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       XIXII .      ,      :    ,        .             . ,  universitas      ,    ,     XIII .    ,       .     ,        . ,    ,      (        ).              .  ,        .

       ,        .   Universitates Civitum   ,      .    ,   ,         [1 -  . , , :          //  . 2013. 13. . 56.]. ,    , Universitates Civitum    ,     ,     .    ,     ,      .     ,          .

 XIII          .  ,  ,    ,  ,     .     (. natio),        :  ,        .         ,   .            ,   ,      .        ,     , ,     .

  ,        ,   .     ,    .  ,     ,    ,    .   XIX ,      ,        .

 1250            (       ,   ,    )   (   ,   )[2 -  . .   XVIII    XIX      . :   , 2009. . 38.].         ,  ,    .

 XIII .         ,        .         (  ),      .         .          : , ,   .       ,     (     ,   ),    [3 - , . .     / . .  . . .: - .-. -, 2018. . 65.].           ,       ,    .

              .  1348-       : , ,   [4 -  . .   XVIII    XIX      . :   , 2009. . 39.].           ,  ʸ .        ,            ().         .

       .     ,         .          ,   ,         .  ,  ,   .    ,   ,          ,       ,    .      .      (  ),           ,     .






,   Natio Germanica Bononiae, XV .  .     .



           ,       .         ,      ,   - ,        .    ,                       -.  ,          ,          .

 XV         Landsmannschaften.   XVII      ,  ,    ,    .

 , ,         .        XVIIXVIII :         (      ,   ,   ,    ).     ,      ,      .   ,       ,   ,      .    XVIII .,     :         .             .               .

         .   ,           .        ,        .        Amicisten, Unitisten, Konstantisten  Harmonisten[5 - KDSTV Falkenstein im CV zu Freiburg Handbuch / hrsg. von J.-C. Haimb  Freiburg im Breisgau: KDSF, 2003. S. 99.].                .               .  ,   ,           .      ,        .     XIX .,   ,      ,  ,        ,       .




  :     


 1798   ,    . 30     ,    ,       1781 ,     Corps Onoldia Erlangen,    [6 -  . .           . .: , 2015. . 25.].   ,      Corps (),           .  ,     ,     .          ,         .   Onoldia Erlangen          ,          .  1798 ,     220 ,  (. Studentenverbindungen)      .

    ?      ,       .          ,      , , ,   , .   , ,    ,         ,     .           ,            .        .     , , , , .

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      Onoldia Erlangen, 1910 . Erlangen, Stadtarchiv.




       





 


          XIX .         bursa (, ),        - ,        ,      .  ,    ,    .

     , ,    .      ,  ,     .             .      ,        ,                 ,              .

    ,      .         18131815 ,     (),      .   (. Freikorps   ,  )         ,       ,    ,   .

  ,                       .         ,         [7 - Aufbegehren in Schwarz-Rot-Gold / Zeit. 2015. URL: https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus (https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus) ( . 20 . 2020).].             ,        .

            () .  1815  ,   ,  Urburschenschaft (),        .           :    .               [8 - Ibid.].              ,   ,   .         .






  .     1813 . , 1908 .      .



      ,       ,     .           ,        ,    .          ,          .       ,    ,        .     ,   ,             .        ,             .

        ,     ,        .   1816       ,               [9 - Der Burschenschafter ist die Verbandszeitschrift der Allgemeinen Deutschen Burschenschaft / Allgemeine Deutsche Studentenschaft. 2016. URL: https://allgemeine-burschenschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/del_burschenschafter_I-18_web.pdf (https://allgemeine-burschenschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/del_burschenschafter_I-18_web.pdf) ( . 20 . 2020).].

          ,               .      -   18481849 ,             .        . ,  ,        ,       .

       ,      ,   .     ,         .       : ,         ,     .         , ,   ,    ,         .

      12  1815   ,               . 143          ,     [10 -  .].






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       ,      ,          .             ,     :  ,        (    ),           .    ,       ,       . ,           .

   ,        ,        .         ,          .  ,    ,     .  ,       .                 [11 - Aufbegehren in Schwarz-Rot-Gold / Zeit. 2015. URL: https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus (https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus) ( . 20 . 2020).].     :      ,       .    .

      ,         ,             ,  -           .       ,         .   ,   :   , ,        .             ,      . ,                    ,      .

    :            1817 ,          .       ,           ,        .       500     ,                      .      ,                 .            .

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,   ,          ,  .   ,         ,   ,         .          . ,     -   .       ,  ,        ,       ,   [12 - Aufbegehren in Schwarz-Rot-Gold / Zeit. 2015. URL: https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus (https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus) ( . 20 . 2020).].           .          ,  ,              .

      .                ,  .   1814           ,        ,      .           ,         -     .

             ,  23  1819            ,     ,               .     20  1820 .     ,     ,   . .     :

		
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   1819    ( )      ,     ,        .                  .   ,         ,          .      : ,    ,  ,      [13 - Schodrok K.-H. Preu?ische Turnpolitik: Preu?ische Turnpolitik mit Blick auf Westfalen. epubli, 2013. S. 204.].






    20  1820 , 1820 .     .     .



          ,      , ,  ,    ,     . , ,            - III, ,           (    )[14 -  . .,  . .           //   .  (  ). 2016. 4. . 190.].      ,       ,     ,   .  ,  1819-,      ,              ,        ,     [15 -  . . 191.].

   ,     ,               .       ,      ,   ,        [16 - Aufbegehren in Schwarz-Rot-Gold / Zeit. 2015. URL: https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus (https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus) ( . 20 . 2020).].

       ,   ,       .      :       ,       .      1848         ,         ,      .       :    ,     ,   ,        ,        [17 - Schodrok K.-H. Preu?ische Turnpolitik: Preu?ische Turnpolitik mit Blick auf Westfalen. epubli, 2013. S. 205.].

     ,         .       ,             .

  ,  ,         ,       . ,             (  )  X (Senior), XX (Consenior), XXX (Subsenior).         ,         .  X         (  ),      .




  


-   ,          1815  ,     1819 . ,    ,   :     (Arminia),  (Germania)   (Teutonia). -    ,     ,        .  1827     Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft (  ),      .

    :   (. Arminen),      ,                ,    (. Germanen),              ,     .      ,     ,       ,      .  1829              Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft[18 - Ein Bund f?rs Leben? Reader zum Thema Burschenschaften / Politikreferat des AStA der Universita?t zu Ko?ln. 2014. URL: http://www.asta.uni-koeln.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2015-09_Burschi-Reader_low.pdf (http://www.asta.uni-koeln.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2015-09_Burschi-Reader_low.pdf) ( . 20 . 2020).].           .        ,        .       ,    .             .

,                    ,         ,  ,   . , 3  1833   ,     ,          .          ,   ,   ,       ,    [19 - Der Frankfurter Wachensturm / Deutsche Burschenschaft. 1833. URL: https://burschenschaft.de/die-burschenschaft%23toggle-id-5 (https://burschenschaft.de/die-burschenschaft%23toggle-id-5) ( . 20 . 2020).].

   :   ,         ,           .  1834     ,    ,  .          ,          .       :    ,            .

        1848 ,      - .     ,    ,   ,    .             .            ,        . 13  1848     ,                  .           (. Akademische Legion)    ,      .    4           ,  ,     [20 - Gerad aus!: Politisches Abendblatt f?r?s Volk (23 Mai 1848) / hrsg. von B. Friedmann  Lechner, 1848. S. 4.].

  ,     ,   I        ,        .     ,             .          ,       ,       ,    .   -    .






   (19  1848 .),  18481850 .  .     .



     .   ,     ,       ,        .             .     .          .                     .

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     ,    ,       ,   .       ,         .      ,     .                  .             ,      ,        .     ,         .

 -               .  ,      ,      ,         II       Borussia.       , ,         , ,             [21 - Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft. Bekannte Burschenschafter / Allgemeine Deutsche Studentenschaft. 2016. URL: https://allgemeine-burschenschaft.de/ (https://allgemeine-burschenschaft.de/) ( . 20 . 2020).].






 .      (26  1848 .), 1848 . Prints, Drawings and Watercolors from the Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection. Brown Digital Repository. Brown University Library.






     1848 , 1848 . Revolution, Belagerung und Erst?rnung von Wien im October 1848. Mit Portrait des Windisch-Gr?tz, etc. Herausgegeben von O. Fr.P. 43.



      ,          .    (. Korporationsverband)           .    , ,      , , Kneipkomment ( Bierkomment)   , Couleurkomment   ,  Fechtkomment ( Paukkomment)   .




 


              ,    .      ,        1840  1855 ,      .        (    ,    )    .  1845    ,    .           ,   ,  ,    .            .              .           .      ,          ,      .

            .     ,    .  1860-  1870-   ,   ,    .          ,   ,              .      (. S?ngerschaft), ,     ,       ,  ( )  .          .          ,    ,   . ,    ,         ,     .  ,       .            ,       ,   .       ,   ,        .

,         .      ,           .       ,      ,        .         ,          .        AMV Stochdorphia T?bingen,  15  1857      [22 - Stochdorphia. 2001. URL: http://www.stochdorphia.de (http://www.stochdorphia.de) ( . 20 . 2020).].

              . , ,   1871  Akademische Verbindung Igel T?bingen      : -  -  -,     ,            .      ,            . -,              ,          .            ,     ,       .    XX                    .

               . ,      (    ),      .         ,  ,    ,      .




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       ,       .      ,     .     ,  ,            ,  -         .      ,      ,    .         ,           .         ,       .

    ,    Turnerschaft Merovingia im CC zu Darmstadt.        .     ,     ,          ,       - , ,       .

  ,            .                    .    :    ,    ,            .

   (),  ,    ,    ,     .    17- ,       . , ,  ,     30    ,     .   ,    ,        .     ,   ,    ,     .  ,          ,           .

    : 8     , 40     .      ,     .          Alte Herren (),     . ,  ,       ,      .         ,    90 .

            .        : 1)    ; 2)    .         .              .            (   )     (     ).    ,   ,   .        (Studienkomission),    ,         .   ,    , ,    ,   .




-   


   .    ,     1871 ,    ,        ,        .   ,    ,          . ,  ,    ,         ,           ,                 ,       .  ,              .

            1880- ,       .   ,   ,   - (. Reformburschenschaft)      -  ,         .

 -  Burschenschaft Neogermania    5  1883   [23 - Bonner Burschenschaft Germania. 2018. URL: http://germania-bonn.de/home/ (http://germania-bonn.de/home/) ( . 20 . 2020).].     , ,       ,       ,      1926 .    ,  ,            ,       ,             .

 -  :       ,  ,       ,      ,   ,   ,  .   -             :

     ,             ,    .

         .

       18  (  )           [24 - Die vergessene Burschenschaft: Arminia Gie?en und der ADB / hrsg. von G. Sch?fer. 2014. URL: http://www.wp1145162.server-he.de/Frankonia/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Vortrag-Arminia_und_der_ADB.pdf (http://www.wp1145162.server-he.de/Frankonia/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Vortrag-Arminia_und_der_ADB.pdf)  S. 4.].

      ,   ,         ,             -        .   ,        ,        ,    .

,   -        .      1871  1918     ,       ,    .             ,      .                       .        ,          .    .             ,       ,      .        ,          ,          ,   .




  


 1840-  1850-                  (. Finkenschaft  Wildenschaft).           ,           . ,  Wildenschaft (    Finkenschaft)         ,    , , ,   .         XIX   XX .     1900       (. Deutsche Freie Studentenschaft)           [25 - Comenius-Bl?tter f?r Volkserziehung / hrsg. von L. Keller. Berlin: Weidmannsche buchlandlung, 1905. S. 41.].

 ,       - ,      .         (. Blase) -  ,   ,   [26 - Spitzname einer abstinentenverbindung Basler studentensprache 50. (blase freie studentenverbindung) (Deutsches W?rterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm) / W?rterbuchnetz. 2015. URL: http://woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB/call_wbgui_py_from_form?sigle=DWB&lemid=GW08230&hitlist=&patternlist=&mode=Vernetzung (http://woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB/call_wbgui_py_from_form?sigle=DWB&lemid=GW08230&hitlist=&patternlist=&mode=Vernetzung) ( . 20 . 2020).].   , ,    .       ,    ,      .

           ,   , ,  ,   , ,     .                   (. Deutschen Studentenschaft),   1919 .

           -   .  ,    ,      ,    : ,  ,  ,   ,  .  ,            ,       .         (. Arbeiterbildungskurse),           ,      .

             .




     


               -.   ,       ,         .  1926    -    (. Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund),     .        .  ,      ,         ,    - ,     .           ,         .   , , .

              ,   .      ,           ,  .

      .   ,       ,  .    ,   ,                ,   ,   -   .         ,    ,        .    ,      ,       .               .

           1934 .      ,      ø[27 - Ruckd?schel C., Jung W. Mit Stethoskop und Schuhb?ndel: Ein Landarzt erz?hlt Geschichten aus dem Goi?at?le. Bad Ditzenbach: Alb Fils Verlag, 2007. S. 100.].       ,     .

  -          .    Alte Burschenschaft.     ,           Deutsche Burschenschaft.  1920       ,     ,        ( ),  -    ,      .     ,     Deutsche Burschenschaft:           ,        .      .   ,               .       (. Alter Herren),    ,     .         .

 1934   Frankonia Bonn, Alemannia Bonn  Bubenrthia Eurlangen   -         [28 - Geschichtlicher Aufriss der Bonner Burschenschaft Frankonia / Bonner Burschenschaft Frankonia. 2020. URL: https://www.frankonia-bonn.de/index.php/geschichte-der-bonner-burschenschaft-frankonia (https://www.frankonia-bonn.de/index.php/geschichte-der-bonner-burschenschaft-frankonia) ( . 20 . 2020).].    Deutsche Burschenschaft,        -,        Alte Burschenschaft.  1935         33 ,       .






,       ,   . Nationalsozialistische Karikatur (Wir packen zu! Der Heidelberger Student im September 1935), Universit?tsbibliothek Heidelberg.



            ,   ø   Holzminda 12  1935 [29 - Burschenschaft Holzminda G?ttingen. Beitr?ge zu ihrer Geschichte 18601985 / hrsg. von H. Schumacher. G?ttingen, 1985. S. 4546.].     ,     ,       ().      , ,    ,   ,  .        -.             ,      ,      ,   .

  , 21  1935 ,      .      ,     ,   Saxo-Borussia          -. , ,  ,       : ,   [30 - Stellungnahme der Altherrenschaft des Corps Saxoborussia zu den Vorf?llen am 21 und 26 Mai 1935 in Heidelberg / Archivportal der K?sener und Weinheimer Corps. 2010. URL: http://www.corpsarchive.de/images/digiarchiv/spargelessen.pdf (http://www.corpsarchive.de/images/digiarchiv/spargelessen.pdf) ( . 20 . 2020).].    .      ,           ,     ,     ,   .                  .

  1935  ,      ,      ,    ,    .                  .  ,    ,            .






   ,       .   Makaria-Guestphalia.






     , . 1925 .   Rhenania Heidelberg.



        ,    -. ,   ,       II,    Borussia.  1930     ,   1931-  ,      ().      ,      ,         -.

            . ,         Borussia Bonn,  ,     ,   -.        1938       .          -      Saxonia G?ttingen.          ,          .          1944 ,     .           .    :  ,       .






          1944 , 1944 .   .  -   . Reproduktion Gedenkst?tte Deutscher Widerstand.



     (. Kameradshaft  ) -  . ,       ,     .       ,     .      ,      .         ,            .                .




  


        19491950 ,            .     ,    -   ,         .               ,    .         ,     .

        ,         ,           .             .

    ,    .         1940-,        ,      .       ,      ,    .   50- ,    ,      ,           .         .

,    ,        ,     .           ,        .         .                 ,          .          (. Befreiungsausschuss S?dtirol),             ,        12  1961 .                     .      :            .   Raczek Breslau (zu Bonn, J.K.), Danubia M?nchen, Olympia Wien, Brixia Innsbruck  Ober?sterreicher Germanen Wien              [31 - Autorita?r. Elita?r. Reaktiona?r / hrsg. von D. Katzenmaier, M. Koelges, C. Mi?bach & G. Zettersten. Berlin: Conrad Druck, 2017. S. 34.].    1960-    ,    .

      (     ,    )      .         ,   ,  .    -            (. Freie Deutsche Jugend),  7  1946 .

,        .  1960-      ,        . -   , -  ,             ,     .   , ,   (. Zipfel)   ,        (. Bierkordel)       30 ,   .         (. Salamander)       [32 - Studentenverbindung in der DDR / Ottonia Magdeburg. 2020. URL: https://www.ottonia-magdeburg.de/Verbindung/in%20der%20DDR.html (https://www.ottonia-magdeburg.de/Verbindung/in%20der%20DDR.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].    (. Knotensalamander)      (. Ehrensalamander),             ().






.   .  . Ottonia Magdeburg.



 ,  1960- ,           ,     .            .                    . , ,         ,           ,    .  ,   - :      ,         .                       .             .                     .

           1960- ,            1980-.      Salana Jenensis 25  1983 ,    [33 - Braune A. Auf dem Markt eines freien Jena  Die R?ckkehr der Jenaer Exil-Burschenschaften // Engagement und Ern?chterung. Jenaer Studenten 1988 bis 1995 / hrsg. von R. Gramsch, T. Kaiser. Weimar: Gutenberg Druckerei Weimar, 2009. S. 257.]. Salana       ,    ,  .  19871989    ()        .         ,          [34 - Ibid.].            1989 .  10  1990  ,   ,   Rudelsburger Allianz.

            ,    ,   ,     (     - )   . , , ,   .          .          St?tzburschen ( . st?tzen  ),         ,    .    :      ,         ,    .       ,   ,      ,      .

 ,            ,   .    ,  . ,      ,     ,     .




    


 ,      ,    ,         ,    .      ,        1961        :  ,   ,    ,    .         ,           .          .

    Suevia Heidelberg  1964 .            1965       ,  ,     ,      [35 - Fluchthilfe aus der DDR. Unter Br?dern / Spiegel Geschichte. 2020. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/ddr-flucht-wie-hanns-martin-schleyer-sich-fuer-fluchthelfer-einsetzte-a-1303413.html (https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/ddr-flucht-wie-hanns-martin-schleyer-sich-fuer-fluchthelfer-einsetzte-a-1303413.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].        :           .       1933      .  19651966    63           -    .       1966      .

    ,     ,  .                 .            ,          .                [36 - Ibid.].

                ,        .       ,              14     1963 .






    . Rowohlt Verlag.      . NDR/ Corps Suevia Heidelberg.      RAF. Rowohlt Verlag.



        :     .      1933 ,        Suevia Heidelberg,      .   1935 ,   , Suevia        ,      ,     ,         .                       .   1958           .

      , ,   ,      .   ,      ,          .     .  1977         RAF (. Rote Armee Fraktion    ):        ,      .        1990- . ,       ,                 -.




  


   (. Damenverbindungen)    XX .         ,     .        -,   ,   Alter Herr,  Alte Dame  Hohe Dame.          .           6  ( )  1520  (   )  .     , , ,   .  1933     100  ,          [37 - Geschichte der Damenverbindungen / Felicitas Hammonia Hamburg. 2016. URL: https://www.felicitas-hammonia.de/geschichte/ (https://www.felicitas-hammonia.de/geschichte/) ( . 20 . 2020).].

  ,       ,    .   Couleurdamen ( ),     Damenflor (  flos ).  ,       :        .     , ,      ,    .   ,           :           .






  . , 1928 . Bundesarchiv.



                  .         ,      ,     .       ,      ,     .

         ,   .     ,       :   ,      ,   .           .  1968     ,       .  ,     ,           .

      :  1970-      .  Damenflor  ,  ,        .






  1968    , 1968 . Bilder der Revolte.



     1968             .       .  , ,    :            .

   1970-     .           ,         .        ,        .            ,  -    ,  ,               XX .       ,   ,  60  80.

            :      ,  ,   .           :    -   ,      ,    .  ,      ,        ,   ,  ,        ,  .     :   , ,     ,     .        .     ,     .

         ,    :           XIX   XX . -                   .

         .          ,        .    ,   , ,           .






 ADV Bavaria Aurea M?nchen. ADV Bavaria Aurea M?nchen.




   


 ,    ,        .           .         .  Burschenschaft Hysteria         .

   2016   ,                 .       , ,    ,      . ,      ,      ,      Mein Mampf.               80%     [38 - Im goldenen Matriarchat / Zeit. 2017. URL: https://www.zeit.de/2017/14/burschenschaft-hysteria-wien-matriarchat-stefanie-sargnagel (https://www.zeit.de/2017/14/burschenschaft-hysteria-wien-matriarchat-stefanie-sargnagel) ( . 20 . 2020).].

                  .   ,      :

1.    .  ,            .  ,   Burschenschaft Hysteria     :      ,   .

2.    . -       XXI      ,     .      ,         . ,      :   ,         .   ,    Korporationsring   .

3.  -  .   ,  ,                   ,    .       ,     :      -      ,   .

  ,               ,         .       ,     ,    .     Burschenschaft Hysteria      ,  ,     .

,      ,   ,       ,    . , ,   ,   2016 ,        1810          [39 - Burschenschaft Hysteria. 2018. URL: https://burschenschafthysteria.at/ (https://burschenschafthysteria.at/) ( . 20 . 2020).]. ,      ,          .       ,       .  Burschenschaft Hysteria   ,     ,           .     ,                  ,   .











 Burschenschaft Hysteria, 2019 . Burschenschaft Hysteria.




 








 


     :

1.   (   ),    Farbentr?ger (.  )    ,     ( ).        ,      .

2. ,  Alte Herren ( /,  . Philister      )    ,   ,        ,        .  XVIIXVIII .          ,       () .    ,      ,   ,   ,  ,  .      ,        ,           .    .

3.  (. Fuchs)      ,    .        ,       .    -  ,  ,          ,    .      ,   ,     .      ,      ,  . ,      .






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 1933  ,     ,     ,     1950- .       ,      ( ).          ,   .  ,        .   ,           ,     .   Pers?nliche Contrahage[40 - Corps ABC. W?rterbuch / Corps Arminia. 2017. URL: https://www.corps-arminia.de/corps/corps-abc/ (https://www.corps-arminia.de/corps/corps-abc/) ( . 20 . 2020).].       .    ,            ,          .   ,         ,      ,    .

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     ,       (. Wei?er Kreis, WK) 15  1919 ,     Deutsche Burschenschaft,    1908 [41 - Geschichte / Burschenschaft Germania K?nigsberg zu Hamburg. 2019. URL: http://www.germania-koenigsberg.net/index5818.html?site_id=52 (http://www.germania-koenigsberg.net/index5818.html?site_id=52) ( . 20 . 2020).].              ,    .  ,      ,    ,           Deutsche Burschenschaft.






    K.?.St.V. Rugia Retz. K.?.St.V. Rugia Retz.



             .  1934  WK  Deutsche Burschenschaft,         1935 .    15  15  1951 .  1950-      WK            .  1961   ,       -,   ,       Deutschen Burschenschaft in ?sterreich (DB?, )  Deutschen Burschenschaft (DB, ).    DB, WK      ,     WK   .

 廠    (  ),       .        ,      ,           .        von   .          .

     (. Rote Richtung),    1920 [42 - Traditionstr?ger des Corps Hercynia / Corps Arminia. 2017. URL: https://arminia-wuerzburg.de/geschichte/kartell-roter-burschenschaften (https://arminia-wuerzburg.de/geschichte/kartell-roter-burschenschaften) ( . 20 . 2020).].     -      -         (   ,        ).     ,     , ,    ,      ,    .     ,  .   ,      ,       .        ,    .     , ,           .            .

          .         1951          .        (. Kartell Roter Burschenschaften, KRB),   2008 .

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              :

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  (. Nichtschlagende Verbindungen)           .

             .      [44 - Stimmer G. Eliten in ?sterreich, 1848197 / vol.2. Wien: B?hlau Verlag Wien, 1997. S. 962.]:








     [45 - Studentenb?nde: So treiben es die Burschen / Der Standard. 2018. URL: https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000073453521/studentenbuende-so-treiben-es-die-burschen (https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000073453521/studentenbuende-so-treiben-es-die-burschen) ( . 20 . 2020).]:








       .          1 000    22 000    135 000 .    140   19 000    Alte Herren[46 - Eliten und Untertanen: Studentische Verbindungen in Hannover und anderswo / hrsg. von Schu?rmann F. & Antifa-SB des AStA & vom AStA der Universita?t Hannover. Hannover: Herstellung unidruck, 2009. S. 20.].       ,            .














    


      .   ,         ,        .     ,          ,   .

,   ,    ,         .     ,       XX .           90.  ,   ,   69-     ,    30.     ,  11   .       .  ,                ,        .        ,    ,       .     ,   ,   ,             .  .

       ,   .   ,  ,      ,         ,      .    ,         ,     .          ,         ,      ,     .               ;    ,    ,             .                 ,   .

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 ,         :       Deutsche Burschenschaft,      .             ,     ,    .    ,        ,         , ,          .

,             . ,  2015   Germania      Facebook     ,      .        , ,     [47 - Burschenschaft postet Hitler-Zitat / Frankfurter Rundschau. 2018. URL: https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/burschenschaft-postet-hitler-zitat-10966593.html (https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/burschenschaft-postet-hitler-zitat-10966593.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].     ,           .

  -     ,   -  ,    ,    . ,     -   (NPD),        .     ,       ,          . ,  2007   ,  ,        Die Linke ()         Deutsche Burschenschaft -        [48 - Merdian J., Becker T. Studenten-Verbindungen in Mu?nster. Mu?nster: AStA Druckerei, 2018. S. 53.].  -   (SPD)       ,    [49 - Entweder Sozialdemokrat oder Burschenschafter / Spiegel Geschichte. 2006. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/parteivorstand-hat-gesprochen-entweder-sozialdemokrat-oder-burschenschafter-a-408440.html (https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/parteivorstand-hat-gesprochen-entweder-sozialdemokrat-oder-burschenschafter-a-408440.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].    Deutsche Burschenschaft           .     Juso-Hochschulgruppen           [50 - Studierendenverbindungen sind kein Teil der Sozialdemokratie! /Juso-Hochschulgruppe. 2016. URL: https://juso-hsg-freiburg.de/2016/09/23/studierendenverbindungen-sind-kein-teil-der-sozialdemokratie/ (https://juso-hsg-freiburg.de/2016/09/23/studierendenverbindungen-sind-kein-teil-der-sozialdemokratie/) ( . 20 . 2020).].

           ,   . ,  ,     (FP?)             - ,    Germania,    ,          [51 - FP?-Politiker tritt wegen Buch mit Nazi-Liedern zur?ck / Spiegel Geschichte. 2018. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/oesterreich-fpoe-politiker-udo-landbauer-tritt-wegen-buch-mit-nazi-liedern-zurueck-a-1190963.html (https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/oesterreich-fpoe-politiker-udo-landbauer-tritt-wegen-buch-mit-nazi-liedern-zurueck-a-1190963.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].          .   ,        ,        .

 ,       ,     ,     ,        (     ,    )     .   ,     ,     ,       ,     , ,   .       ,        .  ,    ,     ,         ,      .       ,    30 ,           ,     .             ,       ,   -    .   .     ,     .    ,             .






    .   .



,  2016    Corps Hannovera  ø      ,          ,          ,   ,       [52 - Kleinkrieg an deutschen Unis / Spiegel Geschichte. 2016. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/burschenschaften-linke-aktivisten-machen-jagd-auf-verbindungsstudenten-a-1103962.html (https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/burschenschaften-linke-aktivisten-machen-jagd-auf-verbindungsstudenten-a-1103962.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].                         ,     .      ,          .  Germania       ,           ,      25 . [53 - Brandanschlag bei Jenaer Burschenschaft  Auto eins AfD-Politikers angez?ndet / Ostth?ringer Zeitung. 2020. URL: https://www.otz.de/regionen/jena/brandanschlag-bei-jenaer-burschenschaft-veruebt-id228349033.html (https://www.otz.de/regionen/jena/brandanschlag-bei-jenaer-burschenschaft-veruebt-id228349033.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].     ,          ,          .

,    ,             . ,       ,                  . ,  Marchia Bonn   2011   Deutsche Burschenschaft,    Hansa Mannheim  2012   Franco-Bavaria  ,  ,          ,      [54 - Burschenschaften: Geschichte, Politik und Ideologie / Bundeszentrale f?r politische Bildung. 2017. URL: https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/256889/burschenschaften (https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/256889/burschenschaften) ( . 20 . 2020).].

  ,     ,      .        Raczeks zu Bonn,                   .

,    ,      Buschenschaftliche Bl?tter      Deutsche Burschenschaft,     .     ,              [55 - Burschenschaft wirft Kritiker raus / Spiegel Panorama. 2012. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/burschenschaft-razcek-wirft-kritiker-christian-becker-hinaus-a-856129.html (https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/burschenschaft-razcek-wirft-kritiker-christian-becker-hinaus-a-856129.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].      , ,   ,      1943 ,     ,  9  1945    .

             .    ,             .   ,       Alte Herren,      ,   [56 - Ibid.].    ,       Deutsche Burschenschaft.          ,     ,            .

     ,  -          ,       . ,          . ,      ,    ,          ,  ,  ,     . -     YouTube,    20 . .        ,        ,     .       .

        :           ,     .       - . ,       ,               ,    .    ,        .

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      ,          .  ,     ,       .         ,        .  -  - ,   Vandalia,        .              (FP?). ,    ,   Marko-Germania zu Pinkafeld,     Teutonia Vienna        (?BB)[57 - ?sterreichs Burschenschafter galten als Spinner, und keiner hat sie ernst genommen  ein fataler Irrtum / Neue Z?rcher Zeitung. 2018. URL: https://www.nzz.ch/meinung/stille-machtergreifung-ld.1363065?reduced=true#register (https://www.nzz.ch/meinung/stille-machtergreifung-ld.1363065?reduced=true#register) ( . 20 . 2020).].              .

   ,  ,    ,     .      Deutsche Burschenschaft         .  ,     ,     ,      . Deutsche Burschenschaft,    15 000 ,  ,   ,   10 000    .  ,   1970-  DB   35 000 [58 - Interne Papiere enth?llen Rechtsextremismus bei Burschenschaften / Spiegel Panorama. 2011. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/datenleck-interne-papiere-enthuellen-rechtsextremismus-bei-burschenschaften-a-774524.html (https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/datenleck-interne-papiere-enthuellen-rechtsextremismus-bei-burschenschaften-a-774524.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].              .        ,             ,   ,       .




  


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     Confrence Olivaint,   1874  ,   [59 - Histoire de lolivaint / Confrence Olivaint. 2019. URL: https://www.conferenceolivaint.fr/histoire-de-lolivaint/ (https://www.conferenceolivaint.fr/histoire-de-lolivaint/) ( . 20 . 2020).].        .              .            ,     .   ,     ,          .                   ,     .

                  .    ,           ,            .  ,    ,          ,     .

-       1884      [60 - Association Gnrale des tudiants de Paris. 2013. URL: https://www.fage.org/les-assos-etudiantes/federations-fage/federations-annuaire/agep-paris.htm (https://www.fage.org/les-assos-etudiantes/federations-fage/federations-annuaire/agep-paris.htm) ( . 20 . 2020).].      ,  ,         .            .

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 ( .  . )  ,        ,         ,       [61 - Segura M. La Faluche: une forme de sociabilite? estudiantine. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 1994.].

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             [62 - Segura M. La Faluche: une forme de sociabilite? estudiantine. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 1994. P. 12.].

  1888        800-  .        , ,          .       ,        .      Goliardia (  ),    Tuna (     ),         .   ,        ,    ,     .              .

            .            ,     (. faluche)    .     ,        .                   . -      600-    1890 .

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             .          . , .     , .       ,   -  ,       .

          1898      Corda Fratres. ,   ,       1914         .   1907        , ,          UNAGEF   UNEF,    [64 - Iconographie de lUNEF / Faluche. 2013. URL: https://faluche.info/histoire-de-l-unef/ (https://faluche.info/histoire-de-l-unef/) ( . 20 . 2020).].      .                        .






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     ,        ,          .     ,       ,           .       ,      ,    .           .                       .   ,   ,   ,          ,      .        ?

  ,       ,      ,   .         XVIII .:       Crotonia,   1738 ,    Linonia (1753)     (1768)[65 -  . .           . .: , 2015. . 67.].         ,     .                 . ,    XVIII .,      ,                 .         (F.H.C.),          ,   ,   (P.D.A.)[66 - Krone C. J. The nature of inclusivity and exclusivity of social Greek letter organizations on college campuses: A case study, Eastern Michigan University. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 2017. P. 42.].






 Brothers in Unity  .     .



       (John Heath),    .  ,  5  1776              Phi Betta Kappa (???)[67 - Ibid.].        .    (. fraternity)   ,   , ,    .         ,      ,        .               ,      (????????? ???? ??????????,      ),       .                 .         .






 Phi Beta Kappa  , 1893 . Phi Beta Kappa.      Phi Beta Kappa. Phi Beta Kappa.




 


,  ,      ,        .      ,  ,      ,     .         (Kappa Alpha, ??),   -  -  1825 [68 - History of the Kappa Alpha Society / The Kappa Alpha Society. 1993. URL: https://www.ka.org/public2.asp (https://www.ka.org/public2.asp) ( . 20 . 2020).].         ,         .

          ,    .          :   -     ,    ,    .       in loco parentis (.  ),          ,     . ,         ,        .               ,     .   ,    ,       .      ,          .

             :      ,           .    ,       ,           .      -         ,     .              ,    .

           .   ,         . ,        ,      ,        ,    .           ,    .

     ?   ,      XVIII   XIX     ,       .      ,        ,        .               ,    .      ,      . ,  ,  ,         ,   ,  .         ,    ,   .

     ,        .          ,          .    , ,       ,     .

               .     ,    ,         .        ,      ,   Phi Beta Kappa.  Kappa Alpha    ???,         ,        .           ,    :     ,    ,   ,      ,       .       ,   .      ,   .         ,          4 600 [69 - The Dark Power of Fraternities / The Atlantic. 2019. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/03/the-dark-power-of-fraternities/357580/ (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/03/the-dark-power-of-fraternities/357580/) ( . 20 . 2020).].     ,        ,       .          :     ,   .

          (Sigma Phi,   1827 )    (Delta Phi,   1827 )     (Union Triad),     [70 - The Sigma Pi Manual / ed.by J.M. Frost. Sigma Pi Fraternity, 2019. P. 3.].          -,      .    ,    . -   ,         ,      (. Mother of Fraternities).




   


              ,     .        ,            ,       ,    ,   . ,    ,         1832 .  ,     ,       Phi Betta Kappa ,    ,     [71 - Fleshing Out Skull & Bones: Investigations into Americas Most Powerful Secret Society / ed.by K. Millegan. Chicago: IPG, 2003. P. 488.].   ,      - ,   1832  Phi Betta Kappa       .    ,     ,     ,      [72 - Ibid. P. 149.].   15 ,          15 .                   (,    ),     ,     [73 - Ibid.].






 Delta Upsilon, 1980 . NC State University.



 1841  ,              [74 - Ibid. P. 488.].    ,         Phi Betta Kappa,    ,           ,     .          . ,  1883      ,    ,         ,     [75 - Ibid. P. 507.].              .      ,        .             .        ,     .

        : 18401850-, 18651870-  19001920- .      ,           .      :           ,        ,         .            ,          .  ,    ,      .




 


 ,           ,      .        . ,      ,   Kappa Alpha,  ,         .         ,    .          .           ,            ,   .

         ,  ,  1819 : Kappa Lambda Society of Aesculapius  ,   -[76 - Haller J. S. American Medicine in Transition, 18401910. University of Illinois Press, 1981. P. 236.].

    ,      :          ,     .         ,          .        ,         [77 - Social Versus Professional Fraternities / The Times-Delphic. 2013. URL: http://timesdelphic.com/2013/03/social-versus-professional-fraternities/ (http://timesdelphic.com/2013/03/social-versus-professional-fraternities/) ( . 20 . 2020).].






 Beta Nu   Delta Sigma Pi, 2018 . Delta Sigma Pi.



   :           :       ,                 ,               [78 - Single Sex Organizations / The University of Texas at Austin. 2020. URL: https://deanofstudents.utexas.edu/sa/singlesexorgs.php (https://deanofstudents.utexas.edu/sa/singlesexorgs.php) ( . 20 . 2020).].

            ,         ,         ,       .     ,      ,     (,   . .).   -      ,             .  ,   ,              .    :       .            ,    .  , , ,   ,    .







      ,           (. honoraries,  honor societies).        ,      ,     .            .       -          .

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  Phi Beta Kappa,      10%    ,      10%   [79 - Phi Beta Kappa. 2020. URL: https://www.pbk.org/ (https://www.pbk.org/) ( . 20 . 2020).].       ,  ,      .   Phi Beta Kappa      3,9   [80 - Bernstein E. M. Phi Beta Kappa Key Being Turned Down By Many Honorees / The New York Times. 1996. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/nyregion/phi-beta-kappa-key-being-turned-down-by-many-honorees.html (https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/nyregion/phi-beta-kappa-key-being-turned-down-by-many-honorees.html) ( . 27 . 2020).].       .

          ,     ,                     .   ,      ,  ,   ,       .






  Phi Beta Kappa   , 2019 . Darmouth News.



            ,    .                .            ,      .    17  , 40       140      ???.      ,  ,  ,     [81 - Grove A. Why Does Phi Beta Kappa Matter? /ThoughtCo. 2019. URL: https://www.thoughtco.com/why-does-phi-beta-kappa-matter-786989 (https://www.thoughtco.com/why-does-phi-beta-kappa-matter-786989) ( . 27 . 2020).].  2008   Phi Beta Kappa             (CCAS).

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 Cap and Skull. Cap & Skull.



    , ,  Cap and Skull (  ),   1900 ,       St.Anthony Hall,      (Delta Psi).     11  .     10  15   . Delta Psi             ,        .

       -   ,              .    sub-rosa groups. Sub rosa (.  )   ,  ,  .      ,    . ,              (Skull and Bones)   .






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     Tiffany & Co.Wilson Brothers Jewelry.



  (Wolfs Head),     1883 ,     ,    ,          .     ,   , ,       ,     .    ,        ,       ,      [82 - Photos Leak of Jessica Alba at Meeting of Yale Secret Society / Gawker. 2009. URL: https://gawker.com/5255434/photos-leak-of-jessica-alba-at-meeting-of-yale-secret-society (https://gawker.com/5255434/photos-leak-of-jessica-alba-at-meeting-of-yale-secret-society) ( . 27 . 2020).].

  (Seven Society).        ,  ,   ,      . ,      ,        XX [83 - Before he Retires, Sandy Gilliam Answers 14 of Your Questions on U.Va. History / UVA Today. 2014. URL: https://news.virginia.edu/content/he-retires-sandy-gilliam-answers-14-your-questions-uva-history (https://news.virginia.edu/content/he-retires-sandy-gilliam-answers-14-your-questions-uva-history) ( . 27 . 2020).].             ,     .

       ,              7 000    .                 . ,      1947      ,        17 777,77 . [84 - Secret Group Hurts U-Va. Pride, Purse / The Washington Post. 2020. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/23/secret-group-hurts-u-va-pride-purse/626a651d-94bc-4378-9527-7030d05c9b22/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/23/secret-group-hurts-u-va-pride-purse/626a651d-94bc-4378-9527-7030d05c9b22/) ( . 27 . 2020).].       ,  ,      ,     .






        Mystical Seven   , 2015 . University of Missouri.



   ,                   . ,   ,      ,             2014 ,    ,          .          :   ,          ,      ;    ,    :    [85 - Seven Society Announces Community-Building Gifts to Caps, Womens Center / UVA Today. 2015. URL: https://news.virginia.edu/content/seven-society-announces-community-building-gifts-caps-women-s-center (https://news.virginia.edu/content/seven-society-announces-community-building-gifts-caps-women-s-center) ( . 27 . 2020).].           ,       .






     , 2015. University of Virginia.



    ,      ,    .   ,           7,                .      軠           .






     . Queerbubbles, Wikimedia // CC BY-SA 3.0.



          , ,  Z (Z Society),     1892 [86 - Z Society Emerges From Secrecy to Honor Administrator Susan Davis / UVA Today. 2017. URL: https://news.virginia.edu/content/z-society-emerges-secrecy-honor-administrator-susan-davis (https://news.virginia.edu/content/z-society-emerges-secrecy-honor-administrator-susan-davis) ( . 27 . 2020).].     ,        Z Society.      .  Z         ,    ,       ,     ,      ,      ,      .  2019               [87 - Z Society Commits $1 Million to Student Health & Wellness Center, Alderman Library / UVA Today. 2019. URL: https://news.virginia.edu/content/z-society-emerges-secrecy-honor-administrator-susan-davis (https://news.virginia.edu/content/z-society-emerges-secrecy-honor-administrator-susan-davis) ( . 27 . 2020).].    ,  Z      .

          , -  Z Society    .        2016 ,                .       15  - .     ,        Z      [88 - Timeline of Otto Warmbiers saga in North Korea / ABC News Internet Ventures. 2017. URL: https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/timeline-otto-warmbiers-saga-north-korea-released/story?id=48015088 (https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/timeline-otto-warmbiers-saga-north-korea-released/story?id=48015088) ( . 27 . 2020).].       , ,      .

        (Order of the Bulls Blood).   1834 ,          .    ,   ,    ,   ,   .  ,           1875 [89 - The Mysterious History of N.J.s Secret Campus Societies / NJ Advance Media. 2019. URL: https://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/2015/09/the_mysterious_history_of_njs_secret_campus_societies.html (https://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/2015/09/the_mysterious_history_of_njs_secret_campus_societies.html) ( . 27 . 2020).].          ,     ,        .  , ,   ,          .






  Z   , 2017 . University of Virginia.



          ,    . Porcellian Club         ,              1790- .       ,       ,      -   ,    ,    Facebook           [90 - Porcellian Club, Harvards Oldest, Warns Against Women Members / NBC News. 2016. URL: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/education/porcellian-club-harvard-s-oldest-warns-against-women-members-n555576 (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/education/porcellian-club-harvard-s-oldest-warns-against-women-members-n555576) ( . 27 . 2020).].        ,       ,          .    ,  -   .   -    ,          [91 - In Most Extensive Comments in Centuries, Porcellian Club Criticizes Final Club Scrutiny / The Harvard Crimson. 2016. URL: https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/4/13/porcellian-club-criticizes-college/ (https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/4/13/porcellian-club-criticizes-college/) ( . 27 . 2020).].

  (Cadaver Society)           . ,   ,    ,   ,    -,        (   ).    :               .        ,      : ,     ,     .       ,        ,  .






 Cadaver Society   .     .




  





  


    ,   ,  (. hazing).  ,        ,           ,         .

            ,    ,          .         rush   ,           ,    .         chapter ()   house.           :   Zeta Upsilon  Sigma Nu.  ,  ,   ,     .          .                .        freshman (),  pledge ().       .        ,      .

       ,            ,         .             :  ,  ,       .       ,    ,    .






       . Jeffrey Greenberg. Getty Images.



       .     1657                [92 - Bruckner H. Students Fall Victim to Hazing Epidemic: Unity at What Cost? // Touro Law Review. 2018. 2(34). P. 466.].         1800- ,       .  1818            Medical Faculty (Med. Fac.),     [93 - Nuwer H. Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001. P. 103.].      ,          ,            . ,     ,      ,              [94 - Forgive Me, a Prankish Senior Puck / The Harvard Crimson. 1998. URL: https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1998/4/16/forgive-me-a-prankish-senior-puck/ (https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1998/4/16/forgive-me-a-prankish-senior-puck/) ( . 27 . 2020).].       :  Med. Fac.      ,   ,      .         :     ,   [95 - Ibid.].      ,     ,    ,        .






     . Michigan Technological University.



         I.  Med. Fac.   ,   ,        .         .   ,      ,   [96 - Nuwer H. Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001. P. 103.].

    ,       ,            .         ,                   ,         .              ,     ,    .

      ,   1905      .  ,   ,     ,      .   Med. Fac.  ,        .       ,           ,      [97 - Forgive Me, a Prankish Senior Puck / The Harvard Crimson. 1998. URL: https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1998/4/16/forgive-me-a-prankish-senior-puck/ (https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1998/4/16/forgive-me-a-prankish-senior-puck/) ( . 27 . 2020).].         .

      1860-    ,          :  XIX          .            1874 [98 - Parks G. S., Burgess J. Hazing the United States Military: A Psychology and Law Perspective // S. Cal. Interdisc. LJ. 2019. 1(29)  P. 1.].      1873    -       :  ,       ,    [99 - Bruckner H. Students Fall Victim to Hazing Epidemic: Unity at What Cost? // Touro Law Review. 2018. 2(34). P. 466.].        ,              ,           ,    .

            ,           .      ,    49      1947 [100 - Mikell T. C. Getting away with murder: hazing, hegemonic masculinity, and victimization. PhD Thesis. University of South Carolina, 2014. P. 13.].              .






      . Andrew Moisey. The Guardian.



    ,       ,      .               - .  Kappa Alpha Psi         XX :     .      .     ,            .   ,      ,  .      .      .  ,        ,      .   - ,      .              ,        ,     [101 - Jones R. L. Black Haze: Violence, Sacrifice, and Manhood in Black Greek-Letter Fraternities. NY: SUNY Press, 2004. P. 5.].

     hell week   ,      .              .           ,     ,    ,            .

    ,    ,   .    ,             ,    .      ,          .  23                     .      -       ,   ,        .

     .    1969  2017            - .  1838    200 ,    2007  2017   40 .       [102 - Hazing Deaths on American College Campuses Remain far too Common / The Economist. 2017. URL: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2017/10/13/hazing-deaths-on-american-college-campuses-remain-far-too-common (https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2017/10/13/hazing-deaths-on-american-college-campuses-remain-far-too-common) ( . 27 . 2020).].

      Alpha Sigma Phi         1956    .           :        -    ,   ,          .         軠   ,           .     ,   ,         .






     - , 1949 . Ralph Morse. Black Star. Getty Images.



 , .       .  ,     .    .    .

, !

 ,    !

        ,     ,      .  ,   ,        ,   ,       , ,   ,       .    .

    !   :     ,  . ? !

      .      .  .    .

. -     .      . (  ,     ). .     .  .   .        .       .     .

     ,  - ,    .      .           .  :

, !

    .   ,    ,    ,    :

, , !

  .    . . .   .  .     .       .        .    .    .        .    .   .     [103 - Murtha J. A. I was Hazed in a Fraternity. I Never Forgot what Happened / The Houston Chronicle. 2018. URL: https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/fraternity-hazing-haunting-memory-13227406.php (https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/fraternity-hazing-haunting-memory-13227406.php) ( . 11 . 2020).].

     ,     ,            .    ,    ,  ,                    ,  .       ,     ,      ,   ,    ,             .    .      :

 ,    ,      .   .  ,    .       ,      ,      .

      , ,   ,     ,    .       .     .

   ,        .         .   .   62 .

         .         alma mater,   25       ,         .       .

        ,  [104 - Ibid.].




Paddle    


           ,       ,           .

      (. paddling,  paddle  )   .  XVIII       .          ,   .        ,      .   ,    , , ,      .       ,           ,     .         .

         XIX   XX .             .       1978     Animal House,     ,     .      .         .                ,      ,              .              .       ,      :      .                   ,           ,   .

       ,     ,     .  ,    , ,      ,         .            -  ,   ,  -       .






  (),      . Paddle Tramps.






   . Claremont Colleges Photo Archive. Calisphere.




Big Bro  Little Bro


       (. big brother/sister),              .     (. little bro/sis).      ,          .        ,  ,      (    ).

     ,  ,     ,           - :  ,  ,  .     ,                     .




 





  


        ,       ,            .        .       ,       ,  ,      ,    .

     ,      .   ,        .   ,       : ,    .  ,    -              ,   ,    .        ,    .

     (. Executive board).        ,           :

.     ,               .                     .

-    (. Internal VP).  -         .  ,    ,    .

-    (. External VP).       .          .

-    (. Membership Development VP)        .     ,   ,     ,      .

 (. Secretary).          .       ,    .

 (. Treasurer)              :  ,     .          - .

 (. Sergeant-at-Arms).              .

     (. Health and safety chairman).         ,           .   ,  ,               .

       ,      .      -   ,              ,  ,  .

         ,             .    (. Alumni advisory board)    ,   -.        ,       .         ,            .




    


        ,         .                   ,        .      ,       .          ,      .         ϸ,         20182019 .

-, , .            ,       .     90  344           .         ,  ,     .      90  250 [105 - Fraternity, Sorority and Cooperative Life Cost and Census Report / Purdue University, 2018/2019. URL: https://www.purdue.edu/fscl/resources/Cost-and-Census-Report-12.19.18.pdf (https://www.purdue.edu/fscl/resources/Cost-and-Census-Report-12.19.18.pdf) ( . 11 . 2020).].  ,    ,       ,     -.

          .  ,  ,          ,      .     , ,         .     ,  ,  .          90  250     [106 - Ibid.].

    ,        ,    .       ,  ,        . ,         85%           ,   [107 - Costs of Membership / Trustees of Dartmouth College. 2020. URL: https://students.dartmouth.edu/greek-life/recruitment/joining-greek-organization/costs-membership (https://students.dartmouth.edu/greek-life/recruitment/joining-greek-organization/costs-membership) ( . 11 . 2020).].       ,  ,  ,    ,       .  ,    ,          ,       .

,    - ,        .  , ,       ,       .        :   100 .              400         6 600      [108 - Fraternity, Sorority and Cooperative Life Cost and Census Report / Purdue University, 2018/2019. URL: https://www.purdue.edu/fscl/resources/Cost-and-Census-Report-12.19.18.pdf (https://www.purdue.edu/fscl/resources/Cost-and-Census-Report-12.19.18.pdf) ( . 11 . 2020).].

           ,        ,       .  ,       ,         .                   .







   ,     ,       ,   ,         ,             .      (. colony)     ,    .          ,   -   ,     .  ,        ,         - ,     .

        ,      -  -   .  ,       .         ,          : , ,      .       ,     ,   ,        .  -  ,     ,   . -        ,      .




  


    ,          ,   ,           .      ,         ,      ,   .         .      軠        .

-         38 ,   9-             ,     .      ,          24-      .       .  ,             ,            .

        ,     ,       ,    -.           ,     ,      .   ,                .        ,  ,       .

     ,          ,     .  ,          ,     ,          (Acacia).     :

     ,  Acacia  ,       ,       .       ,    20    . ,    ,     ,  .     -        ,          -.  ,  ,   ,  [109 - The 38-Year-Old Frat Boy / The New York Times. 2015. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/opinion/the-38-year-old-frat-boy.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/opinion/the-38-year-old-frat-boy.html) ( . 11 . 2020).].

      .      .   ,       ,       (a


 + b


 = c


)     ,     ,   .         ,     .             .

                     - Acacia,        .       ,       ,       .

      :         ,     ,        ,       -,   ,     - , ,  ,   ,  [110 - Ibid.].

,     Acacia    ,         .               7 000 .  -     ,               ,     .     20 000    , - ,    .           ,   ,  .  ,    ,         ,         .          ,     .      ,               . ,   ,        ,      .




   








  (. sororitas; . sorority)  Alpha Delta Phi    1851      [111 - Krone C. J. The nature of inclusivity and exclusivity of social Greek letter organizations on college campuses: A case study, Eastern Michigan University. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 2017. P. 53.].      .        (. womens fraternity),       .   sororitas       1874 ,     Gamma Phi Beta. ,       Gamma Phi Beta     ,   [112 - Simonson P. M. The History of Gamma Phi Beta. [s.n.], 1965. P. 8.].






 Gamma Phi Beta. Gamma Phi Beta.



              .          ,       .               .

,             ,   ,            ,        ,      .  ,        ,     .    2 (. Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising).           ,         .    ,              .             ,          .      ,             XX .          (. co-ed fraternity).






  Alpha Gamma Delta.     .



                 .        ,     Kappa Kappa Gamma,       .  IBM     Kappa Kappa Gamma,      Oracle  .  -   -   ,       ,      .




 


    ,    ,   ,    .       1865     .                ,         ,     .       1799 ,    ,     [113 - Chavis Hall. Virginia: Washington and Lee University, 2019.].

           .   ,       ,        ,     ,      ,      .     ,     .                   .         :    ,        .     ,             (. Historically Black Colleges and Universities, HBCU).              .

     1837      [114 - The First Of Its Kind / Cheyney University. 2020. URL: https://cheyney.edu/who-we-are/the-first-hbcu/ (https://cheyney.edu/who-we-are/the-first-hbcu/) ( . 20 . 2020).].    .         (    )        .        HBCU.

,              .       ,         ,       ,        . ,             ,         ( HBCU)             .          ,        .

       1906    .    Alpha Phi Alpha,      ,     [115 - Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, INC. 2020. URL: https://apa1906.net/our-leadership/ (https://apa1906.net/our-leadership/) ( . 20 . 2020).].  ,     ,       ,         HBCU   .      ,        ,       .

      ,          .    ,          ,   -     .         ,          .

,     ,                  .   ,    ,          ,    ,            .         ,       .

  ,       ,  ,   ,    2018   ໠  -,   1913       .        ,        ,        ,      .          .      :      1913     ,    100         ,       ;     ,      ,       [116 - Silent Sam Confederate Statue Is Toppled at University of North Carolina / The New York Times. 2018. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/us/unc-silent-sam-monument-toppled.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/us/unc-silent-sam-monument-toppled.html) ( . 20 . 2020).].      ,    ,    , ,       ,    . ,      ,      ,      .

                 . ,    ,         ,    ,    . ,    ,      .

           ,        .      :

   :   ( .  . )   .             , ,      .        ,       .     ,       ,      .  ,     ,     ,    ,     -   [117 - The (Black) Elephant in the Room  Evan Shields / IvyUntold. 2017. URL: https://www.ivyuntold.com/articles/2017/10/4/the/black/elephantintheroom (https://www.ivyuntold.com/articles/2017/10/4/the/black/elephantintheroom) ( . 20 . 2020).].

          ,        ,  . ,               -    .       , ,    ,           . -            ,      .         ,    ,            ,  ,      .  ,  .         ,   ,       ,      .     : ,        ,  ,        ,         ,        .         ,   ,      ,   ,         [118 - Ibid.].

         ,         . ,   ,        ,         .  ,     ?       ,       ,  -      ,       .  ,          , ,   .     ,       ,     ,         -    .




   








     


               ,  ,  .       .  ,    , 26,1%              [119 - Krebs C. P. et al.The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice, 2007. P. 61.].    ⻠       .              .       ,      ,        .

,         ,       ,            ,         .      ,     .          . ,            ,               .            ,    .

       -          .  -          :         ,     .

                  ,    ,         .      CEO   Snapchat  .    2014   ,          ,     ,  .       ,        ,    [120 - We Can Finally Talk About Sexism in Tech  So Lets Be Honest / Time. 2014. URL: https://time.com/2802080/evan-spiegel-snapchat-tech-sexism/ (https://time.com/2802080/evan-spiegel-snapchat-tech-sexism/) ( . 11 . 2020).].       ,             .

 ,    ,   , -    .   Snapchat,  ,      ,         Kappa Sigma.                       .              ,     .  Snapchat    ,     ,            .      2013      .      2014 :      157,5  [121 - Snapchat Paid its third Cofounder $158 Million in Cash to Disappear / Business Insider. 2017. URL: https://www.businessinsider.com/snapchat-paid-third-cofounder-reggie-brown-158-million-to-disappear-2017-2 (https://www.businessinsider.com/snapchat-paid-third-cofounder-reggie-brown-158-million-to-disappear-2017-2) ( . 11 . 2020).].






 Snapchat   :  ,     .



,         ,   . ,  Alpha Phi                .            .      :             [122 - Alabama Sorority Removes Objectifying Promotional Video After Backlash / Time. 2015. URL: https://time.com/4001244/alabama-sorority-video/ (https://time.com/4001244/alabama-sorority-video/) ( . 11 . 2020).].    ,      ,             .







  ,    ,           . ,     .                 .       :       ,      .         , , ,  .               ,          .        . ,   -      1961 ,     ,            ,  ,    [123 - The Long, Fraught Racial History of American Fraternities / The Washington Post. 2015. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/03/11/the-long-fraught-racial-history-of-american-fraternities/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/03/11/the-long-fraught-racial-history-of-american-fraternities/) ( . 11 . 2020).].

        :         1980- .           .  1983            ,      ,         .   Sigma Alpha Epsilon          [124 - Ibid.].   Kappa Alpha       1985      ,        -[125 - Ibid.].               : ,  Sigma Phi Epsilon       ,            ,            [126 - The Long, Fraught Racial History of American Fraternities / The Washington Post. 2015. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/03/11/the-long-fraught-racial-history-of-american-fraternities/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/03/11/the-long-fraught-racial-history-of-american-fraternities/) ( . 11 . 2020).].

      ,   󻠖              ,     -. ,  1960-   Zeta Tau Alpha,   NPC (National Panhellenic Conference     ),        :   ,     [127 - Krone C. J. The nature of inclusivity and exclusivity of social Greek letter organizations on college campuses: A case study, Eastern Michigan University. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 2017. P. 226.].

               .     ,   ,    ,        ,        .                  ,       .   ,        ,             -  .

               ,      . ,      , ,    ,     .      ,  , -     ,     ,        ,  [128 - Nelson Sh. Why I left me Frat / Columbia Daily Spectator. 2018. URL: https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2018/04/27/why-i-left-my-frat/ (https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2018/04/27/why-i-left-my-frat/) ( . 11 . 2020).].      ,     ,   ,   .

     -        ,    .      :  ,          ,          ,          . ,   ,   ,   Columbia Daily Spectator,     -      ,     ,          [129 - Ibid.].         ,        .

    ,     ,      . ,  2015       -  ,     Sigma Alpha Epsilon             [130 - Why its Time to Shut Down Poisonous US College Fraternities / The Guardian. 2015. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/10/shut-down-college-fraternities-university-oklahoma-racist (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/10/shut-down-college-fraternities-university-oklahoma-racist) ( . 11 . 2020).].      ,   .




      


      ,   ,  ,     ,      ,        . ,       ,    suspension       .              ,                   .                 .    .       : ,    2021 ,     ,        -      .

              .   :            ,            .      ,  ,        .            .  , ,    ,      .

            ,       .               ( )    (     ,    ).               .       ,     ,        ,      [131 - Whats Really Behind the Civil War to End Harvards Fraternities? /Vanity Fair. 2017. URL: https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/08/harvard-final-clubs-fraternities-end (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/08/harvard-final-clubs-fraternities-end) ( . 11 . 2020).].  ,  ,    ,     ,     ,        ,       .  ,   ,       ,   .  ,      ,     ,    .

  ,     -      ,    .  ,   ,     ,          .         ,    .    ,                      .  ,           , -    ,   - .

       , ,   ,                    .          ,       ,         . ,  1998                   .         ,    ,       .  ,                 (,   ,    ),     . ,              .

             .     ,       :          ,      .    ,    .

          ,   :            .      ,     ,   .     ,       ,                     .       ,    [132 - Are Frat Brothers Natural Conservatives? /National Review. 2013. URL: https://www.nationalreview.com/2013/01/are-frat-brothers-natural-conservatives-betsy-woodruff/ (https://www.nationalreview.com/2013/01/are-frat-brothers-natural-conservatives-betsy-woodruff/) ( . 11 . 2020).].    ,     ,       .

          ,     . ,    -        ,    .   :  80%       .  ,          ,               ,      [133 - One Referendum Passes, Five Fail / The Phoenix. 2013. URL: https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2013/04/11/one-referendum-passes-five-fail/ (https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2013/04/11/one-referendum-passes-five-fail/) ( . 11 . 2020).].            ,    .

    ,      ,  ,     . ,      ,       ,   .  ,        , ,   - ,            .  :             ,    .

        ,        ,      .             ,          ,     .

  ,      ,       ,          .               .            ,      .

         ,          . ,             .            ,      ,     .           ,        .           ,    ,     ,             .




  ?  ?





 ,   


    XIX .,            ,    .   XX          .   1883   26 ,      66 ,   1912    40    ,   .   1922     66      2 .    500 . [134 - Williams-Scurlock M. Greek Life: Behind the Letters // Necessary Steps: Roadmap to First Generation College Student Success / ed.by F. Clarice. Kendall: Hunt Publishing Company, 2014. P. 3.].








, XX     ,   , ,           .       1960- ,               ,  ,   .    ,         ,        .

            . 1960-        , , ,    :        .

          in loco parentis,  -    .       ,         . ,  1921           ,        22:00.              .         ,  [135 - Lansley R. N. College Women or College Girls?: Gender, Sexuality, and in Loco Parentis on Campus. PhD Thesis. The Ohio State University, 2004. P. 7778.].      .          .           .           ,  .      ,       .

   in loco parentis       1968-    1960- .                 1961 .     ,               [136 - Lee P. The Case of Dixon V. Alabama: from Civil Rights to Students Rights and Back Again // Teachers College Record. 2014. 116. P. 11.].                      .    60-     ,                  .

   1960-              .  1960-          :          ,        .     ,     .  in loco parentis   .






   , 1967 . The Washington Post. Getty Images.



     , ,  , ,                .    :   ,    .     . -               .      :           .        ,      .

   60-     ,        1970-   1990- .      ,  ,        .     ,       ,    .       (Cap and Skull),      1900 ,     ,        .           ,   1969        1982 ,     ,             [137 - Cap & Skull History / Cap & Skull. 2020. URL: http://capandskull.org/#!/history (http://capandskull.org/#!/history) ( . 11 . 2020).].

  60-          .        ,     .               .       frat boy,        ,      ,    ,       .  ,    ,                   .

,  -      frat boy,      .      ,      (      ,      ). , ,  ,   ,   ,     [138 - Rountree . The Chameleon President: The Curious Case of George W. Bush. California: ABC-CLIO, 2012. P. 2728.].  ,              .

       1980- .  1978         Animal House,       .                 .                 19601970-,     ,                  ,     .           .      : 1984                             60-   .     ,        ,   .    :   ,                  .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=67910259)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


 . , , :          //  . 2013. 13. . 56.




2


 . .   XVIII    XIX      . :   , 2009. . 38.




3


, . .     / . .  . . .: - .-. -, 2018. . 65.




4


 . .   XVIII    XIX      . :   , 2009. . 39.




5


KDSTV Falkenstein im CV zu Freiburg Handbuch / hrsg. von J.-C. Haimb  Freiburg im Breisgau: KDSF, 2003. S. 99.




6


 . .           . .: , 2015. . 25.




7


Aufbegehren in Schwarz-Rot-Gold / Zeit. 2015. URL: https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus (https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus) ( . 20 . 2020).




8


Ibid.




9


Der Burschenschafter ist die Verbandszeitschrift der Allgemeinen Deutschen Burschenschaft / Allgemeine Deutsche Studentenschaft. 2016. URL: https://allgemeine-burschenschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/del_burschenschafter_I-18_web.pdf (https://allgemeine-burschenschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/del_burschenschafter_I-18_web.pdf) ( . 20 . 2020).




10


 .




11


Aufbegehren in Schwarz-Rot-Gold / Zeit. 2015. URL: https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus (https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus) ( . 20 . 2020).




12


Aufbegehren in Schwarz-Rot-Gold / Zeit. 2015. URL: https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus (https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus) ( . 20 . 2020).




13


Schodrok K.-H. Preu?ische Turnpolitik: Preu?ische Turnpolitik mit Blick auf Westfalen. epubli, 2013. S. 204.




14


 . .,  . .           //   .  (  ). 2016. 4. . 190.




15


 . . 191.




16


Aufbegehren in Schwarz-Rot-Gold / Zeit. 2015. URL: https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus (https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2015/02/burschenschaft-jena-gruendung-nationalismus) ( . 20 . 2020).




17


Schodrok K.-H. Preu?ische Turnpolitik: Preu?ische Turnpolitik mit Blick auf Westfalen. epubli, 2013. S. 205.




18


Ein Bund f?rs Leben? Reader zum Thema Burschenschaften / Politikreferat des AStA der Universita?t zu Ko?ln. 2014. URL: http://www.asta.uni-koeln.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2015-09_Burschi-Reader_low.pdf (http://www.asta.uni-koeln.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2015-09_Burschi-Reader_low.pdf) ( . 20 . 2020).




19


Der Frankfurter Wachensturm / Deutsche Burschenschaft. 1833. URL: https://burschenschaft.de/die-burschenschaft%23toggle-id-5 (https://burschenschaft.de/die-burschenschaft%23toggle-id-5) ( . 20 . 2020).




20


Gerad aus!: Politisches Abendblatt f?r?s Volk (23 Mai 1848) / hrsg. von B. Friedmann  Lechner, 1848. S. 4.




21


Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft. Bekannte Burschenschafter / Allgemeine Deutsche Studentenschaft. 2016. URL: https://allgemeine-burschenschaft.de/ (https://allgemeine-burschenschaft.de/) ( . 20 . 2020).




22


Stochdorphia. 2001. URL: http://www.stochdorphia.de (http://www.stochdorphia.de) ( . 20 . 2020).




23


Bonner Burschenschaft Germania. 2018. URL: http://germania-bonn.de/home/ (http://germania-bonn.de/home/) ( . 20 . 2020).




24


Die vergessene Burschenschaft: Arminia Gie?en und der ADB / hrsg. von G. Sch?fer. 2014. URL: http://www.wp1145162.server-he.de/Frankonia/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Vortrag-Arminia_und_der_ADB.pdf (http://www.wp1145162.server-he.de/Frankonia/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Vortrag-Arminia_und_der_ADB.pdf)  S. 4.




25


Comenius-Bl?tter f?r Volkserziehung / hrsg. von L. Keller. Berlin: Weidmannsche buchlandlung, 1905. S. 41.




26


Spitzname einer abstinentenverbindung Basler studentensprache 50. (blase freie studentenverbindung) (Deutsches W?rterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm) / W?rterbuchnetz. 2015. URL: http://woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB/call_wbgui_py_from_form?sigle=DWB&lemid=GW08230&hitlist=&patternlist=&mode=Vernetzung (http://woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB/call_wbgui_py_from_form?sigle=DWB&lemid=GW08230&hitlist=&patternlist=&mode=Vernetzung) ( . 20 . 2020).




27


Ruckd?schel C., Jung W. Mit Stethoskop und Schuhb?ndel: Ein Landarzt erz?hlt Geschichten aus dem Goi?at?le. Bad Ditzenbach: Alb Fils Verlag, 2007. S. 100.




28


Geschichtlicher Aufriss der Bonner Burschenschaft Frankonia / Bonner Burschenschaft Frankonia. 2020. URL: https://www.frankonia-bonn.de/index.php/geschichte-der-bonner-burschenschaft-frankonia (https://www.frankonia-bonn.de/index.php/geschichte-der-bonner-burschenschaft-frankonia) ( . 20 . 2020).




29


Burschenschaft Holzminda G?ttingen. Beitr?ge zu ihrer Geschichte 18601985 / hrsg. von H. Schumacher. G?ttingen, 1985. S. 4546.




30


Stellungnahme der Altherrenschaft des Corps Saxoborussia zu den Vorf?llen am 21 und 26 Mai 1935 in Heidelberg / Archivportal der K?sener und Weinheimer Corps. 2010. URL: http://www.corpsarchive.de/images/digiarchiv/spargelessen.pdf (http://www.corpsarchive.de/images/digiarchiv/spargelessen.pdf) ( . 20 . 2020).




31


Autorita?r. Elita?r. Reaktiona?r / hrsg. von D. Katzenmaier, M. Koelges, C. Mi?bach & G. Zettersten. Berlin: Conrad Druck, 2017. S. 34.




32


Studentenverbindung in der DDR / Ottonia Magdeburg. 2020. URL: https://www.ottonia-magdeburg.de/Verbindung/in%20der%20DDR.html (https://www.ottonia-magdeburg.de/Verbindung/in%20der%20DDR.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




33


Braune A. Auf dem Markt eines freien Jena  Die R?ckkehr der Jenaer Exil-Burschenschaften // Engagement und Ern?chterung. Jenaer Studenten 1988 bis 1995 / hrsg. von R. Gramsch, T. Kaiser. Weimar: Gutenberg Druckerei Weimar, 2009. S. 257.




34


Ibid.




35


Fluchthilfe aus der DDR. Unter Br?dern / Spiegel Geschichte. 2020. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/ddr-flucht-wie-hanns-martin-schleyer-sich-fuer-fluchthelfer-einsetzte-a-1303413.html (https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/ddr-flucht-wie-hanns-martin-schleyer-sich-fuer-fluchthelfer-einsetzte-a-1303413.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




36


Ibid.




37


Geschichte der Damenverbindungen / Felicitas Hammonia Hamburg. 2016. URL: https://www.felicitas-hammonia.de/geschichte/ (https://www.felicitas-hammonia.de/geschichte/) ( . 20 . 2020).




38


Im goldenen Matriarchat / Zeit. 2017. URL: https://www.zeit.de/2017/14/burschenschaft-hysteria-wien-matriarchat-stefanie-sargnagel (https://www.zeit.de/2017/14/burschenschaft-hysteria-wien-matriarchat-stefanie-sargnagel) ( . 20 . 2020).




39


Burschenschaft Hysteria. 2018. URL: https://burschenschafthysteria.at/ (https://burschenschafthysteria.at/) ( . 20 . 2020).




40


Corps ABC. W?rterbuch / Corps Arminia. 2017. URL: https://www.corps-arminia.de/corps/corps-abc/ (https://www.corps-arminia.de/corps/corps-abc/) ( . 20 . 2020).




41


Geschichte / Burschenschaft Germania K?nigsberg zu Hamburg. 2019. URL: http://www.germania-koenigsberg.net/index5818.html?site_id=52 (http://www.germania-koenigsberg.net/index5818.html?site_id=52) ( . 20 . 2020).




42


Traditionstr?ger des Corps Hercynia / Corps Arminia. 2017. URL: https://arminia-wuerzburg.de/geschichte/kartell-roter-burschenschaften (https://arminia-wuerzburg.de/geschichte/kartell-roter-burschenschaften) ( . 20 . 2020).




43


 . .         XIX  //    . 2012. 2. . 284288.




44


Stimmer G. Eliten in ?sterreich, 1848197 / vol.2. Wien: B?hlau Verlag Wien, 1997. S. 962.




45


Studentenb?nde: So treiben es die Burschen / Der Standard. 2018. URL: https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000073453521/studentenbuende-so-treiben-es-die-burschen (https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000073453521/studentenbuende-so-treiben-es-die-burschen) ( . 20 . 2020).




46


Eliten und Untertanen: Studentische Verbindungen in Hannover und anderswo / hrsg. von Schu?rmann F. & Antifa-SB des AStA & vom AStA der Universita?t Hannover. Hannover: Herstellung unidruck, 2009. S. 20.




47


Burschenschaft postet Hitler-Zitat / Frankfurter Rundschau. 2018. URL: https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/burschenschaft-postet-hitler-zitat-10966593.html (https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/burschenschaft-postet-hitler-zitat-10966593.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




48


Merdian J., Becker T. Studenten-Verbindungen in Mu?nster. Mu?nster: AStA Druckerei, 2018. S. 53.




49


Entweder Sozialdemokrat oder Burschenschafter / Spiegel Geschichte. 2006. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/parteivorstand-hat-gesprochen-entweder-sozialdemokrat-oder-burschenschafter-a-408440.html (https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/parteivorstand-hat-gesprochen-entweder-sozialdemokrat-oder-burschenschafter-a-408440.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




50


Studierendenverbindungen sind kein Teil der Sozialdemokratie! /Juso-Hochschulgruppe. 2016. URL: https://juso-hsg-freiburg.de/2016/09/23/studierendenverbindungen-sind-kein-teil-der-sozialdemokratie/ (https://juso-hsg-freiburg.de/2016/09/23/studierendenverbindungen-sind-kein-teil-der-sozialdemokratie/) ( . 20 . 2020).




51


FP?-Politiker tritt wegen Buch mit Nazi-Liedern zur?ck / Spiegel Geschichte. 2018. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/oesterreich-fpoe-politiker-udo-landbauer-tritt-wegen-buch-mit-nazi-liedern-zurueck-a-1190963.html (https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/oesterreich-fpoe-politiker-udo-landbauer-tritt-wegen-buch-mit-nazi-liedern-zurueck-a-1190963.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




52


Kleinkrieg an deutschen Unis / Spiegel Geschichte. 2016. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/burschenschaften-linke-aktivisten-machen-jagd-auf-verbindungsstudenten-a-1103962.html (https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/burschenschaften-linke-aktivisten-machen-jagd-auf-verbindungsstudenten-a-1103962.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




53


Brandanschlag bei Jenaer Burschenschaft  Auto eins AfD-Politikers angez?ndet / Ostth?ringer Zeitung. 2020. URL: https://www.otz.de/regionen/jena/brandanschlag-bei-jenaer-burschenschaft-veruebt-id228349033.html (https://www.otz.de/regionen/jena/brandanschlag-bei-jenaer-burschenschaft-veruebt-id228349033.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




54


Burschenschaften: Geschichte, Politik und Ideologie / Bundeszentrale f?r politische Bildung. 2017. URL: https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/256889/burschenschaften (https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/256889/burschenschaften) ( . 20 . 2020).




55


Burschenschaft wirft Kritiker raus / Spiegel Panorama. 2012. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/burschenschaft-razcek-wirft-kritiker-christian-becker-hinaus-a-856129.html (https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/burschenschaft-razcek-wirft-kritiker-christian-becker-hinaus-a-856129.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




56


Ibid.




57


?sterreichs Burschenschafter galten als Spinner, und keiner hat sie ernst genommen  ein fataler Irrtum / Neue Z?rcher Zeitung. 2018. URL: https://www.nzz.ch/meinung/stille-machtergreifung-ld.1363065?reduced=true#register (https://www.nzz.ch/meinung/stille-machtergreifung-ld.1363065?reduced=true#register) ( . 20 . 2020).




58


Interne Papiere enth?llen Rechtsextremismus bei Burschenschaften / Spiegel Panorama. 2011. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/datenleck-interne-papiere-enthuellen-rechtsextremismus-bei-burschenschaften-a-774524.html (https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/datenleck-interne-papiere-enthuellen-rechtsextremismus-bei-burschenschaften-a-774524.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




59


Histoire de lolivaint / Confrence Olivaint. 2019. URL: https://www.conferenceolivaint.fr/histoire-de-lolivaint/ (https://www.conferenceolivaint.fr/histoire-de-lolivaint/) ( . 20 . 2020).




60


Association Gnrale des tudiants de Paris. 2013. URL: https://www.fage.org/les-assos-etudiantes/federations-fage/federations-annuaire/agep-paris.htm (https://www.fage.org/les-assos-etudiantes/federations-fage/federations-annuaire/agep-paris.htm) ( . 20 . 2020).




61


Segura M. La Faluche: une forme de sociabilite? estudiantine. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 1994.




62


Segura M. La Faluche: une forme de sociabilite? estudiantine. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 1994. P. 12.




63


Segura M. La Faluche: une forme de sociabilite? estudiantine. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 1994. P. 15.




64


Iconographie de lUNEF / Faluche. 2013. URL: https://faluche.info/histoire-de-l-unef/ (https://faluche.info/histoire-de-l-unef/) ( . 20 . 2020).




65


 . .           . .: , 2015. . 67.




66


Krone C. J. The nature of inclusivity and exclusivity of social Greek letter organizations on college campuses: A case study, Eastern Michigan University. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 2017. P. 42.




67


Ibid.




68


History of the Kappa Alpha Society / The Kappa Alpha Society. 1993. URL: https://www.ka.org/public2.asp (https://www.ka.org/public2.asp) ( . 20 . 2020).




69


The Dark Power of Fraternities / The Atlantic. 2019. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/03/the-dark-power-of-fraternities/357580/ (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/03/the-dark-power-of-fraternities/357580/) ( . 20 . 2020).




70


The Sigma Pi Manual / ed.by J.M. Frost. Sigma Pi Fraternity, 2019. P. 3.




71


Fleshing Out Skull & Bones: Investigations into Americas Most Powerful Secret Society / ed.by K. Millegan. Chicago: IPG, 2003. P. 488.




72


Ibid. P. 149.




73


Ibid.




74


Ibid. P. 488.




75


Ibid. P. 507.




76


Haller J. S. American Medicine in Transition, 18401910. University of Illinois Press, 1981. P. 236.




77


Social Versus Professional Fraternities / The Times-Delphic. 2013. URL: http://timesdelphic.com/2013/03/social-versus-professional-fraternities/ (http://timesdelphic.com/2013/03/social-versus-professional-fraternities/) ( . 20 . 2020).




78


Single Sex Organizations / The University of Texas at Austin. 2020. URL: https://deanofstudents.utexas.edu/sa/singlesexorgs.php (https://deanofstudents.utexas.edu/sa/singlesexorgs.php) ( . 20 . 2020).




79


Phi Beta Kappa. 2020. URL: https://www.pbk.org/ (https://www.pbk.org/) ( . 20 . 2020).




80


Bernstein E. M. Phi Beta Kappa Key Being Turned Down By Many Honorees / The New York Times. 1996. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/nyregion/phi-beta-kappa-key-being-turned-down-by-many-honorees.html (https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/nyregion/phi-beta-kappa-key-being-turned-down-by-many-honorees.html) ( . 27 . 2020).




81


Grove A. Why Does Phi Beta Kappa Matter? /ThoughtCo. 2019. URL: https://www.thoughtco.com/why-does-phi-beta-kappa-matter-786989 (https://www.thoughtco.com/why-does-phi-beta-kappa-matter-786989) ( . 27 . 2020).




82


Photos Leak of Jessica Alba at Meeting of Yale Secret Society / Gawker. 2009. URL: https://gawker.com/5255434/photos-leak-of-jessica-alba-at-meeting-of-yale-secret-society (https://gawker.com/5255434/photos-leak-of-jessica-alba-at-meeting-of-yale-secret-society) ( . 27 . 2020).




83


Before he Retires, Sandy Gilliam Answers 14 of Your Questions on U.Va. History / UVA Today. 2014. URL: https://news.virginia.edu/content/he-retires-sandy-gilliam-answers-14-your-questions-uva-history (https://news.virginia.edu/content/he-retires-sandy-gilliam-answers-14-your-questions-uva-history) ( . 27 . 2020).




84


Secret Group Hurts U-Va. Pride, Purse / The Washington Post. 2020. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/23/secret-group-hurts-u-va-pride-purse/626a651d-94bc-4378-9527-7030d05c9b22/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/23/secret-group-hurts-u-va-pride-purse/626a651d-94bc-4378-9527-7030d05c9b22/) ( . 27 . 2020).




85


Seven Society Announces Community-Building Gifts to Caps, Womens Center / UVA Today. 2015. URL: https://news.virginia.edu/content/seven-society-announces-community-building-gifts-caps-women-s-center (https://news.virginia.edu/content/seven-society-announces-community-building-gifts-caps-women-s-center) ( . 27 . 2020).




86


Z Society Emerges From Secrecy to Honor Administrator Susan Davis / UVA Today. 2017. URL: https://news.virginia.edu/content/z-society-emerges-secrecy-honor-administrator-susan-davis (https://news.virginia.edu/content/z-society-emerges-secrecy-honor-administrator-susan-davis) ( . 27 . 2020).




87


Z Society Commits $1 Million to Student Health & Wellness Center, Alderman Library / UVA Today. 2019. URL: https://news.virginia.edu/content/z-society-emerges-secrecy-honor-administrator-susan-davis (https://news.virginia.edu/content/z-society-emerges-secrecy-honor-administrator-susan-davis) ( . 27 . 2020).




88


Timeline of Otto Warmbiers saga in North Korea / ABC News Internet Ventures. 2017. URL: https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/timeline-otto-warmbiers-saga-north-korea-released/story?id=48015088 (https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/timeline-otto-warmbiers-saga-north-korea-released/story?id=48015088) ( . 27 . 2020).




89


The Mysterious History of N.J.s Secret Campus Societies / NJ Advance Media. 2019. URL: https://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/2015/09/the_mysterious_history_of_njs_secret_campus_societies.html (https://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/2015/09/the_mysterious_history_of_njs_secret_campus_societies.html) ( . 27 . 2020).




90


Porcellian Club, Harvards Oldest, Warns Against Women Members / NBC News. 2016. URL: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/education/porcellian-club-harvard-s-oldest-warns-against-women-members-n555576 (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/education/porcellian-club-harvard-s-oldest-warns-against-women-members-n555576) ( . 27 . 2020).




91


In Most Extensive Comments in Centuries, Porcellian Club Criticizes Final Club Scrutiny / The Harvard Crimson. 2016. URL: https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/4/13/porcellian-club-criticizes-college/ (https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/4/13/porcellian-club-criticizes-college/) ( . 27 . 2020).




92


Bruckner H. Students Fall Victim to Hazing Epidemic: Unity at What Cost? // Touro Law Review. 2018. 2(34). P. 466.




93


Nuwer H. Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001. P. 103.




94


Forgive Me, a Prankish Senior Puck / The Harvard Crimson. 1998. URL: https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1998/4/16/forgive-me-a-prankish-senior-puck/ (https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1998/4/16/forgive-me-a-prankish-senior-puck/) ( . 27 . 2020).




95


Ibid.




96


Nuwer H. Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001. P. 103.




97


Forgive Me, a Prankish Senior Puck / The Harvard Crimson. 1998. URL: https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1998/4/16/forgive-me-a-prankish-senior-puck/ (https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1998/4/16/forgive-me-a-prankish-senior-puck/) ( . 27 . 2020).




98


Parks G. S., Burgess J. Hazing the United States Military: A Psychology and Law Perspective // S. Cal. Interdisc. LJ. 2019. 1(29)  P. 1.




99


Bruckner H. Students Fall Victim to Hazing Epidemic: Unity at What Cost? // Touro Law Review. 2018. 2(34). P. 466.




100


Mikell T. C. Getting away with murder: hazing, hegemonic masculinity, and victimization. PhD Thesis. University of South Carolina, 2014. P. 13.




101


Jones R. L. Black Haze: Violence, Sacrifice, and Manhood in Black Greek-Letter Fraternities. NY: SUNY Press, 2004. P. 5.




102


Hazing Deaths on American College Campuses Remain far too Common / The Economist. 2017. URL: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2017/10/13/hazing-deaths-on-american-college-campuses-remain-far-too-common (https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2017/10/13/hazing-deaths-on-american-college-campuses-remain-far-too-common) ( . 27 . 2020).




103


Murtha J. A. I was Hazed in a Fraternity. I Never Forgot what Happened / The Houston Chronicle. 2018. URL: https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/fraternity-hazing-haunting-memory-13227406.php (https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/fraternity-hazing-haunting-memory-13227406.php) ( . 11 . 2020).




104


Ibid.




105


Fraternity, Sorority and Cooperative Life Cost and Census Report / Purdue University, 2018/2019. URL: https://www.purdue.edu/fscl/resources/Cost-and-Census-Report-12.19.18.pdf (https://www.purdue.edu/fscl/resources/Cost-and-Census-Report-12.19.18.pdf) ( . 11 . 2020).




106


Ibid.




107


Costs of Membership / Trustees of Dartmouth College. 2020. URL: https://students.dartmouth.edu/greek-life/recruitment/joining-greek-organization/costs-membership (https://students.dartmouth.edu/greek-life/recruitment/joining-greek-organization/costs-membership) ( . 11 . 2020).




108


Fraternity, Sorority and Cooperative Life Cost and Census Report / Purdue University, 2018/2019. URL: https://www.purdue.edu/fscl/resources/Cost-and-Census-Report-12.19.18.pdf (https://www.purdue.edu/fscl/resources/Cost-and-Census-Report-12.19.18.pdf) ( . 11 . 2020).




109


The 38-Year-Old Frat Boy / The New York Times. 2015. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/opinion/the-38-year-old-frat-boy.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/opinion/the-38-year-old-frat-boy.html) ( . 11 . 2020).




110


Ibid.




111


Krone C. J. The nature of inclusivity and exclusivity of social Greek letter organizations on college campuses: A case study, Eastern Michigan University. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 2017. P. 53.




112


Simonson P. M. The History of Gamma Phi Beta. [s.n.], 1965. P. 8.




113


Chavis Hall. Virginia: Washington and Lee University, 2019.




114


The First Of Its Kind / Cheyney University. 2020. URL: https://cheyney.edu/who-we-are/the-first-hbcu/ (https://cheyney.edu/who-we-are/the-first-hbcu/) ( . 20 . 2020).




115


Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, INC. 2020. URL: https://apa1906.net/our-leadership/ (https://apa1906.net/our-leadership/) ( . 20 . 2020).




116


Silent Sam Confederate Statue Is Toppled at University of North Carolina / The New York Times. 2018. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/us/unc-silent-sam-monument-toppled.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/us/unc-silent-sam-monument-toppled.html) ( . 20 . 2020).




117


The (Black) Elephant in the Room  Evan Shields / IvyUntold. 2017. URL: https://www.ivyuntold.com/articles/2017/10/4/the/black/elephantintheroom (https://www.ivyuntold.com/articles/2017/10/4/the/black/elephantintheroom) ( . 20 . 2020).




118


Ibid.




119


Krebs C. P. et al.The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice, 2007. P. 61.




120


We Can Finally Talk About Sexism in Tech  So Lets Be Honest / Time. 2014. URL: https://time.com/2802080/evan-spiegel-snapchat-tech-sexism/ (https://time.com/2802080/evan-spiegel-snapchat-tech-sexism/) ( . 11 . 2020).




121


Snapchat Paid its third Cofounder $158 Million in Cash to Disappear / Business Insider. 2017. URL: https://www.businessinsider.com/snapchat-paid-third-cofounder-reggie-brown-158-million-to-disappear-2017-2 (https://www.businessinsider.com/snapchat-paid-third-cofounder-reggie-brown-158-million-to-disappear-2017-2) ( . 11 . 2020).




122


Alabama Sorority Removes Objectifying Promotional Video After Backlash / Time. 2015. URL: https://time.com/4001244/alabama-sorority-video/ (https://time.com/4001244/alabama-sorority-video/) ( . 11 . 2020).




123


The Long, Fraught Racial History of American Fraternities / The Washington Post. 2015. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/03/11/the-long-fraught-racial-history-of-american-fraternities/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/03/11/the-long-fraught-racial-history-of-american-fraternities/) ( . 11 . 2020).




124


Ibid.




125


Ibid.




126


The Long, Fraught Racial History of American Fraternities / The Washington Post. 2015. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/03/11/the-long-fraught-racial-history-of-american-fraternities/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/03/11/the-long-fraught-racial-history-of-american-fraternities/) ( . 11 . 2020).




127


Krone C. J. The nature of inclusivity and exclusivity of social Greek letter organizations on college campuses: A case study, Eastern Michigan University. PhD Thesis. [s.n.], 2017. P. 226.




128


Nelson Sh. Why I left me Frat / Columbia Daily Spectator. 2018. URL: https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2018/04/27/why-i-left-my-frat/ (https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2018/04/27/why-i-left-my-frat/) ( . 11 . 2020).




129


Ibid.




130


Why its Time to Shut Down Poisonous US College Fraternities / The Guardian. 2015. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/10/shut-down-college-fraternities-university-oklahoma-racist (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/10/shut-down-college-fraternities-university-oklahoma-racist) ( . 11 . 2020).




131


Whats Really Behind the Civil War to End Harvards Fraternities? /Vanity Fair. 2017. URL: https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/08/harvard-final-clubs-fraternities-end (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/08/harvard-final-clubs-fraternities-end) ( . 11 . 2020).




132


Are Frat Brothers Natural Conservatives? /National Review. 2013. URL: https://www.nationalreview.com/2013/01/are-frat-brothers-natural-conservatives-betsy-woodruff/ (https://www.nationalreview.com/2013/01/are-frat-brothers-natural-conservatives-betsy-woodruff/) ( . 11 . 2020).




133


One Referendum Passes, Five Fail / The Phoenix. 2013. URL: https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2013/04/11/one-referendum-passes-five-fail/ (https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2013/04/11/one-referendum-passes-five-fail/) ( . 11 . 2020).




134


Williams-Scurlock M. Greek Life: Behind the Letters // Necessary Steps: Roadmap to First Generation College Student Success / ed.by F. Clarice. Kendall: Hunt Publishing Company, 2014. P. 3.




135


Lansley R. N. College Women or College Girls?: Gender, Sexuality, and in Loco Parentis on Campus. PhD Thesis. The Ohio State University, 2004. P. 7778.




136


Lee P. The Case of Dixon V. Alabama: from Civil Rights to Students Rights and Back Again // Teachers College Record. 2014. 116. P. 11.




137


Cap & Skull History / Cap & Skull. 2020. URL: http://capandskull.org/#!/history (http://capandskull.org/#!/history) ( . 11 . 2020).




138


Rountree . The Chameleon President: The Curious Case of George W. Bush. California: ABC-CLIO, 2012. P. 2728.


