages)   (opportunities) [144 - Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. 320.].  ,  ,         ,  , , ,   ,         [145 - Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. 320.].

       , ,       ,  . ,  ,     [146 -       ,  ,     ,  ,     -         (Forcey Ch. Introduction to the Torchback Edition. Weyl W. E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. XVIII).      (   )           .          (The Class War),      .],     (national adjustment)    ,   .          .    ,      -           .         (solvent),  ,   ,  [147 - Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. 191.].

 ,  ,    ( ,    ,   )       :    , ..   ,      ,     ?       :      ,     ,    ,    ,   .     (         ):          ,         ?

 ,     ,   ,    (social surplus),  ,  ,  ,     , [148 -              (Patten Simon N. The Theory of Social Forces. Philadelphia, 1896),  ,   ,         (Weyl W. E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. 191).],  , ,  ,        .     ,           (strivings)     [149 - Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. 191.].

    ,        .       : ,   .     ,       ;        ,         .  ,     .         ,  ,     ,    , , ,          70  . ,              ,        .

 , , , ,      -        (    ),     [150 -     . ,   , ,     , -   ,         (How Democratic is the Constitution? Ed. by R. Goldwin and W. Shambra. American Enterprise Institute. Wash., D. C., 1980. P. 2. . no:  H.H.    // . . 19).].     :        ,              ,         ,                 ,      .   ,           .

     . , ,     ,             . ,             ,       (popular government),     (mass of the people)[151 - Lowell A. L. Public Opinion and Popular Gpvemment. N. Y., 1913. P. 57.].          ,      ,   (,    , ) .

-,   ,     , .. ,     ,     ,            . -,   ,   ,    , -, ,     ,      [152 -         : ,    (skill)  (appoint),     (representation)  (elect) (Lowell A. L. Op. cit. P.260261).].

          ,       ,      () .     .   ,       ,      ,   ,             ,  :   ,    ,     ..    ,      ,         [153 -  .  .   . ., 2000. . 2829.].  ,   ,           ,     .

            .  -, ,   ,              ,        .      ,  (     ), ,  ,         (         ),    ,        XX .

         (     ),     1911     .   ,              ,    , ,    ,         ,    ,  , ,         (Documents of American History. Ed. By H. S.Commager, vol. 12. Englewwod Cliffs. N. J. 1973. vol. 2. p. 5960).        ,       :     ,    ,                    -,      ,    ,      [154 -  . .  . :   (18551925).  1. ., 1995 . 90.    -                      .      .          ,  ,      .        ,         ,   ,   ,      .  , ,      ,    ,        , ,  ,      ( . . . . . 9798).].

        ,        ,   1913  28-  . ,               (     ),    .     ,   1912 ,            ,         ,    ,   ,   ,    :  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,  ,   ,     .[155 -     .  . ., 1985. . 288.  (injunction)  .           ..].

       ,        ,          .   ,        .         . ,    .               ,                   ,       .     ,      ,   []  [  ]            .          (popular election).             ,       [156 - Burns . Ideas in Conflict. . 17.].

 ,            ,     .       ,              .         .      ,   ,           [157 - .,  : Woodrow Wilson. The Character of Democracy in the United States // An Old Master and Other Political Essays. N. Y., 1893; The New Freedom. Englewood Cliffs, 1961.],      .

      ,         , -   [158 - Wilsons Ideals. Ed. by S. K.Padover. Wash., American Council on Public Affairs, 1942. P. 16.].     ,     ,  .   ,        (   ),       . ,         .             ,  ,    ,     ,    (average man)   ,   ,        .

   .          ,   ,    ,    ,    (moulders of a public mind).           ,        .  ,        ,   ,          ,   ,      ,   , ,  ,  :       .        ,              ,    . , ,        ,     ,           .




, , 


            ,  ,   ,   .  , ,  ,        ,           (     ) ,   .

  (18591952),    ,    .         XX .         ,            .             , ,  ,    .

         ,     , ,       .      .  , , ,        .      ,      [159 -  : The Ethics of Democracy. University of Michigan Philosophical Papers. Second Series. 1. Ann Arbor, 1888 // The Early Works of John Dewey. Carbondale, 1969, v. 3; Christianity snd Democracy. Address before the Students of Christian Association of the University of Michigan. May 1894. Monthly Bulletin. June // The Early Works of John Dewey. Carbondale, 1971, v. 4; Democracy and Education: an Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. N.Y., 1916. ( .   . . . ., 2000);  .    . .  . ., 2002.],  ,       [160 - .,  : Westbrook R.B. John Dewey and American Democracy. Ithaca and London, 1991; Rockefeller S.C. John Dewey: Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism. N. Y., 1991; Ryan A. John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism. N. Y., 1997.].

    ,   ,      .      80-  XIX ,    30-  XX :   ,    .          2030- .   ,     ,  ,             ,  ,    .

-,         ,    ,    ,    . -, ,    ,        ,    . -, ,  ,              . -,    ,       ,       ,  ,  (    )  ,  ,   ,      .

    :           (     ),      ,              (  ,   ),       ,                .

   ,     ,      ?   ,             :   ,     -,    ,       ,   .             ,    , ,           .

      .   (!)       ,     .   ,   - ,   ,          .    :     ,   ,    ,    .

     (1916 ),     , ,     (    ),  :    ,     .   (!)    ,   [161 -  .   . . . ., 2000. . 85.  . ..]  . ,   ,       ,        .   - ,    ,    .      :       (   ) ,        .

, ,     , , ,                [162 -  .    . . . ., 2002. . 105.].      ,     (        . ..)       [163 -  . . 61.].    :        ,    ,       .     ,        [164 -  . . 105.].

  ,            ( , ,   ),   - .        ,           ,      .      ,    ,          .         ,       ,   ,     .   ,  ,       ,     ,        [165 -  .   . . 85.                ,        :      ,        . (.: Christianity and Democracy. Address before the Students of Christian Association of the University of Michigan. May 1894. Monthly Bulletin. June // The Early Works of John Dewey. Carbondale, 1971, v. 4).].

   ,   ,        (1918),    , ,   [166 - Dewey J. Philosophy and Democracy // The American Intellectual Tradition. P. 169.].      ,        .        ,          (continuity),       [167 - Dewey J. Philosophy and Democracy // The American Intellectual Tradition. P. 169.].        ,     ,   ,   ,  -      (distinctive)[168 - Dewey J. Philosophy and Democracy // The American Intellectual Tradition. P. 169.].

       ,                         (, ,   ) .   .  ,      ,      .

      [169 -  .   . . 85.],     ,            .        .

-,  ,   ,  ,   ,      .               .        ,     ,                  ,    [170 -  .    . . 58.].

-,  ,       ,     ,  ,     ,          .

  ,   ,     (    ,  . ..)   .          ,    [171 -  .    . . 56.]. , ,  ,           .           [172 -  .    . . 56.].

     ,      -  (    )     -   ,         ,    ,       ..          ,        ,   ()           .

   , ,  ,       ,   ,      ,   , , ,    .     , ,  ,               ( ,    ) ,    , .

  ,              .        :   ,    , .  ,  (    XIX    XX     )    .       .      .

           (       )    ,        .  ,    ,          ,          ,    ,        腔.   ,             ,       ,          ,       .       ,    :      [173 -  . . . 423.].

         ( ),    (, )     , ,  , - .               ,         ( )   , ,  ,         . (  ,   ,     ,   ,    ..).

 30-      (   ,      [174 - .,  : Liberalism and Social Action; A Liberal Speaks Out for Liberalism // The Later Works of John Dewey. Carbondale, 1987, v. 11.]),              ,        ,       .      ,          ,       .                 ,              .       ,        (      ),    -    .

 ( - )   ,        ,      -       ,       ,   .     ,       .               ,           ,   ,      .  ,            .              ,   [175 -  .    . . 63.].

     ,  ,        . ,  ,       .       :            ,  - , , ,   :  , ,  . ,     .  ,          :        ,  [176 -  .    . . 80.].

    ,        :    ,  ,      . []     []   ;    ,         [177 -  .    . . 63.].  (  20- )    .    ,       ,   ,      ,    ,   ,   - ,            .        [178 -  .    . . 80.].          ,     ,  :            .     ,  .

            ,   ( 20- )      ,     .     ,               [179 - Dewey J. Social Absolutism // Dewey J. Middle Works, v. 13. P. 315316.].  ,            .   30-           .        ,     ,     ,     30- ,   :         .

     ,   , ,  ,                ,  ,    ,    ,       ,      ,   ,        .    ,  ,     .       (     )  . ,    ,  .




   


                         ,    20-    .       ,      ,    . , . , .  , , . .           (        ),      (2040- )   ,       ,                [180 -  :  . . 84.    .  ,  ,    ,     .].

  ,          (18741953) ,          ,         ,    .  1941     ,   ,   ,    [181 - Merriam Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 110.].

              ,       -     .    ( , ,      )     ,        .  ,  .   .      .       ,  ,  ,   . .          ,     ,        ,    [182 - Almond G. and Verba S. The Civic Culture. Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, N.J., 1963. P. Vll.].

       [183 - .,  : Merriam Ch. Prologue to Politics. Chicago, 1939  The Role of Politics in Social Change. N. Y., 1934.      .     . 18651917      (Merriam Ch. American Political Ideas. Studies in the Development of American Political Thought. 18651917. N. Y., 1926. Pp. 3570).].         .        [184 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939.],    [185 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941.],   ?[186 - Merriam Ch. E. What Is Democracy? Chicago, 1941.]. ,      1939  1941 , ,      ,             .                    :       ,   ?

          ,  ,       ,         ,   ,      ,     ,     .

  , ,       . ,      ,      ,     ,     . , -   ,        .      , -  셻[187 - Merriam Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 122.].     [188 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 64.].        3.  ,       .     ,   ,              (general welfare)    (common good).   []    ,   ,     .     ,       [189 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 117.].    .

     , ,  ,      ,      ,    .    ,         ,        .

  ,    (states),  (commonwealth)   (nations),  ,        .     ,             (human population);     ,      (morale),          ;        ;        ;        ;       (zoning of power)   ;       (liberty)  ;    []  (conferential)   ,  ,      ;             ;     (maladjustment)               .  ,      (general welfare)   (common weal)      ,         .  ,      (moving equilibrium)             (adjustment),       [190 - Merriam Ch. . The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 3.].

                 [],    ;            ,    .

,   ,  ,      ,       ,   :  ,  ,      ,        ,      ,    .  ,   ,   , .       ,  (must),      , -, ,        ,           .      ,         ,     ,  ,      ,  -    .   ,  ,     , ,   ,     ,        .

,  , ,   ,  .     ,        (political policy)  (commonwealth)    ,  ,    (by the bulk of the community)      ,      (popular participation and concent)[191 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 11.].

     ,                  ,     (direction)   , ,    [192 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 11.].

 , ,    ,    ,   ,          ,    . ,      (  )  ,        ,         . , ,    ,   ,     ,           ,  -  ,   ,      .

,  ,      (assumptions).       (essential)  ,     (cultivating)      ,   ,    ,        [193 - Merriam Ch. . The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 11.].        ,    ,  ,               ,   ,      .

    ,  ,    ,  :        [  ]     (perfectibility of mankind)[194 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 11.].    ,     :  (gains) ,            .

, ,  ,         .      ,                  [195 - Merriam Ch. E. What Is Democracy? Chicago, 1941. P. 15.].

    (     )  ,     ,     .    ,      (common good)      4,     .       ,    ,    ,     .   ,         (a popular decision)               ,        [196 - Merriam Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 13.].

   , ,        ,           . ,  , ,    ;   ,        ,   [][197 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 5.].    ,                .    ,      []  ,  []         ,  [198 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 5.].

        ,       (mastery and slavery),        (consent of governed)[199 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 6.].            .

 ,        ,        , ,  ,           .  ,                 []          [200 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 7.].

          :              .      ,         [201 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 6.].  - ,   ,      XIX   laissez faire,    ,  ,     .        ,  ,    ,    .   ,  ,    ,    [202 - Merriam Ch. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 5.].

                ,               (general consent and cooperation)      [203 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 6.].    ,         ,        .

              ,    , . ,  ,   ,      (  .  ..)       (places economics alone as the lord of our social life)[204 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 7.]. ,    ,  ,    ,     , , ,    .

  ,  ,  ,      ,     ,             .        .      ,  ,    ,     ,          -       .

,    ,    ,           ,          ,       XX .      ,                (     )         . ,   ,            . ,   ,  ,     ,          .

 ,        ,     ,          , ..  ,       .   30-           ,            .    , ,          ,      :    ,   ,         ,          ,       ,   .

        ,      ,   ,         ,    .    .

                  (19021978).                           ,        .             ,                 .

    ,       ,      ,   ,     , :   , , ,  ,   ,   ,      [205 - Lasswell . Propaganda Technique in the World War. L.; N. Y., 1927; Psychopathology and Politics. Chicago, 1930; World Politics and Personal Insecurity. N. Y., 1935; Politics: Who Gets What, When, How. N. Y., 1936; The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Jan., 1941); Democracy Through Public Opinion. Menasha, WI, 1941; The Analysis of Political Behavior. L. 1947; Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948.].          . ,      ,        .

   40-               (science of democracy)      (science of political psychiatry)[206 - Lasswell . The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Jan., 1941). P. 468.].           (the policy sciences),   ,   .     ,    (political science)       (the policy science), ..    ,     (      )       policy scientist of democracy, ..        (   )  .         ,     , ,    political scientist of democracy,             ,    ,         [] [207 - Farr J., Hacker J., Kazee N. The Policy Scientist of Democracy: The Discipline of Harold D. Lasswell //American Political Science Review. Vol. 100, No. 4. November 2006. P. 579.].

 ,                 XX ,    - ,         .          .        ,      .

 ,      ,     ,            .      ,    ,            ,  ( )  ,     . ,     ,   ,              .

     .   ,         ,        ,    ,   ,          ..    ,        .

,  ,     ,    ,     ,   ,    . (    ,  ,   ,       )[208 - Lasswell . Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948. P. 126.].

                  ,               .   ,     ,  ,  :     ,         (  Ego)    -  Id  Superego.

     , , ,      ,       .           ,          [209 -     ,      ,   ,    ( . .,  ..     // :     . ., 1989. . 99),          power:   ,  ,  ,   .      ,         .]   [ ]    [210 - Lasswell . Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948. P. 108.]. , ,               ,  [211 - Lasswell H. A Study of Power. Glencoe, 1950. P. 3.].                  .    ,  ,       (the practice of justice by majority rule)[212 - Lasswell H. Democracy Through Public Opinion. Menasha, WI, 1941. P. 1.].    ,             ,     .       ; ,   (government by people),   ;    (government for the people)    [213 - Lasswell . Democracy Through Public Opinion. Menasha, WI, 1941. P. 1.].                [214 - Lasswell H. Democracy Through Public Opinion. Menasha, WI, 1941. P. 1.].

,  ,        ,     .          ,               ,     .   ,   . ,     ,           [215 -    ,  19  1863          (Gettysburg Address)  :   (government of the people),   (by the people),   (for the people)       (The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: Vol. 19. Ed. by R.P. Basler. New Brunswick, 1953, vol.7. P. 19).         . (., .:     . . .  . .  . . .  . . .: , 1983, . 442).        ,      ,   ,       .   government      ,    ,       .   of,  . ,     , , ,   .   ,      []    []: ()     ,  ; (b) , ,       ,   ; ()        ,        ; (d)    ; ()    .  ,  ,         ;      ,   []  ,      .  , government by the people,    :   ,    . By the people   ?    .   , government for the people,  : for ,   ,   ,   ,    .    ,     ,   ,      .             (..  ,     . ..) (Sartori G. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, N.J., 1987. P.3435).].    ,   ,         ,   .     :        ,    ,       . ( ,    dignity        ).

      ,  ,         ,       .           (     ), ,   ,         ,     ,       ,    . ,    ,  -,              ,      .

    ,                    .           ,         .

    ,       ,         [216 - Lasswell . Psychopathology and Politics. Chicago and London, 1986. P. 194.].        ,        (discussion),          ,      [217 - Lasswell H. Psychopathology and Politics. P. 196.].  ,  ,   ,         (promoting discussion)    ,     [218 - Lasswell H. Psychopathology and Politics. P. 196.].

       ,                ,  ,      ,      .        ,   ,   ,   ,     ,      ,   ,            [219 - Lasswell . Psychopathology and Politics. P. 197.].

 ,    [220 - Lasswell H. Psychopathology and Politics. P. 198.],        (    ,     ),      . ,  ,       ,      .     ,        ,        ;          [221 - Lasswell H. Psychopathology and Politics. P. 197.].

            .    ,  ,               - .            , ,       ,       [222 -           .      (reorientation in the minds) ,     ,   셻 (Lasswell . Psychopathology and Politics. P. 198).],      ,   ,  ego     ,    .  ,  ,     ,          ,       ..

               - ,    .    ,        ,      ,         ,    .  ,   ,   ,       .

    ,     ,      ,        . ,  , ,   ,  - ,         ,    ,          [223 - Sartori J. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham (N. J.), 1987. R 144.],   :     ,   .        [224 - Sartori J. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham (N. J.), 1987. R 144.].          ,  :      [225 - Lasswell H. Agenda for the Study of Political Elites // Political Decision-Makers. Ed. by D. Marvick. Glencoe, 1961. P. 66.]. ,  ,   (.. ,      . ..) .           [226 - Sartori J. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham (N. J.), 1987. P. 144.].             :    ,      [227 - Lasswell H. and Kaplan A. Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry. New Haven, 1950. P. 201.].

  ,  ,      ,     .    ,     ,     ( -  )   .    :  []  ,      ,    , .. ,        ?  ,         (, , ),     ,       ?    ,   , ,  ,  [228 - Sartori J. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham (N. J.), 1987. P. 144.].

      ,    .      .  ,  ,         ,    .     (is limited).           ,   .             ,       (     )[229 - Lasswell . Power and Personality. N.Y., 1948. P. 109.].  ,  ,     .          [  ],         ,           .        ,     ,      ,     (rulers)   (governors).   ( )     (societywide)[230 - Lasswell . Power and Personality. N.Y., 1948. P. 109.].  :      [231 - Lasswell H. Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948. P. 146.].

     (  ) ,                       .     ,              (  )  ,        ,   ,    .           ,       -   (   ),   ,  .     ,        ,    ,  .    ,    ,    .      , -, ,   ,     .

     ,       :         (equilibrium),   (sustain)      ,    ,       ,    [232 - Lasswell H. Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948. P. 146.].   ,          ,       ,             [233 - Lasswell H. Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948. P. 148.].           ,    .                   .

   ,  ,   ,   ,            .      ,           . ,  ,           .   ,        [234 - Lasswell . Democracy Through Public Opinion. Menasha, WI, 1941. P. 1.]. ,     ,   ,   , ,     ,  ,   ,     ,        .              ,         .

   ,        ,         , , ,    .    ,   ,   ,     (basic humanity)   [235 - Lasswell H. Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948. P. 150.].    :   ,     .

        ,    ,   , -  .      ,       (    ,      );   ,               ;  ,          ,          .             [ ]     [236 - Lasswell H. Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948. P. 150.   . ..].

   30-   40- ,         ,       .           .           1937    - :     [237 - Lasswell . Sino-Japanese Crisis: The Garrison State versus the Civilian State // China Quarterly, XI (1937).].        ,       .

 ,     ,      (developmental construct),      , ,    ,    ,          ,  ,     [238 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 468.].

       ,          ,            [239 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 455.].    ,        ,       ,  ,    .     ,        .     ,   .

    ,          .  ,    ,      ,    ,        [240 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 455.].    ,           (market power)[241 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan.,1941). P. 455.].

,      ,  ,   - .          [242 - Lasswell H . The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). . 457.].         ,       ,    ,      , , ,     .

 ,  ,      .       ,    ,   , .    ,   (authority)       .    ,  ,   ,     ,       [  ],  ,   ,   ,      .  ,             ,        [243 - Lasswell . The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 462.].

              ,      .       (, , ),   ,      .

            ,     ,      ,      [244 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 461.].   ,        ,     , ..          ;        .  ,          [245 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 462.].   ,        (supreme authority)   [246 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 462.].

      ,     ,   ,     .  ,   ,       ,     ,         .           (      ,   ),  ,         ,    ,     ,         .

                         ,        .     ,  ,  ,   .

     ,       .   ,  ,   ,      .    ,               . ,   ,     .              ,          .  ,  ,       [247 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 460.].

     ,        ,  , ..        ,       ,              .

         ,    ,          ,           .          (bloodletting),        ,     .

   ,   ,       .               (        )            .

 ,    -        ( ,   )       ,    [248 - Lasswell . The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Jan., 1941). P. 466.].          ,            ,         ,     .

     ,     40-  XX     , , , ,  (   )          .   :          [249 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Jan., 1941). P. 467.].

       (    -  world-symbol  ).     (,  ).     ( ) (, , , ).   - ().    - (      )[250 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Jan., 1941). P. 468.].

 ,   ,                .          .        .      ,  .     ,    ,    :         ,      锻[251 - Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Jan., 1941). P. 468.].

      ,           . -, ,       ,               .        ,  ,           ,       ,         [252 - Lasswell . Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948. P. 108.].

     ,       ,   ,      ,      ,              ,     .       ,    ,    ,        .

   , ..  ,            . ,      .   ,               ,       .           (  ,   ),            :                 .

       ,        .   ,   ,        ,   ,   ,      ,      .




:   


  30-   40- ,           ,                  ,  ,     -  .      ,    1941 .      ,    (searches)  ,  ,   ,    [253 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. XIII.].

         ,    ,     ,  ,           ,                    ?,  [254 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 4.].  :       ,     ,          .     ,   ,       ,     [255 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 4.].  ,      ?,   - 1940 ,   :  ,       , , ,     [256 - Merriam Ch. E. What Is Democracy? Chicago, 1941. P. 91.].

           ,                  ,        ?       ,          ,  :     ,       ?

        ,   ,     .                     ,    ,   ?[257 - Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939; On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941; What Is Democracy? Chicago, 1941.],       [258 - Lasswell H. Democracy through Public Opinion. Menasha, WI, 1941.],              [259 - Perry R. B. Shall not Perish from the Earth. N. Y., 1940.],    [260 - Becker . Modem Democracy. New Haven? 1941.],    [261 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942.]   .

      . ,  ,     .      .    laissez faire, ,        ,    ,  , [262 - Merriam, Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 125.]. , , ,      ,     ,   ,       .   ,  laissez faire     ,     [263 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 109.]          ,          - ,  .

        ,     ,    ..[264 - .:  ..    .     . ., 1973.].      []  ,      , , ,  ,  ; ;     ,    ; ,   ,    [265 - Merriam Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 76.].            ,  ,              .   ,  ,              ,     ,     (productivity)        ,   .  ,           [266 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 111.].

      ,      , ,     ,      ,  ,        .             [267 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 77.],  .        .    -   ,       ,        , ,       [268 - Merriam Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 78.].

        ,    ,            ,              .   ,    ,     -:         .        (common welfare),        .

    ,   ,   ,     .      ,      ,  ,        .

      ,      .

  , ,       .

     ,      ,    .

        .

   ,     ,    .

      .

    (recreation)    (cultural activity),   [269 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 99.].

 ,    ,         , ,  ,      .    :          .       ,         .    ,    .

 ,              .           .   ,      ,         .  ,   ,       ,  .         腻[270 - Merriam, Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 12.].

       ,    (temper)     [271 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 12.];   (streamlining)    ,  ,   ,     [272 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 17.]            ,     .  ,  ,   .     ,    .     :

        (general good).

     ,   .

              .

     ,           , ,       [273 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 17.].

            .    ,            ,     ,    ,    ,   . -,    . -,      ,    ,       ,    (consent).

   ,        ,          .  ,  ,  ,      ,                 .              .        ,        [274 - Merriam Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 23.].       ?  .  ,                 ,   [275 -    .:  .. :   . ., 1976.].

           .        [276 - Merriam Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 41.].            ,    .        .             [277 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 41.].

,  ,          .                 .     ,  ,        .      ,       ,        [278 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 33.].

 ,  ,        ,     .         .                      .  ,           (, , )            .

 ,                  .        ,  .      ,   [279 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 5051.].

                    :    ,    ,  ,  -    .

  ,  ,      .            (world relationships): I.       (jural) ,        ,    . II.               []  [280 - Merriam Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 5152.].   ,    , ,   ,  ,       ,   .        (world-state).      [ ]     ,    (world-order)[281 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 53.].           .        ,       ,   .

  ,  ,     ,   .  ,        .     (sic!)      ;         ,     ;            ,     ;      ,    ;   ;  (universal)    ,           [282 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 5657.].  ,    ,       ,       ,        [283 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 64.].

  :            (    )?   ,  ,        ,   .        (higher federalism),    ,     .

 ,       .  -          (..  40-  XX ).       ,   ,     ,      ,    ,         [284 - Merriam Ch. . On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 62.].        ,      [285 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 63.].     ,     (citizenship)   , ,   ,  .              (citizenry),     [286 - Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. 5758.].   ,            ,   .

      .   ,                 ,      1942           ()   ,     .

  ,  ,         -         .     ,          ,          [287 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 130.].

    ,       ,        ,   ,          .    ,        ,     ,  ,          .

-,    .        ,        ,     ,             [288 - Reves . A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 131.       (nation)   :    ,   ,         .        : United Nations Organisations      .].   ,  ,       .

-,   .         ,        .    ,   ,     -  ,              [289 - Reves . A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 131.].

-,    .         ,              ,       [290 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 132].           ,             .

   .     ,   ,        ,     []  (community)[291 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 132.],       (universality of citizens).         ,  []   ,    (individual nations)    (individual states)    ,      (universal) [292 - Reyes E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 132.      ,  (  ) .].

, ,         ( , , 1942 ),   ,      ,           [293 - Reves . A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 133.].            .  ,                  ,      (reasonable).

      ,           ,           - .   []       .            .       :          ,       (through forceful imposition)[294 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 134.].

,    ,  ,       ,  ,   ,        .        -  (Anglo-American nations). -, ,  ( !)   (proper)              [295 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 134.].    -        .    ,       -      ,                 [296 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 134135.].

          :                     .               ,     (       ),   ,              , ..    ,   1942  . , ,        - ,     .      .

   .       ,                            .

   ,   ,    ,           .    ,          ,           .

             (selecting)   [297 - Reves . A Democratic Manifesto. N.Y., 1942. P. 139.],    ,       ,     .   ,  ,    ,     ,       ,         ,           [298 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 139.].

,  ,          .          ,   , ,    ,      ,      ,       ,             .

  ,             .      (readjustment) [  ].     [299 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 143.].      ,               .     -       ,    .    ,  ,      ,   [300 - Reves E. A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 143.].

 ,   ,    ,   ()  ,  .      ,  ,   ,       [301 - Reves . A Democratic Manifesto. N. Y., 1942. P. 143.].

  ,  ,      ,            .  ,    , ,             .       :     .            (  ),       , ,   ,         .

 ,       ,   ,          ,         .           ,    ,       , , ,         .

              ,    1945 [302 - Reves E. The Anatomy of Peace. N. Y., 1945.]     .  -         (   )    ,     (world government),     (overall world government organization)  ..

   -   .     ,     ,         .     (federal world government),    .   ,       (    ,  ,   ),      ,              (   ),             (world-wide legal order)[303 - Reves . The Anatomy of Peace. N. Y., L., 1946 (1945). P. 257.].  ,  ,                      ,      ,      ,   ,    (nationals)            [304 - Reves E. The Anatomy of Peace. N. Y., L., 1946 (1945). P. 256.].

,    ,        ,    .                 .     -.      ,         .          ,           ,       .

     .  ,  ,     ,           (      )      .      ,                 .    ,     ,  , ,    ,       .        ,               .         .

, ,           ,  -         ,       ,                 [] [305 - Reves E. The Anatomy of Peace. N. Y., L., 1946 (1945). P. 290.].

              ()       .         [306 -       ,      ,  ,     ,   ,  .      , , , . ,   ,   .               (Reves . The Anatomy of Peace. N. Y., L., 1946 (1945). P. 287).].     ,              , ,          ,                 ,           [  ][307 - Reves E. The Anatomy of Peace. N. Y., L., 1946 (1945). P. 291.].

,   ,  ,     ,       ,        .              .          ,    ,            .    (   ,     . ..),   ,    ,  , ,  .            ,     . ,        ,  ,  ,            , ,  .

 ,         .    , ,                      .

     ,  , , , ,    ,           ,        ,       .  ,  40-  XX ,                  .    .           ,     ,    ,      ,   ,   ,       -       -       .

                             XVIII .             ,   1795 . ,  ,   - , ,      , ,      , , ,     ,       .      ,      (foedus paciflcum)        (pactum pacis) ,        ,            ( )   ,             [308 -  .     . . 7. ., 1994. . 21.   . ..].

   ,                     .    .   -         (        ),         ,     ,          ,             [309 -  .     . . 7. ., 1994. . 21.].          ,     ,  ,      .          ?

            .               , , ,   .       ,    . (    ). ,    ,    .   ,    ,  ,                     , ,           ,   .




 

        XX 





   


     XX          ,          ,       .      .

             , ,  ,        XX .         ,     ,         .          ,  []    ,      ,      [310 - Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. A Symposium // Commentary, 1978, apr. P. 37.].          ,   ,  ,     ,     ,   ,     ..,        ,     .         .   , ,  .    .

    ,             - ,       40-   .     ()   ,  ()     (     ,      ).                       :  , ,      ,    [311 -    ,      ,    ,       (     , ,      ), ,  ,         .].

        :           .          ,      ( ,  ,  ,  ,     )    ,         (    )          -         . ,    .              ,   ,            ,    . ,                   ,       .

     [312 -            ,     ,         ,   , ,    ,  .       ,     ( ,   )    -  .],           ,        ,          ,     .        ,            .               (     ),        [313 - .,  : A New Handbook of Political Science. Ed. By Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. Oxford Univ. Press, 1996 (  :  :  . ., 1999); The Encyclopedia of Democracy. S. M. Lipset Ed. in chief. Congressional Quarterly Incorporated. Vol. 14. Wash. D. C., 1995; Galston W. Political Theory in the 1980s: Perplexity among Diversity // Finifter A. (ed.). Political Science. The State of the Discipline . Wash. (D.C.), APSA, 1993.].

           XX [314 -    ,                (,  ,     ;          ;    ).                   ,               . ,  1978       ,                   .  150    .   (., 1981). (McCarthy E. America Revisited. 150 Years after Tocqueville. N. Y., 1978).       .      ,         .      .],       - ,      .       ,     ,         (  ),              .

        (      ).      (,   ) ,   ,       ,         ,                ,     .

               ,          ,      .       ,      (   )    ,    .

                   (   )     ,     (                    )             XX .

   ,   ,   ,   ,        ,     ,  ,       ,      ,      .

     ,   ,      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   (),  .

      .          ,             .          ,       ,       ,    ,   .             ,      -- .      ,   ,                 ,             1991   (     )  .    XX .        (      )      ,        .

        ,           .   ,  ,  ,  Β,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .            .

    XX     ,     ,       [315 -      .:  ..,  .-.     //  :  . . 1.],    ,  ,     . ,        ,      [316 - .: Easton D. Political Science in the United States. Past and Present // Divided Knowledge. Ed. by D. Easton, C. Schelling. Newbury Park, London, New Delhi, 1991.].

 1960      (     )[317 -  ,    ,    ,   .],         ,    ;       ;     (   )    (     ).        ,                            .   XX        .          ,    -     ,    (   )         .                 ,   .

 ,   ,    , , , ,   ,       .           ,       .                .       .

  ,     ,  ,  , ,    ,         ,              ,     ..

    , ..     ,       .              .  ,                        .

      ,   ,     -          ,   ,      .

          ,        ,          ,     XX    .

, , ,               ,            .      .       XX            ,           .    .  ,            ,      .        ,    .       -      ,      .   1978       ,   ,   [318 -          ,  , , ,     ,  ,  ,  -.,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .]   ,        ,         (inesccapable)     .

                 [319 -    ,    1848                . ,  ,    ,   .      ,      ,  .         ,   : .  ,  :       ,          (Tocqueville A.de. Discours prononce a assemblee constituante le 12 Septembre 1848 sur la question du droit au travail // Oeuuvres comhpetes d Alexis de Tocqueville. [Paris] 1866. Vol. IX. P. 546. . :  .   . . . ., 2005. . 50).          .      ,        ,      ,          .] , ,   ,      [320 -    .   ,     .           , ,         .].

      .        ,   ()             , ,    ,  .      ,  ,  ,    ..

     .                   ,    .

             ,   ,    ,  ,    .

  70-       , ..       .    ,    ,          ( ,  ,    ).

         XX       ,        ,              (  )  ..

 ,   ,          .              ,      20-30- ,   ,   ,           ,   .

       ,    .     -: ,              .

       ,      .        ,,         (   , ,          ).    ,       ;      (, ,     ,    );  ;     ,       ;  ; -  (, ,   ..);     ;       .

             ,   ,   ,     ,       .             XX     5060-       ,   ,         ,    .

 ,         (   , - , - ,  ,        )    (  ),   ,  ,     ,            .          .    ,           .   ,     .          XX ,       1958 [321 -       (  )  . .: Democracy in the Mid-Century: Problems and Prospects. St. Louis, MO, 1960.  1962        .    (Democracy Today. Problems and Persoectives. Ed. by William N. Chambers and Robert H. Salisbury. N. Y., 1962).]    ,     ,  ,    .

     ,         .       [322 - To,     ,    - .     ,   ,     .],       .   ,        .    ,  ,      ,        .    ,       ,        .        . , ,      ,   , ,  (     ,  ,   ,  ),   (      ),   .

 ,  ,    ?         XX  ,  ,    ,           ?    ,    ,  (    ),  (   ,      - ),        .     , ,  廅

  ,  ,     , ,   ,    ,   ,   ,    (           ),          , ,  ,  ,    ,     ,       .

 ,   : ,        XX ,  ,     ,     ,     .      ?   :      ,             ,    ,        ;        ,       ,       . ,     .         .

 ,       .    ,       . ,    !                   ()             [323 -       ( , ,    )   : ,  ,   ,   ,    (    )  ,          .].

   1991   ,     ,     ,         ,     ,    ( [])    ( []).    ,     .  ,  ,        ,               锻[324 -  .  . . 16.].

    ,             ,  ,  ,    ,               ,   .         .

  ,      (    ),     ,          .     ,      :   ,  ,    []   ,          ,   ,       ,    ,    ,   [325 - Hartz L. Democracy: Image and Reality // Democracy in the Mid-Century: Problems and Prospects. St. Louis, MO, 1960. P. 13.].  ,  ,  ,    ,    .   蔅    ,   [326 - Hartz L. Democracy: Image and Reality // Democracy in the Mid-Century: Problems and Prospects. St. Louis, MO, 1960. P. 13. -,           , ,    ,     .].

 ,      ,           [327 - Chambers W and Salisbury R. The Democratic Issue: Values and Structures // Democracy in the Mid-Century: Problems and Prospects. St. Louis, MO, 1960. P. 2.],    ,         . ,             ,    ,  ,     ,    ,     [][328 - Chambers W and Salisbury R. The Democratic Issue: Values and Structures // Democracy in the Mid-Century: Problems and Prospects. St. Louis, MO, 1960. P. 23.].       ,    .    ,   ,          elan   [329 - Chambers W and Salisbury R. The Democratic Issue: Values and Structures // Democracy in the Mid-Century: Problems and Prospects. St. Louis, MO, 1960. P. 23.].

 ,           ,             .     ,  , ,        .

   ,           :       (     )        , ,     ,        - .               ,      ,  ,     ;       ;            ,        ..

            .  ,  ,   (    ),       ,          .  ,    ,        ,            .  ,       ,      XX   (   )     (, , , --),     (    )    ,    ,   ,   .

  ,        1970-     .        ,     ,   ,  , , ,    ,   ,           ,     .       ,   ,    ,          ,   ,     .     ,           [330 -  .  . . 1617.].

   .   ,    ,      ,           [331 -   ,   ,    1991 ,   -    .      ,   ,      ,   , ,  ,         ,        .            ,             ( .  . . 17).],          , .     ,    , ,       .             ,   80-,    90-       ,           ,        [332 - Neal P. Theory, Postwar Anglo-American //The Encyclopedia of Democracy. S. M. Lipset Ed. in chief. P. 1252.].

     ,       ,   (   )    60-   70-   ,     ,  80- .    ?           , ,            .         20-,          [333 - Brzezinsky Z. Introductory Note // Crosier M., Huntington S., Watanuki J. The Crisis of Democracy. Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Comission. N., Y., 1975. P. I.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/eduard-batalov/problema-demokratii-v-amerikanskoy-politicheskoy-mysli-hh-veka/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


      ,           Encyclopedia Americana.    ,         ,                 (Encyclopedia Americana, . 4. . 692).




2


 .    . . . ., 2003. . 8.




3


 .,  . . 2- . . 16. . 17.      ,          -  .




4


 ..   : , ,  //   : , , , 2002, 5. . 5.




5


 ..   : , ,  //   : , , , 2002, 5. . 20.




6


 ..   : , ,  //   : , , , 2002, 5. . 21.




7


           .  ,    ,      ,     ,      ( .  . . . ., 2000. . 20).




8


  challenge  response,   , , ,  ,    . , ,       ,    ,    ,  .




9


          (USIA)      .           1990-  (   )     (USIA Special Features Service)      1990-,       36. , . , . , .     .




10


        (    )   XX ,         :        . , ,          ,             .        ,          ,  ,   ,    ,      ..          XX    :  , ,  ,   ..




11


Neal P. Theory, Postwar Anglo-American //The Encyclopedia of Democracy S. M. Lipset Ed. in chief. Congressional Quarterly Incorporated. Wash. D. C., 1995. P. 1247.




12


   ,   ,   ,  ,        ,  ,   :  . .  .  . .  . . . ., 2008;  . .     . XX . ., 1999;  .   . . . ., 2001;  .    . . . ., 2002;  .   . .  ., 2000;  .    . . . ., 2003.




13


 . . . 413, 420421.




14


           (     )          New Handbook of Political Science. Ed. By Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. Oxford Univ. Press, 1996. (  :  :  . ., 1999)   The Democracy Sourcebook   .   . ,     2003 . (  :    .  . . .  .  .  . . . ., 2006).




15


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19


.,  :  ..      //   . ., 1994;  ..        //  , 1994, 1;  B.C.     //  . ,   . ., 1995;  ..  ,    // .    . . . ., 1996;  ..    // .    :  . . . ., 1997;  ..   (  ) // .    . . . .,2003   ,         .




20


,  ,  . .   . -   . ., 1999,    ..   . ., 1997.            XX ,         (  .. )      .




21


.: .. .   : , ,  //   : , , , 2002, 5;  ..       ;   . . :              .         . , 2001. . :  ..     XX  //   : , , , 2006, 2.




22


 :   /  . .   .-. . . . ., 1999. . 135.




23


 .        // , 2001, 3. . 7.




24


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25


    :     (political science).       .                     .




26


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27


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28


                        . . . ., 2003.




29


   . ., 2001. . 39.    ..




30


   . ., 2001. . 47.




31


   . ., 2001. . 57.




32


   . ., 2001. . 56.




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.   . , .   . . . . ., 1993. . 83.   14      .            ,  ,           ,             ,      ,   ,      ; ,    ,   ,         ( . . 104105).




37


. . 83.   14  ,             (. ..)        []      ( . . 104).




38


. . 83.




39


. . 104.   ,         ,      ,    ,       .   ,        ? ( . . 105). ,       ,      ,      ( . . 105).




40


. . 83.




41


. . 84.




42


. . 84.




43


. . 104.         ,             .      , ,        ,         ,    ,    ,     ,     ,    ?          ,                 (. ..)   ,          ( . . 108109).     ,          ,       ,     .




44


 .  . . 22.




45


Ketcham R. Notes on James Madisons Sources  Midwest Journal of Political Science, 1957, May. P. 25. . :    .  . . 100.




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    10 :   ,      (. ..),  , ,      ,             ,       (. . 83).




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 A.A.,  B.A.  . - . ., 1985. . 15.




51


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52


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53


. . 459.




54


. . 165.




55


. . 412.




56


. . 459.




57


. . 507.




58


        .      -,       ,  , ,   . ,  , , ,       ,      , ,   .




59


. . 323.




60


. . 331.




61


. . 462.




62


. . 462.




63


. . 458.




64


. .458459.




65


     . . III  .




66


 .  .    //    . . 17.             .    ,   ,  ,        (people)       .  -,  ,          .  ,     ,   ,        (design)   .     ,      ,                 ,    (who would deliberate)   (public issues).         ,       (successive) .     ,  ,     ( )      (Fishkin J. The Nation in a Room. Turning public opinion into policy // http: www.bostonreview.net/BR3L2/fishkin.php). To,      ,                   .




67


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68


. . 503.




69


. . 503.




70


. . 504.




71


. . 505.




72


   . . 5758.




73


   . . 5556.




74


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75


 .    . . 151.




76


 .    . . 154.




77


 .    . . 152153.




78


           , ,       .




79


       .,             . ,           ,  ,            ,           ,    .    ,     ,      ( .  ,    //  .    . . 16.).




80


              .




81


 .   //    . . 175.




82


 .   //    . . 175.




83


.  ,  :  ..      XVIII . ., 1980.




84


 ,            30  1789   .    ,   .    ,         ,   .      ,  ,       .




85


.: Gabriel R. The Course of American Democratic Thought. N. Y., 1986. P. 12.




86


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91


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92


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100


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109


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110


         :    ( ).




111


            ( ).




112


       , ,  ( ).




113


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115


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126


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128


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129


Croly H. The Promise of American Life. Cambr. (Mass.), 1965. P. 209.




130


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131


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133


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134


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137


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138


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141


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142


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143


Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. 298.




144


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145


Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. 320.




146


      ,  ,     ,  ,     -         (Forcey Ch. Introduction to the Torchback Edition. Weyl W. E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. XVIII).      (   )           .          (The Class War),      .




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148


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149


Weyl W E. The New Democracy. An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States. N. Y., 1964. P. 191.




150


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155


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158


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159


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164


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166


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167


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168


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169


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170


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171


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172


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173


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174


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176


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177


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178


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179


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180


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181


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182


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183


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185


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188


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189


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190


Merriam Ch. . The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 3.




191


Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 11.




192


Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 11.




193


Merriam Ch. . The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 11.




194


Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 11.




195


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196


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Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 5.




198


Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 5.




199


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200


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201


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202


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203


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204


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209


    ,      ,   ,    ( . .,  ..     // :     . ., 1989. . 99),          power:   ,  ,  ,   .      ,         .




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211


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213


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214


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215


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216


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217


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218


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219


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220


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221


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222


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223


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224


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225


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226


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227


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229


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230


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231


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232


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233


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234


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235


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236


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237


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239


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240


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241


Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan.,1941). P. 455.




242


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245


Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 462.




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Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol.46, No.4 (Jan., 1941). P. 462.




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Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Jan., 1941). P. 467.




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Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Jan., 1941). P. 468.




251


Lasswell H. The Garrison State // The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Jan., 1941). P. 468.




252


Lasswell . Power and Personality. N. Y., 1948. P. 108.




253


Merriam Ch. E. On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941. P. XIII.




254


Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 4.




255


Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939. P. 4.




256


Merriam Ch. E. What Is Democracy? Chicago, 1941. P. 91.




257


Merriam Ch. E. The New Democracy and the New Despotism. N. Y., 1939; On the Agenda of Democracy. Cambr., Mass., 1941; What Is Democracy? Chicago, 1941.




258


Lasswell H. Democracy through Public Opinion. Menasha, WI, 1941.




259


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