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   1827        []    ,        .            ,    ,       .   (. . 6.2  . 367)     XVII ,        II          ,   1820 [58 -  1889.             ,   1917.    (    1812. . .):  . .    . ., 1958. . 159.].                       :       ,   ,        .     ,   :          ,   ,  ,  ,     ,      :           [59 -         . . 2. ., 1827. . 330332.      . . .].        ,         (  1825 ),     (1788)  17  ,   .        , -  -,       ,        .

  ,      堖       ,  ,   ,      ,      ,       ,       ,    ,     ,    .    ,      ,     0.1  0.2,        ,   1775   II,               ,      .

 I        ,    XIX         .             (   ),         14       黠 ,  -   .         ,     ;  ,         [60 - Russian Officialdom: The Bureaucratization of Russian Society from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century / Eds. W. Pintner, D. K. Rowney. Chapel Hill, 1980.].

         ,       ,             .     ,      ,  -  ,      -.     XIX   ,     1837     .         ,     ,   ,       ,      .        ,   ,           -       ,    -     [61 - Robbins R. Tsars Viceroys: Russian Provincial Governors in the Last Years of the Empire. Ithaca, 1987; Schattenberg S. Die korrupte Provinz? Russische Beamte im 19. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt, 2008; Evtuhov C. Portrait of a Russian Province.].



 0.1.      1864 






 0.2.    1858 







a.   ,  ,         .      .  :   . 1860. 4. . 2433.



      ,   ,    .   1864            ࠖ    ,     .      ,     ,  ,   XIX       .     ,         (     )[62 -  .     . ., 1851; . . 2. . 1. 2376, 2434 (1857).].

       ,    ,  ,        ,  ,       ,   1864                  1864      .   ,      : , ,   .     ,            .       ,         .  ,        ,            .

,         ,         :         ,       ,     ,    ,       ,    ,   (  ,       ).   ,        .       ,     1860-             ,          1917 .

 I (18011825)         :     (1810)     ,           :     ,            .  ,   ,   1802 ,    ,        ,     [63 -    XIX. .: Russian Officialdom;  . .      XIX. ., 1978;  . .     . ., 1983.].

  I (18251855)      ,      :  ,               ,    .        ,      ,               .           ,                ,         ,      ,               ,     .         ,            [64 -  . .   , 18251855. ., 2005;  . .     I. ., 1930; Monas S. The Third Section: Police and Society in Russia under Nicholas I. Cambridge, 1961; Squire P. S. The Third Department: The Political Police in the Russia of Nicholas I. Cambridge, 1968.].

     I          .      ,   1649 ,        1830 ,      ,   ,    ,      1835 ,     1842  1857 .       ,              ,     ,                   ,      [65 - Desan S. The Family on Trial. P.283310.].

 ,       ,     ,                   .              ,    .      XIX ,             ,  ,       1649 ,    ,       .

,          1864 ,       ,     .      ,                  .     ,      ,      .  ,             .        ,    1861 ,   ,      .        ,         ,           .         ,      ,        .  ,    , ,         ,      -  [66 - Burbank J. Russian Peasants Go to Court.].




   


  ,    ,   ,         .               .       ,        ࠖ    頖    .            ,        ,   ,    , ,  ,      ,                   [67 - Fontaine L. The Moral Economy. P. xiii, 6; Cohen J. The History of Imprisonment. P. 160;  . .          XVIII . ., 2005. . 386387.].

           .       ,             .       -          [68 -  . .  .].   ,    XVII      ,    .

              :       ,      ,   ,             [69 -  . .   . . 3. ., 2003 (   1909.). . 24172;  . .     //     . ., 2003 (   1857.). . 296379.].    ,   ; ,        ,  [70 - . II . . 7. 5462 (  1832., . 442).].  ,       : ,    ,    ,    ,   ,       ,                 [71 - . . 26. 19692 (1800);  . .    .].

     ,        ,        [72 -  . .   . ., 1893. . 676.].       1729 ,      II;                [73 - . . 8. 5410 (1729);  . .   .].      ,    ,   ,            [74 -  . .  . . 204207.].   XVIII ,    ,   -     ,    [75 - Munro G. The Role of the Veksel.].        1800    ,     1832      ⠖         ,       1903 [76 -  . .    . . 311.].      ,   ,       ,           ,   .

     ,       , ,      1729 ,      ,     ,              .       ,      ,          ,          [77 -  . .   . . 3. . 36.].                  . ,    ,        ;         ,               [78 -  . .  . . 385387;  . .      . ., 1874. . 353354.].

      1761 [79 - . . 15. 11204 (1761).].      ,   I  1800 ,      .       1832    ,    ;     1857 ,      ,  : ) ,   ; ) ,    ; )  ; )      ; ) ,   [80 - . . 2. . 2. 546,  (1857) ( ).].

     ,      ,    頖        ,           ,        .                     .     XIX   ,       ,             .   ,          ,      ,    ,   ,       ,       ,      .  ,  ,      ,     ,     ,      ,      [81 -  . . ,   . ., 1898. . 3334.].

    1800         ,      ,    [82 - ., ,       : . . 22. 16460 (1786).].        ,                 ,      [83 - . . 26. 19692 (1800).      1832.  ,   . 10  11  ,       (  )    .].  ,        ,  , ,      .        ,           ,       .   ,     ,    軠 ,        , 黠  :      .         ,   :  ,             -   ; ,               .

,             ,  , ,   ,   .           .  XVIII   ,      ,   ,  ,    ,   ,         ,      [84 -  . .  . . 438439.].

       ,                    [85 -  . .    . . 312. . : . . 23. 16851 (1790).      ,    II      .      ,    ,        .].       ,      ,     ,    .         ,    XIX           .         ,    ,      .    ,              -        . ,                    -    .        ,      .       ,               ,            .

            3  1862 ,          ,    蠖   ,       ,         [86 - . 2. . 37. 38993.].  1862       ,   ,            ,      [87 -  . . ,   . . 13.].

         ,         ,   1862        ,            .  ,             .       1875 ,                   (  ,          ); 1906        .  ,     ,       [88 -  . .   . . 3. . 6164.].

         , ,    ,    ,      ,      .                      .   ,    ,   ,             :  ,   , -      ,  ,      ,        ,   ,     .

    ,       ,       ,          .        1754     ,  ,  蠖  .     ,           ,    ,   .          XIX [89 -  . . . . 5051, 140141; . . 15. 11581 (1762).].

  II             ,              5  6% .          ;  XIX      90%   ,  .           [90 -  .      // . 1876. 14. . 265275.               .]. ,      1775 ,    5.  (       ,    )       ,                .    XIX      :    1819     12 ,  1824   24  , ,  1830-젖  26  37 [91 -  .  . . 269270.].         ,    .



 0.3. ,       (  )




 :  .   1917. (堖  .   1917.). . 424. . 1. . 2081 (1852), 2083 (1854), 2085 (1856), 2087 (1858).



          I (18251855),            4%,       .         10      150200 ,     .

  0.3       ,      1850- ,         1859 .         1855  192,2 ,       .         133,4     30,1 頖    ,    .         42,4 .  1859 ,          , ,  ,  425,5 ,      66%  ,      . ( 1855      398,2 .)[92 -  .       II. . 4. , 1868. . 12441249;  .     10-  . ., 1861.     ,   ,     (335   1855.). .:  . .   . . 1 (   . . 2. . 9). ., 1872. . 3. . : Blum J. Lord and Peasant. P. 379385. . .  ,            . .:  . .  . . 380383.]   ,  ,  ,         18231859   9,3 [93 -  . .   . . 197198 (   90   1823.  425   1859.).].        ,   1850-      ,   ,  ,    ,    ,          1859 ,   ,     .

         .           .    ,     ,          .        ;      ,          .        -           ,       .          ,         ,   ,     ,     ,       ,   .           [94 -          .    . ., 1847.].

     .   XIX     ,                  ,      .  ,          ,         ,     [95 -  . . . . 135.]. ,  1856      800   33  , 14         ; 1860   897     119,  109   [96 -      .  . . 1. ., 1868. . 502.].     1857   2554    ,    194[97 -      .  . ., 1860. . 235.].

, ,   ,         ,         .  , ,    ,   ,   -       ,       .    ,            ,    .       ,     .

   ,      . ,     ࠖ  3.        蠖          .          ,     ,    [98 -  .   1917. . 92. . 6. . 746 ().].  ,      ,           , ,      ,         .       ,    ,     .      ,         ,    ,    [99 -  . .   //  . 06.09.1846 (       );  . .  . ., 1999. . 25.].

 ,   XIX   蠖       ,             1 ,       :   ,        [100 -  . . . . 505507.].      ,            .           ,         -.       :              1830- ,  , ,           1840-   1850- ,     10      [101 -  . . 465467.].   ,     , ,   ,     ,        [102 -  . .    .  1842  1872. // . 1905. 117. . 599.].        ,           ,        [103 -  . .    //  . 1885. . 20. 1. . 184218; 2. . 572618;  . . . . 32.]. ,     ,      ,    ,         ,        .

     ,       ,     ,       [104 -  88%     ,   100 :  . .  . . 383.].             ,     :  ,           . ,   ,       ,        .    ,                 4%,      ,     ,        [105 -  . .   . . . 206207, 235240.].  ,         ,       ,  ()          .

 1859      .    ,              ;       , -       .    ,         [106 - Hoch S. The Banking Crisis, Peasant Reform, and Economic Development in Russia, 18571861 // The American Historical Review. 1991. Vol. 96. P. 795820;  . . ;  . .   .].      .  ,       ,  ,            .   ,        ,       ,    [107 -  . . . . 599.].  ,               [108 -  . .      II. ., 1904. . 4849, 127.].    ,         XIX    ,          [109 - Becker S. Nobility and Privilege. P. 7879.].

     ,        :    ,    .  ,     ,                  .             ,       ,             . ,       ,     .              ;   ,     頖 ,   蠖   ,     ,         ,      .




 I.  






. 1.1. . . . .     (1865).   



      XIX :  , ,  .            ,     . . .  , ,        ,  ,     . . ,     ,    .




 1.      





  ,  ,  ,     ,      . ,        .      ,    ,   -  ,   ,   ,       .     [110 -  . .   . ., 1970. . 10.].


,      ,      .          ,     ,        []     [111 -  . . 54.].     ,  ,          ,    ,   .       ,       ;       ,    ,            ,    [112 - ,   ,          .].    ,         :



 ,  []  ,    ,   ,   ,          ,         .  ,      ,   , ,                ,    ,            [113 -  . .   //     . . 9. ., 1958. . 429; . : . 10. . 238 (     ).].


           ,   ,      ,  ,   ,          ,     (    ,         )        [114 -  . .  . ., 1886. . 282.].

    ,      ,           ,    .        堖    ()   ࠖ         ,          ,       .   ,   - ()    ,      ,          .  ,             ,      [115 -  . . -. ., 1898;  . . -. ., 1894.            -   : Geisst C. Beggar Thy Neighbor.].

    ,            ,       ,            ,      ,        . ,             ,     , , ,            ,      ,         ,         [116 -  . .     XVIII. (  ) //       XVIXVIII. /. . . . ., 1975. . 265272;  . .   ;  . .          XVIII. //  .  8. . 1977. 3. . 4455;  . . . . 27, 31; Kaiser D. H. Forgive Us Our Debts;  . .   . . . 206207, 235240.].

 XIX      :      -        ,     .  ,   ,    ,      .  ,    -               ,        ,    .    ,      ,  ,   ,  ,        ,      ,   1860- .

    ,          .        ,     ,  ,    ,      [117 - Fontaine L. Antonio and Shylock: Credit and Trust in France, c. 16801780 // Economic History Review. 2001. Vol. 54. P. 3957 (    ,     ).].        ,  ,       ,     ,            .           ,      . ,     ,       ,   ,       . ,            ,     ?          ,                18261879 ,          ,      ,       XIX ,                 .         ,    ,       ,    ,         [118 -         . : Kotsonis Y. States of Obligation.].

                            ,      ,         .          ,    ,     : , ,     ,  ,     .     ,           ⠖ , , 蠖 ,      .                           ,       ?[119 - Searle G. R. Morality and the Market.]




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59


        . . 2. ., 1827. . 330332.      . . .




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68


 . .  .




69


 . .   . . 3. ., 2003 (   1909.). . 24172;  . .     //     . ., 2003 (   1857.). . 296379.




70


. II . . 7. 5462 (  1832., . 442).




71


. . 26. 19692 (1800);  . .    .




72


 . .   . ., 1893. . 676.




73


. . 8. 5410 (1729);  . .   .




74


 . .  . . 204207.




75


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76


 . .    . . 311.




77


 . .   . . 3. . 36.




78


 . .  . . 385387;  . .      . ., 1874. . 353354.




79


. . 15. 11204 (1761).




80


. . 2. . 2. 546,  (1857) ( ).




81


 . . ,   . ., 1898. . 3334.




82


., ,       : . . 22. 16460 (1786).




83


. . 26. 19692 (1800).      1832.  ,   . 10  11  ,       (  )    .




84


 . .  . . 438439.




85


 . .    . . 312. . : . . 23. 16851 (1790).      ,    II      .      ,    ,        .




86


. 2. . 37. 38993.




87


 . . ,   . . 13.




88


 . .   . . 3. . 6164.




89


 . . . . 5051, 140141; . . 15. 11581 (1762).




90


 .      // . 1876. 14. . 265275.               .




91


 .  . . 269270.




92


 .       II. . 4. , 1868. . 12441249;  .     10-  . ., 1861.     ,   ,     (335   1855.). .:  . .   . . 1 (   . . 2. . 9). ., 1872. . 3. . : Blum J. Lord and Peasant. P. 379385. . .  ,            . .:  . .  . . 380383.




93


 . .   . . 197198 (   90   1823.  425   1859.).




94


         .    . ., 1847.




95


 . . . . 135.




96


     .  . . 1. ., 1868. . 502.




97


     .  . ., 1860. . 235.




98


 .   1917. . 92. . 6. . 746 ().




99


 . .   //  . 06.09.1846 (       );  . .  . ., 1999. . 25.




100


 . . . . 505507.




101


 . . 465467.




102


 . .    .  1842  1872. // . 1905. 117. . 599.




103


 . .    //  . 1885. . 20. 1. . 184218; 2. . 572618;  . . . . 32.




104


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 . .   . . . 206207, 235240.




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 . .      II. ., 1904. . 4849, 127.




109


Becker S. Nobility and Privilege. P. 7879.




110


 . .   . ., 1970. . 10.




111


 . . 54.




112


,   ,          .




113


 . .   //     . . 9. ., 1958. . 429; . : . 10. . 238 (     ).




114


 . .  . ., 1886. . 282.




115


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 . .     XVIII. (  ) //       XVIXVIII. /. . . . ., 1975. . 265272;  . .   ;  . .          XVIII. //  .  8. . 1977. 3. . 4455;  . . . . 27, 31; Kaiser D. H. Forgive Us Our Debts;  . .   . . . 206207, 235240.




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., :  .   1917. . 50. . 4. . 7229 ().      ,   .      .


