 .  ,   
 . 


   
   ,   XVIIIXIX ,        ?        ,         ?          ,       XVIII    XIX .        ,   ,       ,            .    .       ,   .                ,          .  .    Furman University,      .





 . 

 .  ,   



CAROLYN A. D A Y

CONSUMPTIVE CHIC

A History of Beauty, Fashion, and Disease



 Carolyn A. Day, 2017

This translation is published by OOO Redakcija zhurnala Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie byarrangement with Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

 . ,   , 2022

 . ,  , 2022

    , 2022

      

 Photo by Stefano Pollio on Unsplash.com







 ࠖ   ,          ,           ,     .         ,     ,          .    ,   ,  ,             ,   . , ,   ,           .          ,         -       .     ,     ,           .  ,    ,    ,      ,  .

  ,    -  ,         ,     .                       .       ,       ,    ,    -        .

       ,    ,        ,       ,         .   ,        ,            .            ,   ,        .     ,     .          ,              ,        ,    .          ,        .     ,       ,          ,    .       ,               .          ,        ,      ,     .








             ,    . , ,    蠖   ,          , .       , , ,   ,        ,    1792 .   (17571792)           ,      26  1774 .       :      ,    ,        ,       [1 - Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. Edinburgh: National Gallery of Scotland, 2003. P. 27.]. (.   . 1.)

     ,     ,    .      ,        ,       ,     .  ,       ,      ,     ,    [2 - Ibid. P. 3132, 35; Graham E.M. The Beautiful Mrs. Graham and the Cathcart Circle. London: Nisbet & Co. Ltd, 1927. P. 248249.].  ,     ,        ,            1780 .  1781              :



,  ,        ,        ,   ,     . ,        ,         -   ,    ,      [3 - Lynedoch MS. 3591, National Library of Scotland.].


         ,      [4 - Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 32, 35.].

    ,   1791 ,    ,     , ,          .     ,        ,    ,      .      1792   ,       [5 - Ibid. P. 43.].     ,    1792       .       , ,      ,           , ,    ,   , ,     ,          [6 - Graham E.M. The Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 128; Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 281282.].

     ,  19      .          ,      .         ,    .      :    ,         ,   ,   [7 - Graham E.M. The Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 284.].       ,       ,        ,    ,        .  :    , , ,      , ,      ,    [8 - Wednesday June 20, 1792, Lynedoch MS 16046, National Library of Scotland.].     ,   ,    .   ,     ,  26  1792       ,    , ,   ,   .  :   ,   ,  ,       [9 - Tuesday June 26, 1792, Lynedoch MS 16046, National Library of Scotland.].

     :        ,    .    14        -. ,    ,       .  ,               .          ,    ,      ,      .    ,    ,      ,    ,      , ,  ,    [10 - Tuesday July 17, 1792, Lynedoch MS 16046, National Library of Scotland.].

       ,       :          [11 - Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 46.].       ,     ,          ,         蠖 ,        . (.   . 2.)   ,        :  ,          [12 -         ,    :                  1843 ,        .      ,      ,      ,         . Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 42.].                  ,   .        ,           .




 


                 ,             .   ,  ,  , ,  ,      ,     ,    ?    :              .

      ,    ,   ,    ;      ,     ,   ,     .     ,    ,    . ,  ,    ,    ,   ,    .             .    ,  ,   ,     ,    .               :         ,    1850   [13 - New Topics in Tuberculosis Research / Ed. by D.L. Spieglburg. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2007. P. 3.].        ,       .

 1780  1850              .        ,         ,   .     ,      ,           .                   ,  ,    ,          .     ,      ,    ,        .




 


    ,      ,  ,   .                 ,          .          ,           [14 - Herzlich C., Pierret J. Illness and Self in Society. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. P. xi.].         ,      [15 - Ibid.].                  .        蠖  , ,            (,    ),      ,    [16 - Sontag S. Illness as Metaphor and Aids and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday, 1990. P. 2832; Lawlor C. Consumption and Literature: The Making of the Romantic Disease. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. P. 3.].     ,    , ,     ,   [17 - Caplan A. The Concept of Health, Illness and Disease // Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2001. P. 240241.  ,       ,    .  :   ,   []          ,   쓻 [   :  .  . .: , 1998. . 43].]. ,  ,    ,    ,         .  ,       ,         .                     ,    .        ,      ,    ,          [18 - Dubos R., Dubos J. The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987. P. 3.].

           .       ,    ,    (   ).     : ,  , , , ,     ,    .  1725      ,       ,     ,              .           ,    ,   ,  ,           .

        ,       (.: consumption , ),     1660       [19 - Waksman S.A. The Conquest of Tuberculosis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. P. 8.].      ,  , ,    ,   , ,  .     ,     ,  ,       ,  .  1847          :  ,  ,      ,         ,  phthisis pulmonalis,       ,   ࠖ [20 - Deshon H. C. Cold and Consumption. London: Henry Renshaw, 1847. P. 31.].                     ;             . (.   . 3.)

        1839 ,       ظ         .   ,   ,       .      tuberculum [21 - Waksman S. A. The Conquest of Tuberculosis. P. 8.].      ,  -    ,     ,    .  1852             .



,              ,  뻠     ,      ,    ,    ,   ;  -           - [22 - Ancell H. A Treatise on Tuberculosis. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1852. P. xxiv.].


               [23 - Dormandy T. The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis. London: Hambledon and London Ltd., 1998. P. 9.].     , Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus,  1882                 .




  


              ,   ,     ,    .  ,          ,           ,          [24 -  ,          (1952) ,                 .           ,  ,       ,       ,           .        (McKeown T. The Modern Rise of Population. London: Edward Arnold, 1976) ,            .   -   ,         . ,       ,            .       ,   ,       ,              1867 . (Szreter S. Health and Wealth: Studies in History and Policy. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2007. P. 113.)          .: Hardy A. Diagnosis, Death, and Diet: The Case of London, 17501909 // The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 1988. Vol. 18. No. 3; Rusnock A. Vital Accounts: Quantifying Health and Population in Eighteenth-Century England and France; Mooney G., Szretzer S. Urbanization, mortality and the Standard of Living Debate: new estimates of the expectation of life at birth in nineteenth-century British Cities // Economic History Review. 1998. XL. P. 84112; Wrigley E. A., Schofiled R. S. The Population History of England 15411871. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981; Hardy . The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventative Medicine, 18561900. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.].  1980-  ,             (),   ,   1990-          [25 -   : Rothman S.M. Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (1994), Ott K. Fevered Lives: Tuberculosis in American Culture since 1870 (1996), Bates B. Bargaining for Life: aSocial History of Tuberculosis 18761938 (1994), Feldberg G. D. Disease and Class: Tuberculosis and the Shaping of Modern North American Society (1995).].

  : ,        .  2007     1,7       9,27    .     ,       [26 - Tuberculosis into the 2010s: Is the Glass Half Full? // Contagious and Infectious Diseases. 2009. Vol. 49. P. 574583. P. 574.].       ()    - (    ),  - (    )[27 - -   ,  ,                ,          (-)                 (,   ).    ,    -            . Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Are We Learning from History or Repeating it? // Contagious and Infectious Diseases. 2007. Vol. 45. P. 338342.]    ,    [28 - The Challenge of New Drug Discovery for Tuberculosis // Nature. 2011. Vol. 469 (January). P. 483490. P. 483484.].        ,   ,  50%    [29 - Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Are We Learning from History or Repeating it? // Contagious and Infectious Diseases. 2007. Vol. 45. P. 338342. P. 338.].    -                 18  24 .     ,      30%  -[30 - The Challenge of New Drug Discovery for Tuberculosis // Nature. 2011. Vol. 469 (January). P. 483490. P. 484.].

           ,      [31 - ., : Reichman L. B., Hopkins Tanne J. Timebomb: the global epidemic of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002; Gandy M., Zuml A. The Return of the White Plague: Global poverty and the new tuberculosis. London: Verso, 2003; Condrau F., Worboys M. Tuberculosis Then and Now: Perspectives on the History of an Infectious Disease. Montreal; Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2010.].      ,       ,  ,    , , ,       :         (1988),       .   ,     ,        ,      ,       .          ,                :    (2006).          ,      ,    .         ,                .       ,        (2011)      :   (2012)  ,     .






I.1. :   ,  . :        (1903)



 ,    ,     ,   ,         .              ,  ,      ,        .      ,            ,      ,      .  ,       ,      .      ,   ,              ,    ,             .  ,     ,   ,         , ,  ,   . ,    ,       .           ?  ,          ,     ,       ,       ?




 1.    





   


           (, ,    ).             ,          .   1674  Morbus Anglicus,        ,    :             ,        , , , ,  ,     ..[32 - Harvey G. Morbus Anglicus: Or the Anatomy of Consumptions. 2nd edn. London: Printed by Thomas Johnson for Nathanael Brook, 1674. P. 2.] ,    ,       :       [33 - Lawlor C. Consumption and Literature. P. 19.].          .

        .      ; ,   ,       .          ,     ,        ,          ,     .                   .      -      ,    1940       ,     [34 - Caldwell M. The Last Crusade: The War on Consumption, 18621954. New York: Athenaeum, 1988. P. 9.].     ,  1840 ,     ,     ,      [35 - Smith F. B. The Retreat of Tuberculosis 18501950. London: Croom Helm, 1988. P. 4.].      ,   , ,     .  ,        . ,  ,   ,    ,  1788  :               ,    ,    ,    , , ,         [36 - Black W. A Comparative View of the Mortality of the Human Species. London: C. Dilly, 1788. P. 170, 183.].






1.1.  . . , /



  , -, - ,         ,    ,    .       ,            ,   ,     .  1818    ,     :



       .      ;                         ;            [37 - Mansford J. G. An Inquiry into the Influence of Situation on Pulmonary Consumption. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1818. P. 67.].


     ,     ,       -     ,         . ,     ,        ,        .               [38 - Dubos, Dubos. The White Plague. P. 9.].     ,       ,   .

   , ,         ,   ,        .       [39 - Herzlich C., Pierret J. Illness and Self in Society. P. 24.].              .   ,           ,   ,    .  1836                 ,   .                                 ,   1839     [40 - Eyler J. M. Farr, William (18071883) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography / Ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9185[   5  2008]; Smith G. The Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. VI. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. P. 1090.].         ,               ,  .

       ,  , ,      ,    .    ,  , :     ,           [ 1   31  1837 ],  , , , , ,  , ,  , , ,  , , , ,   ![41 - Gilbert H. Pulmonary Consumption: Its Prevention & Cure Established on the New Views of the Pathology of the Disease. London: Henry Renshaw, 1842. P. 6.]        , :        ,   .     ,      ,      [42 - Gilbert H. Pulmonary Consumption. P. 45.].  1850                 [43 - Herzlich C., Pierret J. Illness and Self in Society. P. 24.].                   .  1882         :   ,    ,    ,   ,     ,    ,    ..,      .   ,          ,       ,   ,     [44 - . : Waksman. The Conquest of Tuberculosis. . 20.].




   


    ,            .        ,         .  1760-    . .              (De sedibus et causis morborum),     ,  -         .         ,       ,   ,  .              ,    [45 - Reiser S. J. The Science of Diagnosis: Diagnostic Technology // Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine / Ed. by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter. Vol. 2. London: Routledge, 2001. P. 826827.].   ,     ,    ,   [46 - Granshaw L. The Hospital // Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine / Ed. by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter. Vol. 2. London: Routledge, 2001. P. 1187.].        -  ,       [47 - Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 307.].      ,                .            ;             ,   .






1.2.   .           



         ,        .  -             ,     .                [48 -      (17221809) ,          ,       ,     .        ,        -  (17551820),    I. Cummins L. S. Tuberculosis in History From the 17th Century to our own Times. London: Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, 1949. P. 9496, 100102.].   1816      ,   ,         . (.   . 4.)       ,        ;        ,     [49 -              . Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 307309.].          ,         .          (     1819        1821 )     [50 - Cummins L. S. Tuberculosis in History From the 17th Century to our own Times. P. 121.].           ,   ,       ,    ,       -   ,     .     ,           1882 [51 - Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 311.].  1843        , :



          ,   ,    ,              ,    ,   , -,   ,        ;           ,     [52 - Hastings J. Pulmonary Consumption, Successfully Treated with Naphtha. London: John Churchill, 1843. P. 4.].


     ,     .      (1810)   ,        ,   -     ,      .  ,  ,    ,   -  .    ,                           [53 - Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 311.].                 ,     ,           .           ,          .  ,   ,    ,     ,    ,   ,    [54 - Barrow. Researches on Pulmonary Phthisis, From the French of G. H. Bayle. P. 34.].

    (1838)            ,   ,  ,    ,       [55 -   (17971876)  ,  ,       . Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 337; Sebastian A. A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. New York: The Parthenon Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. P. 47.].     ,   ,      .           (,   ),    -    [56 - -   (17871872)  ,     . Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. . 337; Sebastian A. A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. . 47; Simmons J. G. Doctors & Discoveries: Lives that Created Todays Medicine from Hippocrates to the Present. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. P. 75.]. , ,       ,     ;  , -             [57 -   (17931857)     ,                     .   ,       ,      1828 ,  ;              .               . Hull A. Carswell, Sir Robert (17931857) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography / Ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4778[   5  2008]; Hass E. K. Morbid Appearances: The Anatomy of Pathology in the Early 19th century // Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 1989. Vol. 20. No. 1 (Summer). P. 139.].             .         ,      ;           [58 -                   ,    .].          ,     . (.   . 6.)      ?            ?         ,    ,  .      ,    ,  .     ,            .           ,   ,      .  1849    :     .           [59 - Hull R. A Few Suggestions on Consumption. London: Churchill, 1849. P. 2.].  :       , , ,  ,   ?[60 -  (),     ,     ,    ,    ,           .       -    .]         ,  ,  , ,       ,     .

  -        , -       ,   [61 - Dubos, Dubos. The White Plague. P. 74.]. ,      ,   ,  ,        ,          .   ,         ,          ,    ,    ,       .     ?   ,    ,   ,    ,  ,   .

       ,    ,        .  1808       :



      ,    -            ,      ; , ,    ,          ,     ,     ,       [62 - Sanders J. Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1808. P. v.].


     ,   1855    :         .   , ,     ,                       [63 - MCormac H. On the Nature, Treatment and Prevention of Pulmonary Consumption. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, and J. Churchill, 1855. P. 1.  2.   :  .].




 2.   :  





?


       ,     ;            ,    .   ,    ,    ,      ,          ,    [64 -         .       .  1546           ,    (    )    (     ). Waksman. Thy Conquest of Tuberculosis, 50.               ,       ;     ,  ,     ,    ,    . Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. 29.].    ,  蠖       , ,            ,       [65 - Ibid. P. 28.].            ,   -           . ,    ,       ,      .  ,  



             ,   ,   ,            ,      ,        ;    ,        , 堖      ; ,  ,        ,    [66 - Harvey. Morbus Anglicus. P. 23.].





2.1.    .  .-.    . , 1823



      ,   ,              ,   ,   ,    ,   [67 - Ibid. P. 3.].

         .        ,        ,   ,        [68 - Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. 33.].                 :        [69 -  , ,    ,      .].              .     (1852) :



         ;       ,     ;     ,                     ,   ,   ,  [70 - Ancell. A Treatise on Tuberculosis. P. 481.].


           ,           .        ,   ,  ,   ,     ,            .           ࠖ          .     ,       [71 - Porter. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 440.].




 


       ,          ,    .  1806       .



,         ,       .  ,        ,       .          ,           , ,         , ,      ,     ; ,   ,           [72 - Reid J. A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention, and Treatment of Consumption. London: R. Taylor & Co., 1806. P. 160161.].


   ,     ,      ,    ,   ,  ,      [73 - Olby R. C. Constitutional and Hereditary Disorders // Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine / Ed. by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2001. P. 413.].      ,      ,    ,   -      .

        .   (17171797)               : []     ,       ,       ,      , ,      [74 -   (17031722)      19 ,     (. 17061732),      (  )      26 .]    ,      (  ,   :    )     ,         [75 - The Letters of Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford. Vol. 1 / Ed. by P. Cunningham. Edinburgh: John Grant, 1906. P. xcix.].  ,              ,    ࠖ     . (.   . 6.)            :          ,         ,     ,     ,  ,    [76 - Clark J. A Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption. London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, 1835. P. 2.].

              ;       ,     ,     [77 - Waller J. C. The Illusion of an Explanation. P. 436.]. ,     ,   ,   ,  ,     .         ,           ,      ,   .      ,            ,  , , ,     ,       [78 - Ibid. P. 443444.].

      ,              ,      ,    .    1782  :      , ,   ,       ,            [79 - Reid T. An Essay on the Nature and Cure of Phthisis Pulmonalis. London: T. Cadell, 1782. P. 23.].      ,    ,   , ,  ,          . (.   . 7.)   ,   ,     1825 .     (1848),  (1848)   (1849),     .    1855 ,  - ,   [80 - Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. 3638.].   1849   :       . ,     ,   ,     .        ,       ;     :  ,  ,           .       [81 - Charlotte Bronte to W. S. Williams, January 18, 1849 // Shorter C. The Bront?s: Life and Letters. Vol. II. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1908. P. 21.].  1836        , , ,     .






2.2.         .   ,    Walker G. Costume of Yorkshire



             36. ,    .  ,     . ,    ,  ,     ,   ,      頖 -, ,    . ,    ,   ; ,  ,  , ,  [82 - August 18, [1836] // Shore E. Journal of Emily Shore / Ed. by Barbara Timm Gates. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991. P. 146.].


   ,               ,        ,        [83 - Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. 42.].        ,      ,    ,     ,   .       ,             .  1835   . . Ը :



       ,                     ,   (      )      []        [84 - Furnivall J. J. On the Successful Treatment of Consumptive Disorders. London: Whittaker & Co., 1835. P. 11.].


          - , -,     .  ,      ,       .    ,      :



     ,   ,       . ,   ,    ,       ,       ,        ,    ,    ,     ,   .  ,         ,       ,    ,     [85 - MCormac. On the Nature, Treatment and Prevention of Pulmonary Consumption. P. 14.].


            .         ,        .     1855 :      ,        ,        ,     [86 - Bartlett T. Consumption: Its Causes, Prevention and Cure. London: Hippolyte Bailliere, 1855. P. 12.].          .     : ,      ,    ,  ,  ,           [87 - Waller J. C. The Illusion of an Explanation. P. 421422.].

       ,              .           ;         ,        .  ,      ,    ,    [88 -   ,  -       ,         ,   ,   . Olby. Constitutional and Hereditary Disorders. P. 414.   ,     ,    , ,         ,  ,   ,    ,   ,      .   ,                . Waller J. C. The Illusion of an Explanation. P. 414.].             ,           .   ,   ,    ,     .       ,    []     , :       ,         ,     ,     ;      ,     ; ,  ,           [89 - Murray J. A Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption its Prevention and Remedy. London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Arnot, 1830. P. 7.].

                .             ,        [90 - Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. xix.].          ,           .  1799    ,         ,        .          :          ,                    [91 - . : Waller J. C. The Illusion of an Explanation. P. 442.].       ,    ,     ,   ,          .            .            ,    ,   ,       ,   , , , ,  , , [92 - Olby. Constitutional and Hereditary Disorders. P. 413414.].






2.3. ,   (     ).  . : . , 1795



               ,     ,   . ,  1834           , ,    ,     . ,      ,  , ,        ,  ,   ;           [93 - Clark J. A Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption. P. 220221.].  ,      ,   ,   ,       .          ,    ,          .




,   


         .  ,   1827      The Lancet     :     ?   .    ,  ,   ,     ,     , ,     ,    [94 - The Lancet. 18267 (Saturday, March 3). Vol. XI. No. 183. P. 696.]




  .


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notes








1


Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. Edinburgh: National Gallery of Scotland, 2003. P. 27.




2


Ibid. P. 3132, 35; Graham E.M. The Beautiful Mrs. Graham and the Cathcart Circle. London: Nisbet & Co. Ltd, 1927. P. 248249.




3


Lynedoch MS. 3591, National Library of Scotland.




4


Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 32, 35.




5


Ibid. P. 43.




6


Graham E.M. The Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 128; Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 281282.




7


Graham E.M. The Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 284.




8


Wednesday June 20, 1792, Lynedoch MS 16046, National Library of Scotland.




9


Tuesday June 26, 1792, Lynedoch MS 16046, National Library of Scotland.




10


Tuesday July 17, 1792, Lynedoch MS 16046, National Library of Scotland.




11


Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 46.




12


        ,    :                  1843 ,        .      ,      ,      ,         . Belsey H. Gainsboroughs Beautiful Mrs. Graham. P. 42.




13


New Topics in Tuberculosis Research / Ed. by D.L. Spieglburg. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2007. P. 3.




14


Herzlich C., Pierret J. Illness and Self in Society. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. P. xi.




15


Ibid.




16


Sontag S. Illness as Metaphor and Aids and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday, 1990. P. 2832; Lawlor C. Consumption and Literature: The Making of the Romantic Disease. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. P. 3.




17


Caplan A. The Concept of Health, Illness and Disease // Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2001. P. 240241.  ,       ,    .  :   ,   []          ,   쓻 [   :  .  . .: , 1998. . 43].




18


Dubos R., Dubos J. The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987. P. 3.




19


Waksman S.A. The Conquest of Tuberculosis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. P. 8.




20


Deshon H. C. Cold and Consumption. London: Henry Renshaw, 1847. P. 31.




21


Waksman S. A. The Conquest of Tuberculosis. P. 8.




22


Ancell H. A Treatise on Tuberculosis. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1852. P. xxiv.




23


Dormandy T. The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis. London: Hambledon and London Ltd., 1998. P. 9.




24


 ,          (1952) ,                 .           ,  ,       ,       ,           .        (McKeown T. The Modern Rise of Population. London: Edward Arnold, 1976) ,            .   -   ,         . ,       ,            .       ,   ,       ,              1867 . (Szreter S. Health and Wealth: Studies in History and Policy. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2007. P. 113.)          .: Hardy A. Diagnosis, Death, and Diet: The Case of London, 17501909 // The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 1988. Vol. 18. No. 3; Rusnock A. Vital Accounts: Quantifying Health and Population in Eighteenth-Century England and France; Mooney G., Szretzer S. Urbanization, mortality and the Standard of Living Debate: new estimates of the expectation of life at birth in nineteenth-century British Cities // Economic History Review. 1998. XL. P. 84112; Wrigley E. A., Schofiled R. S. The Population History of England 15411871. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981; Hardy . The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventative Medicine, 18561900. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.




25


  : Rothman S.M. Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (1994), Ott K. Fevered Lives: Tuberculosis in American Culture since 1870 (1996), Bates B. Bargaining for Life: aSocial History of Tuberculosis 18761938 (1994), Feldberg G. D. Disease and Class: Tuberculosis and the Shaping of Modern North American Society (1995).




26


Tuberculosis into the 2010s: Is the Glass Half Full? // Contagious and Infectious Diseases. 2009. Vol. 49. P. 574583. P. 574.




27


-   ,  ,                ,          (-)                 (,   ).    ,    -            . Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Are We Learning from History or Repeating it? // Contagious and Infectious Diseases. 2007. Vol. 45. P. 338342.




28


The Challenge of New Drug Discovery for Tuberculosis // Nature. 2011. Vol. 469 (January). P. 483490. P. 483484.




29


Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Are We Learning from History or Repeating it? // Contagious and Infectious Diseases. 2007. Vol. 45. P. 338342. P. 338.




30


The Challenge of New Drug Discovery for Tuberculosis // Nature. 2011. Vol. 469 (January). P. 483490. P. 484.




31


., : Reichman L. B., Hopkins Tanne J. Timebomb: the global epidemic of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002; Gandy M., Zuml A. The Return of the White Plague: Global poverty and the new tuberculosis. London: Verso, 2003; Condrau F., Worboys M. Tuberculosis Then and Now: Perspectives on the History of an Infectious Disease. Montreal; Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2010.




32


Harvey G. Morbus Anglicus: Or the Anatomy of Consumptions. 2nd edn. London: Printed by Thomas Johnson for Nathanael Brook, 1674. P. 2.




33


Lawlor C. Consumption and Literature. P. 19.




34


Caldwell M. The Last Crusade: The War on Consumption, 18621954. New York: Athenaeum, 1988. P. 9.




35


Smith F. B. The Retreat of Tuberculosis 18501950. London: Croom Helm, 1988. P. 4.




36


Black W. A Comparative View of the Mortality of the Human Species. London: C. Dilly, 1788. P. 170, 183.




37


Mansford J. G. An Inquiry into the Influence of Situation on Pulmonary Consumption. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1818. P. 67.




38


Dubos, Dubos. The White Plague. P. 9.




39


Herzlich C., Pierret J. Illness and Self in Society. P. 24.




40


Eyler J. M. Farr, William (18071883) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography / Ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9185[   5  2008]; Smith G. The Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. VI. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. P. 1090.




41


Gilbert H. Pulmonary Consumption: Its Prevention & Cure Established on the New Views of the Pathology of the Disease. London: Henry Renshaw, 1842. P. 6.




42


Gilbert H. Pulmonary Consumption. P. 45.




43


Herzlich C., Pierret J. Illness and Self in Society. P. 24.




44


. : Waksman. The Conquest of Tuberculosis. . 20.




45


Reiser S. J. The Science of Diagnosis: Diagnostic Technology // Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine / Ed. by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter. Vol. 2. London: Routledge, 2001. P. 826827.




46


Granshaw L. The Hospital // Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine / Ed. by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter. Vol. 2. London: Routledge, 2001. P. 1187.




47


Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 307.




48


     (17221809) ,          ,       ,     .        ,        -  (17551820),    I. Cummins L. S. Tuberculosis in History From the 17th Century to our own Times. London: Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, 1949. P. 9496, 100102.




49


             . Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 307309.




50


Cummins L. S. Tuberculosis in History From the 17th Century to our own Times. P. 121.




51


Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 311.




52


Hastings J. Pulmonary Consumption, Successfully Treated with Naphtha. London: John Churchill, 1843. P. 4.




53


Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 311.




54


Barrow. Researches on Pulmonary Phthisis, From the French of G. H. Bayle. P. 34.




55


  (17971876)  ,  ,       . Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 337; Sebastian A. A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. New York: The Parthenon Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. P. 47.




56


-   (17871872)  ,     . Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. . 337; Sebastian A. A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. . 47; Simmons J. G. Doctors & Discoveries: Lives that Created Todays Medicine from Hippocrates to the Present. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. P. 75.




57


  (17931857)     ,                     .   ,       ,      1828 ,  ;              .               . Hull A. Carswell, Sir Robert (17931857) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography / Ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4778[   5  2008]; Hass E. K. Morbid Appearances: The Anatomy of Pathology in the Early 19th century // Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 1989. Vol. 20. No. 1 (Summer). P. 139.




58


                  ,    .




59


Hull R. A Few Suggestions on Consumption. London: Churchill, 1849. P. 2.




60


 (),     ,     ,    ,    ,           .       -    .




61


Dubos, Dubos. The White Plague. P. 74.




62


Sanders J. Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1808. P. v.




63


MCormac H. On the Nature, Treatment and Prevention of Pulmonary Consumption. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, and J. Churchill, 1855. P. 1.  2.   :  .




64


        .       .  1546           ,    (    )    (     ). Waksman. Thy Conquest of Tuberculosis, 50.               ,       ;     ,  ,     ,    ,    . Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. 29.




65


Ibid. P. 28.




66


Harvey. Morbus Anglicus. P. 23.




67


Ibid. P. 3.




68


Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. 33.




69


 , ,    ,      .




70


Ancell. A Treatise on Tuberculosis. P. 481.




71


Porter. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. P. 440.




72


Reid J. A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention, and Treatment of Consumption. London: R. Taylor & Co., 1806. P. 160161.




73


Olby R. C. Constitutional and Hereditary Disorders // Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine / Ed. by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2001. P. 413.




74


  (17031722)      19 ,     (. 17061732),      (  )      26 .




75


The Letters of Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford. Vol. 1 / Ed. by P. Cunningham. Edinburgh: John Grant, 1906. P. xcix.




76


Clark J. A Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption. London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, 1835. P. 2.




77


Waller J. C. The Illusion of an Explanation. P. 436.




78


Ibid. P. 443444.




79


Reid T. An Essay on the Nature and Cure of Phthisis Pulmonalis. London: T. Cadell, 1782. P. 23.




80


Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. 3638.




81


Charlotte Bronte to W. S. Williams, January 18, 1849 // Shorter C. The Bront?s: Life and Letters. Vol. II. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1908. P. 21.




82


August 18, [1836] // Shore E. Journal of Emily Shore / Ed. by Barbara Timm Gates. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991. P. 146.




83


Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. 42.




84


Furnivall J. J. On the Successful Treatment of Consumptive Disorders. London: Whittaker & Co., 1835. P. 11.




85


MCormac. On the Nature, Treatment and Prevention of Pulmonary Consumption. P. 14.




86


Bartlett T. Consumption: Its Causes, Prevention and Cure. London: Hippolyte Bailliere, 1855. P. 12.




87


Waller J. C. The Illusion of an Explanation. P. 421422.




88


  ,  -       ,         ,   ,   . Olby. Constitutional and Hereditary Disorders. P. 414.   ,     ,    , ,         ,  ,   ,    ,   ,      .   ,                . Waller J. C. The Illusion of an Explanation. P. 414.




89


Murray J. A Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption its Prevention and Remedy. London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Arnot, 1830. P. 7.




90


Dubos and Dubos. The White Plague. P. xix.




91


. : Waller J. C. The Illusion of an Explanation. P. 442.




92


Olby. Constitutional and Hereditary Disorders. P. 413414.




93


Clark J. A Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption. P. 220221.




94


The Lancet. 18267 (Saturday, March 3). Vol. XI. No. 183. P. 696.


