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        ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .           .       : A Collection of the 20


-Century Propaganda,  ,    .      ,    ,              .

        : Realism with Gaze-Appeal: Lenin, Children, and Photomontage (Jahrbiicher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, vol. 67, no 1, (2019): 1164);   : ,    (The Many Lives of The Russian Avant-Garde. Nikolai Khardzhievs Legacy: New Contexts. Ed. by Dennis Ioffe and Frederick H. White. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pegasus, 2019, 361459);        //  2 (2019): 8-25).

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         1920-1930- ,       .           ,    1932    :    ,   .  , [2 - . .  .    //  , 1932. 3. . 15.].

             Ի  1924 [3 - - // . 1924. 4. . 4144.].       ,              . ,    -      1967     (    ),        [4 - - . .   , , . .: , 1968. . 55.].  1989        :     , 19131940           ,     [5 - Photography in the Modern Era: European Documents and Critical Writings, 19131940 / C. Phillips (Ed.). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art: Aperture. 1989. P. 211.].      2004            ,       [6 - Tupitsyn M. Gustav Klutsis and Valentina Kulagina: Photography and Montage after Constructivism. New York: International Center of Photografy; Gottingen: Steidl, 2004. P. 20.].       ,     [7 - Akinsha . Painting versus Photography: A Battle of Mediums in Twentieth-Century Russian Culture // D. Neumaier (Ed.) Beyond Memory: Soviet Nonconformist Photography and Photo-Related Works of Art. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 2004. P. 33.].      ,   2014     , ,  ,  ,      [8 - Gustavs Klucis: Complete Catalogue of Works in the Latvian National Museum of Art / I. Derkusova (Ed.). Riga: Latvijas Nacionalais makslas muzejs, 2014. Vol. 1. P. 71.].






. 1.    :  .   , 1927 .     , , .



             .        ,     :   ,   ;    .

       .        ;         ,        [9 - ., : Avant-garde and Propaganda: Soviet Books and Magazines in the Archive Lafuente, 19131941. Madrid: La Bahia (Archivo Lafuente); La Fabrica, 2019;   . 19181925. .:    , 2017; King D. Russian Revolutionary Posters: From Civil War to Socialist Realism, From Bolshevism to the End of Stalinism. London: Tate Publishing, 2015; Tupitsyn M. Gustav Klutsis and Valentina Kulagina;  ,  : ,  ,  ,  : 19221937 ? . . . .: -, 2010; The Soviet Photobook 19201941 ? . Karasik, . Heiting (Eds.). Gottingen: Steidl, 2015; Gustavs Klucis / I. Derkusova (Ed.).;  E.    . .: -, 2005; Avant-garde Art in Everyday Life: Early-Twentieth Century Modernism / M. Witkowsky (Ed.). Chicago: Art Institute Of Chicago, 2011; Russian and Soviet Collages. 1920s1990s. St. Petersburg: Palace Editions, 2005; Art into Life: Russian Constructivism 19141932. Seattle: Henry Art Gallery, University of Washington; New York: Rizzoli, 1990.     . Koretsky: the Soviet Photo Poster, 19301984 / E. Wolf (Ed.). New York: The New Press, 2012; Aleksandr Zhitomirsky: Photomontage as a Weapon of World War II and the Cold War / E. Wolf (Ed.). Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 2016. .     (http://www.togdazine.ru/),     (http://avantgarde. center/)   (https:// electro.nekrasovka.ru/).].                    [10 -  . , , .    . .: - , 2007;  /:     .  .    ? . . . , . . . .: - , 2018;          ,   :    1924 . .  ? . .   . . .: - , 2014;  .  .  . .  ? . . . . . . : - . . :  .   . .:   , 2015;  . .  .   . .: , 2008.].

    ,                ; ,          [11 - .  .        :  //      . .:   , 1928. . 35.           .,  Grimshaw A. The Ethnographers Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001; Poole D. Vision, Race, and Modernity: A Visual Economy of the Andean Image World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997; Vision in Context: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Sigh. /T. Brennan and M. Jay (Eds.). New York: Routledge, 1996.      . Ades D. Photomontage. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986.].                 ,           [12 -  .       //  . .:  , 1925. . 91.].          ,   1927  -  [13 -  .          //  . 19581960. . 3. .: , 1962, . 168.               (ocularphobic) ,          . . Jay . Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in Twentieth-Century French Thought. Berkeley: Universiity of California Press, 1993.].

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,         ,   ,         .   1920-1930-                       [19 -    . : Crary J. Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992.].         :   ,   ,        ,  ,  [20 - .  :    15 :    ?  . . . .: , 1933; - .  .   .   . 19171932. ? . . . . .: , 1984;     19171932. , , . . . ?. . . . . .: , 2010.].                      ,   ,       [21 - .:  .  :  , , . .:   , 2010;  .  :   . .:   , 2018;  .      1920- . .:  , 2015. . 435484. . : The Oxford Handbook of Communist Visual Culures / A. Skrodzka, X. Lu, K. Marciniak (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.].               ,     ? [22 -        .       . . -  .  ( :    . .: , , 2009):  ., - .   :  (). (. 7-16)   .   :        (. 57-105). .  Widdis . Visions of a New Land: Soviet Film from the Revolution to the Second World War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.].         [23 - .  .   .       . .:  , 1997.].






. 2.    : -     , 1925 .

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. 3.    (:      .   ? . . . , . . . . -: . -, 1929).






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      ,          ,        [24 -     .:  .        1920-30- . (    ) //  :     . 1920-  1930-  ? . . .   . . . .: , 2013. . 330361. .   .    :          1920-1930- . .: -, 2010;; The Soviet Photobook 19201941 ? . Karasik, . Heiting (Eds.).].          ,     1924           [25 -  .   . .:  , 1924.].    ,   ,         ,      . ,         ,   .   ,            .      ,       ,         .   , ,          ,         .     ,  :         .

               ,                  [26 - . :  .   :       . .:   , 2019; Kachurin . Making Modernism Soviet: The Russian Avant-Garde in the early Soviet Era, 19181928. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2013; Pankenier Weld, S. Voiceless Vangard: The Inf antilist Aesthetics of the Russian Avant-Garde. Evanston, Northwestern University Press, 2014.].  1920     :          [27 -  .   [1920] //  :    ?  . . . , .:  , 2016. . 3. . 45.].  ,     ,             .          .    ,             .      , ,   ,          ,    . (.5)






. 5. ,   :       (.:  , 1924). . . .   :  Collection of 20


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      .     ,     ,         ,     [28 - .:  .    . .:  , 1963;  .    :  . ,  .    . 19171936. .: , 2012. . 100110.].                  ,         1930  [29 - .   : Oushakine S., Balina . Primers of Soviet Modernity: Depicting Communism for Children in Early Soviet Russia // The Pedagogy of Images: Depicting Communism for Children / M. Balina, S. Oushakine (Eds.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020: Balina, M. Creativity through Restraint: The Beginnings of Soviet Childrens Literature. // Russian Childrens Literature. /M. Balina and L. Rudova (Eds. New York: Routledge, 2008. C. 1-19. . :  . .    . .:  , 1925:  3.      . : , 1928;     .   .       . 19241929. ?. . . . .: , 1967.].

    ,   ,   ,   19201930         -  - ,      [30 - .:    . , , . : 19171932. ?. . . . .:    , 2017.].           ,              .        .            ,          ,                     [31 -     . :  3.  :      ? . . . .:   , 2019; Parikka J. What is Media Archaeology? Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012.].




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1


 .     //    ?  . . . .:  , 1925. . 119.




2


. .  .    //  , 1932. 3. . 15.




3


- // . 1924. 4. . 4144.




4


- . .   , , . .: , 1968. . 55.




5


Photography in the Modern Era: European Documents and Critical Writings, 19131940 / C. Phillips (Ed.). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art: Aperture. 1989. P. 211.




6


Tupitsyn M. Gustav Klutsis and Valentina Kulagina: Photography and Montage after Constructivism. New York: International Center of Photografy; Gottingen: Steidl, 2004. P. 20.




7


Akinsha . Painting versus Photography: A Battle of Mediums in Twentieth-Century Russian Culture // D. Neumaier (Ed.) Beyond Memory: Soviet Nonconformist Photography and Photo-Related Works of Art. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 2004. P. 33.




8


Gustavs Klucis: Complete Catalogue of Works in the Latvian National Museum of Art / I. Derkusova (Ed.). Riga: Latvijas Nacionalais makslas muzejs, 2014. Vol. 1. P. 71.




9


., : Avant-garde and Propaganda: Soviet Books and Magazines in the Archive Lafuente, 19131941. Madrid: La Bahia (Archivo Lafuente); La Fabrica, 2019;   . 19181925. .:    , 2017; King D. Russian Revolutionary Posters: From Civil War to Socialist Realism, From Bolshevism to the End of Stalinism. London: Tate Publishing, 2015; Tupitsyn M. Gustav Klutsis and Valentina Kulagina;  ,  : ,  ,  ,  : 19221937 ? . . . .: -, 2010; The Soviet Photobook 19201941 ? . Karasik, . Heiting (Eds.). Gottingen: Steidl, 2015; Gustavs Klucis / I. Derkusova (Ed.).;  E.    . .: -, 2005; Avant-garde Art in Everyday Life: Early-Twentieth Century Modernism / M. Witkowsky (Ed.). Chicago: Art Institute Of Chicago, 2011; Russian and Soviet Collages. 1920s1990s. St. Petersburg: Palace Editions, 2005; Art into Life: Russian Constructivism 19141932. Seattle: Henry Art Gallery, University of Washington; New York: Rizzoli, 1990.     . Koretsky: the Soviet Photo Poster, 19301984 / E. Wolf (Ed.). New York: The New Press, 2012; Aleksandr Zhitomirsky: Photomontage as a Weapon of World War II and the Cold War / E. Wolf (Ed.). Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 2016. .     (http://www.togdazine.ru/),     (http://avantgarde. center/)   (https:// electro.nekrasovka.ru/).




10


 . , , .    . .: - , 2007;  /:     .  .    ? . . . , . . . .: - , 2018;          ,   :    1924 . .  ? . .   . . .: - , 2014;  .  .  . .  ? . . . . . . : - . . :  .   . .:   , 2015;  . .  .   . .: , 2008.




11


.  .        :  //      . .:   , 1928. . 35.           .,  Grimshaw A. The Ethnographers Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001; Poole D. Vision, Race, and Modernity: A Visual Economy of the Andean Image World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997; Vision in Context: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Sigh. /T. Brennan and M. Jay (Eds.). New York: Routledge, 1996.      . Ades D. Photomontage. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986.




12


 .       //  . .:  , 1925. . 91.




13


 .          //  . 19581960. . 3. .: , 1962, . 168.               (ocularphobic) ,          . . Jay . Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in Twentieth-Century French Thought. Berkeley: Universiity of California Press, 1993.




14


 1939      81,2 % (    24 %). .  .         //  . 1940. 1112. . 104 [102129]. .  . 3 . 4.




15


 .   //  . 1925. 3. . 65. . :        , 19141918 .: 2 . ?. . . , . . , . . . .: , 20042005.




16


 .    //  . 1932. 5. . 3031.




17


., : . .     //  . 1926. 2. . 5860.




18


 .      . . 164.




19


   . : Crary J. Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992.




20


.  :    15 :    ?  . . . .: , 1933; - .  .   .   . 19171932. ? . . . . .: , 1984;     19171932. , , . . . ?. . . . . .: , 2010.




21


.:  .  :  , , . .:   , 2010;  .  :   . .:   , 2018;  .      1920- . .:  , 2015. . 435484. . : The Oxford Handbook of Communist Visual Culures / A. Skrodzka, X. Lu, K. Marciniak (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.




22


       .       . . -  .  ( :    . .: , , 2009):  ., - .   :  (). (. 7-16)   .   :        (. 57-105). .  Widdis . Visions of a New Land: Soviet Film from the Revolution to the Second World War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.




23


.  .   .       . .:  , 1997.




24


    .:  .        1920-30- . (    ) //  :     . 1920-  1930-  ? . . .   . . . .: , 2013. . 330361. .   .    :          1920-1930- . .: -, 2010;; The Soviet Photobook 19201941 ? . Karasik, . Heiting (Eds.).




25


 .   . .:  , 1924.




26


. :  .   :       . .:   , 2019; Kachurin . Making Modernism Soviet: The Russian Avant-Garde in the early Soviet Era, 19181928. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2013; Pankenier Weld, S. Voiceless Vangard: The Inf antilist Aesthetics of the Russian Avant-Garde. Evanston, Northwestern University Press, 2014.




27


 .   [1920] //  :    ?  . . . , .:  , 2016. . 3. . 45.




28


.:  .    . .:  , 1963;  .    :  . ,  .    . 19171936. .: , 2012. . 100110.




29


.   : Oushakine S., Balina . Primers of Soviet Modernity: Depicting Communism for Children in Early Soviet Russia // The Pedagogy of Images: Depicting Communism for Children / M. Balina, S. Oushakine (Eds.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020: Balina, M. Creativity through Restraint: The Beginnings of Soviet Childrens Literature. // Russian Childrens Literature. /M. Balina and L. Rudova (Eds. New York: Routledge, 2008. C. 1-19. . :  . .    . .:  , 1925:  3.      . : , 1928;     .   .       . 19241929. ?. . . . .: , 1967.




30


.:    . , , . : 19171932. ?. . . . .:    , 2017.




31


    . :  3.  :      ? . . . .:   , 2019; Parikka J. What is Media Archaeology? Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012.




32


 .  .   . .:  , 1981. . 51.




33


    .:  .   // . .   . .: , 1926. . 4373.




34


 .    . .:  , 1923. . 5.




35


.  .      //   .  -     . .: [. . . .  ], 1921. . 15.




36


  -   .:  .       // . .  -  . .: , 1930. 29-41;

 .   ? //  . . 5666.    .  .    . . 8.




37


 .    . . 8. . :  .     //   . . 1921.




38


 .    . . 7.




39


 . . 6.




40


 . . 18, 44.




41


 . . 8.




42


 . . 35, 44.




43


 .   //   . . 6.




44


 .    . . 22.




45


 .   . .:  , 1925. . 64. . :  .  :   ,   , , ,  , , ,     . .:  , 1925. . 12325.




46


 .  . . 123.




47


 .    . . 114.




48


 .   ? . . .   . . . .:  , 2004. . 52.




49


 . . 51.




50


 .   //  . 1930. 1. . 5.




51


 .    . . 41.




52


 .    :    ,  ,    . .:  , 1927. . 54.




53


 . .   //      . ., 1928. . 7.




54


 .         :  //      . ., 1928. . 23.




55


., ,    .     (, 1928),   (, 1929),     (, 1929). . :  . .  -. .; .: -, 1931.




56


 . -  -. 3- ., . . .: . -, 1929. . 48. . ,  . ,    ,  ,     ,             (        , ,  . .). .    :    //  .  .  . . 5051.




57


 .     :   XVI       - . .:   , 1930. . 1819.




58


.    //     - :    . :    , 1924. . 3839.




59


 . . 38.




60


.:  .  //  . 1928. 7.




61


 .    . . 54.




62


 . .     // . . . .    .    .  ? . . . . .: , 2000. . 446.




63


 . .    . . 450.




64


.   . . 38.




65


 .    // . .   ? . . . . .:  , 2012. . 363.




66


 .   . . 359, 364.




67


 . .    . . 446.




68


 .




69


 .    . . 54. . :   :    //  . 1931. 56;   .       ()   . .; .:   , 1932.




70


 .      . . 166.




71


     .  .    //   . 1924. 23. . 71, 72.




72


 .   //   . 1926. 8. . 61.




73


.:  .    . . 2526;  .      //  .  - . .: 1930. . 2728.




74


 .        // . .  : 6 . ? . . . .: , 1964. . 1. . 113.




75


.:  .   //   . 1927. 3. . 7.




76


 . .    //  . 1925. 5. . 22.




77


 E.        //  . 1925. 1516, 1925. . 34.




78


 .     //  .       ? . . . . . :    . 1924. . 44, 51.




79


 .   // . .  : 6 . ? . . . .: , 1967. . 5. . 305.


