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ࠖ     -  ,          .    (,       ),    -   ,     ,     2014.           ,        -     ,      .

    ,   ,      ,     , 堖     ,   ,   .   蠖   ,   ,    ,  ,           .   -    , ,      ,         ,     廠  ,       . à  ,         XXI.

,  ,     1980- 1990- .,    .        ,       ,            .      , -  , -   ,   .    - (  ),          .

    -    .        ,     .       ,   .         ,     , -   .

,    ,   ,  ,    ,   .            1990- .            .         ( ,  20112012.   , , ,  ),       .

   ,   , ,  ,   1991.    ,  ,  .  1990-       ,      .             .       90- . (      ),     2001.  -         .

Ѡ ,     2003.,     ,    .    .    ࠖ    ,  ,           ,       .      ,   ,    , ,    ,    .

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    ,  ,      . ʠ     ,         .    .  -, ,     (    2015.),    .     ,  ,      .       ,      ,   .     -       ,     ,      , .

     ,  ,       ,     . Ƞ        .  ,   ,   ,   ,  .  ,      ,      .  ,   , , , ,       - .



 ,      ,     , -  







  2011.            -,       ,    . , 16-  ,       ,      .     .

  2012.   , ,        ,  13 ,   ,  .   ,  ,   ,    ,   .          ,  ,      .    ,  ꠫ -,  ꠫ -, ,  ,   - .      ,        -. ʠ    ,    . Ƞ 2012-   . ,    ,     .

ߠ  [    ]  ,   ,    .       . ߠ . Ӡ  ,    .     . ߠ  . ߠ  .    ,       .

 1980-      .       .     ,   .   ,         .  ,   ,     ,  .

   ,  ,  ,     .       .            ()[2 -      ( )  .    堖  .     ,  ,      .  ,    ,       - -     蠫   -.       ,   -    .        .],            .   ,               ,  .    ,       ,   ,      .  ,     ,        ;            .   2014.     , ,   .           ,   -   -,      .  ,   .

           . ,   ,   .   .   [3 -    .  ⠖  ( ).       .   . .] ,    , .. -.          [4 -  (   ,   )     .]       .     ,    -,  ,      ,        .  ,   ,       ,    , .

    .     20.     ,    -   .

 젖 ,  ,     ,    .     , ,    ,   ,      .    [5 -         .],    -堖 ,    . ,   ,   ,    -,     ,   : ߠ .  [  ]    .   ,    -,  .     ,     , ,    ,    ,   ,      .

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  ,     .    -,  - ,    ,   ,  ,     ,  .  ,      ,      .         ,        . ߠ  ,  . ߠ  ,   ,   .

 23 2014.   , .        -  --.

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   2014.     ,     ,  ,   . ,  ,    ,    .  1000     ,  30-      . ,           .   ,      ? Ƞ    ˠ  -   ?

         NewYorker       . Ƞ     ,   ,    ,   100    .   ,        -  , -             .        .      .    ,   - -,  ,        .



    .      -,     ,    ,  .    -,   ,        .    ,  ,   .     ,          2014.:           ? ,    ,      - ,    ,    ,       .      ,      10     :  -  (),    , ,    ().   ,  1985.        , 堖    CNN   ,      .  -     ,  .

       , -   ,    .  ,    ,    ,     .      ,   ,  ?        ,     ? Ƞ       ,     ꠫   ? ,      ,        30,      ?

  ,           .          ,        ,   ,    - . ˠ ,          .  ,  ,       .    ,                蠖   ,  ?         -, ,  - ,   ꠫        .    -       -    1999. ,    ,    ,       .        ,    ,   ,   . Ƞ  ,         ,    ,  ,     -        ,  ,        .

     , ,  ,     -     ,      ,      ,        . , ,    ,  -  .         , , -,   蠖  ,        ,   ,   !.       .  ,          ,        ,   ,    .

ˠ  , .   ,          . Ƞ ,  ,    . Ƞ    ,      ,        ,    . Ƞ  ,     ,   ,        .  , ˠ     , 젫-.    蠖 ,      ,    .    ,    ,       .

 ,                        ; ,      ;    ,    ,  . ,    ,        ,       .       , ,        ,      ,    .               (    )        ,           蠖  ,    .       ,  Amnesty International[6 -      .] Human Rights Watch[7 -    ໠   ,    .],  ,        .    ,        ,   , ,   (   ,   )     .  ,   ,  ,         .

   ,     ,  ,          .         .




1.-.    -



, ,  . ,   . ,     ,   , 28 2014.,   ,   -,     ,      .     - 堖 ,      .   , -  .  ,     [8 -       ,   ,   .],    .     .  ,       . 頖    [ ], 頖  ,   .  ,  , -             -.         ,    -  , 11-      , , .




 


ࠖ ,  ,    40 - .          ,         ,  ,  -,     [1 - Loretta Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq: Al-Zarqawi andtheNew Generation (NewYork: Seven Stories Press, 2005) 2930.].    -,   -,  ,   ,   , ,          .  -  ,  ,       ,       . -    ,     - 1984. (   )  ,      [2 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 260.].   ,   ,    NewYork Times    -.

,   .  , ,   [3 - Mary Anne Weaver, TheShort, Violent Life ofAbu Musab al-Zarqawi, TheAtlantic, July 1, 2006, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/4983 (http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/4983).].         [4 - Loretta Napoleoni, Profile ofaKiller, Foreign Policy, October 20, 2009, foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/20/profile-of-a-killer (http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/20/profile-of-a-killer).].

 ,    ,    ,  -,  ,      - [5 - Weaver, 2006.]. Ƞ .     ,    ,    .    -    젖 ,           .  ,         ,   ,           蠫 ,  ,  .       ࠖ        .  , 1979.   ,      .




 


䠖     ,   ,     ,  .   1980-      - ,     .    , ,  ; ,  , , , , , , , ,      [6 - Jean-Charles Brisard, Zarqawi: TheNew Face ofAl-Qaeda (NewYork: Other Press, 2005) 16.].

      ,       ,    , -.           ,    ,  1984. ,       .   ,         .      ,   ,   ,  ,   . -  ,    ,      .     ,        ,         .         ,             [9 -   ,    ,  ,        ,  ,   ,   .         .].

,    ,         (   ),      , ,  .     -򻠖    ,       .    ,  ,           ,     ,    ,   ,    ,    [7 - Fawaz A.Gerges, TheFar Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 135.].

 3000       ,   ,  ,    -  .   -     ,        ,     ,           [8 - Lawrence Wright, TheLooming Tower (NewYork: Vintage, 2007); Gerges, TheFar Enemy, 134.]. Ƞ        [9 - Gerges, TheFar Enemy, 76.].

      ,     ,    ,    ,  -,  ,   1980.             ,     .  -   ,            [10 - Peter L.Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow: AnOral History ofal Qaedas Leader (NewYork: Free Press, 2006), 6465.].      - ( ),          [11 - Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow, 63, 6667.].

  1986. -  ,         -. ʠ      ;   ࠖ ,        .  ,  ,   -  ,     ,   ,     .  ,  ,       , , ,  . -         . ,   ,  .

   1989.        ,    ,    [12 - Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow, 93.]. (     ,       / -.)   ,   ,     ,     . ,    ,     .    -[13 - Weaver, 2006.].




 


 1989.  -          ,      [14 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 17.]. ,     ,   ,  -  ,    ,    .       ,   11,  ,    - - ( ).    ,      -     [15 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 21.].     ,  -, - ,  -,    [16 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 21; Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow, 32.]. -  ,    [17 - Weaver, 2006.].   , ,  ,  ,  , ,   ,  -      .   ,     ,   -[18 - ???????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? YouTube video, 34:05, posted byansaralshari3a, March 25, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUrLMFautCI (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUrLMFautCI).].      2006.,   -   ,   ,  , ,  , .

 -,  -      - ,       [19 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 22.].     .

   -   ,   ,        [20 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 2324.].       ,     -   ,      ,     [21 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 24.]. -      .    .

    - ,   ⠫ - (),      [10 -       -.    .] -.             [22 - KSM trains atSada camp, GobalSecurity.org, last modified January 11, 2006, www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/ksm_trains_at_sada_camp.htm (http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/ksm_trains_at_sada_camp.htm); Hambali trains atSada camp, GlobalSecurity.org, last modified January 11, 2006, www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/hambali_trains_at_sada_camp.htm (http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/hambali_trains_at_sada_camp.htm).].     : -   (Insurgent Iraq: Al-Zarqawi andtheNew Generation)  [23 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 55.],         -,   ,    . 頖 廠  15,        : ,  ,     .     軠  45.      ,    - , , ,   .  , ,      .  ࠖ   !







 1992. -          () ,  ,         [24 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 28.]. Ӡ     .   1993.,          , ,   ,     ,  ꠫-- (  ) 蠫- ( )[25 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 29.].

Π -     .    -, - ,        ,      .   -  ,     : ,            . ,     , - -     ,   ,    ,    ,  ,    [26 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 36.]. -   ,         , -  ,   [27 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 37.].    ,       -, [28 - Jeffrey Gettleman, Zarqawis Journey: From Droupout toPrisoner toInsurgent Leader, NewYork Times, July 13, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/07/13/international/middleeast/13zarq.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/13/international/middleeast/13zarq.html)].

-     ,    - (),   -.        ,     -. ʠ           ,         . -,          ,   ,    .         . -  -   ,    [29 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 22627.]. -  , , , , ,   ,   ,   ,  . ,          , ,  ,   .  1994.  .     -,   .  ,     ,   .    .     ,      [30 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 39.].

   - -     ,  ,  -   .  ,      .    ,   -   ,  ,     .        ,   [31 - Weaver, 2006.]. -   , -,   ,   ,    . , 1994.     15    ,       [32 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 6465.].




   


,  , -   ,  [33 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 43.].         ,  ,   -,           -.  , ,      ,     . -     ,   ,  ,  ⠫ -, .  ,           [34 - Weaver, 2006.].      -    ,   [35 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 48.].

  , -       ,     [36 - Gettleman, 2004.].  ,  ,   ,   ,   ,   [37 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 48.].  ,  , , -      , ,  . - ,         .    ,      ꠫. (     ,    ,  [38 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 48.].)     , -  ,       - ,   [39 - Gettleman, 2004.].         .     ,   ,   . -         [40 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 70.].

  -  -      [41 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 7576.].         ,  ,     ( )  ,    [42 - Weaver, 2006.].       ,         [43 - Bruce Riedel, TheSearch for Al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, andFuture (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2010), 9394.]. ,    ,   ,       , ,   -  ,  ,    :   ⠓   .       IQ,        .      ,            .    -.    [44 -       ,  2014.].

     20    -,  ,                 .

-       .          II, ,         젖      .   1999.        3000 .   ,  .  ,    ,   -,  [45 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 57.].




  


 1999. -     , ,     [46 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 59.].    ,     [47 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 97.].       . ,           ,             ,   , ,   [48 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 67.].

  -    ,      .  .    , ,  -     . ʠ  ,  -     ,        ,      .  , ,    -   . -,  ,    ,      -[49 - Bryan Price, Dan Milton, Muhammad al-Ubaydi, andNelly Lahoud, TheGroup That Calls Itself aState: Understanding theEvolution andChallenges oftheIslamic State, Combating Terrorism Center atWest Point, December 16, 2014, www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-group-that-calls-itself-a-state-understanding-the-evolution-and-challenges-of-the-islamic-state (http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-group-that-calls-itself-a-state-understanding-the-evolution-and-challenges-of-the-islamic-state).].




  


 1996.        ,     .         ,           .       -    .  , - ,       ,         ,      .

  1990-  -         堖     [50 - Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow, 197.].        ,    ,       ,   .       , - -   ,    .  ,   ,  10   -,     , . ʠ -      (),      ,    .         ,      ,   .

     ,     -  .    -,    -,          . ʠ  -      , -    ,     -.  砫    -,     - [51 - Price et al., 2014.].




 -


ʠ2000. -      ,    ,   .     ,  -.      ,   - 200000  ໠     ,   -[52 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 7172.]. , ,   ,     ,    -47,  ,     .   -  ,     .    ,    [53 - Tracking Al Qaeda inIraqs Zarqawi Interview With Ex-CIA Analyst Nada Bakos, Musings onIraq blog, June 30, 2014, musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/06/tracking-al-qaeda-in-iraqs-zarqawi.html (http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/06/tracking-al-qaeda-in-iraqs-zarqawi.html).].

-  ,    , ,    -- ( ), ,   ,  ,       :  - ( )[54 -       ,  2014.].  ,         / ,    .        [55 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 72.].  砫      ,    ,     , 2002. ,    ,       2004.  ,   -, -    [56 - Weaver, 2006.].   ,         80000[57 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 12526; Brisard, Zarqawi, 88.]. -     , ,     .

  -   ,     -,    ,      [58 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 12526; Weaver, 2006.]. ,         -.  2000- 2001-    -       ,        -[59 - Weaver, 2006.]. -  [60 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 9899; Weaver, 2006.]. ߠ ,    -,  ,      -.    ,     , ,  ,  ,     [61 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 9899.].   ,  -   , 2004. -   -       [62 - Weaver, 2006.].




 -


  -        -,            ,  .            ,  ,    [63 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 77.].  -  ,    -,    500 .      ,    200000,     ,   .

   11     --    ,   ⠫ -[64 - Brisard, Zarqawi, 115.].           (),   ,      [65 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 10607; Brisard, Zarqawi, 11516, 122.].

    , 3 2003.,  ,  ,  , ,    -  ,    ,   -  [66 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 11617.].  - ,  ,      500 .  [11 -     .]  ,   -,      ,     ,     .         ,    .

    ,   ,  ,           ,      . ,  ,   ,     .    1998- 1999- ,   ,   ,   .      ,   ,  ,   . ,   .    ,        ,    . , -    [67 - ,   ,  2014.].

    -  ,  ,  -  -   ,   .      蠖  ,   -  .      ,    -  ,  .     蠖   .  -     [] ,        .         [68 - ,   ,  2014.].

      ,         , -  ,       .    ,     ,   ,    ,  .   -   300     ,    ,    ,     頖  .     ,  -     -  [69 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 109.].




- 


   -  ,      ; ,    ,     ,      ,           [70 - Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 109.].  -,    -,      - ,  ,         : ߠ,  [-]   -,               [71 - Price et al., 2014.]




  .


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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/maykl-vays/islamskoe-gosudarstvo-armiya-terrora/)  .

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notes









1


    29 2014.     ,    .




2


     ( )  .    堖  .     ,  ,      .  ,    ,       - -     蠫   -.       ,   -    .        .




3


   .  ⠖  ( ).       .   . .




4


 (   ,   )     .




5


        .




6


     .




7


   ໠   ,    .




8


      ,   ,   .




9


  ,    ,  ,        ,  ,   ,   .         .




10


      -.    .




11


    .










1


Loretta Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq: Al-Zarqawi andtheNew Generation (NewYork: Seven Stories Press, 2005) 2930.




2


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 260.




3


Mary Anne Weaver, TheShort, Violent Life ofAbu Musab al-Zarqawi, TheAtlantic, July 1, 2006, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/4983 (http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/4983).




4


Loretta Napoleoni, Profile ofaKiller, Foreign Policy, October 20, 2009, foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/20/profile-of-a-killer (http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/20/profile-of-a-killer).




5


Weaver, 2006.




6


Jean-Charles Brisard, Zarqawi: TheNew Face ofAl-Qaeda (NewYork: Other Press, 2005) 16.




7


Fawaz A.Gerges, TheFar Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 135.




8


Lawrence Wright, TheLooming Tower (NewYork: Vintage, 2007); Gerges, TheFar Enemy, 134.




9


Gerges, TheFar Enemy, 76.




10


Peter L.Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow: AnOral History ofal Qaedas Leader (NewYork: Free Press, 2006), 6465.




11


Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow, 63, 6667.




12


Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow, 93.




13


Weaver, 2006.




14


Brisard, Zarqawi, 17.




15


Brisard, Zarqawi, 21.




16


Brisard, Zarqawi, 21; Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow, 32.




17


Weaver, 2006.




18


???????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? YouTube video, 34:05, posted byansaralshari3a, March 25, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUrLMFautCI (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUrLMFautCI).




19


Brisard, Zarqawi, 22.




20


Brisard, Zarqawi, 2324.




21


Brisard, Zarqawi, 24.




22


KSM trains atSada camp, GobalSecurity.org, last modified January 11, 2006, www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/ksm_trains_at_sada_camp.htm (http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/ksm_trains_at_sada_camp.htm); Hambali trains atSada camp, GlobalSecurity.org, last modified January 11, 2006, www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/hambali_trains_at_sada_camp.htm (http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/hambali_trains_at_sada_camp.htm).




23


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 55.




24


Brisard, Zarqawi, 28.




25


Brisard, Zarqawi, 29.




26


Brisard, Zarqawi, 36.




27


Brisard, Zarqawi, 37.




28


Jeffrey Gettleman, Zarqawis Journey: From Droupout toPrisoner toInsurgent Leader, NewYork Times, July 13, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/07/13/international/middleeast/13zarq.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/13/international/middleeast/13zarq.html)




29


Brisard, Zarqawi, 22627.




30


Brisard, Zarqawi, 39.




31


Weaver, 2006.




32


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 6465.




33


Brisard, Zarqawi, 43.




34


Weaver, 2006.




35


Brisard, Zarqawi, 48.




36


Gettleman, 2004.




37


Brisard, Zarqawi, 48.




38


Brisard, Zarqawi, 48.




39


Gettleman, 2004.




40


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 70.




41


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 7576.




42


Weaver, 2006.




43


Bruce Riedel, TheSearch for Al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, andFuture (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2010), 9394.




44


      ,  2014.




45


Brisard, Zarqawi, 57.




46


Brisard, Zarqawi, 59.




47


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 97.




48


Brisard, Zarqawi, 67.




49


Bryan Price, Dan Milton, Muhammad al-Ubaydi, andNelly Lahoud, TheGroup That Calls Itself aState: Understanding theEvolution andChallenges oftheIslamic State, Combating Terrorism Center atWest Point, December 16, 2014, www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-group-that-calls-itself-a-state-understanding-the-evolution-and-challenges-of-the-islamic-state (http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-group-that-calls-itself-a-state-understanding-the-evolution-and-challenges-of-the-islamic-state).




50


Bergen, TheOsama bin Laden IKnow, 197.




51


Price et al., 2014.




52


Brisard, Zarqawi, 7172.




53


Tracking Al Qaeda inIraqs Zarqawi Interview With Ex-CIA Analyst Nada Bakos, Musings onIraq blog, June 30, 2014, musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/06/tracking-al-qaeda-in-iraqs-zarqawi.html (http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/06/tracking-al-qaeda-in-iraqs-zarqawi.html).




54


      ,  2014.




55


Brisard, Zarqawi, 72.




56


Weaver, 2006.




57


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 12526; Brisard, Zarqawi, 88.




58


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 12526; Weaver, 2006.




59


Weaver, 2006.




60


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 9899; Weaver, 2006.




61


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 9899.




62


Weaver, 2006.




63


Brisard, Zarqawi, 77.




64


Brisard, Zarqawi, 115.




65


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 10607; Brisard, Zarqawi, 11516, 122.




66


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 11617.




67


,   ,  2014.




68


,   ,  2014.




69


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 109.




70


Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 109.




71


Price et al., 2014.


