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Ross King

THE BOOKSELLER OF FLORENCE

Copyright  Ross King, 2021

First published as The Bookseller of Florence in 2021 by Chatto & Windus, an imprint of Vintage.

Vintage is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies.

Ross King has asserted his right to be identified as the author of the work.

All rights reserved



   



 . . -, , 2022

    .    -, 2022

 






* * *







 1

 


 ,   ,     ,        .  1430-    ,  ,   , , , ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  pianellaio,   .         - ,  cartolai.

        .    ,    (carta)    ,      .    ,      .            .     ,       :     .         ,        ,  ,   ,        ,     .            , , ,   .       ,         -,     .

  ,     ,    .  ,       .   ,     ,  ,  - ,    .  ,         25 [1 - .: Black Robert. Literacy in Florence, 1427 // Florence and Beyond: Culture, Society and Politics in Renaissance Italy: Essays in Honor of John M. Najemy / Ed. David S. Peterson, Daniel E. Bornstein. Toronto: Center for Renaissance and Reformation Studies, 2008. P. 195210; Idem. Education and Society in Florentine Tuscany: Teachers, Pupils and Schools, c. 12501500. Leiden: Brill, 2007. Vol. 1. P. 142.     : Allen R. C. Progress and Poverty in Early Modern Europe // Economic History Review. Vol. 56 (2003). P. 415.].  1420-      ,        [2 - Najemy John N. A History of Florence, 12501575. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008. P. 4546.       .: Witt Ronald. What Did Giovannino Read and Write? Literacy in Early Renaissance Florence // I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance. Vol. 6 (1995). P. 8384;          .].        , lingua Fiorentina,    ,         .              .   - ,           [3 -   . : Witt. What Did Giovannino Read and Write? P. 105.].

           ,      ,           ,   . Ѡ1430   ,  ,             [4 -      3,536,      1252.     ,       .         , 1500-   . Ӡ,      , ,     ,  .     ,    .] [5 - Leader Anne. The Tomb of a Bookseller in Early Renaissance Florence.       ,         ,      .            : Leader Anne. The Badia of Florence: Art and Observance in a Renaissance Monastery. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2012. ( c. 27.)].     ;       , , ,     .  ,            ,     [6 - , ,  ,     1928.,       :   , 14,     ,  -     .     ,   ,    ,     .].           ,      ,      .      ,      ( ?????????  ), ,      ,         .  ,   ,       , , ,  ,         .

      ,        .   ,         ,   1430-       .      ,        cartolaio e legatore,     [7 -        (    5  2019).],          ,      .  , ,    ,          , ,   ,       .  ,       ,   .

  .  1433     ,     .             .       ,     .    ,  ,   ,        ,     ,     rei de li librari del mondo    [8 - . : De la Mare A. C. New Research on Humanistic Scribes in Florence // Miniatura fiorentina del Rinascimento, 14401525: Un primo censimento. 2vols. /Ed. Annarosa Garzelli. Florence: Giunta regionale toscana, 1985. Vol. 1. P. 403.].



    , ,  ,     1422-,     ,                  -  [9 -       ,     ,    , : Vespasiano da Bisticci e il suo Epistolario / Ed. Giuseppe M. Cagni. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1969. P. 1146.      .  c. 13.].     - ,         -  .   ,  ,   ,    ,  .     ,    ,        -,   .   , , , ,   .  1404          ,       ,     .    ,      ( 1420-       ), , ,        .

    1426      ,    ,     .     ,        ,  .         .       ,     .    , ,            ,        [10 -    .: Ibid. P. 19; : Roover Raymond de. The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 13971494. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963. P. 183.   .: Goldthwaite Richard A. The Economy of Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. P. 8687.].     ,       .  1433   (       )     .

           . -          ,     [11 -    ,         , .: Villani Giovanni. Nuova Cronica / Ed. Giuseppe Porta. Milan: Guanda editore, 1991. Vol. 3. P. 198.    .  .: Grendler Paul F. What Piero Learned in School: Fifteenth-Century Vernacular Education // Renaissance Education Between Religion and Politics / Ed. P. F. Grendler. Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 2006. IV. Note6. P. 23.    .: Brucker Gene. Renaissance Florence. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969. P. 223; Education // Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia/ Ed. Christopher Kleinhenz. Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge, 2004. P. 354355; : Witt. What Did Giovannino Read and Write? P. 8789.].          -   ,   botteghuzza,    .   ,  ,        ,      .           ,    ,   vulgus    , , .      ,   ,    ,      .        ,         [12 - .: Lucchi Piero. La Santacroce, il Salterio e il Babuino: Libri per imparare a leggere nel primo secolo della stampa // Quaderni Storici. Vol. 13 (MayAugust, 1978). P. 593630.].



  botteghuzza   .           ,      ,   ,   ,        .     ,   ,         ,               ,  , ,    .

   .  1433-,  ,    ,         .      ,   ,    .

                   .             ,       ,  ,  ,   .       ,       .          ,      ,   ,     ,       ,       ,        .

    ,   .          ,    ,     ,   ,   ,  . ,    ,   ,          , ,  , , ,     .






 . .        



  ,     .   ,  ,   ,        .  ,         :      .  ,             ,   ,   .          ,     .

 ,             ,    , , ,     .        ,         .   ,            ,       ,           ,    ,   .

 ,         .          ,              ,    ,   .          , ,       ,      [13 - . : Cochrane Eric. Florence in the Forgotten Centuries, 15271800: A History of Florence and the Florentines in the Age of the Grand Dukes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. P. 67.].     , , , , ,     ,             :   ,   ,  ,    , ,            .



        ;           .      ,    .

      ,       .         ,       .     ,     ,       ,     ,     ,           ,    .

    ,         . , ,       .        ,      ,    .               .                .  ,     ,   .  ,   .  ,   -   ,  ,   [14 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri del Secolo XV / Ed. Paolo dAncona, Erhard Aeschlimann. Milan: Hoepli, 1951. P.83.,    ,     .       1439.,        - .].

     ,           .           ,            ,    ,   ,   .  ,           .           -  ,     ,     , ,  1400-,          .    ,    ,   ,     .         ,       ,           ,   [15 - Two Renaissance Book Hunters: The Letters of Poggius Bracciolini to Nicolaus de Niccolis / Ed., trans. Phyllis Walter Goodhart Gordan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974. P. 85.       . . 39  51.].

          , ,    ,      .     1433-  1434-,     . , ,         .        ,     :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   .   ,   ,    [16 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 443.            1434.,     ,        . .  . . .].

       .      [17 - Two Renaissance Book Hunters / Ed. Gordan. P. 21.] ,     .      ;   ,  ,     , ,      ,      ,     ,   -[18 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 438. .  . .   .].   ,     , ,  ,   .       , ,  ,  ,    .         .   ,   ,        ,              [19 - Ibid. P. 442.].         ,         :       .        ,           (    ),      .

     .         [20 - Manetti Giannozzo. Biographical Writings / Ed., trans. StefanoU. Baldassarri and Rolf Bagemihl. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. P. 129.].                 .    ,   ,        ,    [21 - . : Ullman Berthold L., Stadter Philip A. The Public Library of Renaissance Florence: Niccol? Niccoli, Cosimo de Medici and the Library of San Marco. Padua: Editrice Antenore, 1972. P. 89.],     ,         .        ,   .     ,    , ,   .       :       ,    .       , , , , ,    .       ,     .

     ,     ,  ,    .      ,   ,          .      ,       ,    ,   ,          .          ,     , ,   ,       [22 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 439. .  . . .].

     .      ,  ,          ,    .                 ,     ,  ,   ,  ,  [23 - Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 93.],     , ,    ,      .     ,    ,  ,     ,   , .    ,   ,    [24 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 435.].






 ,   ,   



   ,          , ,         ,    ,   ,          ,    ,    -   ,  .  ,    , questo secolo aureo    [25 - Ibid. P. 295.].



     ,        ,     ,      .         ,   ,  ,   ,  ,  ,      [26 - Ibid. P. 2.].            : , , , ,            [27 - Ibid. P. 340.].           ,       [28 - Vespasiano da Bisticci e il suo Epistolario. P. 162.].

       .                ,    ,    ,    ,   ,          ,      ,          ,       .   .




 2

  


  ,      ,      .   ,      ,  ,   ,       [29 - Ugolino Verino. To Andrea Alamanni: In Praise of Poets and on the Splendor of His Time // Images of Quattrocento Florence: Selected Writings in Literature, History, and Art. Ed. Stefano Ugo Baldassarri and Arielle Saiber. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. P. 93.].  ,   ,     .     ,    ,        [30 - Bruni Leonardo. Panegyric of Florence // Ibid. P. 40. .  . . .]. ,         .      ,  ,   ,     ,        .    ,    ,          .         ,   .       ,          ,    [31 -  . . 173.].

     .  ,        ,  ,     80  ..  1305     la bellissima e famosissima figlia di Roma (    )[32 -      1,  3  .]. -      ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  (  ,     ,       ). ,       ,    ,     ,         ,    .

    .          ,    ,    .        ,       ,       ,        .       ,          , ,   . ,    ,   ,    ,      ⻠      .   ,  ,    ,     [33 - Ugolino Verino. To Andrea Alamanni. P. 94.].

             .                rinascita,         ,           .                    1855        La Renaissance.        ,       ,  1860  : Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (  )  .  1878      . ,   ,    1847/48-.    ,    ,         ,    1839    Vit? CIII VirorumIllustrium,    103  .  ,  ,    ( ),   1839     .       (  )     , ,        ,   .     ,     ,          .  , ,     ,   ,     [34 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 3.       Vitae CIII virorum illustrium, qui saeculo XV exiterunt.         .].

 ,       ,   .           ,      .       :   ,    ,      ,        .          ,    ,         ?          [35 - Burckhardt Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy / Trans. S. G. C. Middlemore. Vienna: Phaidon Press, n.d. P. 306 (note273).],                     .       ,   ,             ,     .           ,  ,    ,     [36 - Ibid. P. 89.].

      .    ,     .    ,            ,    [37 - Howard Thomas Albert. Jacob Burckhardt, Religion, and the Historiography of Crisis and Transition // Journal of the History of Ideas. Vol. 60 (January 1999). P. 150.].                 , ,   ,     [38 - . : Pastor Ludwig von. Tageb?cher  Briefe  Erinnerungen / Ed. Wilhelm W?hr. Heidelberg: F. H. Kerle, 1950. S.275.       , ,        .].

 ,           (   ) :       .                  ,        .    ?        ?        ?   ,    ,      ,      ?



       [39 - Michelet Jules. The Witch of the Middle Ages / Trans. L. J. Trotter. London: Woodfall and Kinder, 1863. P. 9.].    ,      ,      476 ,     ,           .  1304  ,  ,      ,         [40 - Nolhac Pierre de. Ptrarque e lhumanisme, 2 vols. Paris: Librairie Honor Champion, 1907. Vol. 1. P. 2.         .].       ,   ,  ,          ,   .       .       . ,   ,         ,   . ,   , -    ,   , ,     ,     ,   [41 - Petrarch: A Critical Guide to the Complete Works / Ed. Victoria Kirkham and Armando Maggi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. P. 135.].

      ,     .       1330-    ,   ,   .      ,             .     ,        ,  ,       ,  , -   [42 - Petrarch. On His Own Ignorance // The Renaissance Philosophy of Man / Ed. Ernst Cassirer, Paul Oskar Kristeller, John Herman Randall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. P. 115.].       :    ,    ໠ ,        [43 -        .: Mommsen Theodor E. Petrarchs Conception of the Dark Ages // Speculum. Vol. 17 (April 1942). P. 226242.].






 (13041374): , , ,   



            ,    (   , , , ).   ,     1000-  1300-  ,     ,      .     ,  ,     ,      ,  , ,  .      , ,        ,      .  ,       ;     ,    II,     .          ,      ,   ,   opus modernum,    .  ,           modern, , ,       [44 - .: Trapp Damasus. Moderns and Modernists in the MSFribourg Cordeliers // Augustianum. Vol. 26 (July 1965). P. 241270.].

       ,    ,      .        (     )[45 - Braudel Fernand. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th18th Century. Vol. 3: Perspective of the World / Trans. Si?n Reynolds. London: Fontana, 1984. P. 1516.]     ,              .           .    ,    :    ,    ,   .   :   ,      ,       ,      ,   ,     [46 - Grove Jean M., Switsur Roy. Glacial Geological Evidence for the Medieval Warm Period // Climatic Change. Vol. 30 (1994). P. 127; Grove Jean M.. Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern. 2vols. London: Routledge, 2004. Vol. 1. P. 401.].

     ,  ,  ,     ,      [47 - Tuchman Barbara. A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978.].     ,   1300-,        .  :    ,      [48 - .: Grove. Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern; Idem. The Onset of the Little Ice Age // History and Climate: Memories of the Future? /Ed. P. D. Jones et al. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 2001. P. 153185.].  ,  ,  ,        1347       .       ( 1343-  1346-) - ,     III    ,      ,    .    ,    ,     :  .        ,     1348 ,       ,    1365, 1374, 1383, 1389  1400 .

      [49 - Huizinga Jan. The Waning of the Middle Ages: A Study of the Forms of Life, Thought and Art in France and the Netherlands in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1922. .  . . .],      .     .  1343      ,                    ,      ,   ,    [50 - . : Muir Edward. Ritual in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. P. 120.].       1358     ,        .   1378    ,       .    ,           popolani grassi,   .

      ,      .  1308  -  V    .    ,   ,    ,   .        ,  ,     .      ,    [51 - . : Coogan Robert. Petrarchs Liber sine nomine and aVision of Rome in the Reformation // Renaissance and Reformation/ Renaissance et Rforme. New Series. Vol. 7 (February 1983). P. 5.]. ,       ,   ,   -.  1410-     ,       , ,  ,   ,   ,      .

      .       ,      .   ,    ,   ,          ,    .   ,    ,    -  . ,    1337 ,  .  ,  .    ,    ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,     [52 - . : Wilkins Ernest Hatch. Life of Petrarch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. P. 201.    ,    .     : Brentano Robert. Rome Before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth Century Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. P. 130131.].

    ,          .   1370-    ,   ,      .    ,           . ,          ,   ,    ,        .  ,    ,       .  ,          ,  , ,   .     ,   [53 - .: A Letter of Giovanni Dondi dallOrologio to fra Guglielmo Centueri: A Fourteenth Century Episode in the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns / Trans. Neal Gilbert // Viator. Vol.8 (1977). P. 299346.].

, ,  ,     .      (1339)  ,     .      ,      ,   ,     .   , , !        ,  ,  ,         [54 - Mommsen. Petrarchs Conception of the Dark Ages. P. 240 (  ). .  . . .].



  ,  ,     ,          .   ,   ,      .  ,    ,     -,       ,   [55 - Manetti. Biographical Writings. P. 129.]. ,      ,      ,     ,   ( ,  )   .

     1400      .      ,   ,     .            .    1370  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,      .  1390-      ,             ,      .     ,  ,        [56 - Hankins James. Plato in the Italian Renaissance. 2vols. Leiden: Brill, 1990. Vol. 1. P. 95.].    ,      :       .      ,  ,   ,        [57 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 249.]. ,   ,           .

 1427     ,      ,     ,     . ,    ,    .         ,              ,    . , ,     ,    - ,  ,    ,   .       .    ,   ?      ?         ,        ,    .






  (. 13701444):   ,        



       ,      , , ,    ,         ,       [58 - Aulus Gellius. Attic Nights. Vol. 1. Books 15 / Trans. J. C. Rolfe. (Loeb Classical Library 195). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927. P. xxvii.].       ,         ,  ,                  .              ,       ,        .

        ,   , ,     .    ,        .         :  ,   ,   ,   ,      ( ,   ,         )[59 - Ibid. P. 267. .  . . , . .  ( ).].       ,       ( ),  1350-        .       ,      .    ,   ,  ,    ,    ,       .     ;   , ,  ,             ,     [60 - . : Clark A. C. The Reappearance of the Texts of the Classics // The Library (1921). P. 2021.].     :        ,     .

            ,   :   .        .      ,        .     ,     ,       ,       ,    ,     .         .     (  70  90  ..)        ,      .        , ,      [61 - . : Quintilian. The Orators Education. Vol. 1 / Ed., trans. Donald A. Russell. (Loeb Classical Library 124). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. P. 2. .  . . .].   ,     ,           [62 - Quintilian. The Orators Education. Vol. 1. P. 51.].  ,  , ,   ,        ,  .   ,     90  ..,     ,   .            ,    ,      ,   . ,     ,   ,         ,      ,      [63 - Ibid. P. 101.    .  . .]. ?    ,    .      ,    (   ),  ,      (   ).         , , ,   ,       [64 - Ibid. P. 57.].  ,    ,   vir bonus dicendi peritus ( ,   )[65 - Ibid. P. 197.], ,        ,       .

?     .        .   ,      ,  ,      [66 - Cicero. On the Orator. Books 12 / Trans. E. W. Sutton, H.Rackham. (Loeb Classical Library 348). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942. P. 23.].       ,     , ,      ,    ,             ,   ,         .     ,        ,   ,    .        ,       .

,            .   ,  ,      ,    ,      ,   ,       .   ,     ,      .     ,    1390-  [67 - . : Witt Ronald G. Coluccio Salutati and His Public Letters. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1976. P. 62.].  ,     (      )      ,               .    ,        .      ,       1401 [68 - Le Consulte e Pratiche della Repubblica fiorentina nel Quattrocento / Ed. Elio Conti. Florence: Universita di Firenze, 1981. Vol. 1. P. 309.].

          .     ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ?[69 - . : Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric / Ed., trans. Wayne A. Rebhorn. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000. P. 19.]                 .      ,       ,     ,  ,     discerptus et lacer    [70 - . : Classen C. Joachim. Quintilian and the Revival of Learning in Italy // Humanistica Lovaniensia. Vol. 43 (1994). P. 79.]. Ӡ    , ,     , incompletus ()[71 - . : Coulter Cornelia C. Boccaccios Knowledge of Quintilian // Speculum. Vol. 22 (October 1958). P. 491.].     .   , ,       ,     ,    [72 - . : Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 192.].

 ,     ,          .                  ,     ,    ,     ,     ,         ,       ,  ,       .

,   ,       - - , ,   .  ,    ,       .



               ,   , ,  ,     .      ,      ,     :   .

         [73 -   ,   , .: Stoicheff Peter. Materials and Meanings // The Cambridge Companion to the History of the Book / Ed. Leslie Howsam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. P. 7389.].       ,  ,         ,        , ,    .      (??????)      (   ),     .         (???????), ;     ,   .         ,         (     paper, ),    , liber.       ,  library ()  librarian, ,         (libro),  (livre)   (leabhar).

        ,    , , ,       ,   ,    .  ,          , ,        332   ..,   .  ,     libri      ,    ,   .    ,    ,     .        ,     ,     ,  .     ,       (       ).

      ,   .          ,     ,     .    volumen,   volvere, ,     volume, .   ,       .  ,  ,    -         .       ,    ,  ,      ..       ,      .

      . ,         .  200   ..   ,    V ,     ,      II,       .     ,   (      )    .        pergamenum,          .   ,     ,   ,     .  ,         - ,   ,       (   ?    ). ,  ,    ,   :  ,    ,   ,    ,      [74 -  ,    ,       , .: Johnson Richard R. Ancient and Medieval Accounts of the Invention of Parchment // California Studies in Classical Antiquity. Vol. 3 (1970). P. 115122.].

       ,  -   .                    ,     (         ),    ,    . -  pangere,     pagina    page ().  ,   ,   ,     .

  ,     ,    .         ,        : ,         /        , /  ,      .  ,   ,       .      ,    .           ,    : ,  ,      [75 - Martial. Epigrams / Ed., trans. D. R. Shackleton Bailey. (Loeb Classical Library 94). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. P. 43. .  . . .].

   ,     ,                . ,     ,     :  .           . ,    ,      ,     : , ,     ,   ,         .   , ,  liber,   : codex.     , ,      ,      .     caudex,   .    ,    codex.

          .  ,       ,    ,   ,       ,    ,       ,      ,    .      :   .  331             , ,         ,        .       ,      [76 - Eusebius. The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1845. Book IV. P. 203204.]. (    ,    ,      ,     .)

 ,        ,    .          .   ;       ,    , , ,   ,             [77 - Propertius. Elegies / Ed., trans. G. P. Goold. (Loeb Classical Library 18). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990. P. 343; Martial. Epigrams. P. 171.].        ,     .     ,       ,         .

   .  ,        200 ,   :   ?[78 - . : Tanner Thomas M. A History of Early Christian Libraries from Jesus to Jerome // The Journal of Library History (19741987). Vol. 14 (Fall 1979). P. 415.]       .  373       ,      ,   ,               .     ,    ,      -      :  ,     :   ,  .           .

            .      ,   200        . ,   ,     , ,     ,     [79 - Clement of Alexandria. The Stromata, or Miscellanies // Greek and Roman Philosophy After Aristotle / Ed. Jason L. Sanders. New York: The Free Press, 1966. P. 306. .  . . .].     , ,   ,   ,    ,   ,    ,   .      ,    390-,     ,       ,  , ,      ,     .

 ,  ,   ,   ,              .     ,     (21: 1014),  ,   , ,    ,        . -  ,  ,   ,  ,     ,           ,       .    ,   ,   :      ,     .

     ,        ,      .    , ,           .     ,         ,  ,       ,    .       ,          . ,    ; , 1405            .       ,  ,       [80 - . : Field Arthur. The Intellectual Struggle for Florence: Humanists and the Beginnings of the Medici Regime, 14201440. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. P. 104.].     ,     .     ,        ,       .




 3

 


 1431 ,      ,          ,    .   V     ,   , ,  .     .     ,  ,      ,  ,      ,      .      ,          .   , ,       ,    .        ,    [81 - Manetti. Biographical Writings. P. 127.   .: Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 47. -   ,    .].             . ,  -      ,     ,     ,      ,   ,                .

,      ,   ,    .    ,  ,   ,        ,    [82 -     : Robinson Rodney P. The Inventory of Niccol? Niccoli // Classical Philology. Vol. 16 (July 1921). P. 251255.].

           ,       ,     .          1416-:      ,   [83 -     , .: Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 188.].  ,  ,  ,       ,  ,    . Ӡ    ,          . ,   .        ,                .         ,      .

        ,          . ,                   .

 1414      ,   XXIII,     ,        .  1410- ,        ,          .       ,     ,     ,   ,     ,   .     :    ,       .          :  .   ,  ,  ,      , -      .      , ,   ,  ,   [84 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 250251.].






     (13801459)



  , ,        ,          .    ,    ,  ,    ,   ,     [85 - Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 26.].  ,         .   ,         ,            [86 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 292. .  . . .].           ,         .



     ,           ,    .          .         .     , ,   ,       (    ).       ,  ,               .

                   ,     ,   ,      .        ,       ,    ,   [87 - . : Clark. The Reappearance of the Texts of the Classics.P. 14.].       .     ,     560 .  ,      ,   :     ,   .   ,       :     , , ,    .  590       -,             ( )     .      ,    .            ,        .

  -     ,   (   690- )  (   716 ).  ,       [88 - . : Beach Alison I. Women as Scribes: Book Production and Monastic Reform in Twelfth Century Bavaria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 14.].      ,     ,     ,        ,     .       - : ,       .   ,  ,  ,         [89 - Ibid.].

      .  780 ,            ,    ,      .     ;      ,         .  ,      (           ),     .   ,       ,       ,    ,      .            ,    .   ,     700-   800-,     [90 -    .: Bischoff Bernhard. Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne / Ed., trans. Michael Gorman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. P. 116.].       ,           .          ,         ,  ,   ,     ,       .

,     ,  1300-    ,      .     805 :      . /      ![91 - Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance / Ed., trans. Peter Godman. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. P. 192193.]           ,   800-,    III         :  ,     .

        804-   814-.    ,      ,       , , ,  , ,  .      830     .              ,    [92 -     ,   ,    (Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 188).  ,   ,    .        .: Horn Walter, Born Ernest. The Plan of Saint Gall: A Study of the Architecture and Economy of, and Life in, a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery. 3vols. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979. Vol. 1. P. 151.].

,     .        ,      ,    .      ,      , ,         蠫     ,    ,   .       :      ,      [93 - . : Booker Courtney M. Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis the Pious and the Decline of the Carolingians. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. P. 56.].   ,        ,    , , ,  ,       .



       1416-.     ,    , ,   ,      .    ,   ,       .    ,     , ,      ,   [94 - Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 188.].

         ,     .    ,      ,  ,      .        ,      廠           ⻠  ,   [95 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 292. .  . . .]. ,  ,    ,      .         ,  ,                     -.

         ,  ,  ,   ,      ,     .       :    ,   ,   ,   .      ,        .          ,     ,         . ,     ;     ,      ,       :     .

      , ,         ,     .    ,            .       ,  ,    ,   [96 - Ibid. P. 292. .  . . .].

     .   ,            .   !  .   !    ,  ,   ,         ?[97 - Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 192.]  1417-     ,     ,          .   ,  ,       .  ,     ,    ,           ,   ,  , ,   .  ,   ,    ,         .   ,      ,    :      [98 -   .: Ibid. P. 197201.].



          ,   ,  ʸ    .      ,        ,     .   ,         ,   .         ,           (       )      .

          .      ,  ,    .     1422-          -  - ,       ,    ,      -   .

           ,   ,        ,   ![99 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 293. .  . . .]   ,      ,  ,                  .




 4

  


 1434-,   ,       ,     .      ,   ,    ,     , ,       .      ,      IV.       .   ,                  ,   [100 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 9.].

      ,      ,  ,     IV. ,       ,    ,     .     ,          [101 -   .: Ibid. P. 8.].    .

 ,   1417-,     .      XXIII,      ,  XII,     ,    XIII (, ,         1423  ,  -    ).   1417-    ,    ,     V.   1420-,     ,   .

      .            ,    .     ,       ,      . ,     ,      ;               ,               .

           1431-.      ,  ,      [102 - Ibid.],      .  ,        , .          ,      .          ,      :    ,    ,    .   ,   1434-,   -  ,      ,      .         ,     ,   ,   ,  .    .        ,   .            .      ,    ,   ,       .



       .       ,      - .          .   ,    .             ,    , ,   ,    .

      .           1416  1417           ,     ,  .     ,     ,    [103 - Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 46.],  .     1423 ,              ,     .        ,   ,          1434 [104 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 291.].






     (. 13951470; ):      inglesi



                     inglesi ().  ,    1431          .      ,     ,  ,    , alla italiana (-),    :          . ,     ,     ,   ;     ,   .        ;   , ,   ,      [105 - Ibid. P. 165, 166.]. ,          ,     .

         .                  ,   ,  ,    ,        .



         ,      .           .  ,      ,   ,   ,      ,   ,   .    ,     ,  -         . , ,  ,    ,     ,     .           ,      ,        .     ,            botteghuzza:       ,       [106 - . : Witt. What Did Giovannino Read and Write? P. 104.  ,     , .  : c. 103104.].

       ,     ,     .               .         ,  Tettoia dei Pisani,  .   ,        (1364),            ,      .        ;    ,          .  ,  ,    , ,   ,    ,       ,         [107 -       .   (  )   ,      .            .   ,            ,   .][108 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 259.].     .            ,   1430-                   ,          [109 -   ,     , .: Wittschier Heinz Willy. Vespasiano da Bisticci und Giannozzo Manetti // Romanische Forschungen, 79. Bd., H. 3 (1967). S.271287.].

     ,         .        .   ,         ,   - ,     :   . ,    -,   ;  -           .   ,      ,       [110 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 439. .  . . .].

        ,     ,  .    ,          ,        . ,     .              ,        ,   [111 - .: De la Mare A. C. Vespasiano da Bisticci, Historian and Bookseller. 2vols. (PhD diss., London University, 1965). Vol. 2. P.301.].      , ,    ,     [112 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 349.].  ,  1430-  ,  ,    ,  ,  ,     ,   ,         .    ,   ,  ,      [113 - Ibid. P. 316.].

      ,  ,           ,    .      .     ,  ,    ( 1088-),  (1200)   (1222),    ,    .       1348-        .         ,       .  1370-     . ,      ,     ,     1397   ,    ,      .

 ,   1400-      ,   .   ,        ,           .     .              , ,   , ,   .        ,    .        ,  ,    ,   -    ,   .          .    ,    ,   ,      [114 -   (Il Galateo) . : Mattia Cosimo Chiriatti. Lo Scriptorium di San Nicola di Casole (Otranto, Lecce) e il suo Typikon (Codex Taurinensis Graecus 216): UnAnalisi Storico-Letteraria // Hortus Artium Medievalium. Vol. 23 (January 2017). P. 428.].         :        ,         .






      (. 13501415)



,          .            , ,    (     850    )[115 - Baldwin Barry. Greek in Ciceros Letters // Acta Classica. Vol.35 (1992). P. 1.], ,  ,  Graecum est  non legitur (-  ).    ,            ,    ,   1354   . ,    ,     ,     ,       [116 - . : Sharon Avi. A Crusade for the Humanities: From the Letters of Cardinal Bessarion // Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics. Third Series. Vol. 19 (Fall 2011). P. 163.].

            .           .         2  1397   ,        ,     ,   .        ,          ,    .      ,     .  1423-        ,        ,        ,   .      ,   ,    [117 -   . : Kovtun George J. John Lascaris and the Byzantine Connection // The Journal of Library History (19741987). Vol. 12 (Winter 1977). P. 20;   . : Baron Hans. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny. 2vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955, revised ed. 1966. P. 193.].

,  ,     .    ,  ,      -  ,   1429-.    ,   ,      - ( ,     ,      ).   ,           ,    ,  ,    .            ,    .         ,       ,    .

         .         .   ,   ,     ,  ,               [118 - Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 141; Manetti. Biographical Writings. P. 121.].    ,     (   ,  ,      )[119 - . : Field. The Intellectual Struggle for Florence. P. 195196.].     ,    ,     [120 - Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 351.].    ,     ,     ,    .       ,     ,    : -       .   ,  ,  ,  ,     .       ,     [121 - . : Rizzi Andrea. Violent Language in Early Fifteenth-Century Italy // Violence and Emotions in Early Modern Europe / Ed. Susan Broomhall, Sarah Finn. London: Routledge, 2016. P. 145.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/ross-king-47817/knigotorgovec-iz-florencii/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


.: Black Robert. Literacy in Florence, 1427 // Florence and Beyond: Culture, Society and Politics in Renaissance Italy: Essays in Honor of John M. Najemy / Ed. David S. Peterson, Daniel E. Bornstein. Toronto: Center for Renaissance and Reformation Studies, 2008. P. 195210; Idem. Education and Society in Florentine Tuscany: Teachers, Pupils and Schools, c. 12501500. Leiden: Brill, 2007. Vol. 1. P. 142.     : Allen R. C. Progress and Poverty in Early Modern Europe // Economic History Review. Vol. 56 (2003). P. 415.




2


Najemy John N. A History of Florence, 12501575. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008. P. 4546.       .: Witt Ronald. What Did Giovannino Read and Write? Literacy in Early Renaissance Florence // I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance. Vol. 6 (1995). P. 8384;          .




3


  . : Witt. What Did Giovannino Read and Write? P. 105.




4


     3,536,      1252.     ,       .         , 1500-   . Ӡ,      , ,     ,  .     ,    .




5


Leader Anne. The Tomb of a Bookseller in Early Renaissance Florence.       ,         ,      .            : Leader Anne. The Badia of Florence: Art and Observance in a Renaissance Monastery. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2012. ( c. 27.)




6


, ,  ,     1928.,       :   , 14,     ,  -     .     ,   ,    ,     .




7


       (    5  2019).




8


. : De la Mare A. C. New Research on Humanistic Scribes in Florence // Miniatura fiorentina del Rinascimento, 14401525: Un primo censimento. 2vols. /Ed. Annarosa Garzelli. Florence: Giunta regionale toscana, 1985. Vol. 1. P. 403.




9


      ,     ,    , : Vespasiano da Bisticci e il suo Epistolario / Ed. Giuseppe M. Cagni. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1969. P. 1146.      .  c. 13.




10


   .: Ibid. P. 19; : Roover Raymond de. The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 13971494. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963. P. 183.   .: Goldthwaite Richard A. The Economy of Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. P. 8687.




11


   ,         , .: Villani Giovanni. Nuova Cronica / Ed. Giuseppe Porta. Milan: Guanda editore, 1991. Vol. 3. P. 198.    .  .: Grendler Paul F. What Piero Learned in School: Fifteenth-Century Vernacular Education // Renaissance Education Between Religion and Politics / Ed. P. F. Grendler. Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 2006. IV. Note6. P. 23.    .: Brucker Gene. Renaissance Florence. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969. P. 223; Education // Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia/ Ed. Christopher Kleinhenz. Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge, 2004. P. 354355; : Witt. What Did Giovannino Read and Write? P. 8789.




12


.: Lucchi Piero. La Santacroce, il Salterio e il Babuino: Libri per imparare a leggere nel primo secolo della stampa // Quaderni Storici. Vol. 13 (MayAugust, 1978). P. 593630.




13


. : Cochrane Eric. Florence in the Forgotten Centuries, 15271800: A History of Florence and the Florentines in the Age of the Grand Dukes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. P. 67.




14


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri del Secolo XV / Ed. Paolo dAncona, Erhard Aeschlimann. Milan: Hoepli, 1951. P.83.,    ,     .       1439.,        - .




15


Two Renaissance Book Hunters: The Letters of Poggius Bracciolini to Nicolaus de Niccolis / Ed., trans. Phyllis Walter Goodhart Gordan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974. P. 85.       . . 39  51.




16


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 443.            1434.,     ,        . .  . . .




17


Two Renaissance Book Hunters / Ed. Gordan. P. 21.




18


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 438. .  . .   .




19


Ibid. P. 442.




20


Manetti Giannozzo. Biographical Writings / Ed., trans. StefanoU. Baldassarri and Rolf Bagemihl. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. P. 129.




21


. : Ullman Berthold L., Stadter Philip A. The Public Library of Renaissance Florence: Niccol? Niccoli, Cosimo de Medici and the Library of San Marco. Padua: Editrice Antenore, 1972. P. 89.




22


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 439. .  . . .




23


Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 93.




24


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 435.




25


Ibid. P. 295.




26


Ibid. P. 2.




27


Ibid. P. 340.




28


Vespasiano da Bisticci e il suo Epistolario. P. 162.




29


Ugolino Verino. To Andrea Alamanni: In Praise of Poets and on the Splendor of His Time // Images of Quattrocento Florence: Selected Writings in Literature, History, and Art. Ed. Stefano Ugo Baldassarri and Arielle Saiber. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. P. 93.




30


Bruni Leonardo. Panegyric of Florence // Ibid. P. 40. .  . . .




31


 . . 173.




32


     1,  3  .




33


Ugolino Verino. To Andrea Alamanni. P. 94.




34


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 3.       Vitae CIII virorum illustrium, qui saeculo XV exiterunt.         .




35


Burckhardt Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy / Trans. S. G. C. Middlemore. Vienna: Phaidon Press, n.d. P. 306 (note273).




36


Ibid. P. 89.




37


Howard Thomas Albert. Jacob Burckhardt, Religion, and the Historiography of Crisis and Transition // Journal of the History of Ideas. Vol. 60 (January 1999). P. 150.




38


. : Pastor Ludwig von. Tageb?cher  Briefe  Erinnerungen / Ed. Wilhelm W?hr. Heidelberg: F. H. Kerle, 1950. S.275.       , ,        .




39


Michelet Jules. The Witch of the Middle Ages / Trans. L. J. Trotter. London: Woodfall and Kinder, 1863. P. 9.




40


Nolhac Pierre de. Ptrarque e lhumanisme, 2 vols. Paris: Librairie Honor Champion, 1907. Vol. 1. P. 2.         .




41


Petrarch: A Critical Guide to the Complete Works / Ed. Victoria Kirkham and Armando Maggi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. P. 135.




42


Petrarch. On His Own Ignorance // The Renaissance Philosophy of Man / Ed. Ernst Cassirer, Paul Oskar Kristeller, John Herman Randall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. P. 115.




43


       .: Mommsen Theodor E. Petrarchs Conception of the Dark Ages // Speculum. Vol. 17 (April 1942). P. 226242.




44


.: Trapp Damasus. Moderns and Modernists in the MSFribourg Cordeliers // Augustianum. Vol. 26 (July 1965). P. 241270.




45


Braudel Fernand. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th18th Century. Vol. 3: Perspective of the World / Trans. Si?n Reynolds. London: Fontana, 1984. P. 1516.




46


Grove Jean M., Switsur Roy. Glacial Geological Evidence for the Medieval Warm Period // Climatic Change. Vol. 30 (1994). P. 127; Grove Jean M.. Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern. 2vols. London: Routledge, 2004. Vol. 1. P. 401.




47


Tuchman Barbara. A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978.




48


.: Grove. Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern; Idem. The Onset of the Little Ice Age // History and Climate: Memories of the Future? /Ed. P. D. Jones et al. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 2001. P. 153185.




49


Huizinga Jan. The Waning of the Middle Ages: A Study of the Forms of Life, Thought and Art in France and the Netherlands in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1922. .  . . .




50


. : Muir Edward. Ritual in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. P. 120.




51


. : Coogan Robert. Petrarchs Liber sine nomine and aVision of Rome in the Reformation // Renaissance and Reformation/ Renaissance et Rforme. New Series. Vol. 7 (February 1983). P. 5.




52


. : Wilkins Ernest Hatch. Life of Petrarch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. P. 201.    ,    .     : Brentano Robert. Rome Before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth Century Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. P. 130131.




53


.: A Letter of Giovanni Dondi dallOrologio to fra Guglielmo Centueri: A Fourteenth Century Episode in the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns / Trans. Neal Gilbert // Viator. Vol.8 (1977). P. 299346.




54


Mommsen. Petrarchs Conception of the Dark Ages. P. 240 (  ). .  . . .




55


Manetti. Biographical Writings. P. 129.




56


Hankins James. Plato in the Italian Renaissance. 2vols. Leiden: Brill, 1990. Vol. 1. P. 95.




57


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 249.




58


Aulus Gellius. Attic Nights. Vol. 1. Books 15 / Trans. J. C. Rolfe. (Loeb Classical Library 195). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927. P. xxvii.




59


Ibid. P. 267. .  . . , . .  ( ).




60


. : Clark A. C. The Reappearance of the Texts of the Classics // The Library (1921). P. 2021.




61


. : Quintilian. The Orators Education. Vol. 1 / Ed., trans. Donald A. Russell. (Loeb Classical Library 124). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. P. 2. .  . . .




62


Quintilian. The Orators Education. Vol. 1. P. 51.




63


Ibid. P. 101.    .  . .




64


Ibid. P. 57.




65


Ibid. P. 197.




66


Cicero. On the Orator. Books 12 / Trans. E. W. Sutton, H.Rackham. (Loeb Classical Library 348). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942. P. 23.




67


. : Witt Ronald G. Coluccio Salutati and His Public Letters. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1976. P. 62.




68


Le Consulte e Pratiche della Repubblica fiorentina nel Quattrocento / Ed. Elio Conti. Florence: Universita di Firenze, 1981. Vol. 1. P. 309.




69


. : Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric / Ed., trans. Wayne A. Rebhorn. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000. P. 19.




70


. : Classen C. Joachim. Quintilian and the Revival of Learning in Italy // Humanistica Lovaniensia. Vol. 43 (1994). P. 79.




71


. : Coulter Cornelia C. Boccaccios Knowledge of Quintilian // Speculum. Vol. 22 (October 1958). P. 491.




72


. : Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 192.




73


  ,   , .: Stoicheff Peter. Materials and Meanings // The Cambridge Companion to the History of the Book / Ed. Leslie Howsam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. P. 7389.




74


 ,    ,       , .: Johnson Richard R. Ancient and Medieval Accounts of the Invention of Parchment // California Studies in Classical Antiquity. Vol. 3 (1970). P. 115122.




75


Martial. Epigrams / Ed., trans. D. R. Shackleton Bailey. (Loeb Classical Library 94). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. P. 43. .  . . .




76


Eusebius. The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1845. Book IV. P. 203204.




77


Propertius. Elegies / Ed., trans. G. P. Goold. (Loeb Classical Library 18). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990. P. 343; Martial. Epigrams. P. 171.




78


. : Tanner Thomas M. A History of Early Christian Libraries from Jesus to Jerome // The Journal of Library History (19741987). Vol. 14 (Fall 1979). P. 415.




79


Clement of Alexandria. The Stromata, or Miscellanies // Greek and Roman Philosophy After Aristotle / Ed. Jason L. Sanders. New York: The Free Press, 1966. P. 306. .  . . .




80


. : Field Arthur. The Intellectual Struggle for Florence: Humanists and the Beginnings of the Medici Regime, 14201440. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. P. 104.




81


Manetti. Biographical Writings. P. 127.   .: Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 47. -   ,    .




82


    : Robinson Rodney P. The Inventory of Niccol? Niccoli // Classical Philology. Vol. 16 (July 1921). P. 251255.




83


    , .: Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 188.




84


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 250251.




85


Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 26.




86


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 292. .  . . .




87


. : Clark. The Reappearance of the Texts of the Classics.P. 14.




88


. : Beach Alison I. Women as Scribes: Book Production and Monastic Reform in Twelfth Century Bavaria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 14.




89


Ibid.




90


   .: Bischoff Bernhard. Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne / Ed., trans. Michael Gorman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. P. 116.




91


Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance / Ed., trans. Peter Godman. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. P. 192193.




92


    ,   ,    (Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 188).  ,   ,    .        .: Horn Walter, Born Ernest. The Plan of Saint Gall: A Study of the Architecture and Economy of, and Life in, a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery. 3vols. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979. Vol. 1. P. 151.




93


. : Booker Courtney M. Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis the Pious and the Decline of the Carolingians. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. P. 56.




94


Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 188.




95


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 292. .  . . .




96


Ibid. P. 292. .  . . .




97


Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 192.




98


  .: Ibid. P. 197201.




99


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 293. .  . . .




100


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 9.




101


  .: Ibid. P. 8.




102


Ibid.




103


Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 46.




104


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 291.




105


Ibid. P. 165, 166.




106


. : Witt. What Did Giovannino Read and Write? P. 104.  ,     , .  : c. 103104.




107


      .   (  )   ,      .            .   ,            ,   .




108


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 259.




109


  ,     , .: Wittschier Heinz Willy. Vespasiano da Bisticci und Giannozzo Manetti // Romanische Forschungen, 79. Bd., H. 3 (1967). S.271287.




110


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 439. .  . . .




111


.: De la Mare A. C. Vespasiano da Bisticci, Historian and Bookseller. 2vols. (PhD diss., London University, 1965). Vol. 2. P.301.




112


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 349.




113


Ibid. P. 316.




114


  (Il Galateo) . : Mattia Cosimo Chiriatti. Lo Scriptorium di San Nicola di Casole (Otranto, Lecce) e il suo Typikon (Codex Taurinensis Graecus 216): UnAnalisi Storico-Letteraria // Hortus Artium Medievalium. Vol. 23 (January 2017). P. 428.




115


Baldwin Barry. Greek in Ciceros Letters // Acta Classica. Vol.35 (1992). P. 1.




116


. : Sharon Avi. A Crusade for the Humanities: From the Letters of Cardinal Bessarion // Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics. Third Series. Vol. 19 (Fall 2011). P. 163.




117


  . : Kovtun George J. John Lascaris and the Byzantine Connection // The Journal of Library History (19741987). Vol. 12 (Winter 1977). P. 20;   . : Baron Hans. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny. 2vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955, revised ed. 1966. P. 193.




118


Two Renaissance Book Hunters. P. 141; Manetti. Biographical Writings. P. 121.




119


. : Field. The Intellectual Struggle for Florence. P. 195196.




120


Vespasiano da Bisticci. Vite di Uomini Illustri. P. 351.




121


. : Rizzi Andrea. Violent Language in Early Fifteenth-Century Italy // Violence and Emotions in Early Modern Europe / Ed. Susan Broomhall, Sarah Finn. London: Routledge, 2016. P. 145.


