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    ,           ,  ,          .   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,   ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  Β,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,     .

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         .   -       ,   ,  [2 - Wilson, Englands apprenticeship, 41, 263.].     ,        XVII  ,           ,         [3 - De Vries, Economy of Europe, 92.].    ,      XVII  XVIII.     - [4 - Israel, Dutch primacy, 356 357, 385, 410.].   ,         ,    ,    XVIII.     ,     .  ,  ,         ,      [5 - Levere, Relations, 47 48, Multhauf, Some observations, 48 49.].     .     ,   XIX.       .         ,          ,  .  XIX.          ,       [6 - Lintsen et al. (eds.), Geschiedenis techniek, vol. I, 28 29,       .].

,  ࠖ     ,        .         ,   ,        ,    [7 - Stromer, Nuremberg as epicentre, esp. 41, idem, Eine industrielle Revolution.].           XVII.[8 - Sella, Commerci, idem, Crisis, Rapp, Industry.]     .    ,  -         ,    ,    ,   ,   ,   ,    [9 - Mokyr, Lever of riches, 207.].      ,  ,     .  ,     ,   -           ,   , [10 - Mokyr, Lever of riches, 207, Cardwell, Turning points, 210.].         .      ,   ,  XX.    ,   1990- .     - [11 - Nelson and Wright, Rise and fall.].

        1800.      .  ࠖ  ,                ,        - .  ,  ,                - ,      ,       ,           ,        .       XX (      )      -  ,    ,     ,       .  ,      ,         XVII  XVIII.        젖 ,         .  ,                  - ,      . ,  ,          ,   ,              ,     .   1580 1670.     [12 - De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, esp. 668 673.].           , ,  ,       - .      ,       .




 


             [13 - Ames and Rosenberg, Changing technological leadership, Cardwell, Turning points, 190, 206, Musson and Robinson, Science, 9, Mokyr, Lever of riches, 207, Harris, Essays, 164, Nelson and Wright, Rise and fall, Davids, Shifts of technological leadership.].       ,     : , , .         ,          ,   , ,             .

,       ,       .     䠖   . ,    , -     ,             [14 - Maddison, Dynamic forces, 30, 69.].          .      ,    ,    .               ,   XIXXX.   ,          ,      .  ,           젖            - .       ,   蠖    ,    [15 - Nelson and Wright, The rise and fall, 1931.].     ,   .

    ࠖ    .  ,  ,  ,               ,             :       ,    . ,        ,     .            .       [16 -     񻠖   ,   ,    . . .].     ,    , ,                -        - .                 ,          .      ,      .  ,    ,    - .

     ,              ,           ,    .   . . ,      ࠖ     [17 - Harris, Industrial espionage, 164.].      ,  ,   ,    ,      ,        ?              ,   [18 - Davids, Openness or secrecy.],          ,       .    , ,        [19 - Harris, Industrial espionage, 164 165.].        ,   .      ,  ,   ,   ,     ,       ,  ,           [20 - Hilaire-Perez and Verna, Dissemination.].             ,      .       ,   :      .

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     :        .         .  ,       ,      ,          . ,  ,       , ,       ,    ,      ,   ,     [21 - Stromer, Nuremberg as epicentre, 41 42.].            XX.      ,         ,   ,       ,    ,                ,    ,    ,                  .   ,    ,      ,    ,  ,  ,    [22 - Nelson and Wright, Rise and fall, 1933 1934.].

   ,  ,      ,  .   ,   ,   ,     ,   ,     ,    ,   [23 - Mokyr, Lever of riches, 186 190, idem, Cardwells Law, 573, idem, Gifts of Athena, 282.].   ,   ,                ,        ,     .          ,  .        .  ,    -              [24 - Mokyr, Lever of riches, 266 269, idem, Technological inertia, idem, Political economy, Cardwells Law, Gifts of Athena, chapter 6.].

    -     .    ࠖ           ,       -       -    . ,      -   ,    ,           .    -          :  ,        , 堖        .

 , -   ,   20   ,       .   ,    ,        [25 - See especially Mowery and Rosenberg, Influence of market demand, Dosi, Technical change, 8 11, Mokyr, Lever of riches, 151 153.]. -,     ,  ,       ,                 .    ,             ()    [26 - Dosi, Technical change, 10.]. -,     , , ,        (    )[27 - ,   廠        . . .],        .    ,   ,     .  ,          .

  蠖   ,     .    ,  -    ,   ,    .       ,  ,             . ,    ,     ()    -   , , ,     [28 - Rosenberg, Perspectives, 108 125.]: ,     ,   ,        ,    ,   [29 - Marx and Smith, Introduction, xii.].           []       ,    [30 - Marx and Smith, Introduction, xiii.]  ,     ,      .

              .        ,        ,      .     ,          ,   ,  ()   :     ,    ,   ,   ,      .;      ,     [31 - Persson, Pre-industrial growth, 7 12, 124 125.].  ,       ,     ,       ,        ,     ,   ,      .         ,      [32 - De Vries, European economy, 94, 252, idem, Holland: commentary, 57, Elvin, Pattern of the Chinese past, 312 315.].

             ,   ,     ,    ,     .  ,     ,       ()    ,     ,  ,    ,    ,   ,     .        ,  ,     .   ,   ,    ,        [33 - Dosi, Technical change, 14 20, Nelson and Winter, In search of a useful theory, Hughes, Technological momentum, Rosenberg, Path dependent aspects, Staudenmaier, Technologys storytellers, 199 200.].

       ,     - [34 - ., ., Mokyr, Lever of riches, 273 299, Basalla, Evolution of technology, passim, Nelson and Winter, In search of a useful theory. Nelson, Understanding technical change.].  ,   ,   ,   ,     ,    ,  ,   .          .  ,          (,        - )[35 - Nelson and Winter, In search of a useful theory.], ,   ꠖ       .          [36 - Cf. Basalla, Evolution of technology, 45.], ,        ,     -,    .       :    ,     ,   ,     [37 - Basalla, Evolution of technology, chs. 5and 6, Mokyr, Lever of riches, 276 277, 283, Nelson and Winter, In search of a useful theory.].

       , ,       .   ,               ,   ,         [38 - Olson, Rise, chapter 3 esp. p. 74.].    ,          :   ,     ,   ,  ,   ,   ,      ,   軠  ,   ,       , ,    ,   :       ,     [39 - Staudenmaier, Technologys storytellers, 192 199.].

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          ,   ,            ,    .            1750.,    ,        .        ,      .      ,        ,      .          ,        ,          ,        ,      [40 - Landes, Unbound Prometheus, 1, 3.].      .    ,   ,  ,  , ,  ,    ,        ,               ,    .              [41 - Lynn White, Medieval technology, idem, Medieval religion, 77 80, Gimpel, Medieval machine, Pacey, Maze of ingenuity, chapters 1 and 2, Reynolds, Stronger than a hundred men, chapter 2, Gille, Histoire des techniques, 508 579, Stromer, Eine Industrielle Revolution, Troitzsch and Wohlauf (eds.), Technik-Geschichte, 105 138, Frances and Joseph Gies, Cathedral, forge and waterwheel.        , .,  Richard Holt Medieval technology and Adam Lucas, Industrial milling.].              , ,   ,  .    ,         ,      [42 - Nef, Progress of technology, Rosenband, John U. Nef.].   ,    XVIII. -       .     ,                    .              1800.,       .    , .A. , .. ,    .  . ,      1800.         ,   ,    ,      .     lhistoire immobile,      ,  蠖     ,  ancien rgime    ,          XVIII    [43 - Heller, Labour, esp. Chapter 7 on the inertia of history in publications by Annales-historians.].

-,  ,    ,        . ,    .   XVIXVII    [44 -   ,      . . .]     .           .           [45 - Pacey, Maze of ingenuity, 56 58, Keller, Mathematical technologies, 11 13, White, Medieval religion, 250.],          ,       .         ,   . ,   1449.        1471.,      ,   XVI, XVII  XVIII.   ,  ,  ,  1620.   Novum Organum  : ,    .    , ,   ,    ,       ,  ,  , , ,  , ,  ,        [46 - Eisenstein, Printing press, 20 21, Keller, Mathematical technologies, 22 23, idem, A Renaissance Humanist, 345 365, Spedding, Ellis and Heath (eds.), Works Bacon, vol. I Novum Organum, Aphorism CXXIX, [Johannes Stradanus] Nova Reperta, Heller, Labour, 180.].       1617. ,             ,        ()        [47 - .  Heller, Labour, 180.].   XVIII       ,    , ,          ,  ,   ,         [48 - See e.g. Troitzsch, Ans?tze technologischer Denkens.].       ,     . ,            ,      ,            ,        .

      ,    ,            .         ,   ,   ,        ?        1500.?    ,  ,    ,    ?                 ?    ,        XVIII.        ,     ?       1500 1750.  ,        XVIII.?                   ?  , -               ,        1500.             ,           .          ?

                 ,    30.             ,   1500.    [49 - Parker, Military revolution, Landers, Field and forge, esp. part II.].                  [50 - Eisenstein, Printing press, 552 557.].                1600.    .  ,            ,         ,        ,      ,     ,     ,    .            [51 - Long, Openness, secrecy, authorship, 5 15, 92 93, 244 250.].   XVI.       ,    ,        ,      ,            ,   ,     .   ,  ,       ,         [52 - Popplow, Verwendung, passim, idem, Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenb?cher passim, idem, Neu, n?tzlich und erfindungsreich, esp. Einleitung.].  ,   ,      ,          XVI  XVII.      .                      ,        ,          .               ,   ,   ,       [53 - Goodman, Power and penury, Garcia Tapia, Tecnica y poder, Heller, Labour, chapters 4 and 6, esp. p. 118.].

                ,  ,  .. ,     ,      .  ,          ,  ,            :         .   XVIII.   ,    , ,   ,   :  ,   ,    .       ,    .  ,   ,    ,              ,  .    ,         ,       ,        ,          [54 - Wrigley, Continuity, chapters 1 and 2, Landers, Field and forge, 1 3, 47 71, Radkau, Technik in Deutschland, 59 73.].    XVIII.,        ,         ,       ,       ,       .       ,                    ,       . ,      ,          ,    ,       ,           ,       XVIII.

     ,        ,    ,     ,             1350 1800.  ,   ,          ,  .




     


       1350 1800.         ,         .             XVII.  .      ,                   ,   .

      ,              .   .. ,             .   ,   ,   :        .                 ⠖     ,    .       ,    ,          ,            ,     .     ,  ,      ,   ,      ,   ,   ,      .     XVIII.,          ,            [55 - Wrigley, Continuity, 50 67, 103 104, 113 114, idem, The Dutch triumph, esp. pp. 284 285, cf. also Landers, Field and forge, 1 2, 119 122.].

         .           ,   , ,         1000.   ,                ,   ,    .     ,       ,        ,             ,      ,             .   ,    ,    ,        XIVXV,     ,     ,       XVII.      ,          ,        [56 - Van der Wee, Continuiteit en discontinuiteit, 275 280, idem, Industrial dynamics.].

 , ,      .  ˸  ,     ,        ,                   .   ,  젖     ,    -.          ,          ,  ,    ,           ,  ,        ,        .  ,           .      ,           ,   [57 - Van Zanden, Rise and decline, 4.].    ,              1350 1500.              ,   1500.         ,             ,    , , ,    .         ,   1500.,   XVI  XVII.     , ,    ,         .        XVII.    []    ,         , ,            . ,       ,    1650 1670.[58 - Idem, 29 41, 171 172, idem, Taking the measure, esp. 133 140 and 149 157;       1350  1500.   Van Bavel and Van Zanden, Jump start.]

 ,    , ,      ,          ,    .  ,     ,   1590.               entrep?t,  -.   [59 -  . . .],   ,  ,        ,    .       .   ,  ,  , -,     堖 , ,   젖      廠 , ,   .,  -,         ,   ,    ,     ,    ,     .               .            ,     .   ,                 ,       .         XVIII.,               ,         ,      [60 - Israel, Dutch primacy, 6 11, 383, 389, 408 415.].

                               .      ,      XVI  XVII.      .    ,     ,     ,       .   ,    ,  .   蠖         ,     ;   ,        ,     ;  ,                  ;      ,         ,  ,     - .

      ,            ,    젖                       [61 - De Vries and Vander Woude, First modern economy, 693.].      ,             1500.,      ,   ,    ,   1570-  1580- .                 .        ,  -      ,         ,               -  .  ,    ,         1450.,                   (,   ,  ,   ),        [62 - De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, 665 666.].       ,    ,            ,   ,              . ,   ,         ,             .         entrep?t,    ,    XVII  XVIII.         .       ,       ,   ,           [63 - De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, 687 693, 720.],     .        ,    ,     ,     XVIII.     .     ,    ,     [64 - De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, 698 699.].

         1800.      .       -       .          ,    1700.,      - .       ,                  ,    ,          ,   XVIII.           [65 - De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, 676, 699. Landers, Field and forge, 121; Van Zanden, Rise and decline, 172        ,                .].         -   ,    -      . ,   ,    蠖   .       ,            ,       ,       , ,  , ,   .

  ..            ,             ,   . ,        1700.    ,       .          .  ,        XVIII.   - ,      ,     ,           .  ,  ,         [66 - Jacob, Cultural meaning, chapters 5, 6 and 7, idem, Radicalism, 235 239.].

    蠖   -       1800.   ,    -        .   ,           XVII.      XVIII    . ,           ,                      XVIII.          .




 


    .   1        .   2       .  , ,        ,     ,     ,     ,    ,         .  3     砖          ,           .  ,    ,           [67 - Jacob, Cultural meaning, chapters 5, 6 and 7, idem, Radicalism, 235 239.].  ,          ,         (.. ,  ,     ),   .     ,   ,  ,             .     XIV.,          .

       1350  1800.,                 .   4  5  ,            ,          ,  ࠖ ,        XIX.  ,   ,    2,   ,      .  ,            .                            蠖  ,    .    4      ,   ,        .        頖  ,            -.         .  ,        ,    . , ,        ,      , ,   .

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     ,  . ,       XIV  XV.,          ,       .        ,       ,   , ,      ;       ; , ,      ̸,        .       ,  ,  ,    ,    ,   -  .              .           ,       , ,   .  XIV. ,    , , ,         Ǹ.  1420.          120 [68 - Jansen, Scheepvaart, 90.].  ,             . , ,        .      ,       ʸ.          [69 - Jansen, Welvaart in wording, 96, 126 133, 294 296, Winchers, Bijdrage, 62 69, Zeiler, Textielnijverheid Kampen.].   XVI.          ,    .       1514.     ,    54%,        .           XV.   48%,   堖  44%[70 - Blockmans et al., Tussen crisis en welvaart, 44 45, Prevenier and Blockmans, Bourgondische Nederlanden, 30 34, 391.].               .        .  ,        ̸,    ,    .         ,       .  -  XIII.    ,        .

                     ,    .      (  )   ,     .     1514.  1


   66,     1511. 22,        XV.     15 20.     ,     .       (         )        ,      .  1500.              ꠖ  17      47    [71 - Blockmans etal., Tussen crisis en welvaart, 46 47, Prevenier and Blockmans, Bourgondische Nederlanden, 34, 391.].        ,    .      .    XIV.           .




   


            ,     .       800 1250.         ,      .  ,     1350.,       XIV.      1500.          .  ,      [72 - De Boer, Graaf en grafiek, passim, Jansen, Hollands voorsprong, Lesger, Hoorn, 65 74, Van Zanden, Rise and decline, 29 35.].                 .      ,             .

  ,     ,          ,         .  ,  -       ,    ,        .        ,     ,     . ,      ,    , ,    ,    ,  :       ,         ,   ,      ,  ,     .    ,   ,  ,  ,  , ,    [73 - Br?nner, Order buitennering, passim, Van Zanden, Rise and decline, 29 35.].

       ,   ,      , .  ,   ,    XVI.,          ,         [74 - Blockmans, Economic expansion, 44 45.].                      .

                   .                  ,   .           XI.       ,   .      .              .            ,    , -,       .   ,  ,     ,     XII  XIII.   XII.      [75 - Jansen, Handel en nijverheid, 156 161, 169 171, Verhulst, Occupatiegeschiedenis, 83 92, 95, 99, Van Uytven, 191 195, Nicholas, Poverty, 33 37, Thoen, Landbouwekonomie, 836 837, 1041 1042.].    XIV.      -           ,         .       ,      ,     ,      ,    ,   , ,  ,     ..                 [76 - Van der Wee, Industrial dynamics, 323 333, 335 336.].       ,       [77 - Thoen, Landbouwekonomie, 980 1021, Mertens, Landbouw, 24 34, 41.].     ,        XI.,          .     ,        , ,    , -,  ,    . ,   ,     [78 - Van Houtte and Van Uytven, Nijverheid en handel, 108 109, Jansen, Handel en nijverheid, 175 176, Mertens, Landbouw, 28 29, Nicholas, Poverty, 27 28, Van der Wee, Industrial dynamics, 322.].  ,     (,   )         ,   :  .

       XIV.  ,        ,          ̸,       ,                  [79 - Jansen, Welvaart in wording, 197 202, Jansma, Betekenis van Dordrecht.].                ,    .         ,    Ǹ.    , ,        :           (,     ),   ,     (,    )   ,   [80 - Enthoven, Zeeland, 1 18, Van Tielhof, Hollandse graanhandel, 60 63, Jansen, Welvaart in wording, 115 116, Van Zanden, Holland en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, 360 363.].

,          .    XIV.           .       ,  , ,   ,                .     ,            .         ,     ,   -.    XV.            ̸       [81 - Blockmans, Economic expansion, 50 58, Van Tielhof, Hollandse graanhandel, 169 184, 228 230, Jansen, Welvaart in wording, 248, Lesger, Handel in Amsterdam, 23 64.].

      ,   ,      XIII.  ,       .               .  XV   XVI.          .       .       ,   ,      ,    Ǹ  , ,        [82 - Jansen, Handel en scheepvaart, 97, 101, Boelmans Kranenburg, Visserij, 286 288, Unger, Dutch shipbuilding, 29 32.].

    ,         XIV.    ,    ,       .        ,     , , ,          ̸    蠖     ,     ,         .   .     蠖 ,   堖      , ,    XIII.      .         ,    XIV.     .          ,   , , ,   ,    ,   , ,   .  1500.          ,       .      ,      .        .   XIV.         .       ,   1320- .    .    XIV.      ?           .    ,            ,  [83 - Blockmans, Economic expansion, 54 56, Van Bavel, Early proto-industrialization, 1130 1140, Kaptein, Hollandse textielnijverheid, chapters 1 3, Unger Brewing, Van Uytven, Haarlemse gruit.].

              .   XVI. ,   , ,   ,  ,    ,       ,      ,   ,               ,    堖          [84 - Tracy, Holland under Habsburg rule, 24 31, Kaptein, Hollandse textielnijverheid, 112 147, Van Zanden, Holland en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, 364 365.].            .    ,           V,     XVI.     .




 - 


             1300.,           .  1433.         .            ,     II      1363.,    -?, , ,    ,    ,      ,   ,     . ?        ,     .          ࠖ   , -?,   , ,    ,    .   XV.   ,     ,   ,     .       1477.     ,    .

             -      XVI.        .    ?  ,   ,    V,  ,        (  )     , , ,   ,   ,         ,  [85 - Tracy, Holland under Habsburg rule, chapter 3, Israel, The Dutch Republic, 56 64.].  1543. ,  ,   ,     .

 ,      - ,    .  150             ,       .          .     ,   V  1531.,      ,   ,    ,   ,  ,    ,  ,   ,  ,    ,    .        ,  .

     ,  -              .      ,     .   ,     ,   ,     [86 - Blockmans, Representatieve instellingen, Leupen, Representatieve instellingen.].        : ,     .               . , ,          ,      XV.  XVI.      ,          .    ࠖ  ,      ,     .         ,   .      XV.

   -     1550.  1548.    ,       V,     (     ,    )   ,    .  1549.                             , .          ,         .




    


         .     XVI.,          ,        .   ,       ,  堖       ,    1560- .     [87 - Parker, Dutch Revolt, Israel, The Dutch Republic, chapters 7 10, Van Nierop, Similar problems, different outcomes.].           頖 ,        ,      ,    .                 .        ,      ,        . , ,      ,      1520. (     1560- .,   ),           .         1560.           .

,   ,               ,               .          1559.   1560.      ,      .  ,       ,        ,   ,    ,     ,    ,        ,  ,    -?   ,   .   1560- .,       ,    .

  1566 1568.,    ,    .    ,  1572.,      .        .      ,       .       1572.  ?   ,          .          (-   )  -        ; 1576.   ,     .             .

      .         ,     ,        .     1579.        II,  , , ,                       砖  .       ʸ   (        ,  )  1581.     ,       .      ,       .  ,              1588.        ,   ,   .

      젖      [88 -      . Israel, The Dutch Republic, 276 306, Price, Holland and the Dutch Republic,   . III.].  ,  1585.   ,        ,   ,     .    1594.     1795.  ,    ,   : , , , , ,   .       ,     .  ,   ,      .         .   ,    .     ,     ,      ,       .            .         ,         ,  .

        .    1579  1590.      ,              .   ,    ,       1590- .       ,   1609.,    ,             ,      ,          .          ,     .          ,       ,   1648.




 2

 



    II  1549.   ,  ,    ,     ,         .          :       ,    ,   ,      .    :    ,   ,    ,      ,     .       ,           ,      .        젖     .           ,     [89 - Doville (ed.), Relation, 127, Rodr?guex Prez, Tachtigjarige oorlog, 43 44, 257 note 82.].

,    XVIII.   , ,   .    The Grand Tour ( ),   1749.,   ,     ,           ,    [90 - Nugent, The Grand Tour, I, 32.].  ,   1774.     ,              , , ,     ,    ,   , ,   ,    [91 - Bemerkungen ?ber Holland aufgesetzt im Jahr 1774, 280.].   1775.   ,       ,         , , [92 - Voyage dun amateur des arts, 71.].   ,    ,      .            ,    1777.,     -  ,   ,         [93 - AN F 12 nr. 1299 A letter Rozier 5 October 1777.].   !    ,         1794 95., , , , , , ,   , ,   [94 - Thouin, Voyage I, 334.].

 ,        ,   (     ),       .  ,      ,    ,         . ,       ,            ,     .      .

         .  ,                ,     -      ?           ? , ,   栖            ?          ,                  ?




  


       .     ,        ,      ,  - ,         .          .  -          [95 -      ,      ;  ,     . . .]  XVIXVII.          ,       .           .               .    XVII. ,           ,       頖     .    , ,     .  ,  ,   ,      ,        ,       ()   ,    [96 - Cited in Heller, Labour, 180.].

                          .        ,      .           ,                1474.  ,     [97 - Long, Invention, 875 878.].   ,     ,    - ,      .    1550  1620.       蠖  -  ,      .  ,    ,   XVI.       ,          .        ,            .          .       II ,    ,                    ,   ,   ,     ,  ,  ,      .      ,              1617.    IV         , ,  ,         ,      ,  - ,     .   15  ,      ,     ,      35    [98 - Thirsk, Economic policy, chapters I, II, III, VII, Goodman, Power and penury, Heller, Labour, 175 176, 181.]. ,                     .     ,       ,      .   ,                ,    [99 - Popplow, Neu, n?tzlich und erfindungsreich, 196.].

       ,      .  XVI   XVII. ,                  .   (Commonwealthmen)   VI  I      ,    ,       ,         ,  , , ,   .   II              ,   .   IV,           ,           , ,   .      .           ,                 ,           .  1670.       , ,           ,       ,      .                ⠖   .




   


 XVI.     ,          .        1560- . ,         ,           .   , ,  1423.,     ,     ,    ,    ,           .      ,            ,            .         ,    ,   ,   .               . ,      ,   .  ,   XVI.  , ,        , ,   ,      ,  [100 - Van der Ree-Scholtens (ed.), Deugd boven geweld, 95 96.  XIX.   ,                (idem, 405 407).].

                    .        ,      .   XVII.  ,     1549.    , , ,     .         ,       ,             1608.,       .            ,      [101 - Coryats Crudities, II, 638 639.].     ,         ,              [102 - Bentivoglio, Relationi, 4.]. ,    ,  holandeses[103 - . . .]    ,    ,    . Holandeses    invencioneros[104 - . . .].       ,          el ingenio, y no la espada: ,    [105 - Rodr?guez Prez, Tachtigjarige oorlog, 191 192.].       theatrum machinarum    .    Theatri machinarum,     ,         1618.         ,      ,      ,         [106 - Zeising, Theatri machinarum, III, 23 25.].

                .         XVII.          , ,      ,          . -,             1670- .   1660- .       IV       ,         .        1672.                  [107 - Clment (ed.), Lettres, II 1, 523 524, III 1, 34 37, 125, 199 200, 211, 302, 236 237, 336, 350 351, 403, III 2, 100 101, 290 314.],             ,   , ,    ,    ,         .     ,     Ը     ,       [108 - Clment (ed.), Lettres, IV, 347, 351, 359 361, 452 453, BN, Cinq Cents de Colbert 448 Remarques faictes au voiage de flandres et hollande en octobre, novembre, decembre 1670 sur les canaux etc.].                 ,     ,    XVII.   ,    ,     .    III,        1660- .,  1682.         -          ,  ,   ,    .          .                  ,    [109 - AS Florence Med. Del Principato, 6390, Viaggio del sigr Pietro Guerrini per le provincie e regni christiani dEuropa, f. 3329v; Veen and McCormick, Tuscany, 31 45.].  1660.          87 ,     ,   ,  ,  ,     .  ,  ,      ,       ;   ,  ,        .. ..          ,     [110 - UB Uppsala, Coll. Palmski?ld 81, f. 188 191, reprinted in Dutch translation in Kernkamp (ed.), Memori?n.].    ,    , .    1670.        ,            [111 - UB Uppsala, Coll. Palmski?ld 81 no. 17 f. 156175v; KB Stockholm, Ms. C X 1 12.].                .   Kommerskollegium  1650- .             ( ,    )[112 - RA Stockholm Kommerskollegium Huvudarkiv B I a:1 f. 108112v, 121v 123v.],  Bergskollegium  1690- .          - ,        ,      .    ,  -      .   ,        officina machinarum  [113 - UB Uppsala Ms.X 306 S. Buschenfelt, Ber?ttelse till Bergscollegium, fo. 5.].            .

       ?     ,     ,  ,        ,        ,               XVIII.    ,    ,   ,    ,                 [114 - Rydberg, Svenska studieresor, Flinn, Travel diaries, Kroker, Wege zur Verbreitung, Schumacher, Auslandsreisen deutscher Unternehmer, Braun, Technologische Beziehungen, Weber, Industriespionage, Harris, Attempts, idem, Industrial espionage, Pessina (ed.), Relazioni, 238 321.],        ,         .  ,        ,          .    ,             1795.        ,            ,        [115 - AN, F 121299 B.].     -   ,   1807.    ,        .             ,         [116 - Chaptal, Chimie applique aux arts, III, 6.].          1780 1810.     -,    ,  ,        ,        [117 - Volkmann, Neueste Reisen, Eversmann, Technologische Bemerkungen, Nemnich, Original-Beitr?ge; HSA D?sseldorf Hs. D IX 2, Caspar Neuenborn, Bemerkungen und Skizzen auf meiner hydrotechnischen Reise im Jahr 1810.].     ,         ,        (     1820. ,  , ,  ()         )[118 - Jacob, View, 23.].    XIX.         .




   


      ?      ?  ,          .   ,         ,            堖  , ,     ,  , ,       ,       .        .              ,            .  ,        ,                  ,   ,     officina machinarum




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  (.). . .




2


Wilson, Englands apprenticeship, 41, 263.




3


De Vries, Economy of Europe, 92.




4


Israel, Dutch primacy, 356 357, 385, 410.




5


Levere, Relations, 47 48, Multhauf, Some observations, 48 49.




6


Lintsen et al. (eds.), Geschiedenis techniek, vol. I, 28 29,       .




7


Stromer, Nuremberg as epicentre, esp. 41, idem, Eine industrielle Revolution.




8


Sella, Commerci, idem, Crisis, Rapp, Industry.




9


Mokyr, Lever of riches, 207.




10


Mokyr, Lever of riches, 207, Cardwell, Turning points, 210.




11


Nelson and Wright, Rise and fall.




12


De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, esp. 668 673.




13


Ames and Rosenberg, Changing technological leadership, Cardwell, Turning points, 190, 206, Musson and Robinson, Science, 9, Mokyr, Lever of riches, 207, Harris, Essays, 164, Nelson and Wright, Rise and fall, Davids, Shifts of technological leadership.




14


Maddison, Dynamic forces, 30, 69.




15


Nelson and Wright, The rise and fall, 1931.




16


    񻠖   ,   ,    . . .




17


Harris, Industrial espionage, 164.




18


Davids, Openness or secrecy.




19


Harris, Industrial espionage, 164 165.




20


Hilaire-Perez and Verna, Dissemination.




21


Stromer, Nuremberg as epicentre, 41 42.




22


Nelson and Wright, Rise and fall, 1933 1934.




23


Mokyr, Lever of riches, 186 190, idem, Cardwells Law, 573, idem, Gifts of Athena, 282.




24


Mokyr, Lever of riches, 266 269, idem, Technological inertia, idem, Political economy, Cardwells Law, Gifts of Athena, chapter 6.




25


See especially Mowery and Rosenberg, Influence of market demand, Dosi, Technical change, 8 11, Mokyr, Lever of riches, 151 153.




26


Dosi, Technical change, 10.




27


,   廠        . . .




28


Rosenberg, Perspectives, 108 125.




29


Marx and Smith, Introduction, xii.




30


Marx and Smith, Introduction, xiii.




31


Persson, Pre-industrial growth, 7 12, 124 125.




32


De Vries, European economy, 94, 252, idem, Holland: commentary, 57, Elvin, Pattern of the Chinese past, 312 315.




33


Dosi, Technical change, 14 20, Nelson and Winter, In search of a useful theory, Hughes, Technological momentum, Rosenberg, Path dependent aspects, Staudenmaier, Technologys storytellers, 199 200.




34


., ., Mokyr, Lever of riches, 273 299, Basalla, Evolution of technology, passim, Nelson and Winter, In search of a useful theory. Nelson, Understanding technical change.




35


Nelson and Winter, In search of a useful theory.




36


Cf. Basalla, Evolution of technology, 45.




37


Basalla, Evolution of technology, chs. 5and 6, Mokyr, Lever of riches, 276 277, 283, Nelson and Winter, In search of a useful theory.




38


Olson, Rise, chapter 3 esp. p. 74.




39


Staudenmaier, Technologys storytellers, 192 199.




40


Landes, Unbound Prometheus, 1, 3.




41


Lynn White, Medieval technology, idem, Medieval religion, 77 80, Gimpel, Medieval machine, Pacey, Maze of ingenuity, chapters 1 and 2, Reynolds, Stronger than a hundred men, chapter 2, Gille, Histoire des techniques, 508 579, Stromer, Eine Industrielle Revolution, Troitzsch and Wohlauf (eds.), Technik-Geschichte, 105 138, Frances and Joseph Gies, Cathedral, forge and waterwheel.        , .,  Richard Holt Medieval technology and Adam Lucas, Industrial milling.




42


Nef, Progress of technology, Rosenband, John U. Nef.




43


Heller, Labour, esp. Chapter 7 on the inertia of history in publications by Annales-historians.




44


  ,      . . .




45


Pacey, Maze of ingenuity, 56 58, Keller, Mathematical technologies, 11 13, White, Medieval religion, 250.




46


Eisenstein, Printing press, 20 21, Keller, Mathematical technologies, 22 23, idem, A Renaissance Humanist, 345 365, Spedding, Ellis and Heath (eds.), Works Bacon, vol. I Novum Organum, Aphorism CXXIX, [Johannes Stradanus] Nova Reperta, Heller, Labour, 180.




47


.  Heller, Labour, 180.




48


See e.g. Troitzsch, Ans?tze technologischer Denkens.




49


Parker, Military revolution, Landers, Field and forge, esp. part II.




50


Eisenstein, Printing press, 552 557.




51


Long, Openness, secrecy, authorship, 5 15, 92 93, 244 250.




52


Popplow, Verwendung, passim, idem, Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenb?cher passim, idem, Neu, n?tzlich und erfindungsreich, esp. Einleitung.




53


Goodman, Power and penury, Garcia Tapia, Tecnica y poder, Heller, Labour, chapters 4 and 6, esp. p. 118.




54


Wrigley, Continuity, chapters 1 and 2, Landers, Field and forge, 1 3, 47 71, Radkau, Technik in Deutschland, 59 73.




55


Wrigley, Continuity, 50 67, 103 104, 113 114, idem, The Dutch triumph, esp. pp. 284 285, cf. also Landers, Field and forge, 1 2, 119 122.




56


Van der Wee, Continuiteit en discontinuiteit, 275 280, idem, Industrial dynamics.




57


Van Zanden, Rise and decline, 4.




58


Idem, 29 41, 171 172, idem, Taking the measure, esp. 133 140 and 149 157;       1350  1500.   Van Bavel and Van Zanden, Jump start.




59


 . . .




60


Israel, Dutch primacy, 6 11, 383, 389, 408 415.




61


De Vries and Vander Woude, First modern economy, 693.




62


De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, 665 666.




63


De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, 687 693, 720.




64


De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, 698 699.




65


De Vries and Van der Woude, First modern economy, 676, 699. Landers, Field and forge, 121; Van Zanden, Rise and decline, 172        ,                .




66


Jacob, Cultural meaning, chapters 5, 6 and 7, idem, Radicalism, 235 239.




67


Jacob, Cultural meaning, chapters 5, 6 and 7, idem, Radicalism, 235 239.




68


Jansen, Scheepvaart, 90.




69


Jansen, Welvaart in wording, 96, 126 133, 294 296, Winchers, Bijdrage, 62 69, Zeiler, Textielnijverheid Kampen.




70


Blockmans et al., Tussen crisis en welvaart, 44 45, Prevenier and Blockmans, Bourgondische Nederlanden, 30 34, 391.




71


Blockmans etal., Tussen crisis en welvaart, 46 47, Prevenier and Blockmans, Bourgondische Nederlanden, 34, 391.




72


De Boer, Graaf en grafiek, passim, Jansen, Hollands voorsprong, Lesger, Hoorn, 65 74, Van Zanden, Rise and decline, 29 35.




73


Br?nner, Order buitennering, passim, Van Zanden, Rise and decline, 29 35.




74


Blockmans, Economic expansion, 44 45.




75


Jansen, Handel en nijverheid, 156 161, 169 171, Verhulst, Occupatiegeschiedenis, 83 92, 95, 99, Van Uytven, 191 195, Nicholas, Poverty, 33 37, Thoen, Landbouwekonomie, 836 837, 1041 1042.




76


Van der Wee, Industrial dynamics, 323 333, 335 336.




77


Thoen, Landbouwekonomie, 980 1021, Mertens, Landbouw, 24 34, 41.




78


Van Houtte and Van Uytven, Nijverheid en handel, 108 109, Jansen, Handel en nijverheid, 175 176, Mertens, Landbouw, 28 29, Nicholas, Poverty, 27 28, Van der Wee, Industrial dynamics, 322.




79


Jansen, Welvaart in wording, 197 202, Jansma, Betekenis van Dordrecht.




80


Enthoven, Zeeland, 1 18, Van Tielhof, Hollandse graanhandel, 60 63, Jansen, Welvaart in wording, 115 116, Van Zanden, Holland en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, 360 363.




81


Blockmans, Economic expansion, 50 58, Van Tielhof, Hollandse graanhandel, 169 184, 228 230, Jansen, Welvaart in wording, 248, Lesger, Handel in Amsterdam, 23 64.




82


Jansen, Handel en scheepvaart, 97, 101, Boelmans Kranenburg, Visserij, 286 288, Unger, Dutch shipbuilding, 29 32.




83


Blockmans, Economic expansion, 54 56, Van Bavel, Early proto-industrialization, 1130 1140, Kaptein, Hollandse textielnijverheid, chapters 1 3, Unger Brewing, Van Uytven, Haarlemse gruit.




84


Tracy, Holland under Habsburg rule, 24 31, Kaptein, Hollandse textielnijverheid, 112 147, Van Zanden, Holland en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, 364 365.




85


Tracy, Holland under Habsburg rule, chapter 3, Israel, The Dutch Republic, 56 64.




86


Blockmans, Representatieve instellingen, Leupen, Representatieve instellingen.




87


Parker, Dutch Revolt, Israel, The Dutch Republic, chapters 7 10, Van Nierop, Similar problems, different outcomes.




88


     . Israel, The Dutch Republic, 276 306, Price, Holland and the Dutch Republic,   . III.




89


Doville (ed.), Relation, 127, Rodr?guex Prez, Tachtigjarige oorlog, 43 44, 257 note 82.




90


Nugent, The Grand Tour, I, 32.




91


Bemerkungen ?ber Holland aufgesetzt im Jahr 1774, 280.




92


Voyage dun amateur des arts, 71.




93


AN F 12 nr. 1299 A letter Rozier 5 October 1777.




94


Thouin, Voyage I, 334.




95


     ,      ;  ,     . . .




96


Cited in Heller, Labour, 180.




97


Long, Invention, 875 878.




98


Thirsk, Economic policy, chapters I, II, III, VII, Goodman, Power and penury, Heller, Labour, 175 176, 181.




99


Popplow, Neu, n?tzlich und erfindungsreich, 196.




100


Van der Ree-Scholtens (ed.), Deugd boven geweld, 95 96.  XIX.   ,                (idem, 405 407).




101


Coryats Crudities, II, 638 639.




102


Bentivoglio, Relationi, 4.




103


. . .




104


. . .




105


Rodr?guez Prez, Tachtigjarige oorlog, 191 192.




106


Zeising, Theatri machinarum, III, 23 25.




107


Clment (ed.), Lettres, II 1, 523 524, III 1, 34 37, 125, 199 200, 211, 302, 236 237, 336, 350 351, 403, III 2, 100 101, 290 314.




108


Clment (ed.), Lettres, IV, 347, 351, 359 361, 452 453, BN, Cinq Cents de Colbert 448 Remarques faictes au voiage de flandres et hollande en octobre, novembre, decembre 1670 sur les canaux etc.




109


AS Florence Med. Del Principato, 6390, Viaggio del sigr Pietro Guerrini per le provincie e regni christiani dEuropa, f. 3329v; Veen and McCormick, Tuscany, 31 45.




110


UB Uppsala, Coll. Palmski?ld 81, f. 188 191, reprinted in Dutch translation in Kernkamp (ed.), Memori?n.




111


UB Uppsala, Coll. Palmski?ld 81 no. 17 f. 156175v; KB Stockholm, Ms. C X 1 12.




112


RA Stockholm Kommerskollegium Huvudarkiv B I a:1 f. 108112v, 121v 123v.




113


UB Uppsala Ms.X 306 S. Buschenfelt, Ber?ttelse till Bergscollegium, fo. 5.




114


Rydberg, Svenska studieresor, Flinn, Travel diaries, Kroker, Wege zur Verbreitung, Schumacher, Auslandsreisen deutscher Unternehmer, Braun, Technologische Beziehungen, Weber, Industriespionage, Harris, Attempts, idem, Industrial espionage, Pessina (ed.), Relazioni, 238 321.




115


AN, F 121299 B.




116


Chaptal, Chimie applique aux arts, III, 6.




117


Volkmann, Neueste Reisen, Eversmann, Technologische Bemerkungen, Nemnich, Original-Beitr?ge; HSA D?sseldorf Hs. D IX 2, Caspar Neuenborn, Bemerkungen und Skizzen auf meiner hydrotechnischen Reise im Jahr 1810.




118


Jacob, View, 23.


