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Mark Williams and Tim Wigmore

THE BEST

How Elite Athletes are Made



   2020     Nicholas Brealey Publishing,  John Murray Press,  Hodder & Stoughton Ltd,  Hachette UK



 Mark Williams and Tim Wigmore, 2020

  ..,    , 2022

    .    -, 2022

 










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   5768       ,      11771    13015[1 - https://www.onlinecasino.ca/odds-of-success].      :    .     ,       ,    .   5,3 [2 - Sports and Fitness Industry Association],      ,               .    460000, , ,       ,  Springboks, ,    2019[3 - https://www.world.rugby/development/player-numbers? lang=en].    180 1,5    -        0,012%[4 - https://amp.businessinsider.com/michael-calvin-shocking-sta-tistic-why-children-football-academies-will-never-succeed-soccer-sport-2017-6].     ,        18      -2016,  .

    ,  ,  ,      .  ,         ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  Ѹ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .

           .             ,       .     ?        ?     ,        ?

       ,   ,          .  ,            ,   .     ,      ,    .  ,    ,     ,  ,        .      ,   ,  ,      ,  - ,        ,        ,      .

     ,      .      ,    ,       .     Liverpool Football Club  ,      ,     .  ,           ,   .  ,       ,      .       ,        ?        ?        ?  ,                     ,                          .  ,  ,      .

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 ,     ,      1500[5 - www.european-athletics.org/competitions/european-athletics-championships/news/article=filip-and-henrik-ingebrigtsen-bask-jakob-1500m-success-berlin/index.html]

   ,          ,    .     .  20  ,       .  ,           2018 ,     .

    ,      1011,  .     1500,  10, 17-             .    ,  ,       .

      ,     .            . ,     ,   12-,    ,          . ,  ,    .   ,         1500:      .            .

         .     ,     84-   ,       15005000   ,    ,       .  ,   ,    ,    1,7    .


  

       ,       .     ( ).    :   .

      1,04    ,          0,6,       33  [6 - www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/01/18/solving-englands-batting-crisis-younger-brothers-could-key].  ,   ,        ,             ,       .      .

           ,    .  MLS     [7 - https://sportspath.typepad.com/files/key_-_the_u.s._womens_youth_national_teams_program_finding_the_next_mia_hamm_and_alex_morgan_2.pdf].   ,       ( ,     ),       ,   [8 - www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/01/18/solving-englands-batting-crisis-younger-brothers-could-key].     ,         2004 2019,  1,2      0,4    [9 - www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/the-story-behind-the-incredible-ingebrigtsen-brothers-1.3593994].

      ,         ,        .        .    ,   ,         .

     ,    ,       .    ,       ,   ,    ,   .      -  ,    ,          ,     .              ,       1617[10 - www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-do-we-know-talent-identifi-cation-england-womens-team-russell].

      ,   ,     ,   . Ѡ15    ,          800,  16    1500[11 - worldathletics.org/news/feature/jakob-ingebrigtsen-european-championships-ber].  16       ,    (~ 1,61)     .

     ,               ,       ,     .  ,       2019      46  .              .


  

         ,   ,     ,    ,      .     .

     .        , , ,     ,   .       ,  ,       ,       .      .

,   ,  ,           ;       .      ,        - ,      ,          .

              ,        ,            ,   ,    ,      .        ,        ,      .

            ,     .   ,           ,         .

     .                2019  ,      ,      ,     .  20%      ,  74%     ,           .      [12 - www.theplayerstribune.com/en-us/articles/raheem-sterling-england-it-was-all-a-dream].

        ,      .            ,  .  ,     ,    ,        .      ,      2019, 52%    .  ,        [13 - http://sulloway.org/politics.html].  ,  ,      ,       2017   Lords ,        ,   .


  

             .     , ,     ,    ,                [14 - Berry S. Cricket: The Game of Life: Every Reason to Celebrate. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2015.].      . ,    20,     .        .

      .    ,     .      ,     ,  .   , ,  ,          [15 - Carette B., Anseel F., Van Yperen N.W. Born to learn or born to win? Birth order effects on achievement goals// Journal of Research in Personality. 5 (45). 2011. P.500503.].         ,     ,  蠫 ,       ,       , ,                 ,         [16 - Collins D., MacNamara A., McCarthy A. Super champions, champions and almosts: important differences and commonalities on the rocky road// Frontiers in Psychology. 6. 2016. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02009].

        . ,  ,                     [17 - https://sportspath.typepad.com/files/key_-_the_u.s._womens_youth_national_teams_program_finding_the_next_mia_hamm_and_alex_morgan_2.pdf].         .        40%       ,           [18 - Ibid.].

    ,          ,     .        :             -.    . [19 - Hopwood M.J., Farrow D., MacMahon C., Baker J. Sibling dynamics and sport expertise// Scandinavian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 25. 2015. P.724733.] ,              .    ,             [20 - https://sportspath.typepad.com/files/key_-_the_u.s._womens_youth_national_teams_program_finding_the_next_mia_hamm_and_alex_morgan_2.pdf]. Ӡ ,     ,       .

                    ,       .  ,       - ,      ,     .

        - ,           .       ,       .

    ,     ,         ,      ,             .      ,  .      ,   [21 - Karlinsky A., Hodges N.J. Dyad practice impacts self-directed practice behaviors and motor learning outcomes in a contextual interference paradigm// Journal of Motor Behavior. 5(50). 2015. . 579589.].

,         ,     ,  2013,    .      .    ,       ,  ,      5000   .    [22 - worldathletics.org/news/feature/jakob-ingebrigtsen-european-championships-ber].


 

               .    ,     ,  ,   , ,      .    ,  , 2,3   ,    [23 - www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/01/18/solving-englands-batting-crisis-younger-brothers-could-key].                .

  ,    .      ,   ,  [24 - worldathletics.org/news/feature/jakob-ingebrigtsen-european-championships-ber].       ,       ,    .

   .            .         ,       ,   [25 - www.european-athletics.org/competitions/european-athlet-ics-championships/news/article=filip-and-henrik-ingebrigtsen-bask-jakob-1500m-success-berlin/index.html].

 :  2017    ,   .     2018  .            2018,  ,          [26 - worldathletics.org/news/feature/jakob-ingebrigtsen-european-championships-ber].

        .           ( ),         [27 - Sulloway F.J., Zweigenhaft R.L. Birth order and risk taking in athletics: ameta-analysis and study of Major League Baseball// Personality and Social Psychology Review. 4 (14). 2011. . 402416.].     - ,        ,   .    ,       ,   ,  ,    ,         ,   ,          .      ,      .       ,  .

         .        , ,    ,    ,     .     ,          ,      .     ,  ,   ,     ,    ,     .

        ,  : Ƞ,      [28 - www.european-athletics.org/competitions/european-athlet-ics-championships/news/article=filip-and-henrik-ingebrigtsen-bask-jakob-1500m-success-berlin/index.html].    !        ,         ,          . ,     ,              .


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  ,  ,   9000  , -    .      ,       .

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     ,     ,             ,  ,         ,         .     ,  .    ,      ,             ,        ,    ,    [29 - Tjelta L.I. Three Norwegian brothers all European 1500m champions: what is the secret?// International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching. 5 (14). 2019. . 694700.].

          .     ,     ,           ,   ,   [30 - www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/southafrica/12062933/South-Africa-v-England-The-making-of-AB-de-Villiers.html; Trussell D.E., Shaw S.M. Organized youth sport and parenting in public and private spaces// Leisure Sciences. 5 (34). 2012. . 377394.].         ,  ,   ,    .

     ,       .        ,       ,      . ,     ,  ,  .

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            .    ,         .   ,            ,    .

        .   ,      ,     The Players Tribune[31 - Roca A., Williams A.M., Ford P. Developmental activities and the acquisition of superior anticipation and decision making in soccer// Journal of Sports Sciences. 15 (30). 2012. . 16431652.].   ,         ,     .

    ,     .   ,  ,    .          ,     .

       .   .  ,     ,  .  Arsenal     ,      Queens Park Rangers,   ,        .

       .  :   3:15    11. . . . .      . ,   17,       .        ,      .       ,    ,    .      ,    ,    .        ,        . ,      , , ,     .

  ,         .  ,        ,      .          ,     ,       ,                      ,   ,    ,      .     ,        ,       .     ,   ,          [32 - Weissensteiner J., Abernethy B., Farrow D., Muller S. The development of anticipation: across sectional examination of the practice experiences contributing to skill in cricket batting// Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 30. 2008. . 663684.].

  ,         ,    ,    ,          ,         .             [33 - Lee H., Tamminen K.A., Clark, A.M., Slater L., Spence J.C., Holt N.L. A meta-study of qualitative research examining determinants of childrens independent active free play// International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 5 (12). 2015.].


 

      ,  `   ,     -     ,  .  1995,     ,   ,       .   25000  ,        90000:       ,        ,   ,       .      20,      .

     ,    .    .    ,    ,   ,  ,      .   ,       .      ,  .     ,     .     .     .           ,  ,             .     16  ,      .   ,     .       .         ,       ,     ,    .

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    ,      ,   ,       .         ,      ,            .          ,      .       ,      .         .      - .  ,    ,           .       , , ,  ,        .    ,       ,  .       .   ,         , ,  63%          ,    , 56%     50%      [34 - www.theplayerstribune.com/en-us/articles/raheem-sterling-england-it-was-all-a-dream].     ,     ,        .


   

          .        , ,     .      .

               -,    ,       ,          [35 - Holt N.L., Pynn S., Pankow K., Neely K.C., Carson V., Ingstrup M. Family influences on active free play and sport.// Horn T.S., Smith A.L. (eds). Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology. 4th edn. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2019. . 117132.].

         ,    ,    .          ,           .

-       ,         ,    .

        ,       ,        ,       .

                      ,   ,       .

           ,                . -             [36 - Cline F., Fay J. Parenting with Love and Logic: Teaching Children Responsibility. 2nd edn. Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2006.].


  

                        -.         .      ,      ,  .   ,  ,   ,     ,    ,  .           ,       ,  .      ,     ,        ,    ?    ,        .          ,       . ,     ,  ,     ,      ,          .

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     ,        .  ,          ,   ,        ,    ,  , .        ,          ,    .

      ,      .        ,  . ,          ,                    .

      ,            ,       [37 - Janssen I. Hyper-parenting is negatively associated with physical activity among 712year olds// Preventive Medicine. 73. 2005. .5559.].            ,     ,        ,         ,   ,     .


 :     

           ,     .      [38 -    .   (Centre technique national Fernand-Sastre),        (Linstitut national du football de Clairefontaine). . .]         .         :   ,    .   ?   ,    ,      .

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      ,    .          ,      ,     ,   ,          ,   .      ,    ,       .   ,    ,  :   ,   ,     .    :     ,   .

    ,     ,   50           ,   ,    ,                .             [39 - Collins D., MacNamara A., McCarthy A. Super champions, champions and almosts: important differences and commonalities on the rocky road// Frontiers in Psychology. 6. 2016. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02009].

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       .          ,         ,  ,       2015,          .             2000.  2019          .


   

     2019             ,      ,    ,   .           .

     ,             .     ,     ,     18.       46,                 .  -                       .           .

             .      ,        ,  .     27  ,      -       ,     -   .           -,        ,       81    ,          .          ,       ,    ,  ,     ,      .

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  ,  17-  ,       .   ,     ,    .            ,            ,        .

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,      , ,            ,     .                    ,      ,     ,      ,      15.  ,    ,    ,        .       ,         .  ,          ,      .    .

       ,         .            ,           [41 - Culver D., Trudel P. Clarifying the concept of communities of practice in sport// International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching. 1 (3). 2008. . 110.].             ,            .

   ,   ,     .      ,          , , ,       .

      ,             .            ,   .   ,      ,   ,           .

     ,     .      -, ,   ,  ,     .        400,      ,   .          ,        .     ,   .

      .               ,        .  ,           ,    ,         ,      .      ,  ,   ,  ,       ,        .       .

  . Ѡ2014 2019 11          19.           ,          ,     ,     .   ,              ,    .

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          ,   . ,   ,       .  ,     ,    ,  ,              .


 

    ,   ,     .                     .              .

 7%      .      Sutton Trust[42 - www.suttontrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Elitist Britain-2019.pdf]  2016,          , 31%      ,   -         .

        .    55%     ,      2019,    .  ,             ,        [43 - Ibid.].

      .  ,   ,    ,    ,      .  ,    ,          [44 - www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/how-private-schools-have-taken-over-the-afl-20191121-p53cso.html].            ,   ,           [45 - Spaaij R., Farquharson K., Marjoribanks T. Sport and social inequalities// Sociology Compass. 2015. . 400411; Smith A., Haycock D., Hulme N. The class of London 2012: Some sociological reflections on the social backgrounds of Team GB athletes// Sociological Research Online. 3 (18). 2013. . 15.].

              ,      ,    1%          ,        .       ,     .   Sutton Trust[46 - www.suttontrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Elitist-Britain-2019.pdf], 65%  , 52%  48%    FTSE350     .

   .  ,     -     ,      ,       [47 - www.linkedin.com/pulse/background-factors-trying-identity-potentially-talented-robin-russell].               ,     [48 - Ogden D.C., Hilt M.L. Collective identity and basketball: An explanation for the decreasing number ofAfrican-Americans on Americas baseball diamonds// Journal of Leisure Research. 2 (35). 2003. .213227.].

    .         ,       .     ,         .


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    ,                  ,     .     ,  -    .        , -13, , , ,      .     ,      1990- ,       ,    -.     ,       , -             ,     .

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    ,  .       ,    ,    ,        .        ,    , -13, , , ,      .

      :  -,  ,    -13,   -,  ,  . -     .       -15,   -13,    ,   .      ,      .        -13  ,      ,        .       ,  -13,    ,          .  -            ,       ,   -13,    ,       NRL      .

 -         ,             ,          .      ,       . ,        .  - ,       ,         [49 - Farah L., Schorer J., Baker J., Wattie N. Population density and proximity to junior developmental team affect the development of National Hockey League draftees// Scandinavian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 11 (28). 2018. . 24272435.].

,     ,  ,       .      .    :     ,    ,    .

  .  -               .   ,  ,    .      -13.         , , ,                      .

    -   ,          . -  ,       .                  ,     -.        30 100 ,    ,  ,     .  -  ,     ,   ,      ,     .     ,        .      .      ,       .


    

 ,      ,          ,         ,   ,   .              10 30          500000.     -       30 99999 [50 - Baker J., Schorer J., Cobley S., Schimmer G., Wattie N. Circumstantial development and athletic excellence: The role of date of birth and birthplace// European Journal of Sport Science. 6 (9). 2009. .329339.].

          . ,  :      1,1%        50 99 ,  10 17%     , ,        .    ,       50 99 ,     15      .            ,          250000.

      ,   ,            .     ,         ,        ,  .

         .     ,           ,    .      -    ,     10000[51 - Fraser-Thomas J., C?t J., MacDonald D.J. Community size in youth sport settings: Examining developmental assets and sport withdrawal// Physical and Health Education Academic Journal.2. 2010. . 19.].       ,         ,     ,     .

  -  ,     ,   ,           ,    ,  ,   -,   -   .  - ,   ,  , ,   . ,         ,     -13.    ,       ,   .


     

 -     ,    ,         .      ,   ,         .   ,    ,   ,    ,     ,  . Ӡ   -13     .

 ,           50   .        ,     ,      :  !        ,  .      - ,     ,    - ,      ,   ,   ,     .     ,   ,        .

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     ,   ,               ,    .               ,      .         ,          2,9       .        100 250               [52 - Imtiaz F., Hancock D.J., Vierimaa M., C?t J. Place of development and dropout in youth ice hockey// International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 3 (12). 2014. . 234244.].      ,                    ,  ,        15 500 [53 - Fraser-Thomas J., C?t J., MacDonald D.J. Community size in youth sport settings: Examining developmental assets and sport withdrawal// Physical and Health Education Academic Journal. 2. 2010. . 19.].              ,        .       .

          ,     , , ,      .    ,     ,     ,  -.       .         ,    ,  ,      ,  25%      ,     [54 - Finnegan L., Richardson D., Littlewood M., McArdle J. The influence of date and place of birth on youth player selection to a National Football Association elite development programme// Science and Medicine in Football. 1. 2017. . 3039.].


 -

 -   . Ѡ12        ,    ,             .   ,     . ,   13,    -  .   ,  , ,    ,     .  ,   ,  ,              ,   .      ,   .           ,      .            ,  .

  ,   ,       ,    .           ,       ,  ,       .          ,        .

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,     ,         .  ,     ,        .   ,     ,       ,            ,          ,     .    ,   .


    

 , 1905       .        .  ,       :     ,    [55 - bbc.com/worklife/article/20171211-friluftsliv-the-nordic-concept-of-getting-outdoors].    .      ,    1100      5000.     149000,   ,      .

            ,         friluftsliv         ,    1850-     [56 - https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/24/sports/olympics/fmal-medal-count-norway.html].               .        ,     ,    ,      ,         .

   145 .    38.         .             5,5    ,          . ,    ,  20        .                  ,   ,        .

     ,      .                 .    ,         ,      .          ,      ,  ,                 4?5    2018,          .   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


https://www.onlinecasino.ca/odds-of-success




2


Sports and Fitness Industry Association




3


https://www.world.rugby/development/player-numbers? lang=en




4


https://amp.businessinsider.com/michael-calvin-shocking-sta-tistic-why-children-football-academies-will-never-succeed-soccer-sport-2017-6




5


www.european-athletics.org/competitions/european-athletics-championships/news/article=filip-and-henrik-ingebrigtsen-bask-jakob-1500m-success-berlin/index.html




6


www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/01/18/solving-englands-batting-crisis-younger-brothers-could-key




7


https://sportspath.typepad.com/files/key_-_the_u.s._womens_youth_national_teams_program_finding_the_next_mia_hamm_and_alex_morgan_2.pdf




8


www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/01/18/solving-englands-batting-crisis-younger-brothers-could-key




9


www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/the-story-behind-the-incredible-ingebrigtsen-brothers-1.3593994




10


www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-do-we-know-talent-identifi-cation-england-womens-team-russell




11


worldathletics.org/news/feature/jakob-ingebrigtsen-european-championships-ber




12


www.theplayerstribune.com/en-us/articles/raheem-sterling-england-it-was-all-a-dream




13


http://sulloway.org/politics.html




14


Berry S. Cricket: The Game of Life: Every Reason to Celebrate. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2015.




15


Carette B., Anseel F., Van Yperen N.W. Born to learn or born to win? Birth order effects on achievement goals// Journal of Research in Personality. 5 (45). 2011. P.500503.




16


Collins D., MacNamara A., McCarthy A. Super champions, champions and almosts: important differences and commonalities on the rocky road// Frontiers in Psychology. 6. 2016. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02009




17


https://sportspath.typepad.com/files/key_-_the_u.s._womens_youth_national_teams_program_finding_the_next_mia_hamm_and_alex_morgan_2.pdf




18


Ibid.




19


Hopwood M.J., Farrow D., MacMahon C., Baker J. Sibling dynamics and sport expertise// Scandinavian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 25. 2015. P.724733.




20


https://sportspath.typepad.com/files/key_-_the_u.s._womens_youth_national_teams_program_finding_the_next_mia_hamm_and_alex_morgan_2.pdf




21


Karlinsky A., Hodges N.J. Dyad practice impacts self-directed practice behaviors and motor learning outcomes in a contextual interference paradigm// Journal of Motor Behavior. 5(50). 2015. . 579589.




22


worldathletics.org/news/feature/jakob-ingebrigtsen-european-championships-ber




23


www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/01/18/solving-englands-batting-crisis-younger-brothers-could-key




24


worldathletics.org/news/feature/jakob-ingebrigtsen-european-championships-ber




25


www.european-athletics.org/competitions/european-athlet-ics-championships/news/article=filip-and-henrik-ingebrigtsen-bask-jakob-1500m-success-berlin/index.html




26


worldathletics.org/news/feature/jakob-ingebrigtsen-european-championships-ber




27


Sulloway F.J., Zweigenhaft R.L. Birth order and risk taking in athletics: ameta-analysis and study of Major League Baseball// Personality and Social Psychology Review. 4 (14). 2011. . 402416.




28


www.european-athletics.org/competitions/european-athlet-ics-championships/news/article=filip-and-henrik-ingebrigtsen-bask-jakob-1500m-success-berlin/index.html




29


Tjelta L.I. Three Norwegian brothers all European 1500m champions: what is the secret?// International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching. 5 (14). 2019. . 694700.




30


www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/southafrica/12062933/South-Africa-v-England-The-making-of-AB-de-Villiers.html; Trussell D.E., Shaw S.M. Organized youth sport and parenting in public and private spaces// Leisure Sciences. 5 (34). 2012. . 377394.




31


Roca A., Williams A.M., Ford P. Developmental activities and the acquisition of superior anticipation and decision making in soccer// Journal of Sports Sciences. 15 (30). 2012. . 16431652.




32


Weissensteiner J., Abernethy B., Farrow D., Muller S. The development of anticipation: across sectional examination of the practice experiences contributing to skill in cricket batting// Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 30. 2008. . 663684.




33


Lee H., Tamminen K.A., Clark, A.M., Slater L., Spence J.C., Holt N.L. A meta-study of qualitative research examining determinants of childrens independent active free play// International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 5 (12). 2015.




34


www.theplayerstribune.com/en-us/articles/raheem-sterling-england-it-was-all-a-dream




35


Holt N.L., Pynn S., Pankow K., Neely K.C., Carson V., Ingstrup M. Family influences on active free play and sport.// Horn T.S., Smith A.L. (eds). Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology. 4th edn. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2019. . 117132.




36


Cline F., Fay J. Parenting with Love and Logic: Teaching Children Responsibility. 2nd edn. Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2006.




37


Janssen I. Hyper-parenting is negatively associated with physical activity among 712year olds// Preventive Medicine. 73. 2005. .5559.




38


   .   (Centre technique national Fernand-Sastre),        (Linstitut national du football de Clairefontaine). . .




39


Collins D., MacNamara A., McCarthy A. Super champions, champions and almosts: important differences and commonalities on the rocky road// Frontiers in Psychology. 6. 2016. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02009




40


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics




41


Culver D., Trudel P. Clarifying the concept of communities of practice in sport// International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching. 1 (3). 2008. . 110.




42


www.suttontrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Elitist Britain-2019.pdf




43


Ibid.




44


www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/how-private-schools-have-taken-over-the-afl-20191121-p53cso.html




45


Spaaij R., Farquharson K., Marjoribanks T. Sport and social inequalities// Sociology Compass. 2015. . 400411; Smith A., Haycock D., Hulme N. The class of London 2012: Some sociological reflections on the social backgrounds of Team GB athletes// Sociological Research Online. 3 (18). 2013. . 15.




46


www.suttontrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Elitist-Britain-2019.pdf




47


www.linkedin.com/pulse/background-factors-trying-identity-potentially-talented-robin-russell




48


Ogden D.C., Hilt M.L. Collective identity and basketball: An explanation for the decreasing number ofAfrican-Americans on Americas baseball diamonds// Journal of Leisure Research. 2 (35). 2003. .213227.




49


Farah L., Schorer J., Baker J., Wattie N. Population density and proximity to junior developmental team affect the development of National Hockey League draftees// Scandinavian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 11 (28). 2018. . 24272435.




50


Baker J., Schorer J., Cobley S., Schimmer G., Wattie N. Circumstantial development and athletic excellence: The role of date of birth and birthplace// European Journal of Sport Science. 6 (9). 2009. .329339.




51


Fraser-Thomas J., C?t J., MacDonald D.J. Community size in youth sport settings: Examining developmental assets and sport withdrawal// Physical and Health Education Academic Journal.2. 2010. . 19.




52


Imtiaz F., Hancock D.J., Vierimaa M., C?t J. Place of development and dropout in youth ice hockey// International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 3 (12). 2014. . 234244.




53


Fraser-Thomas J., C?t J., MacDonald D.J. Community size in youth sport settings: Examining developmental assets and sport withdrawal// Physical and Health Education Academic Journal. 2. 2010. . 19.




54


Finnegan L., Richardson D., Littlewood M., McArdle J. The influence of date and place of birth on youth player selection to a National Football Association elite development programme// Science and Medicine in Football. 1. 2017. . 3039.




55


bbc.com/worklife/article/20171211-friluftsliv-the-nordic-concept-of-getting-outdoors




56


https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/24/sports/olympics/fmal-medal-count-norway.html


