  .     
 

 


        .  ,           .               .      ,             .                    ,          .               ,   .    ,    !   !     !      !     -    !





 ,  

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  ,  ., 2014

   , 2014







        .  ,           .                .

     ,             .  , ,   ,   ,  ,            .                ,      .

  ,          .            .         (         ,          ).

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   ,        ,        ,   .         ,               .

           ,   .      ,              ,     .       ,          . ,  ,              .

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    ,        .                        .

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              ,   .  ,   ,        ,     .           ,         .




 I. .    



            .

       ,          .              ,           .

  ,               .      ,      . -   ,   .                  ,   .        .       .

       ,  ,  ?  ,  ,     ,    [1 -       ,                             .].             .       ,    ,      (regulation).

            .    ?      ,     ().

  ,    ,     ,             , ..,    ,  .

     ,    ()            ,      :  -, ,        .




        ,  ,      ,   .

       -,   privacy  publicity         .            ,         .

          .   ,      .

      ,        ,        .

 ,       .

      / (privacy)  / (-) .

      ,         .

  ,     ,      ,     .

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 ,             ()           (, , , ).




  -       (  ),       ,        .

   - , 63%   ,         ,     .  , 65%  ,           [2 - http://www.levada.ru/10-10-2012/tsenzure-v-internete-obespechena-obshchestvennaya-podderzhka-63-grazhdan-vystupayut-za-og].

,      (.  6),  :    ,        .




 1.      



  , ,     .       ,        ,      .

         .            ,      .      ,         ,      .

       ,         web 2.0  web 3.0.    web 3.0          ,  web 2.0.  ,             ,    .

, web 2.0      .   ,           (   ).      web 2.0 .

   web 3.0     ,     . ..      -     [3 - http://www.javajazzup.com/issue3/page59.shtml http://webtrends.about.com/od/web20/a/what-is-web-30.htm]. ,    ,  ,      .

               .           ,               .  ,  ,        ,     , , .

    2010 ,            SourceForge.net  Google Code      , , , ,    [4 - http://webplanet.ru/news/life/2010/01/25/notsoopen.html].       ,  ,   ,      .

       , ,   ,  ,        ,    ,     .         ,         .               ,       [5 - http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelpeck/2013/02/11/social-network-software-lets-government-predict-your-movements/].

  ,    ,     (      )  The Global Internet Freedom Task Force (GIFT,     -).     2006                  .       -     .  GIFT ,        ,  , ,  ,         .

         ,             [6 - http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/lbr/c26696.htm].   GIFT      ,   :

             ;

      ;

           .

GIFT                 ,      21  2010 .

 :   GIFT       -                    [7 - http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/21/internet_freedom].

         ,             .        ,    ,   .

    ,  -,                      .              Wikileaks     .

                 2011 .          ,     ,          .           :       .         ,              [8 - http://www.salon.com/2011/12/09/hillary_clinton_and_internet_freedom/].

         .       2013,          2011 .              .         ,      ,   ,               .  ,           -   .   ,   ,         .     2013     ,              .




     


  2011       :      ,      ,    ,     ,    ,        , ,      ,     ,          廻[9 - http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1104530.htm].

  ,        ,             .         ,     .       (   ,      17     ,      [10 - http://www.catholic-saints.info/patron-saints/patron-saint-of-internet.htm]), ,         .  ,           [11 - http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_church-internet_en.html].

             .  , , ,   -        .       ,      (  1 Mbit/s,   2015   100 Mbit/s)[12 - http://yle.fi/uutiset/1mb_broadband_access_becomes_legal_right/ 1080940].

            .          .     2012-2015           ,   [13 - http://www.coe.int/t/informationsociety/conf2011/IG_CoEStrategy_EN.pdfhttp://www.ip-watch.org/2012/03/15/council-of-europe-passes-internet-governance-strategy/].

        2001   ,      ,    (APC  www.apc.org)  ,     ,     ,       .    :

    ,

    ,

  ,

           ,

  ,

  ,  ,

,    .




APC :      ,  ,       ,      ,    ,    ,       ,                    (WSIS).     2008  --,     ,  ,           ,            .




-  


            ,      Anonymous ().

     ,  ,    ,         ,   .          [14 - http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/09/world/anonymous-explainer/index.html].

       -,      ,     .          ,       :      .

     ,          .       ,      .   ,    ?       .             . ,    ,       .  ,   [15 - http://www2.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=15543].

                  ,    ,    -     .          :     ,    .  ,         .   ,   ,    ![16 - http://audioboo.fm/boos/233905-meeting-coldblood-a-member-of-the-anonymous-community-wikileaks].

              :  ,   ..     ,    .  ,      ,  ,            -    .  ,   ,            ,            .          .           ,       ,     .        ,            -    ,        [17 - http://boingboing.net/2011/01/12/wikileaks-volunteer-1.html].




                ,      .    ,           .                 .        ,        ,       .

             .        :   2013,     ,      ,      .         . :   ?  ,  -  , ?

       ,            .         DDoS-         .             :     -   .        .  12     .                 .    ,     .    ,    .      .     ,    , Anonymous           .    .

     ,   :

    .

             ,     ,    ,      .




      ,      .     , ,    .

          ,  ,             .

, ,       ,  ,  ,  .

            .

     .        ,       . ,          ,     [18 - http://misterq.myblog.ws/tag/usa/].

         ,     :             ,       .

          ,  ,  (   )            ,  ,        -    .




  :  


   ,           .

    ,   ,  ,       .         .

         ,   .      ,    ,    ,    .            ,   .      ,        ,      .

  ,              .  ,        ,          ,     ,           .




 2.          






  ,      ,        2010 .           .  ,  ,  ,  OpenNetInitiative[19 - http://opennet.net/research/profiles/united-kingdom] (ONI)      ,   .  -    , ONI   ,         ,   ,   .              .

 ONI -     ,      ,      :

 .     IP, DNS-  URL-  -.         ,   IP-   ,       .

   . ,   -    ,      ,      .      ,      .

.    ,        .

 .                 .                    .

        (  127 Communications Act 2003).     :

         ,    ;

     ,    .

          6 [20 - http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/21].

   -     :   ,          .




  ,   .          4 - Internet Watch Foundation[21 - http://www.iwf.org.uk/],  ,       ,   .        ,  IWF.

       IWF     ,         (        Scorpions),  IWF  [22 - http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2008/dec/08/internet].

        .      ,     ,      -.                     .

       ,   ,  1990-           ,  .              ,       ,   .

         5  ,       [23 - https://opennet.net/research/regions/namerica]:

1.    (Communications Decency Act (CDA)).

2.     (Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)).

3.    (Childrens Internet Protection Act (CIPA)).

4.       (Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)).

5.     (Trading with the Enemy Act).

   ,      :

1.  - (Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)).

2.     (Protect Intellectual Property Act (PIPA)).

3.      (Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA)).

4.   - (Deleting Online Predators Act (DOPA)).

5.     - (Child Online Protection Act (COPA)).




    2013   ,            (  6     )[24 - http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/mar/19/justice-department-police-read-email].



 ,         .

                .      ,        (  Electronic Communication Privacy Act),   (, Google-)  Skype-     .

  2013         -,    - (!),      Dropbox,    Gmail  Google Voice[25 - http://www.salon.com/2013/03/27/fbi_pursues_greater_gmail_cloud_spying_powers/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/03/26/andrew_weissmann_fbi_wants_real_time_gmail_dropbox_spying_power.html].

       ,      .     :   ,        $ 12     [26 - http://opennet.net/research/regions/namerica].

                 .




        :       ,          .

     , ,         ,  ,        ,      ,  .      ,    ,        [27 - http://russeca.kent.edu/USAeconomy/Lecture02.html].




  





           :

1.  .

2.   ,    privacy.

3. ,   .

4.   .

5.   .

6.   .

7.   ,   .

               -.        ,       4,    ,       ,         3.

 ,    ,  ,  ,       .               .    ,      (unprotected speech).            .    [28 - http://www.wneclaw.com/medialaw/unprotectedcategories.html]:

 ,

   ,

 ,

  ,

, ,

 .

        ,         .     -    ,        .

  ,   -   overbreadth ( ),    ,   ,           .   overbreadth            .          .     ,               .

             -.




,   


  -    .            overbreadth.                    ,   ,      .          ,    .  ,  ,   ,       ,          .     ,         ,  , ,  .

 -     ,         .          (              ,   ,  ,   )[29 - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13116796].

  2007 ,   ,    ,      ,   :     .  ,       .   ,         .     ,   ,             ,      IFPI  MPA.       ,   ,   .     ,   [30 - http://habrahabr.ru/post/155295/].

,      -.     ,        .            ,    ,       .

   2010          ,   .       , -     ,     .          ,       (LIBE),       .   , ,   ,     ,     ,   ,        ,   ,   ,    [31 - http://www.meldpunt-kinderporno.nl/files/Biblio/Speech-Malmstrom-Combating-sexual-abuse06_05_2010.pdf].

 -     :     ,          .             .




5 2012   ,     Google  Facebook,   , , ,   :   High Tech   ,    -, ,  -,     ,    .        8000 .   ,        .        ,    . ,  ,  -                 ,     .           8000 .

  2011       84  -      .                   .            ,      .        DNS-,  84 000 ,          .        ,     , , ,             30    , 250 000 $ ,   .     3 , , ,               ,       [32 - http://digitaljournal.com/article/320602].

          ( 2013 )        .    ,                     .    ,        .

, ,        ,             .        ,          :        .      [33 - http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/28/iceland-porn-ban-free-society].

    Child online protection Act (COPA)     90-      .

  ,            ,      .     :

1)       ;

2)          ;

3)  ,     ,                ,     .

             -,      ,         .       .       ,        .         ,    .    ,        ,    ,        ,  COPA, ,     (  ).    , ,  ,  COPA      .




 


       . ,       ,     .        -,  ,        ,     ,    [34 - http://www.ispa.org.uk/].

        .       ,   , ,      ..[35 - http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmcumeds/353/353.pdf]

   ,          .   2013     Twitter  ,     .   ,        .  Twitter,   , , ,   ,    ,     ,   .  Twitter    ,      ,     .  ,                   .       ,       .

      ,      ,   .       ,         ,        .    ,         ,        ,         .       ,      ,           [36 - http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/technology/twitter-ordered-to-help-reveal-sources-of-anti-semitic-posts.html?_r=1&].

          ,     -.                      ,     ..,     .

          ,           .

             :

    ,

  ,

  ,    ,

,         ,

,    .         ,                  [37 - http://www.marshallcomputer.com/files/Speech%20&%20the%20Law%2012%2012.pdf].




 


         :  ,        .  ,     ,     web 2.0         2002       .

   .       ,              [38 - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0058:EN: NOT].

              ,     ,        .           (, ,    ,         ).

   cookies,    . Cookies                .

Cookie      ,    .              HTTP-.   cookie       ,     . ,     ,   .     cookies.txt         [39 - http://citforum.ru/internet/html/cookie.shtml].

C 2009       cookies    ,        ,  .    cookies:         ,   . ,       -,   .           ,       ,       ,     .               .

          cookies     .  , ,     ,     cookies       Mozilla        ,   80%     ,   [40 - http://www.fastcompany.com/1739058/mozilla-ceo-firefox-faced-advertiser-backlash-over-do-not-track-feature].

                   ,        . ,   Facebook     ,    ,  Facebook   [41 - http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/EN/Get_your_Data_/get_your_data_.html].

  ,   2011 ,     Facebook      .  1222  ,                [42 - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8917836/Facebook-faces-EU-curbs-on-selling-users-interests-to-advertisers.html].

       Reddit,         Facebook 4  2011 ,      [43 - http://www.damnlol.com/watermarked/ea83e08059fd2712933 65560edd6d795.jpghttp://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/ktc16/how_to_annoy_facebook/http://yro.slashdot.org/story/11/09/28/1344218/european-users-overwhelm-facebook-with-data-requests].

 2012            :       .

25         ,   1995 ,      -      [44 - http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-46_en.htm?locale=en].                   2,3  . ,   ,         -,       ,     .       2014 .      :

     ,      (  , ,   ,                ,   ,   ,    24 ).

          .

      ;              (   ).

             :      ,       .

          ,   ,      .

            .

         8         .                      16     .




  2012           -  23         .         ,         (Do not track technology)           -.  ,   90%    ,    Google, Yahoo! Microsoft, AOL         -[45 - http://www. whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/02/23/we-can-t-wait-obama-administration-unveils-blueprint-privacy-bill-rights].







    privacy     .     -   . -  -     ,      ,   .      , ,         ,        .  ,     ,         ,   .

       ,       .     ,   -       , ,   ,       ,           .   ,            [46 - https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/12/crystal-cox-and-bloggers-as-journalists]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/anna-fedorova/vlast-nad-setu-kak-gosudarstvo-deystvuet-v-internete/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


      ,                             .




2


http://www.levada.ru/10-10-2012/tsenzure-v-internete-obespechena-obshchestvennaya-podderzhka-63-grazhdan-vystupayut-za-og




3


http://www.javajazzup.com/issue3/page59.shtml http://webtrends.about.com/od/web20/a/what-is-web-30.htm




4


http://webplanet.ru/news/life/2010/01/25/notsoopen.html




5


http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelpeck/2013/02/11/social-network-software-lets-government-predict-your-movements/




6


http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/lbr/c26696.htm




7


http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/21/internet_freedom




8


http://www.salon.com/2011/12/09/hillary_clinton_and_internet_freedom/




9


http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1104530.htm




10


http://www.catholic-saints.info/patron-saints/patron-saint-of-internet.htm




11


http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_church-internet_en.html




12


http://yle.fi/uutiset/1mb_broadband_access_becomes_legal_right/ 1080940




13


http://www.coe.int/t/informationsociety/conf2011/IG_CoEStrategy_EN.pdf

http://www.ip-watch.org/2012/03/15/council-of-europe-passes-internet-governance-strategy/




14


http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/09/world/anonymous-explainer/index.html




15


http://www2.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=15543




16


http://audioboo.fm/boos/233905-meeting-coldblood-a-member-of-the-anonymous-community-wikileaks




17


http://boingboing.net/2011/01/12/wikileaks-volunteer-1.html




18


http://misterq.myblog.ws/tag/usa/




19


http://opennet.net/research/profiles/united-kingdom




20


http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/21




21


http://www.iwf.org.uk/




22


http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2008/dec/08/internet




23


https://opennet.net/research/regions/namerica




24


http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/mar/19/justice-department-police-read-email




25


http://www.salon.com/2013/03/27/fbi_pursues_greater_gmail_cloud_spying_powers/

http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/03/26/andrew_weissmann_fbi_wants_real_time_gmail_dropbox_spying_power.html




26


http://opennet.net/research/regions/namerica




27


http://russeca.kent.edu/USAeconomy/Lecture02.html




28


http://www.wneclaw.com/medialaw/unprotectedcategories.html




29


http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13116796




30


http://habrahabr.ru/post/155295/




31


http://www.meldpunt-kinderporno.nl/files/Biblio/Speech-Malmstrom-Combating-sexual-abuse06_05_2010.pdf




32


http://digitaljournal.com/article/320602




33


http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/28/iceland-porn-ban-free-society




34


http://www.ispa.org.uk/




35


http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmcumeds/353/353.pdf




36


http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/technology/twitter-ordered-to-help-reveal-sources-of-anti-semitic-posts.html?_r=1&




37


http://www.marshallcomputer.com/files/Speech%20&%20the%20Law%2012%2012.pdf




38


http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0058:EN: NOT




39


http://citforum.ru/internet/html/cookie.shtml




40


http://www.fastcompany.com/1739058/mozilla-ceo-firefox-faced-advertiser-backlash-over-do-not-track-feature




41


http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/EN/Get_your_Data_/get_your_data_.html




42


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8917836/Facebook-faces-EU-curbs-on-selling-users-interests-to-advertisers.html




43


http://www.damnlol.com/watermarked/ea83e08059fd2712933 65560edd6d795.jpg

http://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/ktc16/how_to_annoy_facebook/

http://yro.slashdot.org/story/11/09/28/1344218/european-users-overwhelm-facebook-with-data-requests




44


http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-46_en.htm?locale=en




45


http://www. whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/02/23/we-can-t-wait-obama-administration-unveils-blueprint-privacy-bill-rights




46


https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/12/crystal-cox-and-bloggers-as-journalists


