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2020    -      ,  ,         ,    :   (      )    [1 - ,       ,         . .  (18421909).            .  . .    ,  .    . : . 2020.]?         ,            ,    [2 - ,  ,          ,   ,   .  . ,    // . 2020 (https://diletant.media/articles/45288813).].      ,    ,    ,    :       ,  .        .   ,        ,     , , , , ,      [3 -  .    ,    ?      . .    //  vs . : , 2016. .5378.].     ( ,   ).  ,       (          ),      .     .       .

    ,  ,  .      ides re?ues,   .    , : )   (      ?), )     (    ), )    ,         (  -        ?).         .

     ,          .     ,            .   ,          .   . . , - . . ,   . . .  !   . . [4 -  .   :      150-    //   , 161, 2020. .307315.]!    !     ,       ?   ? ? , ,            ,          (        [5 -  . .    () // , 2020. . 161, 378392.  . .     (        ) // , 2020. . 161, 392401.])       ,          ,  ,           [6 -  .,  .,  .  :    . : . 2018.].     ,      ,   .  ,       ,  ,   .

          .   ,          ,    , ,       ,   ( ,    ).    :     ,   ?   ?       ,    ,         ?     , ,     ?       ,       ?      ,    .      ,   ,      ,   ,     .

     ,      ,  .

   ,             .                    .   ,  ,            .    ,     ,       .           ,       [7 -  .   :          // Islamology, 10:1, 2020. 105114.].  ,       ,     .         ,  ,    ,    .   ,        ,        [8 - Simon M. Representing cultural diversity in Russia: the Eurovision contest and Manizhas Russian Woman performance // Central Asian Program. 2021 (https://www.centralasiaprogram.org/representing-culturaldiversity-russia-eurovision-contest-manizhas-russianwoman-performance).]. ,     ,             ,    (,  ; ,   ),     ,         (: ,  ). ,     ,   .         . ,       [9 - ,   ,   .         .  : Kamp M. The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism. University of Washington Press, 2006.],     [10 - Roberts F. Old Elites under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod. Chicago University. Ph.D. thesis, 2016.],      ,         . . [11 - Anisimova I. From Celebrated Novel to Media Outrage: The Public Debate Surrounding the Miniseries Zuleikha Opens Her Eyes // Slavica Bergensia, 13, 2020. P.107127. Kalinina, E. Mediated Post-Soviet Nostalgia. Stockholm: S?dert?rns h?gskola, 2014.].      ,  ,   ,   ,   .

            .        ,   .   2021     Elle     ,      ,    ,    , ,    .     ,                    [12 -      -   ChapanFashion. (https://www.instagram.com/chapanfashionista/).]. ,    ,   ,      ,      ,    . ,               ,     [13 - : Sabol S. The Touch of Civilization: Comparing American and Russian Internal Colonization. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2017.].       ,     .

             ,  ,        [14 - Thomas A. Nomads and Soviet Rule: Central Asia Under Lenin and Stalin. Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.].         ,      ,      [15 - ,   ,      .           :  .  : ,     . : , 2020.            (   1916.),       ( ,    ,       ).].    ,     ,  ,     ,           ,    ,       (  ,   ). ,     ,                (,   )[16 -  .,  .        // Ab Imperio, 4, 2016. .207255.].          ,               ,      .             .       ,  ,        .          ,    .   ,   (      )          .                .            ,    ,    ,      .

 :        ,    .

      ,  ,  ,     ,  ,    .       ,  ,    ,      ,    .     -      ,      -    , ,   ,         .          ?   ,       ,    ,        ,         [17 - Todorov T. Prface ? ldition fran?aise // LOrientalisme: LOrient cr par lOccident. Paris: ditions du Seuil, 2005.].

,      ,    ?

,        .        . -,    ,      .    ,      ,       ,   .         , , ,          [18 - Irwin R. For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and their Enemies. Penguin Books, 2007.].         .         ,   , ,    .       (, , ),             [19 - Heschel S. and Ryad U. The Muslim Reception of European Orientalism: Reversing the Gaze. London and New York: Routledge, 2019.].           [20 - ?elik Z. Europe Knows Nothing about the Orient: A Critical Discourse from the East (18721932). Ko? University Press, 2021.].       ,     ,   ,  ,   , .      ,        ,      [21 -  . .   : ,         .  ? // , 4:1, 2018. .944.];       ,          [22 - Bessmertnaya O. Un agent-provocateur musulman, ou un Orientaliste de plus: jouer ? lautre dans les miroirs imprio-orientalistes // Slavica Occitania, 35: Les Orients dans la culture russe, 2012. P.83126.];           - , ,   ,   ,    .       ,      .

-,   .      ,        .     .   ,      , , ,    [23 -  .  :   //  , 2 (3), 2015. .78105.].   ,        ,     . , ,  ,        ,     [24 - ,  : Said E. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.].                 ,      [25 -  .       ?        ,     .   : . .:  , 2005. .345359.].     ,      .            ,       [26 -     ,      .].        ,          ,    .  ,     .                  ,    , ,   [27 - Tr?per, H. Orientalism, Philology, and the Illegibility of the Modern World. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.].    ,     , .      ,       .    ,     ,     , ,           .

-,     ,          .      .  ,  ,     ,     ,  . ,      . ,    (        ;  )     ,      .     .         .            ,    ,    ,      : ,   .

     .          ,   .         ,     ,     . ,      (    ),     ,                     .       ,  ,       2021                         . ,   ,         .

 

, 2021







       ,         19751976 ,              [28 - CASBS    ,   1954.     .          ,  ,    (     ,    ).].                ,       [29 -    (19222001)       (research assistant)  .],  ,  [30 -       ( 1975.).],  [31 -       ( 1975.).]     [32 -    (19202008) ,     ,    1975  1989.].  ,   ,           ,  ,   ,  ,  , ,  , ,    .               -[33 -  - (19282013) ,    ,      -  (   ,    ).  ,       : -  12501350 (1989),   ,         XVI.,         .            .  - (19292001) , , .     ,    ,   ,   Arab Studies Quarterly.                   .],  [34 -   (  1928.) , ,      (      ),   ( ,      - ).]   [35 -   (19352018) ,       .      ,      .],          .  ,          ,      ,       .       Pantheon Books            (    )    -  .  [36 -           (19091979),     .   .]            .  ,              ,   .

-,    1977. . . .


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 (East[37 -       , East  Orient,      .       ,  ,     .                .       .       West  Occident.         .])  .

  












I


              19751976 [38 -     (19751990)        ,    .             .]       ,  -, ,   (Orient) [39 -     (17681848) , ,     .  1806.    ,  ,   .          (Les Martyrs),       .  ,                ,      ,    (Itinraire de Paris ? Jrusalem).             (  ).             .]  [40 -    (18081855) ,     ,  .  18421843.    , ,    . ,          (   ).  1851.       (Voyage en Orient).       ,       .      ,    .            .  , ,      ,        .      ,      .][41 - Desjardins T. Le Martyre du Liban. Paris: Pion, 1976. P. 14.]. , ,     ,     .            ,  ,    ,  .   .  -    ,   . ,   ,            ,          ,     .                        ,       .

       ,   , ,         [42 -   (Far East)  , - ,    - (  ),  (,     )  -  (   ).] (     ).               , , , ,        ,     ,    ,         .      :  ,   ,     ,      ,             [43 -    .       .        ,       , ,     .      ,     (     ,  ).   XX.      ,       .       ( ,     ).    ,     , ,   , ,     /.    ,      ,              ( ).].  ,    ( )      , , , .           .      [44 -              ,      (19261984).           (   (18921957)    (19031969)).             (17701831)       (18181883)      .      ,       ,    ,          .            .             .  ,          .]   .             [45 -      ,     (      ).       (statements),      .    ,          .    ,     .        ,   .   ,        ,     .   ,    ,   .]    , , , , ,      . ,       ,    ,    [46 -       (19391945),            ,  (19501953)   (19501975) .]       ,    .  ,           ( [47 -   (Middle East)       - .       (   - )  .])        .

   (        ),       ,   ,   , .      ,  ,          . ,                ,   ,   ,       ,  ,     ,  .     (Orientalism)      ,   (Oriental studies)   (Area studies)[48 -   ,  ,     ,      (           )        (        ),      .],  -     ,   ,           XIX   XX .            ,            .   ,       ,    -,              .

   ,  , ,        ,      .     ,         (the Orient)  (  )  (the Occident).     , , ,  ,                  ,  , ,       ,  , , ,   ..  , ,     [49 -   (18021885)   ,      (Les Orientales),      (18211829).          .], [50 -              ,       .     ,       .]   [51 -       .   ,         ,    .        ,      .].         ,         ,  .

            ,    XVIII     ,      .       ,         ,   .    XVIII              ,        ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  .  ,      ,     .         ,            ,   .  ,            ,              , , , , ,     ,   .  ,     , ,   ,   ,          ,     ,      .  ,  -     (  )     .   ,     ,      [52 -             .            . , ,     ,   ,      .],   ,     ,   (, ,  )   ,       ,  . ,   ,        .    ,        ,            .

  ,           -     ,         ,       .         ,    ,      , ,     ,  ,    [53 -      (, , , ).],     ,  ,       ,   ,     ,  ,    ( ,  , , ),   ,   ,    ,     .     ,      ,        ,    XIX         .   XIX                ;        ,       ,  -   .   ,    ,         (,   ),    ,    .

  ,         ,    ,    ,        .  ,     ,       ,    ,      ,   ,     .        ,         ,         ,       .




II


   ,       .    ,        .       [54 -   (16681744)   ,           (La Scienza Nuova).]  ,      ,   ,    ,  ,   ,   .  ,              , ,  ,   (Orient)   (Occident),  . ,    ,    ,     ,    ,           .             .

 ,     . -,    ,   ,   (essentially),   ,      .  [55 -   (18041881)     (   - ).  18301831.    .   1840- .   ,     (  ).    ,    .             ( ,  ).        ,      ( ,  )      (    ).]     ,     ,    ,       ,          ;        ,        .        ,   ,   ,      , , ,  ,         .          ,     .      ,     ,           ,           (  ),            .   ,            ,     ,   ,   ,      ,    [56 -   (18791955)  .        (Of Mere Being)       (The Palm at the End of the Mind).].

    ,  ,                , ,   . ,      ,    ,  (orientalized),  ,        ,   .         , ,    ,          . . [57 -    (18951963)    .      ,         .]    [58 - Panikkar K. M. Asia and Western Dominance. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1959.].      ,            XIX  ,    ,  , ,       . ,  ,    [59 -   (18211880)  .  1850- .         .       (Salammb?)      (Voyage en gypte  Voyage en Orient).]           ;      ,      ,   .       .   ,  , ,      ,        [60 -     ,         .] ,         ,       .     ,             .             ,  .

     .   ,       ,  ,     ,  .  ,        -   ,      (,          ).               ,       -        .      ,         ( , ,  ,     )    [61 -   (18231892)    .   1880- .,  ,          ,           ,        .            :   (Europe Knows Nothing about the Orient: A Critical Discourse),      . .            .]   1840-        ,   - ,    .          ,      ,           (material investment).    ,      ,       ,             -         .

[62 -   (18911937)    .            .]         ,       (,   ,   ) ,   ,   ,       (, ,  ),      . , ,     ,   ,        ,   ,     (consent).   ,   ,  ,      ,  ,       ,  ;      ,      (hegemony), ,       .  , , ,     ,     ,       .     ,   [63 -   (19151994)  ,         .]   [64 - Hay D. Europe: The Emergence of an Idea. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1968.],  ,  , ,  , -,     ,        ,        ,     :             .  ,      ,          [65 -    ,    ,       ( ). ,         ()     ( ).],    ,               .

          ,           ,         .       ,              ? , , ,          ,           ,        .   XVIII                    ,     ,    ,     ,        , , ,       ,        , ,  ,    .  ,            ,        ,        ,     ,       ,     ,    , ,   .      ,    ,       [66 -      (17581838)    .]         XIX.   [67 -    (18011876)    .],     ,       [68 -     (18161882)    .    .        (Essai sur lingalit des races humaines),       .]  ,        (.     [69 -   (19282018)  ,           (  The Lustful Turk, or Lascivious Scenes from a Harem   XIX.).]  )[70 - Marcus S. The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in MidNineteenth Century England. 1966; reprint ed. N. Y.: Bantam Books, 1967. P.200219.].

      ,           ,    ,  (    )    ,   ,               ,     ,     ,          ,    .      ,    ,              :           ,    [71 -   (17461794)    .  - .],   ,     .            ?       (  ,       ),      ,     ?

       , , , ,         .                , ,   ,         ,  .            ,      ,  ,      ,    ,      ,  ,    .          ,       ,    ?




III


     ,         ,   ,         .

1.    .   ,         ,             .         (humanist), ,      (humanities)      , ,    ,      ,      . ,   ,     ,        ,   ,    ,   .   ,   ,   ,  ,   ,         ,             . ,     ,     ,      ,            ,  ,  ,  .     ,        ,  , ,          (  , ,      -,      ,     ),          : , ,                 (political).

       ,     (         ),   ,   ,   , , ,        (small-minded doctrinal belief).      ,      .            ,     (  )  ,   ,   ,      .      ,    ,   ,                    .  ,  ,  ,   ,   (       ),  .          .

       [72 -     ,    .      XIX.             XX.                 (19191983),            (    ).                   (    ,    , ,   ).        ,    .    ,     ,   .]          ,         [73 - .  : Criticism Between Culture and System. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.]. ,    ,    ,       ,        ( ,        ),  -,      ,    .     ,           ,    ,    - [74 -        ,   ,    .       .        .]. -,   ,           .  -               ;                 .  ,            ,  ,    ,     ,       ,   - .        ,         ,  (Russian studies),         ,      .     ,      (as a general subject matter)        ,      ,    ,   ,      ,   ,    ,     .

           :  ,              , , ,              ,            [75 -     : Chomsky N. American Power and the New Mandarins: Historical and Political Essays. New York: Pantheon Books, 1969;  : Chomsky N. For Reasons of State. N. Y.: Pantheon Books, 1973.]. ,  ,  ,   ,    ,         ,   ,   ,   ,       .  ,  -    ,    XIX         ,          .  ,        ,  ,         -  ,                      .   ,                     ,     ,     ,  ,         :                .            .     ,   ,           ,   ,      ,           [76 -  (VIII.  ..)  -.     , ,   .].

   ,         ,    .     ,       ,     , ,  ,     ,   . . . [77 -     (18951971)  ,        (  ,       ).     Modern trends in Islam (1947).         ,           .],       .   ,         ,    ,    ,           ,     .           ,    ,   ,         ,    ,        .  ,  ,               ,    ,      ,       ,    ,       ,  , ,    ,    .

 ,         ,   ,   ;         ;                . , ,  (distribution)    , , , ,    .     (elaboration)    (     ,   ),     ,     ,   ,  ,  ,    ,    ,   . , ,      ,      , ,      ,     (   ) . ,  , ,        ,       . , ,           ,         (,     ),   (  ,      [78 -        . .  Homo Imperii:     , (XIX   XX.).],       ),   (,     , , [79 -          ,       .  ,     -   (18421908)    (18421904).]),   (,   ,    ,      ,  ). ,     ,             -         ,    .

       ,     -  ;  :  ,  ,  ,  ,        ,  (, , )        .         ,      (superstructural pressures)   ,  [80 -       ,      ,   ,     ,   ,       (    )    . ,  ,     , ,          ,     .          .    (        ),       ,     ,      (            ).].  -,  ,     ,     ,    ,  [81 -    ,       .      (18951975)    (. 1941).         ,     - (        ,   ).  ,       ( ,    ).             .],   ,      ,   [82 -   (18921940)  , .              ,      .   ,  ,          (Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit). . :  .        //   . - . : . .190234.]        ,   ,  ,   ,     [83 - Benjamin W. Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism. Trans. Harry Zohn. London: New Left Books, 1973. P. 71.].    ,  ,           .       [84 -             1815  1848.,         .]  ,          -[85 -   - (17721844)  ,     (17981802).     ,        .]  [86 -     (17691832)  ,     .  -           . -       ( ,     ,            ,       ;       ),          (        ;       ).        .  , ,                .],                  -       .         [87 -    (19262011)    .]        ,   [88 -     ,        .        .],     ,             ,        [89 - Bracken H. Essence, Accident and Race // Hermathena 116. Winter, 1973. P.8196.]. C           [90 -            -   . , ,        .].

, ,            ;  ,                    .       ,               ,   (superstructural)   (base)      ;     ,   ,   -        [91 -   : Diacritics. Fall 1976. Vol. 6, 3. P. 38.].           ,   [92 -     1980- .,       ,             ,       .          Ab Imperio.]    ,      ,     ,   .        ,    , ,     ,      .  ,         ,   ,    .

,   ,       ,     ,       ( ). -,    XIX  (         )       :      ,          ,  ,     ,     [93 -    (18061873)  ,  .            .], [94 -   (18221888)    .         ,           .], [95 -   (17951881)  ,   ,      .       .], [96 -    (18011890) , , .           .], [97 -    (18001859)  , ,  .       ,         .], и[98 -  и (18191900)  ,  ,      .],  [99 -   (18191880)  .   The modern hep! hep! hep!      .]   [100 -             .],       ,       .        , , ,         ,          (  ,         ),     ,   ,  .   ,       ,     . -, ,         , ,     ,     ,     .  :   ,            ,  ,   ,    ,     ,  ,    .    , ,      [101 -   (19211988)  ,  .         ,         .]    .  -               XIX ,      [102 - Williams R. The Long Revolution. London: Chatto & Windus, 1961. P.6667.].

             ,      , , ,        .          ,  , , ,  ,      ,  ,   ,   ,     ,            ,   .  ,     ,  ,         XIX.           -  ,        ,    -        .

,  ,  ,   :    , ,         ,  ?   , , , ,    ,             ?  , , ,     ?      , , ?          ?   ,      -       [103 -     ,      .          (power).         .      ,        (authority),      .]            ,   ,            ,  ,     ?   ,         .    ,           .  ,             ,     [104 -  ,      ,    .                   .        .].

2. .                     ,  ,  [105 - Said Ed. Beginnings: Intention and Method. N. Y.: Basic Books, 1975.].  ,      ,   ,     ,        :     ,    ,    .            (  ,    ),     .  ,   ,       ,   -     ,       , ;              [106 -    (19181990)  -.]  ,       ,   ,    [107 - Althusser L. For Marx. Trans. Ben Brewster. N. Y.: Pantheon Books, 1969. P.6567.].     (   ,   )          ,     ,  ,        .

       [108 -   ( . )  ,            ,      ,      ,      .  ,           ,        .       .]  , -, ,          ,  ,       ,    ; -, ,           ; -, ,    ,     [109 -   (18841956) , , .       ,    (1950),      .        ,   XVIII.     ,              .],       XX   [110 -   (18941974)  .      Die arabischen Studien in Europa bis in den Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts.],       [111 -   (19142001)    ,       .               .]     [112 - Schwab R. La Renaissance orientale. Paris: Payot, 1950; F?ck J. W. Die Arabischen Studien in Europa bis in den Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955; Metlitzki D. The Matter of Araby in Medieval England. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977.]        - ,  ,         ,    ,  .

      [113 -         ,     .  ,            .    ,     ,    .       ,     :  (  )   (    ).  ,    ,        ,  ,        .]    ,   ,        ,       .      ,     ,    [114 -  (  )     .], ,            ,  ,       .  ,    ,        (    )   --      ,         .           , ,      :  ,       (, , ),  ,      ,         .              ,   ,   ,           ,        ;      ,    XVIII  XIX .  ,       -[115 -  (-)    ,    .   ,     ,            (17131754)   - .       .  1754.            (16901746),     , -   (17241795),    -.         - (17311805),    ,        ()   .         . . - (19452018).],         XIX [116 -         (18011852)      (17971869).            .].

          XVII .            ()     , , [117 -         .             :                :      (Russias Turn to Persia. Orientalism in Diplomacy and Intelligence).              XIX   XX.          ,     (,        ),     .       ,               - (19242012),    . ,      .        ,         .   ,        ( ; ,       ;        ,      ,    )  ,        (   )      (,   ,         XVIII.).],     ()  ,          XVIII     ,       -  ,   [118 -   (17101787)   ,    ,    (             ).], [119 -    (17521827)  ,     .], [120 -    (17441803)    ,    .]  [121 -    (17171794)    .]. -,     -,     ,       ,            ,   ,                 XX ;             ,  ,   ,      .  ,  ,   ,    ,            ,   , ,    .   ,     ,            ,    [122 -       .       ,  ,        . ,    (German Orientalism in the Age of Empire. Religion, race, and scholarship).  ,     ,           ,      (Orientalism, Philology, and the Illegibility of the Modern World).].   , ,         ,    ,  ,  [123 -    ,     .      .]   [124 -     ,   224651.],     [125 - -  (17901832)  ,  .]   [126 -   (17911867)  .],    .                  .

-,          ,     ,  ,     ,     .         . . [127 -   (. 1935)    ,      .     1975. Kubla Khan and the fall of Jerusalem. The mythological school in Biblical criticism and secular literature 17701880.] -   [128 - Shaffer E. S. Kubla Khan and The Fall of Jerusalem: The Mythological School in Biblical Criticism and Secular Literature, 17701880. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.]        ,      [129 -    (17721834)  -.], [130 - 30  (18121889)    .]   .  -     ,  ,                   .                  ,  ,  , ;  ,               ,          ,   ,        .  ,   ,                 .

   , ,   ,    : ,  ,    ,             .  ,             ,  [131 -   (18231899)    .], [132 -    (18231900)    .], [133 -    (18761933)  .], [134 -   (18501921)  ,       .   : )  ,       ( ,        (18691930), )                .], [135 -   (18681956)  .], ͸[136 -  ͸ (18361930)    .]       ,   ,        .     ,          ,       XIX ,         .        ,     .   ,           , ,       ,  ,       .     ,       ,  :      :    ,    [137 -  (14931541)  ,  .          ,        .  ,    ,    ,    .],   ,  ,  [138 - Eliot G. Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life. 1872; reprint ed., Boston: Houghton Mirflin Co., 1956. P. 164.].

  , ,    1830 ,      ,        .         XIX             ,   (national)   .     ,    -   , ,  .  ,       ,   ,  :    ,    ,     ,       , , [139 -    (17901869) , ,  .      Impressions, souvenirs, penses et paysages pendant un voyage en Orient, 18321833, ou Notes dun voyageur,        .], [140 -    (18211890)  ,   .    .],   . -   ,        , -  ø        [141 -   (17721829) , ,  .       .                   XX.     .],        ,    , .       ,    , ,   ,          .

, ,      -,    ,      (authority)     .           ,        .      , ,   ;         (      ,    ),      ,               XIX .

      .  , , ,   ,  ,   ,       ,      ,    ,   ,   ,  , , .  ,      .       ,                 .

        ,     ,           ,    ,   ,         ,    ,  ,     ,   [142 -    .           .       ,     , ..       ,    .]    ,       .       ,   ,     ,   :    ,    ,        ,  ,   . ,    ,    vis-?-vis,     ;  ,   ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  , , ,    ,         ,   ,   ,       .       .  ,    (     ),     ,    ,        .  ,      (affiliates)   ,  ,  ,   .  ,    ,             ,   ,     , ,  ,    ,  ,   (, ,  )     .

 , ,          ,     ,    ,      ,   .  ,      .    ,     ,  ,   ,   ,  ,     .       ,      ,   . ,     ,    ,     ,     ,    .     , , :                   (      ).        ,            -      .           ,   , ,      [143 -             .     ,          .         .          .],     .           ( ,  ,  ),      ( ,  ).     ,  , ,  ,    ,        -  .           , ,      ,    ;     ,           , faute de mieux,   .     ,    ,         [144 - Sie k?nnen sich nicht vertreten, sie m?ssen vertreten warden.        .              (           ?)     (vertreten)      (darstellen).       ,    ,   .  .     ,     ,        .].

 ,      ,   ,   :         ,  ,     ,   ,  .      ,          ,      , ,    ,    .   ,      ,   ,    (presence),   - (re-presence),   (representation). , , ,      ,  ,            . ,         ,        ,   . ,        : ,       ,    ,   ,           ,    , ,    .      , , ,     ,       .

         XVIII     (  ,    ,     )   ,         . ,     -,            ,        ,  - .      ,          .    XVIII       ,       ,     ,             .         ,    ,      ,      .     [145 -   (17601844) , ,       .], , ø          ,        ,   .        ,     .

      ,   ,     ,    .  ,      ,         ,  .    , ,        ,  ,  ,  ,  [146 -       .],  ,  ,    ;    ,        ,   ,  . ,  ( )  , [147 -   (18561939)  . ,         .  ,           .] , [148 -   (18801936)  , .] ,  ,      .        ,  ,  , ;         ,   ,   .             ,   [149 -     ,     ,      .                   ,        ,    .         .].     ,      ,       ,    (hermetic)     .              ,        .        ,    ,  ,  ,   ,    .  ,          ,   ,         ()         .

  ,     ,     ,            ,   ,  .    ,   ,   ,       :   ,   ,     .        XIX.         ,  ,    .   ,      ,      ,     :        ,            ,   .               ,           .      ,      ;        , , ,      .  ,           ;    ,     (, ,  )   . ,       ,                ,      .

  ,         ,           .      .    ,  ,         : ,   ,                , ,   ,   .   ,        ,  ,     ,    .         ;          ,   , ,    ,          ,         [150 -          .   ,  ,   .  ,  ,      .]. ,            , ,         [151 -    ,         .]   -  -  .          .         .

, ,          ,     ,     .  ,     ,        ,   ;  ,  ,     ,    ,      ,  ,   ,   .   ,  ,     ,     : -,      ,      ; -,          ,        .       ,    ,             ,      ,      ,     . ,                    -    ,     , ,         . ,       ,                  ,  .

       ,     , ,  ,  .  ,  ,      ,        ,         .   ,    ,      ,          ,     ,   .  ,  ,  ,    ,     1870 .       ,      .              ;   , ,         .

3. .   [152 -        ,     19261937.          .]  :                      ,       ,       .            ,           :        [153 - Gramsci A. The Prison Notebooks: Selections. Trans. and ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. N. Y.: International Publishers, 1971. P. 324.  ,      ,  : Gramsci. Quaderni del Carcere / Ed. Valentino Gerratana. Turin: Einaudi Editore, 1975. Vol. 2. P. 1363.].

               ,    ,     .  ,      (    )    ,  ,        .           ,    ,  , ,           .    ,         .   ,   , ,    ,   ,        .   ,    ,     ,      ,    ,       .                    ,      .

 ,    ,  ,        .  ,   ,    ,  1950-         [154 -         ,   .].    ,          ,          .              .          ,  -     ,   -   .       ,    ,       , ,    ,    ,    ,    .

        ,     . ,               .              XIX ,  .          .     ,            ,   :          ,      ;              [155 -        - .       1948.          .    ,               .],            ;      -  ,       ,     .  ,    , ,             ,      ,    ,  -,   -    ,    ,  .

            .     ,   , .       ,    ,     ,    .  ,  ,  ,  ,    , - ,           .      ,  ,    ,   ,                   ; ,  -   ,       ,         [156 -      ,           .],              (,     ),   .

    ,            ,       .       ,  , .                 ,    .           ;    , , ,      (, ,      ),           .  ,      ,    ,    . ,         ,  ,    ,         ,      .   ,      ,    ,    .        ,        ,       ,      (unlearning)    [157 - Williams R. Culture and Society, 17801950. London: Chatto & Windus, 1958. P. 376.].




 1

 



            

-  .   (1809)   [158 - -   (17681830)    .            ,      (17981801)  Description de lgypte.]







I

 


13 1910        [159 -   (18481930)   .]   ,      . ,   ,     ,  ,        .       ,     ,      ,     ,  -,    ,   .   ,   ,  1876    ;          ,       [160 -     -  (18781880)  -     (1879).],     1882 ,     [161 -    (18331885)  ,       (   18571858.     18811899.), .     ,  ,     .],  [162 -   (1898)         .      ,       .],   [163 -       1898. -     ,         .], - [164 -  -  (18801881)       ,   .], - .         ,             ,  , , [165 -    ,       .]  ,     -              ,         1910 .      - , ,   ,         .             ,         1892   [166 -   (18541925)     .],        ,        [167 -   XIX   XX.    ,       ,       ,      .       watan ().       nahda    .]  ,            . ,      .

  . . [168 -    (18561933)  ,  .],    -,      :          ,      (Oriental)?    (  )  ;     [169 -    (16701733)  , .], , [170 -   (16311700)    .], [171 -   (16881744)    .]  .      (East) , , .         (Oriental) ,  ,  ,         .    ,     ;         .



    .     [  ]         ,      ,        ,          ,      .     ,        .     ,    ,     .          ,     ,  ,       .     .      .


         :   ,  [172 -   (15611626)  , ,  .     ipsa scientia potestas est       ,    Meditationes Sacrae (1597).].       ,         ,        .               ,  ,     .     ,   ,    .        ;    , ,   ,      ,   ,    ,   .           ,    .       (us)     (it),  ,           ,    .          ,      ,    ,  .         ;     ,    .



    .                         (the Orientals)      (broadly speaking the East),       .               ,  .                   .   ,    ,          ,          ,  ,    ,  .  .      .  ,      ,    ,         -     :   ,      .


    ,       .

          ,       ?  , .  ,  ,       ,  -     ,        , , ,             ,     ,      .

     ,    ,     ,     ,     . , ,         , , -,  ,  ,   ,   ,    ,      . ,   ,  , ,   .      ,     ,        ,      [      ,       ,   ,      ],       ,    ;    ,    ?         [].        ,    ,  ,  ,   .        ,     ,   ,   .         ,   ,      ,   ,  ,  ,     ,    ,       ,     ,   ,         ,     ,       ,    .

        ,        .   ;    ,   ;  ,      ;   ,  ;      ,        ;  , ,      ;  ,     .               ,   ,      ,   ,    ,  .     :           ,   ,      ,     ,       ,       ,         [173 -              : Great Britain, Parliamentary Debates (Commons). 1910. 5th ser., 17. P.11401146. . : Thornton A. P. The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies: A Study in British Power. London: MacMillan & Co., 1959. P.357360.           ,   .: Mellini P. J. D. Sir Eldon Gorst and British Imperial Policy in Egypt. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1971.].

      ,          . , , ,           ,          .        ,         .           (the Orientals),   ,  ,   ,    ;   ,   ,      ,    ,  ,   .          ,   ,           ,        : ,     ,  ,        , ,      .      ;       ,                   .

,  ,   ,    ,             , ,     .        :     ;  ,    ,     ;         .    1882,           [174 -   (18411911)   ,         .        .],  1907     ,  ,   [175 -   (18411917)   .] (    ),  . 30  1907                       ,     .   (made) ,  :



 ,    ,                         ,       (Oriental)      [176 - Judd D. Balfour and the British Empire: A Study in Imperial Evolution, 18741932. London: MacMillan & Co., 1968. P. 286. . : P. 292.   1926              .].


    ,    .             , ,      ( )     .     ,   ,     ,  , , ,   ,  ,    ,   ,     ,    , ,               .

        ,   ,           .        ,           ,   ,     .              ,   ,    . ,    ,  , ,    .    (Westeners),     (Orientals).  ;   ,      ,      ,            . ,    ,    ,          ,       . ,    ,        ,    ,   .

   ,         ,        ,          ,   ,         ,         .        (subject races) ,      ,   Edinburgh Review   1908 .          ,       ;    (power),                  .  ,    ,   ,      ,      (          ),   .  ,  ,     ,       ,        ,           .        ,    ,   ,  ,        .                ,     ,      .  ,    ;       ,      .



 ,  ,        ,   ,     , , [177 -       .],  [178 -        .]  ,   :    ,     (nationally speaking),    in statu pupillari[179 -    (.).],      ,       .  ,          ,       ,    ,       ,    -    ,      , ,    ,   ,       .                 , ,       ,  ,       [180 -           XIXXX.     ,     (,  1860- .     ,   1904.      ).              (,          -,     ).], , ,      ,   ,       ,        ,    .   ,  ,    ,       -                 [181 -        (16311700)      II.            (        )  .]    ,     ,   .  ,  [182 - Baring E., Lord Cromer. Political and Literary Essays, 19081913. 1913; reprint ed., Freeport, N. Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969. P. 40, 53, 1214.].


 ,        ,      .   ,   ,         ,   ,          ,            [183 - Ibid. P. 171.].   (subject races)   ,    .       ,          ,         ,    .          ,   ,        ,     [184 - Owen R. The Influence of Lord Cromers Indian Experience on British Policy in Egypt 18831907 // Middle Eastern Affairs, Number Four: St. Antonys Papers Number 17 / Ed. Albert Hourani. London: Oxford University Press, 1965. P.109139.].   , ,         .

 , ,       ,  ,   ,           :    ,  , , , , ,   .    :  ,       .  ,      ,          [185 -  ,  ()   - ;     ,   .     ().      ,     (, )      (), , ,       ,   ,    .        ,     .      ()       .   ,       ,      ,    .       ,  ,  ,       (,  ).      ,     ,     ,    .          ,   ,            ,    ()  . . :  .    ,  , 1 (6). 2011. .2030.],    (    )  ,   . ,         ,       ,        :



  [186 -    (18351911)   ,    .      .]   :    .  -     .  ,      ,     .   ;      ;   , , ,    ;        ,       ;      .   , , , ,    ,     .      .           ,       .         -  ,    .         .  ,  ,     . , ,      ,     .       .


      ,    ,    , ,      ;        ,    (           ,       );     ,         ,      (race)[187 - Baring E., Lord Cromer. Modern Egypt. N. Y.: Macmillan Co., 1908. 2. P.146167.      ,    , .: Blunt W. S. Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt: Being a Personal Narrative of Events. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1922.         .: Khouri M. A. Poetry and the Making of Modern Egypt, 18821922. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971.].

  ,            ,      .       ,     ,      ,  ,   ,    ,        ,    ,    [188 - Cromer. Modern Egypt. 2. P. 164.].  , ,     ,         ( ,     -  [189 -    (17571820)  , , .]),     .      ,      ,    ,  .   ,        ,  ,     ,   ,     .    ,     ,     ,      ,         [190 -  ,        .]   .  ,    ,     ,  ;         , ,       ,    [191 - . : Marlowe J. Cromer in Egypt. London: Elek Books, 1970. P. 271.].

   ,  ,    ,   ,              - . ,           ,       ,     .      ,        .       (East and West),       ,  ,  . , ,    ,     .   ,    XVIII           .           , ,   ,         ,     ,  ,   ;  ,        ,  , ,    .        ,       ,    .   . ,          ,   ,      . ,  ,   ,        ,      ,       .

     ,   :   ,  ,    .   ,  (),    (different);    , ,   .          ,      ,    ,    ,        .  ,         ,      ,      ,      .     ,    , .  ,  ,     ,     .          ,   (  ),     (   ),   (    ),   (    ).   ,             .   ?

    ,    ,        ,        .  ,   ,             ,   ,       .      ,       XIX  XX ,   ,    ,    ,       ,     .        , , ,  .  ,     ,  ,    ,  , ,     , ,   .

      ,    ,   ,   , ,    ,    ,   ,   XIX ,   , ,    ,      .        ,  ,  ,      .                 ;  1815  1914        35      85 [192 - Magdoff, Harry. Colonialism (1763  c.1970). Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th ed. 1974. P.893894. . : Fieldhouse D. K. The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century. N.Y.: Delacorte Press, 1967. P. 178.]




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  (18481930)   .




160


    -  (18781880)  -     (1879).




161


   (18331885)  ,       (   18571858.     18811899.), .     ,  ,     .




162


  (1898)         .      ,       .




163


      1898. -     ,         .




164


 -  (18801881)       ,   .




165


   ,       .




166


  (18541925)     .




167


  XIX   XX.    ,       ,       ,      .       watan ().       nahda    .




168


   (18561933)  ,  .




169


   (16701733)  , .




170


  (16311700)    .




171


  (16881744)    .




172


  (15611626)  , ,  .     ipsa scientia potestas est       ,    Meditationes Sacrae (1597).




173


             : Great Britain, Parliamentary Debates (Commons). 1910. 5th ser., 17. P.11401146. . : Thornton A. P. The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies: A Study in British Power. London: MacMillan & Co., 1959. P.357360.           ,   .: Mellini P. J. D. Sir Eldon Gorst and British Imperial Policy in Egypt. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1971.




174


  (18411911)   ,         .        .




175


  (18411917)   .




176


Judd D. Balfour and the British Empire: A Study in Imperial Evolution, 18741932. London: MacMillan & Co., 1968. P. 286. . : P. 292.   1926              .




177


      .




178


       .




179


   (.).




180


          XIXXX.     ,     (,  1860- .     ,   1904.      ).              (,          -,     ).




181


       (16311700)      II.            (        )  .




182


Baring E., Lord Cromer. Political and Literary Essays, 19081913. 1913; reprint ed., Freeport, N. Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969. P. 40, 53, 1214.




183


Ibid. P. 171.




184


Owen R. The Influence of Lord Cromers Indian Experience on British Policy in Egypt 18831907 // Middle Eastern Affairs, Number Four: St. Antonys Papers Number 17 / Ed. Albert Hourani. London: Oxford University Press, 1965. P.109139.




185


 ,  ()   - ;     ,   .     ().      ,     (, )      (), , ,       ,   ,    .        ,     .      ()       .   ,       ,      ,    .       ,  ,  ,       (,  ).      ,     ,     ,    .          ,   ,            ,    ()  . . :  .    ,  , 1 (6). 2011. .2030.




186


   (18351911)   ,    .      .




187


Baring E., Lord Cromer. Modern Egypt. N. Y.: Macmillan Co., 1908. 2. P.146167.      ,    , .: Blunt W. S. Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt: Being a Personal Narrative of Events. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1922.         .: Khouri M. A. Poetry and the Making of Modern Egypt, 18821922. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971.




188


Cromer. Modern Egypt. 2. P. 164.




189


   (17571820)  , , .




190


 ,        .




191


. : Marlowe J. Cromer in Egypt. London: Elek Books, 1970. P. 271.




192


Magdoff, Harry. Colonialism (1763  c.1970). Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th ed. 1974. P.893894. . : Fieldhouse D. K. The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century. N.Y.: Delacorte Press, 1967. P. 178.


