   General Motors
 


 . 
  ,    -  

    50 .         ,       .      .     General Motors     .

    :

[ul]   ,       10     ;

 General Motors     ;

 GM         -.[/ul]





 . 

   General Motors



Alfred Sloan

MY YEARS WITH GENERAL MOTORS

 :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , , 2018

Copyright  1963 by Alfred P. Sloan, Jr.

   .

  , 2018


* * *















    General Motors     . ,    ,     23    General Motors,   45                     ,          .               ,          .       , ,    .         ,  ,        .

        (John McDonald)   Fortune.        ,     ,     General Motors,     ,            ,   .      ,    Fortune    .          ,    General Motors.       ,       .             .        ,     .  ,     ,     , , ,     .

     (Catharine Stevens),          .  ,   ,                   .  ,   . ,       ,    .     .

           (Felice Faust),   (Barbara Mullen)    (Mary Ross)             .           (Doris Foster),   (Lynne Goree)    (Margaret Breckenridge).

  .  (Alfred D. Chandler),    ,     -   .              General Motors,      .

         .          (Daniel Seligman)   Fortune,          ,    (William Whipple),      .

   .  (Sanford S. Parker)   Fortune,                ,       .

     .  (Charles E. Silberman)   Fortune,  .  (Franc M. Ricciardi),     ,    Monroe Calculating Machine Company (Litton),    (Nathan Glazer),   (Louis Banks)  Fortune,   (Ruth Miller),   Fortune,   (Francis Wilson)   John Wiley & Sons   .  (Sidney S. Alexander)    .    (Jason Epstein)   .   (Mary Grace)  Fortune   ,    (Ralph Stein),   Sports Cars of the World,       .        (Walker Evans).



         .


               General Motors,        General Motors  .     ,                         .       ,      ,   (Donaldson Brown),   .  (Harlow H. Curtice),  .  (Harley J. Earl),   (Paul Garrett),   .  (Richard H. Grant),  .  (Ormond E. Hunt),    (Charles Stewart Mott),   .  (James D. Mooney),  .  (John L. Pratt),  .  (Meyer L. Prentis),  . - (John J. Schumann, Jr.),   .  (Edgar W. Smith),   .  (Charles E. Wilson),  . - (Walter S. Carpenter, Jr.),    (George Whitney)   .  (Henry C. Alexander).

             .       (Win Murphy),   . . ,    ,   1920 ;  .  (Frank A. Howard)       ;   (William Zeckendorf)     ,      ;   (Eddie Rickenbacker)      Eastern Air Lines;   .  (James H. Kindelberger)    ,   North American Aviation;   .  (Dr. Arnold J. Zurcher)   ;   (Hedley Donovan)            (Raymond)      .

                 ,       ,  ,     .   ,     ,       .       ,       , , ,       ,   ,        .



 . - (Alfred P. Sloan, Jr.)
-
 1963 







       General Motors,      ,     .      [1 -      ,  , XX .      1964. . .]             .         .  General Motors     ,  Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, Cadillac  GMC Truck & Coach,           ,     .   ,  Vauxhall  , Adam Opel  , General Motors-Holden    -    ,  1962                    .  ,     ,       .    General Motors   (     90%   ),      .            General Motors     .

     65-     ,    45   General Motors.   ,                   .  ,    .      ,     , ,   ,      General Motors,       ,     ,       .  ,         General Motors.

      General Motors           (William Crapo Durant)  1908     .         1920 ,     ,     ,  19231946 ,        ,      .         ,    .  ,      ,    General Motors  1921 .

   ,                1918 .       General Motors   Hyatt Roller Bearing Company,           ,     United Motors Corporation,    General Motors.           .         ,     .            ,   .             .

      ,           ,            .          ,    .    .   ,         . ,   General Motors,               .  ,  General Motors    .        ,      .



     ,   ,   .


    General Motors,       .  ,  General Motors   -  ,        ,   ,  ,   -    ,    ,    ,    ,      ,        ,   ,           .      General Motors          .  ,   ,      ,      .

,  ,  ,                ,     .               ,  .        General Motors.    General Motors         ,        ,  ,    ,   General Motors         Ford.

    ,              ,   General Motors     .         ,      General Motors.  ,   General Motors       ,               .  General Motors             . ,       General Motors   .     ,  ,  General Motors             ..     ,    .

     ( 1 , 600. , 9,2 . , 14,6 .     1,46 .   1962 ), General Motors      .  ,     ,  ,       .                 ,     ,  .      ,        :            .

 ,           .          .      .    ,           ,      .     -.           ,      .     ,     General Motors,         .   ,       ,     .       .

   : ,   ,       . , ,            .     .                  .      ,   .          ,                     .                ,   .         .   ,   General Motors    .

  ,       .     .          ,       ,    .  General Motors,       ,       ,         .            General Motors.

       -   . ,    -    . ,  -    -   .     -          ,  ,         .             . ,         ,  - ,     .



         .


         .        ,     ,    .                .  General Motors  ,           .

       General Motors   .  General Motors        .        ,              ,       .

   ,       .      ,              ,      .           - .         ,       ,     .    ,     ,      .

      - ,    :        ,   ,   .  ,      : General Motors,  ,        (),      ( ),       -.  -, ,          .          .      ,       .      ,    ,   ,     . ,       ,           .

         General Motors,   ,        : , -,    ,        .  ,   ,        ,       .  ,        ,    ,  General Motors.

    .          General Motors,           ,  ,   .    , - ,    ,     ,          .          .       General Motors .   ,      ,      ,     ,       .

           ,    .  ,     ,             . ,     ,   , ,    ..    ,            .       ,   .      General Motors,           -.

,     ,   ,          General Motors.  , ,  ,      ,         .  ,          . ,    ,  ,        .     General Motors         ,      .   General Motors, ,     ,    .




 








  ,  General Motors  Chevrolet.






 1

  ()


 1908    ,      :   ,  Buick Motor Company,   General Motors Company,    General Motors,    (Henry Ford)     Ford Model T.           .         .      ,          .   19  (  Model T)    ,     .         .   Model T     ,        ,   ,    .

             ,    .      ,        . ,    ,    ,       .    1908 ,       65. ,   ,   ,     1 .       ,    ,  Model T   ,      .  1914       0,5 .  1916       Model T,    1920- ,    ,       2   .      Model T            .

       , ,   .             ,      ,     .     ,     ,      .    .    ,      .    ,          ,          .        :     ,      .  ,  -         .

       ,         .               .                ,   ,   .   ,     ,           ,     .         .



          ,    .


           ,    ,              ,    ,    .   General Motors,           .       .

,   ,      ,     ,        .      Buick Motor Company,      1904    1908        .  1908    8487   Buick ( :      6181   Ford  2380  Cadillac).

16  1908       General Motors Company,     Buick (1  1908 ),  Olds (12    )   1909  Oakland  Cadillac.      ,           ,   .  ,     ,  19081910      General Motors  25 , 11    ,   ,       .       Buick, Olds ( Oldsmobile), Oakland ( Pontiac)  Cadillac       ,    ,    .               .

          .        . ,      General Motors Company,     General Motors  Buick   ,     .  1906     400. .     2 .,  1907  (  )    1,1 .   4,2 .,   1908  1,7 . 7,5 . .

            .         .      ,     ,   ,  Buick     ,       .      Buick  Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Company (    )  1908     ,   ,    .   ,     Buick  .         , , ,          .  ,        ,         .  ,        ,               .

 ,      General Motors,    . -,            ,       Buick, Olds, Oakland, Cadillac   Chevrolet.

-,              .   General Motors,   ,   Cartercar,            ,  Elmore Manufacturing Company,   ,       .         ,   Marquette Motor Company, Ewing Automobile Company, Randolph Motor Car Company, Welch Motor Car Company, Rapid Motor Vehicle Company  Reliance Motor Truck Company.        Rapid Truck,    General Motors Truck Company,  22  1911 .

-,     ,      ,       Buick.    General Motors     : Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company,           ; Champion Ignition Company of Flint ( ),   ,    AC Spark Plug Company; Jackson-Church-Wilcox Company,    Buick; Weston-Mott Company  . ,    . ,    ,  .        McLaughlin Motor Car Company, Ltd.  ,  ,    Buick    McLaughlin-Buick  .     General Motors      (R. Samuel McLaughlin),        General Motors  .

      . ,  Champion Ignition   ,    25%    (Albert Champion)   -. Champion Ignition          1929 ,  General Motors        .

   ,     General Motors    .   ,      Heany Lamp Companies,   ,   Buick  Olds,  .   Heany   7 .,      General Motors.   Heany       ,     .

  ,    ,     . Buick  Cadillac,    Buick,        , ,    General Motors    .     ?   ,   1910    20%       .       .   General Motors        .   1910 ,       General Motors Company,       .

 General Motors    [2 -   , ,   . . .]     .  (J. Storrow)  Lee Higginson and Company of Boston    (Albert Strauss)  J. and W. Seligman and Company of New York, ,  ,        .            15 .    ,     General Motors  12 750. .                ,  .  ,     General Motors,  -    ,        .

    ,  1910  1915 ,     General Motors ,   .        12,5 .        -    . 19  1911     General Motors Export Company    General Motors  .              210.   1911   1,6  1916       Ford    . General Motors    40.   1910   100. 1915 ,       20  10%     ,    Ford.  General Motors       .       .           .  (Charles W. Nash).

    General Motors   .   20          Durant-Dort Carriage Company      ,     ,    .            ,           ,  , .  1910         ,       .   ,                Buick.   ,      Buick  1910       ,   1912    General Motors Company (. 11).

Buick      General Motors     .      .  ,  American Locomotive,    .  (Walter P. Chrysler)      Chrysler     .  1911            Buick.  1912 ,      General Motors,     Buick,        .    1910  1915 ,       , Buick  Cadillac     General Motors Company.

   General Motors   ,      .        15 .    ,      .          9 .     1915  General Motors     ,    16  1915      50-                General Motors. 165.      8 .,                -  .      ,             .    ,      ,   ,            ,          .

       General Motors  1910          ,     (Louis Chevrolet)   .  1911        Chevrolet Motor Company.          ,              .        Chevrolet Company       General Motors.       Chevrolet     General Motors.

 -      (du Ponts)   ,      General Motors.

   General Motors      .  (John J. Raskob),        du Pont Company      .  (Pierre S. du Pont),  .  1953   ,          du Pont Company  General Motors, ,   1914        2.  General Motors.   ,  1915   .  (Louis G. Kaufman),  Chatham and Phoenix National Bank,     ,     General Motors.              ,   .   1915          .       .   ,              .           .         .

  :

 ,      ,      .                .

        .   ,      ,      .      ,      .

       .

          16  1915 .              General Motors Company,     .       -         ,   ,       .       ,     ,    .           1916 .     Chevrolet       General Motors (. 12).

            General Motors.  18  1916                  Nash Motors Company.   1916     Thomas B. Jeffery Company of Kenosha ( ),    ,         Rambler.        Nash Motors,    .         4050 .    -.

1  1916 ,   ,       ,     General Motors,      .     General Motors Company    -   General Motors Corporation           60  100 . (. 13).  -  Buick, Cadillac       .  , General Motors Corporation       .   1917         .

,               .  du Pont Company      General Motors.      :

 []  General Motors       du Pont Company      ,     ,             .         -   ,              du Pont Company  -  .



       ,    :   ,      .


    General Motors   :     ,    .    ,   General Motors        .       General Motors,     ,      ,  ,   ,  .

  :

General Motors Corporation         .     ,       .  ,          ,      ,    General Motors   ,      du Pont Company   du Pont Company       ,         .         ,      .

  ,    du Pont Company 19  1917 ,  ,      ,    du Pont Company  General Motors.   :

  ,    General Motors Company, ,        ,     General Motors  Chevrolet Motor      350400 .  General Motors Company      ,   ,        ,          .             ,      .     [ ]   ,        ,             .       ,   ,      , ,   ,                 .         ,   (   )      .  ,     ,             du Pont Company (. 14).

 ,          General Motors. -,     du Pont Company     General Motors. -,  du Pont       . -,     . -,      ,   . -,     General Motors Company,  ,       Fabrikoid, Pyralin,      ,      (. 15).

21  1917    du Pont             General Motors  Chevrolet    25 .   1918  du Pont Company   23,8%   General Motors,          .   1918   du Pont Company  General Motors   43 .,   26,4%  .

   du Pont Company       ,     .   Du Pont    General Motors,     .          du Pont Company.     ,  ,        .       ,         .      ,    (J. Amory Haskell)            du Pont Company  .  ,    ,        .

  1919   General Motors ,  du Pont Company       49 .,   28,7%  General Motors.    ,            .    .

   1918  1920               ,     .

  1918  Chevrolet,   ,     Ford    ,       Ford     .   Chevrolet   Scripps-Booth    ,  Chevrolet.

 1919        Fisher Body. General Motors  60%        .

 1920     ,    Sheridan,    General Motors   ,   Cadillac, Buick, Olds, Oakland, Chevrolet  General Motors Truck       . ,        Cadillac  Buick.

                    .         ,     .          .

,   1917      General Motors    Samson Sieve Grip Tractor Company of Stockton ( ),            .         Janesville Machine Company of Janesville ( )  Doylestown Agricultural Company of Doylestown ( ),    Samson Tractor Division,  ,   .   1918           Guardian Frigerator Company         56 366,5 .,  General Motors   31  1919 .         General Motors,    Frigidaire Division.

   1918  1920   General Motors      : General Motors of Canada, Ltd., General Motors Acceptance Corporation,        General Motors,   Dayton,      .  (Charles F. Kettering),      , ,        General Motors,     United Motors      ,    .

     General Motors     .       ,      .    , ,      ,      ,    ,   .           .  General Motors    ,         General Motors Corporation.




 2

  ()


      General Motors,       .    -,  , 23  1875 ,   ,     ,  ,    .      ,      Bennett-Sloan and Company.  1885       . -   -,   10       . ,        .        ,      .      ,  .        (Katharine Sloan Pratt),  ,   :  (Clifford),    ,  (Harold),  ,       , ,       .  ,           ,   .

       ,      .  1895    (Duryeas),   ,  ,   ,      ,   .                      Hyatt Roller Bearing Company  . ,    . ,  -.   Hyatt      ,        .        ,        .

     Hyatt     25 .          . Hyatt    ,     (John Wesley Hyatt).           ,          ,       .         ,     .    Hyatt       .       ,   - ,    .       ,     2. . .    , ,       50 .

       Hyatt,              ,     .             .      ,      -      .

   Hyatt Roller Bearing Company            ,   -      (John E. Searles)      .  1898   ,    .         Hyatt 5. .  ,        - .            (Peter Steenstrup),    ,      .                 12. . .   ,      .     .    ,   Hyatt      General Motors.



       ,      .


      Hyatt   .    ,         ,    ,     .           ,       ,    .      .     60. . ,      .

          .        ,       ,   .     (Allan Nevins)  ,    Ford  ,      19  1899 ,   .             .               .   ,    ,       ,    .      ,           .     ,     ,       ,       .     Hyatt       :    ,    .

         ,     -,     ,      .         ,           ,    ,  .

          ,     1905  1915 ,   ,    Ford, Cadillac, Buick, Olds, Hudson, Reo, Willys  ,    .  Hyatt         .     ,        , ,   ..,        .

       ,      .    ,      .  1900     4. ,    .         Winton,   .   1903      Hyatt Company  Conrad         .   .      .    ,           .     .  Conrad     1900  1903 ,     .      Autocar.   ,          -.  ,  Winton  Conrad,    ,       Autocar,       .  1953   Autocar   White Motor Company.   1910        Cadillac.      ,      Cadillac,     .

   Cadillac           Hyatt.   Cadillac     (Henry Leland)    ,         .     Olds   1900 .    Cadillac,   1909      General Motors,         1917 .      Lincoln,     Ford Motor Company.

        ,     .   ,         ,   -     .   , ,  .      .   1900-     ,      .    ,         ,       .     ,            ,         .        ,   ,          .        Brown and Sharpe Company,    . ,  -.     ,           (Eli Whitney),   .  ,           .

      .

   ,                      -  .           Cadillac, Ford  ,     , ,   ,   .         Weston-Mott Company of Utica,  .       ,      Hyatt.     1906         .   . ,   ,    ,       .  ,     -,   . ,  ,        ,    ,          .                 ,  ,  ,   (Harry Bassett),    ,    ,  ,    General Motors. ,       ,           -  ,          .     General Motors    .     General Motors  1909 ,      Buick, Oakland  Olds. , General Motors  49%     1909 ,     1912 .  Weston-Mott  Hyatt      General Motors.



       .   :     .


       . .   ,     Buick,     ,    Weston-Mott.         General Motors,     ,         . ,       Chrysler  General Motors,              .     ,        .  ,         .    ,   ,      .               .

   Ford Motor Company  .    Hyatt,         .          Ford     (C. Harold Wills),   Ford,    ,      Wills-Sainte Claire.             .  Hyatt      ,       Ford.    ,    ,    General Motors.            West Grand Boulevard. ,     ,         --.

  1916          .  General Motors  Chevrolet,           .     ,         General Motors,             .      ,   .    ,        ,           .         .   ,    Hyatt Roller Bearing Company.

     Hyatt      ,       .      Hyatt.           ,     .

-,   Hyatt ,       .      Ford.         ,         ,      .

-,  ,        ,        .     ?  ,   ,  ,  .      ,     ,     :        .   ,    45       Hyatt .     Hyatt            ,    .

-,            40            ,    ,          .         Hyatt    .

      , ,        Hyatt.    , ,      Hyatt,        ,        .     ,    Hyatt     ,       15 .   ,   ,     ,        .              (John Thomas Smith)    . ,             13,5 .






Cadillac Place,    General Motors,   .     ,  .      , ,             .   D           ,       .



   ,           United Motors Corporation,     .       , ,       Hyatt     .      ,     ,    .         Hyatt,        United Motors Corporation.

    United Motors  1916 ,   Hyatt    -      New Departure Manufacturing Company of Bristol ( ),   , Remy Electric Company of Anderson ( ),   ,   , Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company of Dayton (   Delco),      Remy ,  Perlman Rim Corporation of Jackson ( ).

           .        United Motors,       ,     .            ,    .             United Motors  Harrison Radiator Corporation  Klaxon Company,      .    United Motors Service, Inc.,     ,    United Motors,    .          33 638 956 .       Hyatt.

   United Motors     ,    General Motors.    General Motors   ,         ?   United Motors.   1918          ,    General Motors,   General Motors   United Motors.

        Hyatt  ,       General Motors.        .     General Motors   -      ,        United Motors.     General Motors    ,     .

 1918  1920   General Motors         , ,     ,      .           ,  ?        General Motors.           .

     .        ,   ,       .     .   ,       General Motors,      .         ,     .      ,      ,  .      .

       --  57-   -.     . - ,    1919 ,   , ,   ,       ,         .         ,        .                 .        ,   .     .         , ,     ,      .    Haskins & Sells,     United Motors.          General Motors.

          -          .    -,     --.    .  ,  ,      .       Grand Circus Park    .   United Motors  West Grand Boulevard    ,      .     ,  ,    .          :       ,      ,  ,         ,   .      .                 .    .    ,  .   -       -    Hyatt,    United Motors.        -      .  ,    ,  .   ,  : ,       .   (Prentis)     ,   .    .      .            . ,   .        .  (Ralph S. Lane),  United Motors Service Corporation.  ,     ,  .     ,    .     ,   ,     .          .   ,         ,     .      --,       . ,    ,          .  ,    ,      .           .     ,     1918  1920    General Motors,        .



   ,   ,    ,    .


            . ,            ,         .      ,    ,    ,    .      ,     .        .

   ,            .      ,  ,      .  , ,   ,     General Motors,    ,              .      .      ,    .    :      .     Chrysler Corporation.

   General Motors              .          1919    1920 .               ,               .             .

            . ,       . 17  1919            ,      .           7,1 .  New Departure Division.  31  1919             New Departure.         New Departure      ,         .        7,3 .         General Motors  .  . ,   General Motors, ,           ,  ,     ,        ,    .  . ,   du Pont     ,  ,       .  ,            ,        .    .    ,     ,     .     ,     ,  ,   .

5  1919       -             15   31  1920 .                            50 . ,  ,   50 .,      100 ..

     -        .    :   ,   ,         .              ,       .          Durant Building,  New Departure,     ,     .

,    ,    :        ,           ,   ,             .  , ,      ,    ,   .

 , ,     ,   .        .       .  85 .    11.        ,         ,       270 . 1918   510  1919   567  1920 .

          . 5 1919        ,        .  .         .           .              .            .           .          ,      .

   ,   ,              .    ,       .         1919    1920       .            10 339 554 .,      Buick, Chevrolet  Samson Tractor,         .    .

        1919 . 27     ,      :

        ,                           .



  ,      .


  ,     ,  ,    .  ,        ,       .    1920                       ,        .    ,  .

      ,     .   1919             36% ,    .         .          .    1920        ,      (  1920 )     876. ,   .      ,    ,         64 .,     ,   100.      du Pont, J. P. Morgan     .

      1920 ,                    .    ,     ,      150 .,     .

       ,    , ,   ,         .                   ,            .     .

   ,         1920   .               ,   .              ,     .      .       1920   137 .,    168 .,    185 .,     209 .,   59  ,   .   ,  ,  .

     .   21         2030%.                        .     General Motors   ,              .             83 .         ,   Buick  Cadillac,    ,      .    .

   General Motors        .   1919     1920      ,      ,     .     ,     .  ,    ,           .        ,               .

          ,     1920    30- ,      ,   . ,   ,     .   ,   ,  General Motors.        Lee Higginson and Company      .      ,     General Motors  19101915         Nash Motors.           ,   .      ,   ,     ,    General Motors,                 General Motors   .     Rolls-Royce,      ,        .         , ,          ,  .

    1920  ,    ,     .  ,       General Motors,        . ,      General Motors  ,         ,  E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company.   26  1920 .

    General Motors Corporation      ,          .            ,      .

    ,    ,    11  1920            .    du Pont   General Motors Company,  25 .       ,  ,               (    Chevrolet Company,        General Motors).   ,  ?         .   ,        ,       .    ,                     .     ,         .    ,          ,   ,  ,   ,  .   ,   -   ,    .   ,        .               ,     .     ,   ,       ,  .     ,           ,       .    ,     ,   1920        . ,     ,       .     Morgan & Company   ,  ,          ,       .       , ,          ,   Morgan    .      ,     ,       .            ,           ,        ,       .  11       ,            .

   ,      ,        .     ,   Morgan & Company      ,   ,         General Motors. Morgan & Company   ,        ,          .        (Dwight Morrow)  Morgan & Company          ,       .  ,                 .          ,        . ,   1920       ,     ,  ,    .        ,  -  General Motors       ,     du Pont ,       General Motors  Chevrolet        ,      ,       .   ,         ,                .   ,  ,      du Pont       General Motors        .   ,  ,  Morgan & Company   , -             .   ,        ,       ,              .     ,     -    .     .    ,        ,   .       ,   ,       .     ,    , -,      ,       .

-   1920 ,     ,         .  ,     ,     -      .  ,         General Motors Company    ,     󻠖  ,    ,       .       , ,            ,        .  ,              ,           General Motors.   ,      ,      .           ,     .     ,     ,      .                ,  ,        26 .   ,      .       -  , 12 ,     , 16 .       ,       . ,    ,          ,        General Motors Company.        :   ,    ,       .          ,    ,         .      ,       .     ,       20 .       1,3 ,     ,           14,19 ., ,   ,             3  General Motors, ,   1,3   .   ,            ,     ,   ,       .   ,         .           . ,    ,          .

  , 16 ,      (McClure)    Jones & Reed   150. .    .    -  .

 , 17 , ,     , ,         17 ,         .     ,          .       ,       .       ,             20 .,        .    du Pont      7   10 .  ,             .

18          .   ,    .     .       ,     .   ,        ,          ,        .                   .                        Morgan.   ,   -       Morgan & Co.,           ,        .  ,   .             ,   (Thomas Cochran)   .      ,      .        ,          .            ,           .           ,    ,       .     ,    Morgan       ,    ,    ,       ,          .   ,         ,     .      .               ,       Morgan.                du Pont,          .   ,       -   ,           20 .,          .     du Pont,     ,     7 .      .   Morgan      du Pont     ,  ,    ,         ,    du Pont  Morgan.



       ,    .


   ,     .          ,       .   ,  Morgan & Company         .                 ,      .      Morgan ,           ,    .           .          .           .    .   ,   40%   60%  du Pont   .       ,          .             .                 20 .     7 .,   du Pont,       1,3 . ,   ,       9,5 .  ,       :        du Pont.          ,     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/alfred-sloun/moi-gody-v-general-motors/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


     ,  , XX .      1964. . .




2


  , ,   . . .


