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Ba?lint Magyar, Ba?lint Istva?n Madlovics

THE ANATOMY OF POST-COMMUNIST REGIMES

A Conceptual Framework



  : Picture by IADA on iStock

 Blint Magyar, Blint Madlovics, 2022

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 ,     ,       .  2  .     ,   , ,   ,     ,   ,       ,        .   ,    ,       ,         ,         ,  ,       .   ,     ,         .   ,    ,     ,    ,   ,     .      ,      ,             .

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 5     ⠖     ,  , ,     .          ,      : (1) , (2)  , (3)   (4)   .   (1)            ,          ,  ,           .   (2)           ,     .          ,         .   (3)               ,   .   ,                   蠖    頖  . ,  (4)            ,    .       ,      ,    .

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  ,       .       ,           ꠖ       .




1. 





1.1.   


       19891990-           :              ,         .  ,         ,    ,     - ,    ,     .                  ,        ,   ,      .         ,      .  ,             -,           .

  , ,    ,     ,      ,    [78 -    .   : Magyar B. Stubborn Structures. Reconceptualizing Post-Communist Regimes. Budapest; New York, NY: CEU Press, 2019.].       .  ,               ,      (    ,     ).     ,          ,      ,    .            -    .           ,        .    ,            ,  ,     ,       .          ,    ,      ( , -  [? 2.2.2.2, 3.6]).                             .

 ,    ,   ,     . ,    ( )    . ,            ,      ,      ,      .      ,    ,          (       ),           ,      .     ,     ,    ,         ,        ,   .

     .  1.25        .                        ,            .  B     ,         .      ,    ,              ,  .     ,    ,         . ,  D ,       .     ,            .

       1.6        ,    3 [? ].                 ,     .     ,    :  ,      ,    .             ,    ,      .         ,   ,       .  ,           ,         .




1.2.  A.        


       .         ,    ,      .



 .            ,  堖 .      ,      ,   , ,   ,       .    ,       ,    . ,    ,     ,   .    ,   (a)          ,  (b)   () ,    .



      ,    3 [? 3.2]      ,     .       : (a)     (b)    .         ,    : ,      (.   1.1)[79 - . : Offe C. Civil Society and Social Order: Demarcating and Combining Market, State and Community // European Journal of Sociology. 2000. Vol. 41. 1. P. 7194.          .: Goodin R. Democratic Accountability: The Third Sector and All // European Journal of Sociology. 2003. Vol. 44. 3. P. 359396; Philp M. Defining Political Corruption // Political Studies. 1997. Vol. 45. 3. P. 436462.].    ,      .     ,    .            ,   ,   .         ,      ,   .   ,         .  , ,      ,                . ,     ,             .         ,               .           ,         ,    (   )         .   ,           (   ,     ..),     ,           (,     ..).


  1.1:    



[]         ,      , , ,     ,      .    ࠖ  .               , ,   ,    ,    ,     .      . ,        ,     : ,  ,       ,      ..            [80 - Offe C. Political Corruption: Conceptual and Practical Issues // Building a Trustworthy State in Post-Socialist Transition. Political Evolution and Institutional Change. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. P. 78.].


  , ,   ,               ,    ,    . ,  ,  ,   .    ,    ,    (  堖 )             .     ,         . ,              ,             [81 -  ,       ,      .].

         ,    ,      .  ,  젖    ,        ,                [? 2.2.1].     ,       ,  , ,     ,   ,   ,     .                , ,        .  ,          , ,       ,         .  ,         ,      ,        .  , ,    ,          ,  .       ,   ,      ,   ,         [? 2.2.2.2].  ,     ,        (  ),       ,   ,          [? 5.3.1].

    ,     ,         .       ,      ,       , ,      .     ,       ,        .        ,        -    ,      .  ,     ,    ,      .

 ,              .  ,        - , ,     ,          .               [82 -  .     . .: -, 2004. . 77.].      ,      [? 5.3.6],              .

 ,             .     ,  ,              .        .         ,               ,     .              ,    ,     ,       ,    [? 2.2.2.2].     ,    ,     ,    ,      .      ,   ,   ,  ,  .

            . ,       ,      .      ,    ,        [83 -     .: Garud R., Karn?e P. Path Dependence and Creation. Mahwah: Psychology Press, 2001.      .: McCloskey D. Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital Or Institutions, Enriched the World. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2017.].  ,    ,     -           (. ).       ,                [? 7.3.4.5],  ,      ,  :     [? 7.3.3.3].          ,    2010 ,        [? 7.3.3.4],    ,     ,          [84 -  ,    -  ,    ,   ,  ,       ,       ,     ,      ,    . .: Kozk M. Western Social Development with an Eastern Set of Values? // Twenty-Five Sides of a Post-Communist Mafia State. Budapest; New York: CEU Press, 2017. P. 373387; Csizmadia E. A Magyar Politikai Fejlods Logikja: ?sszehasonl?that-e a Jelen a M?lttal, s Ha Igen, Hogyan? Budapest: Gondolat Kiad, 2017.].

    ,      ,         ,   ,  ,  ,     . ,         .         ,         .        ,  -           ,           .              ,         ,     .




1.3.  B.      





1.3.1.     


          ,          .  B, C  D  ,     ,       ,             .



 B.          .  ,        ,  ,   - ,    .         , ,      .       ,        .



      ,           .  ,          ,   ,         [85 - Polnyi K. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001. P. 5581.].                ,           ,   XVIII    [86 - Acemoglu D., Johnson S., Robinson J. The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth // American Economic Review. 2005. Vol. 95. 3. P. 546579; Raico R. The Theory of Economic Development and the European Miracle // The Collapse of Development Planning. New York; London: NYU Press, 1994. P. 3758; De Soto H. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books, 2003.].               .  ,  XIX    :    [87 - Pomeranz K. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000.],       ,      ,       ,    [88 - Henderson W. O. Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, Russia 18001914. London: Routledge, 2013.].

    ,      XX        ,   .  B ,     .  ,            .      ,     ,           ( 1.1)[89 -  .  . .: , 2003.].       ,    .  , ,     [90 - Katzenstein P. J. A World of Plural and Pluralist Civilizations: Multiple Actors, Traditions, and Practices // Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and Pluralist Perspectives. London; New York: Routledge, 2010. P. 140.],      .      ,      [91 -   .: Orsi D., ed. The Clash of Civilizations 25 Years On: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal. Bristol: E-International Relations, 2018.]     ,   [92 -   .: Arnason J. P. Civilizational Analysis, History Of // International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Vol. 3. Oxford; New York: Elsevier, 2001.].

  ,      ,    (      ).    ,   ,       ,     .   ,      , , ,      .          (   )   ,    (   ),    (   ), [  , ]           [93 - Katzenstein P. A World of Plural and Pluralist Civilizations P. 29.].     ,  ,    , -      蓻   : (1) -    ,     (,     )    ,   (),    [94 - Katzenstein P. A World of Plural and Pluralist Civilizations P. 2435.];  (2) -    ,      ,     ,     [95 - Ibid. P. 12.].  ,  ,               ,        [96 - Ibid. P. 7.].



 1.1:    




 :  : -;  : ;   : ;  : ;   : ;        .  :  .  .



  ,   ,        ,     ,   ,          ,            ,      (    ),     蠖     [97 - Katzenstein P. A World of Plural and Pluralist Civilizations P. 7.]. ,            ,                       [? 7.4.4].          ,        ,   .     ,      ,   ,         ,        [98 -   .: Deneulin S., Rakodi C. Revisiting Religion: Development Studies Thirty Years On // World Development. 2011. Vol. 39. 1. P. 4554.   .: Baumgartner J., Francia P., Morris J. A Clash of Civilizations? The Influence of Religion on Public Opinion of U. S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East // Political Research Quarterly. 2008. Vol. 61. 2. P. 171179; Johns R., Davies G. Democratic Peace or Clash of Civilizations? Target States and Support for War in Britain and the United States // The Journal of Politics. 2012. Vol. 74. 4. P. 10381052.]. ,    ,     ,       ,         ,     ,         .           :        ,       .   ,   ,    蠖       .    㠖  ;      ,      .         ,     ,         [99 -  .  . . 98.].       1.1       (    )       ,            [100 - Madeley J. A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Church State Relations in Europe // West European Politics. 2003. Vol. 26. 1. P. 2350.]




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Hale H. Patronal Politics. P. 6194.




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Bunce V., Wolchik S. Mixed Regimes in Postcommunist Eurasia // SSDD Working Paper Series. 2008. 1. P. 59.




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60


Sartori G. Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics. P. 10331036.




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Weber M. The Methodology of the Social Sciences. Illinois: The Free Press of Glengoe, 1949. P. 90.




62


Ibid.




63


 .   . . 1. . 270.




64


            ,     7.




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       ,    ,      (    ;   .: Szelnyi I., Mihlyi P. Varieties of Post-Communist Capitalism).  ,            ,       (.  5  7).




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Levitsky S., Way L. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. P. 14.




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Pakulski J., Waters M. The Reshaping and Dissolution of Social Class in Advanced Society // Theory and Society. 1996. Vol. 25. 5. P. 667691.




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 ,       , ,        (., : S?rensen A. Toward a Sounder Basis for Class Analysis // American Journal of Sociology. 2000. Vol. 105. 6. P. 15231558).     ,   ,   ,            .    ,   ,     (.  3,  3.6.1.1).




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 .      //  . 2002. . 3. 2. . 6273.




72


.: Kornai J. The Socialist System. P. 1215.




73


 .   :   : 4. .: -  , 2016. . 1. . 6768.




74


   .: Peters B. G. Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011.




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,         ,    ,    ,      . .: Collier D., Laporte J., Seawrigh J. Typologies: Forming Concepts and Creating Categorical Variables // The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. P. 161162.




76


   :  .    ;  .    ;  .   ;  .    ;  .   ;  .,  .  ;  .,  .      ;  .,  .  .  ,               .          .         .         ,         .




77


        .: Johnson J., Novitskaya A. Gender and Politics // Putin s Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain. London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. P. 215232; Braguinsky S. Postcommunist Oligarchs in Russia: Quantitative Analysis //The Journal of Law and Economics. 2009. Vol. 52. 2. P. 307349.             . . : Funk N., Mueller M. Gender Politics and Post-Communism: Reflections from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. London: Routledge, 2018.




78


   .   : Magyar B. Stubborn Structures. Reconceptualizing Post-Communist Regimes. Budapest; New York, NY: CEU Press, 2019.




79


. : Offe C. Civil Society and Social Order: Demarcating and Combining Market, State and Community // European Journal of Sociology. 2000. Vol. 41. 1. P. 7194.          .: Goodin R. Democratic Accountability: The Third Sector and All // European Journal of Sociology. 2003. Vol. 44. 3. P. 359396; Philp M. Defining Political Corruption // Political Studies. 1997. Vol. 45. 3. P. 436462.




80


Offe C. Political Corruption: Conceptual and Practical Issues // Building a Trustworthy State in Post-Socialist Transition. Political Evolution and Institutional Change. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. P. 78.




81


 ,       ,      .




82


 .     . .: -, 2004. . 77.




83


    .: Garud R., Karn?e P. Path Dependence and Creation. Mahwah: Psychology Press, 2001.      .: McCloskey D. Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital Or Institutions, Enriched the World. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2017.




84


 ,    -  ,    ,   ,  ,       ,       ,     ,      ,    . .: Kozk M. Western Social Development with an Eastern Set of Values? // Twenty-Five Sides of a Post-Communist Mafia State. Budapest; New York: CEU Press, 2017. P. 373387; Csizmadia E. A Magyar Politikai Fejlods Logikja: ?sszehasonl?that-e a Jelen a M?lttal, s Ha Igen, Hogyan? Budapest: Gondolat Kiad, 2017.




85


Polnyi K. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001. P. 5581.




86


Acemoglu D., Johnson S., Robinson J. The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth // American Economic Review. 2005. Vol. 95. 3. P. 546579; Raico R. The Theory of Economic Development and the European Miracle // The Collapse of Development Planning. New York; London: NYU Press, 1994. P. 3758; De Soto H. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books, 2003.




87


Pomeranz K. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000.




88


Henderson W. O. Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, Russia 18001914. London: Routledge, 2013.




89


 .  . .: , 2003.




90


Katzenstein P. J. A World of Plural and Pluralist Civilizations: Multiple Actors, Traditions, and Practices // Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and Pluralist Perspectives. London; New York: Routledge, 2010. P. 140.




91


  .: Orsi D., ed. The Clash of Civilizations 25 Years On: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal. Bristol: E-International Relations, 2018.




92


  .: Arnason J. P. Civilizational Analysis, History Of // International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Vol. 3. Oxford; New York: Elsevier, 2001.




93


Katzenstein P. A World of Plural and Pluralist Civilizations P. 29.




94


Katzenstein P. A World of Plural and Pluralist Civilizations P. 2435.




95


Ibid. P. 12.




96


Ibid. P. 7.




97


Katzenstein P. A World of Plural and Pluralist Civilizations P. 7.




98


  .: Deneulin S., Rakodi C. Revisiting Religion: Development Studies Thirty Years On // World Development. 2011. Vol. 39. 1. P. 4554.   .: Baumgartner J., Francia P., Morris J. A Clash of Civilizations? The Influence of Religion on Public Opinion of U. S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East // Political Research Quarterly. 2008. Vol. 61. 2. P. 171179; Johns R., Davies G. Democratic Peace or Clash of Civilizations? Target States and Support for War in Britain and the United States // The Journal of Politics. 2012. Vol. 74. 4. P. 10381052.




99


 .  . . 98.




100


Madeley J. A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Church State Relations in Europe // West European Politics. 2003. Vol. 26. 1. P. 2350.


