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           .  [11 - Winkler M. Eigentum, Heiliges Recht! Seele der Gesellscha! Adel, Eigentum, und Autocratie in Russland um 18. und fr?hen 19. Jahrhundert // Jenseits der Zarenmacht: Dimensionen des Politischen im Russischen Reich 18001917 / Ed. by W. Sperling. Frankfurt; NewYork: Campus Verlag, 2008. P. 7197.]   [12 -  .      XIX:    //  . 2009. . 1. . 165180.]            XVIII  XIX.      ,     XIX                [13 - Wortman R. Property, Populism, and Political Culture // Civil Rights in Imperial Russia / Ed. by O. Crisp and L. Edmondson. Oxford: Clarendon Press; NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1989. P. 1332.].  ,                  [14 - Marrese M. L. A Womans Kingdom: Noblewomen and the Control of Property in Russia, 17001861. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002 (.. .:  . .  :       (17001861). .:   , 2009); Farrow L. A. Between Clan and Crown: The Struggle to Define Noble Property Rights in Imperial Russia. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004; Wagner W. G. Marriage, Property, and Law in Late Imperial Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press; NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1994.].                       .                     [15 - Lohr E. Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2003 (.. .:  .     :        . .:   , 2012).].        .         ,      ,      ,         ,    (  )                .  ,  ,    ,       ,          ;     ; ,    ,    ,    .     ,     ,        ,    ,           .

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       (  ),  ,    ,       ,   ,      ,  .   ,                 ,           XIX.   , ,       :    ,    ,         ;    ,  . , ,    .                     .         ,   ,        .   XIX           .  1905     ,          [21 - Yaney G. The Urge to Mobilize: Agrarian Reform in Russia, 18611930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.],               .         1917 , ,    .          .

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         :  ,      .   XVIII     ,  ,   II  ,      .     ,       , ,   ,     .      ,                   .    ,  , ,      ,         . ,     ,    ,       , , ,          .       ,     .

          .              .   1820?   1830?          ,             ,  ,       ,    .                        ()   ()     .      (1828)     ()     ,         ࠖ  ,       ,    .   XIX                             (   ),     (  ),        .     ,         XVIII,      .   ,  , :             (        ,  )     ,       .

,   ,      ,  頖           ,        .  ,   ,         ,        .        (-  ), , ,       ,       .  ,    ,         ,         ,        .        ,     蠖  ,    ,      .

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        ,    .            ,         ⠖  ,  .      ,   ,       ,        .          , ,          ,     .                ,      .           ,    .           ,         . ,     res publica                .                    ,     .

       : , , ,    ,      ()       ;                .                蠖     蠖    ,    ,      .  ,      ,  ,       .

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      .     ,               .                 ,   18201840?        .                  .

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      (   )      [49 - .:     ,      ;      ,       ,           ,     ,    . ,       ,       :  .    .  / .. .    . . :  3 . .: . . , 17801782. . 1. . 360 (Blackstone W. The Rights of Persons // Blackstone W. Commentaries on the Laws of England: In 4 vols. Clark, NJ: Law Book Exchange, 2007. Vol. 1. P. 134135).].    ,              .          ,     .     ,  ,           [50 -      . C. 216218.].

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    :   XVIII     ,             .             ,     .  ,   ,   ,       .   ,          (         ).            , ,   ,      ,        .

          ,   ,   1767    .  ,    ,     ,   ,         .      ,  , ,           ,  ,      ,    .   堖 -                ,     [58 -    .: .         . .: .  , 1864. . 6.].      ,       ,   ,   ,    ,    ,   ,          [59 -  I. . XVIII. 12950. . 11.].

      -    .        ,     ,          蠖 ,  ,    .  ,            ,        [60 - ., ,     ,   .      ( .    XVIIIXX. /. . , . . .: , 1993. . 17).]. ,       - ,      ,        .    ,    [61 -  I. . XVIII. 12950. . 11.].             ,        .  , ,    ,       (private property)    XIX;           [62 - Bethell T. The Noblest Triumph: Property and Prosperity through the Ages. NewYork: St. Martins Press, 1998. P. 99.].

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                  .          , ,  .      ,       ,     .           .       ,         .                ,       ,               .           ,        ()    ( ),          .  ,      XVIII       .  ,                :     ࠖ          ?

   , 28 1782,   ,               .        , ,   ,          [65 -  I. . XXI. 28 1782. 15447.].    <> ,      ,       ,     󻠖         I    .  1700         ,          [66 -  I. . IV. 2 1700. 1815.    -      :  I. . V. 10 1719. 3464.].  ໠          ,   ,   ,      ,       ,           .      ,        [67 - . : McCaffray S. The Politics of Industrialization in Tsarist Russia: The Association of Southern Coal and Steel Producers, 18741914. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996. P. 10.]. ,   ,    ,        ,   ;     .  ,        ,        .

,       ,                  .             ,     .  ,         ,                  .            ,        .   XIX,    ,         ,           ,                .      1861           蠖  ,         . ,    , ?                 ,       .             ,  ? ,      ,       .  ,      ,      ,  ,            ,  ,  ,    .             ,      ,       .

     1782    ,    XIX      ,   ,     .       ,   ,    ,     1803.         ,        (      )    [68 -  I. . XXVII. 7 1803. 20968.].      ,    ,   ,      ,         ,   1782        . ,            .

          :    ,       , ,            ,    ,    ,     .  XVIIXVIII           , , ,     [69 -  . .      XVII //      . 1893. . VII. . 117154.].       ,           ( ,      ),            .      .      ,     .   I  1723   ,    .  , ,        ,    [70 -  I. . VII. 15 1723. 4367. . 3.]. ,            ,     .

     ,       ,    ,     .        , ,            ,      .      ,        ,    [71 -     ,        .            (   ).    .:Hill G. Treasure Trove in Law And Practice from the Earliest Time to the Present Day. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936.]. ,      1782,         ,  [72 -  I. . XXVII. 7 1803. 2096.],     ,  ,  ,      ,     [73 -    ,     .    . .: . 2. . . . . , 1842. . . . 430.].   1803          .  ,    ,             : ?          .

         .     ,   ,         ,          1900,         [74 -   -  - 25 1900:        ,   1799  1800.,   ,    525 ,      .    . . 387, 424  429.  . 1     蠖        ,  ,    ,      ,      (  , ,        .):     (: ). . 190. . 4. . 8834. . 149.] (  ,      ).          I,            :      ,     ,     ,       [75 -          . . ., . . . 16.    (   )  ,                (Repczuk H. Nicholas Mordvinov (17541845): Russias Would-be Reformer. P. 108).].    ,   II,      ,            ,         .     ,     , ,   ,       ,              ,              [76 -  . .       XVIII  XIX. .: , 1982. . 34.     (1766) ,           10  (21)   ,   ,    ,    (                 . .: . .  ., 1878. . 12).                ,         ,     .].          1782, ,   .            蠖         ,   ,      ,    ,  .                     .

,                  .          ,            ()     [77 -            ,    ,    : Bonhomme B. Forests, Peasants, and Revolutionaries: Forest Conservation and Organization in Soviet Russia, 19171929. Boulder: East European Monographs, 2005. P. 16.     .:  . .      I //  ,   . . . .:   , 1957. C. 235257.].   ,     (,  )   .         ,     .  II   ,     :             ( )   ,   22 1782   , ,    ,    ,   .              .   ,           .         -, ,   ,                       [78 -  I. . XXI. 22 1782. 15518.].          ,       [79 -       (. 1887) // . . 387. . 28. . 1916. . 121.].          ,        [80 -  ,          ,  ,      ,        ,    .       ,           ,     ,          .   ,        :  . . .     ,     ,    . .: . . . , 1772. . 146.          ,         :        ,          (. .      //    . ., 1767. . 6. . 86).].    XIX   ,          . ( ,   1950, , ,       蠖       ,    [81 -            ,           . . .         16961914.  ,  1796  1861     44,76  42,27%,      ,    .  :    ,  1868  1887,     42,33  37,38%.                    ,   .  ,     XVIII:     ,      .      ,           1861,     ( . .       17   1914. .: - ͠, 1957).].)

           ?   ,      :  ,           ,       , ,  ,      .      I      ,              .    ,     , , ,                 .    ,    ,        ,    -       , ,    [82 -  I. . IX. 5 1734. 6600;  . .      . .: . .  ., 1883. . 1314.  1734, 1741, 1743  1748       ,     .].              (,          ),        .     ,    XIX,            .      ,          .           ,     .           :    ,      .

          :    ,     .             [83 -   .:Bartlett R. P. Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia, 17621804. Cambridge; NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1979.].    ,    III     젖     ,       [84 - Jones R. E. The Emancipation of the Russian Nobility, 17621785. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. P. 34.].         ,      .  ,   ,   XIX,       ,     .               :         .     ,  ,        :          ,     .

         :      .    ,      .       ,  1765,      .  ,     ,      ().          ,  ,      .         :         [85 -  -    .       ,     ,       ,   ,              .      ,           (. .        50 :  . .      . .: ? . , 1965. . 18).               .   , ,      ;        .           .: . .  .            (18301890? .). .: , 2011. . 4248, 5871;  . .     .          XVI  XX. .: , 2007.].

   ,              . ,       ,     ,                 .                 ,       ,   ,           ,  , ,             ,     1840? [86 -  .   ,        //   (: ). 1911. 3. . 495.].       :            ,    :  ,  . ,      [87 -  .   ,       . . 503.].

         ,         .  ,    ,   1809,        [88 -  .           //    . ., 1809. . XI. . 30. .:  . .       . .: , 1962. . 11.].          [89 -  .            // . 1840. 20. . 157158. .:  . .       . C. 12.].               ,       .   ,        ,      .    (   )  ,  ,   , ,        .

, ,                ,   .   ,          .   ,     ,            .      ,  .         ,    , ,       .    ,      ,        .

     XVIII        ?  ,   ,    1780? ,    [90 - Fox-Genovese E. Physiocracy and Propertied Individualism // Fox-Genovese E., Genovese E. D. Fruits of Merchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983. P. 285.],    -,     , ,    ,          .   -,        ,         .                  ,       [91 - Ibid. P. 284, 288.].

            ,       .   ,      ,    ,  ,   ,  ,  ?    ,        [92 - Hont I. Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. P. 82.          XVIIXVIII       (communal),      ,     XVII (       ),   .    ,       XVIIXVIII     (Gurvitch G. Lide du droit social. Notion et syst?me du droit social: Histoire doctrinale depuis 17 sci?cle jusqua fin de 19 sci?cle. Paris: Librairie de Recueil Sirey, 1932). .:Raeff M. The Well-Ordered Police State and the Development of Modernity in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe: An Attempt at a Comparative Approach // American Historical Review. 1975. Vol. 80. 5. P. 1242 (.. .:  .         XVIIXVIII:      //  .  . :  , 2000. . 4879). , ,       ( -)       .].    ࠖ     ,     [93 - Krieger L. The German Idea of Freedom: History of a Political Tradition from the Reformation to 1871. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957. P. 183.]      .     ,         ,   [94 -     XVIII,   . ,        ,     ,     : Purdy J. The Meaning of Property: Freedom, Community, and the Legal Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. P. 3839.].             ,         .        ,    ,  ,       ,  .  ,          .  , , ,    ,  ,    ;     ,    .

,            .    ,      ,     ,  , [95 - Muller J. Z. Justus M?ser and the Conservative Critique of Early Modern Capitalism // Central European History. 1990. Vol. 23. 23. P. 155.].      .  ̸,        XVIII,         .      ,     ,      , c     ,     ,    .   ̸  ;         ,      .  , ̸   ,  ,          ,            [96 - .  -      : Alexander G. S. Commodifying Humans: Property in the Antebellum Legal Discourse of Slavery // Alexander G. S. Commodity & Propriety: Competing Visions of Property in American Legal Thought, 17761970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.].

 ̸    -         .  ,      ,      ,      .  , ,     . ,    ̸,    -.  ̸,   ,      ,            .     ,     , ̸          .

    XVIII       ,      ,    ,   .       .  ,                .       ,       ,     ;        [97 - McCaffray S. P. What Should Russia Be? Patriotism and Political Economy in the Thought of N. S. Mordvinov // Slavic Review. 2000. Vol. 59. 3. Autumn. P. 572596.]. . . ⠖      堖          ,     . ,    ,    , , ,     [98 - Raeff M. The Empress and the Vinerian Professor: Catherine IIs Projects of Government Reforms and Blackstones Commentaries // Oxford Slavonic Papers: New series. 1974. Vol. VII. P. 24.].   ,   ,       ,        .           :        ,            .            ,        ,       .           .                  ,    .

       ,   ,            ,   XVIII (  , ,   XIX)         ,  .         ,     ; ,             .          [99 - Pipes R. Private Property Comes to Russia. P. 432.], ,            ̸,              .    ,    ,      ,  [100 - Krieger L. The German Idea of Freedom. P. 80.].   XVIII  ,        [101 -     ,     ,       ,  , ,            XVIII.       ,     .        ,     :   ,    ,         (Rose C. M. Property as the Keystone Right? // Notre Dame Law Review. 1996. Vol. 71. 3. P. 339).].

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         , ,   ,    .  ,     ,      (      [107 - Getzler J. Roman Ideas of Landownership // Land Law: Themes and Perspectives / Ed. by S. Bright and J. Dewar. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. P. 82.   XIX       ,  ,      , .:Birks P. The Roman Law Concept of Dominium and the Idea of Absolute Ownership // Acta Juridica. 1985. Cape Town: Yuta, 1986. P. 138.]).        .  ,              ,   [108 - ., :  . .      . Paris: Socit anonyme imprimerie de Navarre, 1948. . 1:      XIIIXVI. . 383.].    ,      XVII ,   ,            :        , , ,  .        ,     腻   ,       ,      ,     ,         [109 - Kivelson V. Cartographies of Tsardom: The Land and Its Meanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. P. 8485 (.. .:  .  :       XVII. .:   , 2012. C. 120121).].       ,    ,    (       ),    ,   -  ,   .

         , ,       ,        XVIII  XIX  [110 -  . .,  . .    //  . .  . .:    , 1994. . 1:  ,  . . 30;  .        (  XVIII) //  . . 235.].       ,   [111 - .      : Weickhardt G. G. Pre-Petrine Law of Property.],        :    [112 -         ,   1830,    ,       .  ,    ,       ,        ,   .     ,           . .: //  I.  . .: II-   . . . , 1830. . 2. . 937.].     . . ,    ,        .   ,    ,   ,    .      ,    ⠖     .


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           . . .        :                .   ,       [113 -  . .           ,      (1772) //   , XVIIIXX. /. . , . . .:  , 1993. . 2631;  . .       (1776) //  . . 3441.],    ,     ,                [114 -  . .      (17801783) //  . . 49.].         XIX,     (      I)      .         ,  ,          ,  I,  I            [115 - , ,             (    ,    ):  I. . XXVI. 12 1801. 20075.  1808  ( I. . XXVIII. 14 1804. 21290)       (    ( I. . XXVIII. 1 1804. 21192)).]. ,        [116 -  . .      //   . . 3. . 143.],    I  1801     ,     ,   ,  Magna Charta[117 -  . .      12 //  . . 187.].             ,       .

              ,      ,                ,     ( ,      ).  ,       .  II       ,    ,         ,           .      ,      -    .         ,           .

                  ,     [118 -     dominium eminens           (1625),   XVIIXVIII    (eminent domain)       (McNulty W. Eminent Domain in Continental Europe // Yale Law Journal. [1912, May.] Vol. 21. 7. P. 555570).        ,     ,        .      .:Reynolds S. Before Eminent Domain: Toward a History of Expropriation of Land for the Common Good. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.].                (res publica); XIX        ,   .            .                .      ,   .  ,     XX    ,          [119 - Berthlemy H. Trait de droit administrative. 1913. .: Harouel J.?L. Lexpropriation dans lhistoire du droit fran?ais // LExpropriation, Deuxi?me Partie, Moyen ?ge et Temps modernes, Recueils de la Socit Jean Bodin pour lhistoire comparative des institutions. Brussels: De Boeck Universit, 2000. 67. P. 3977.].   ,          ,   ,    ,               ,       .     ,        [120 - Nicias-Gaillard (1855). .: Deblicq Y. De lexpropriation pour cause dutilit publique ? lexpropriation par zone en Belgique et en France au XIXe si?cle // LExpropriation. . 106.].

         1830? ,         1809. ,              (      ).     .    XIX     ,     .            ,     (       ),             .   ,        ,     . ,        .        堖                   .

     ,   ,    .                    .           .  1806            ,      ,    . ,  , :   ,      ,     ,    [121 - . :  . C.     .  . . .: . ., 1903. . 423.         -  ,       , , ,     ( I. . XXIX. 28 1806. 22150).].     .             II             .                     [122 -          . . 45.               (. . 1287. . 7. . 562. . 59 .).].

  XIX         .        젖   ,        .  1809   ,   ,   ,         ,      ,             1807.             .       , ,             ,      ,    ,    ,     [123 -   .       I.  . .: . ., 1875. . IV. . 1. . 3637.]. ,     ,        ,          (1789),       -    ,         [124 - Harouel J.?L. Lexpropriation dans lhistoire du droit fran?ais // LExpropriation. P. 67.].                        ,          .     ,        (       ),               1826.  1810          ,                 .

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         -  :  ,           .            :



          ?          ,  ,  ,     ,   ,   ?          ,  ,      ,   ?[129 -  .]


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         :  XIX         ,   ,      .     ,       ,     .     ,  (  ,       蠖 ,  ,  ,  [130 - Radin M. J. Property and Personhood // Stanford Law Review. 1982. Vol. 34. P. 957960.]).    蠖   : ,       ,   ,   [131 -              : Mannheim K. Conservative thought // From Karl Mannheim / Ed. with an introd. by K. H. Wolff. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1971. . 162163.].     ̸,           ( ),     ,    ,  [132 - Epstein K. The Genesis of German Conservatism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966. P. 328. ̸  ,  ,    ,        ,   ,   : M?ser J. Von dem echten Eigenthum // Justus M?sers s?mtliche Werke / Neu geordnet und aus dem nachlasse desselben gemehrt durch B. R. Abeken. 3. Theil. Berlin: Verlag der Nikolaischen Bachhandlung, 1842. S. 158162.]. , ,    ,     ,    .        ,              .                       XX[133 -    ,                     ,        :  .   :        (18631925) //  . .: , 2007. . 10 (128). C. 1970.].

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,     (    ),     ,       ,     .       ,  ,  ,  ,          .  ,     -,    -       ,   .

      (         !),       .         .                  .      ,         ,           .        (1821)  I    ,      .

     ( ,  )?     . -,      ,  , ,         ,    ,         ,      .       .        ,     .               XIX,                 [136 -  . .     (   - ) //   . . /. . .   . . . .: , 1975. C. 2574.].          ,     :          . ,              ,     ;    ,      .     ?        ?       ,        ,      .

      ,             .   XIX      ,        .                 . ,    1861?          .    XIX,        ,     ,          .   XIX            (   ),         ,       ,    .          ,       .

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Arblaster A. The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984. P. 15.




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Hardach G. Industrial Mobilization in 19141918: Production, Planning, and Ideology // The French Home Front, 19141918 / Ed. by P. Fridenson. Providence, RI: Berg, 1992. P. 5783.




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              , , ,     . ., : Wagner W. G. Marriage, Property, and Law in Late Imperial Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press; NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1994 (    ); Holquist P. Dilemmas of a Progressive Administrator: Baron Boris Nolde // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2006. Spring. Vol. 7. 2. P. 241247; Gerasimov I. Modernism and Public Reform in Late Imperial Russia. Basingstoke, UK; NewYork: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.




5


    ,      ,         (Contexts of Property in Europe: The Social Embeddedness of Property Rights in Land in Historical Perspective / Ed. by R. Congost and R. Santos. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2010. P. 20).      ,         ,      ,  ,     (    )   ,      (.:Dahlman C. The Open Field System and Beyond: A Property Rights Analysis of an Economic Institution. Cambridge; NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1980). . .       ,    ,   (Thompson E. P. Custom, Law and Common Right // Customs in Common. London: Merlin Press, 1991. P. 97184). .       ,           ,      ,       ,    (Howell D. Capitalism from Within: Economy, Society, and the State in a Japanese Fishery. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. P. 93118).                    (, ,  )   . (    : Guha R. A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of Permanent Settlement. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996; Banner S. Possessing the Pacific: Land, Settlers, and Indigenous People from Australia to Alaska. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.)

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., : Bethell T. The Noblest Triumph: Property and Prosperity through the Ages. NewYork: St. Martins Press, 1998.




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Rose C. M. Property as the Keystone Right? // Notre Dame Law Review. 1996. Vol. 77. P. 329369.




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Gordon R. W. Paradoxical Property // Early Modern Conceptions of Property / Ed. by J. Brewer and S. Staves. London; NewYork: Routledge, 1995.




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Pipes R. Property and Freedom. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999 (.. .:  .   . .:    , 2008).




11


Winkler M. Eigentum, Heiliges Recht! Seele der Gesellscha! Adel, Eigentum, und Autocratie in Russland um 18. und fr?hen 19. Jahrhundert // Jenseits der Zarenmacht: Dimensionen des Politischen im Russischen Reich 18001917 / Ed. by W. Sperling. Frankfurt; NewYork: Campus Verlag, 2008. P. 7197.




12


 .      XIX:    //  . 2009. . 1. . 165180.




13


Wortman R. Property, Populism, and Political Culture // Civil Rights in Imperial Russia / Ed. by O. Crisp and L. Edmondson. Oxford: Clarendon Press; NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1989. P. 1332.




14


Marrese M. L. A Womans Kingdom: Noblewomen and the Control of Property in Russia, 17001861. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002 (.. .:  . .  :       (17001861). .:   , 2009); Farrow L. A. Between Clan and Crown: The Struggle to Define Noble Property Rights in Imperial Russia. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004; Wagner W. G. Marriage, Property, and Law in Late Imperial Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press; NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1994.




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Lohr E. Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2003 (.. .:  .     :        . .:   , 2012).




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.            : Engelstein L. Combined Underdevelopment: Discipline and the Law in Imperial and Soviet Russia // Engelstein L. Slavophile Empire: Imperial Russias Illiberal Path. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009. P. 1332 (.. .:  .  :         //   . 2001. 49.  : http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2001/49/engel.html).




17


 ,              ,      , ,         ,       (   ):    , Polizeistaat    (Engelstein L. Combined Underdevelopment. P. 19 (.. .:  .  .  : http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2001/49/engel.html)).     ,                ,   Polizeistaat         ( )   .




18


     ., : Raeff M. Some Reflections on Russian Liberalism // Russian Review. 1959. July. Vol. 18. 3. P. 218230; Timberlake Ch. E. Introduction: the Concept of Liberalism in Russia // Essays on Russian Liberalism / Ed. by Ch. Timberlake. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1972. P. 117; Walicki A. Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1987 (.. .:  .    . .: , 2012).




19


Whelan H. W. Alexander III and the State Council: Bureaucracy and Counter-reform in Late Imperial Russia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1982.




20


                .:Holquist P. In accord with State Interests and the Peoples Wishes: The Technocratic Ideology of Imperial Russias Resettlement Administration // Slavic Review. 2010. Spring. Vol. 69. 1. P. 151179.




21


Yaney G. The Urge to Mobilize: Agrarian Reform in Russia, 18611930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.




22


        .:Freeden M. The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform. P. 3;      .:Horne J. R. A Social Laboratory for Modern France: The Muse Social and the Rise of the Welfare State. P. 126140.




23


          ,      ,   ,       (Gerasimov I. Modernism and Public Reform in Late Imperial Russia, Rural Professionals and Self-Organization, 19051930. Basingstoke, UK; NewYork: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. P. 18; Rogers D. Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Era. Cambridge, MA; London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998).      .: Wartenweiler D. Civil Society and Academic Debate in Russia, 19051914. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.




24


Beer D. Renovating Russia: The Human Sciences and the Fate of Liberal Modernity, 18801930. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press, 2008. P. 5.




25


Ibid. P. 7.




26


., : Grossi P. An Alternative to Private Property: Collective Property in the Juridical Consciousness of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1977; Les proprits collectives face aux attaques librales (17501914). Europe occidentale et Amrique latine / Ed. by M.?D. Demlas and N. Vivier. Rennes: Press Universitaire de Rennes, 2003.




27


    ,             : Perkin H. Professionalism, Property and English Society since 1880. Reading, UK: University of Reading, 1981.




28


.: Kotsonis Y. No Place to Go: Taxation and State Transformation in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia // Journal of Modern History. 2004. Summer. Vol. 76. P. 531577.




29


. : Rosanvallon P. Ltat en France, de 1789 ? nos jours. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1990. . 97.




30


Ibid. . 87. ,                         .




31


 . .       //   . . . .: . . . , 1905.




32


   ,          ,   :  . .    // .   . . . 19091910. .:  , 1991. . 115.     : Engelstein L. Combined Underdevelopment. P. 19.




33


          ,      XVIIIࠖ ,         . ,        XVIII    . . :          ,     ,       ( . . . ., 1990. . 5758; .: Faggionato R. A Rosicrucian Utopia in Eighteenth-century Russia: The Masonic Circle of N. I. Novikov. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2005. P. 156, 179).




34


 ,           ,         (1902):  . . . /. . . . ., 1902.




35


Freeden M. The New Liberalism. P. 23.     .:Beer D. Renovating Russia. P. 18.




36


     : Macpherson C. B. The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962.




37


Pocock J. G. A. The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003; Hirschman A. O. The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.




38


                    (Freeden M. The New Liberalism. P. 15).




39


Pocock J. G. A. The Machiavellian Moment. P. 376.




40


Pallot J. Land Reform in Russia, 19061917: Peasant Responses to Stolypins Project of Rural Transformation. Ch. 2.




41


Kotsonis Y. The Problem of the Individual in the Stolypin Reforms // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2011. Vol. 12. 1. P. 2552.    ,                   (. 29).




42


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43


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44


  ,    (     , )      . .:Steinberg T. Identity Crisis in Bayou Country // Steinberg T. Slide Mountain, or The Folly of Owning Nature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. P. 5281.




45


Rose C. The Comedy of Commons: Custom, Commerce, and Inherently Public Property.




46


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47


Schorske C. E. Fin-de-si?cle Vienna: Politics and Culture. NewYork: Vintage Books, 1981. P. xxvi (.. .:  . .    . .: - . . . , 2001. . 19).




48


      //   . .: . , 1902. . 3. . 215.   .:Dmytryshyn B. Admiral Nikolai S. Mordvinov: Russias Forgotten Liberal // Russian Review. 1971. Vol. 30. 1. January. P. 5463; McCaffray S. P. What Should Russia Be? Patriotism and Political Economy in the Thought of N. S. Mordvinov // Slavic Review. 2000. Vol. 59. 3. Autumn. P. 572596; Repczuk H. Nicholas Mordvinov (17541845): Russias Would-be Reformer ( . Columbia University, NewYork, 1962).




49


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50


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51


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52


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53


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54


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55


Weickhardt G. G. Pre-Petrine Law of Property // Slavic Review. 1993. Vol. 52. 4. P. 663679; Pipes R. Was There Private Property in Muscovite Russia? // Slavic Review. 1994. Vol. 53. 2. P. 524530; Weickhardt G. G. Was There Private Property in Muscovite Russia? (Response to Richard Pipes) // Slavic Review. 1994. Vol. 53. 2. P. 531538.




56


      .:Pipes R. Private Property Comes to Russia: The Reign of Catherine II // Cultures and Nations of Central and Eastern Europe: Essays in Honor of Roman Szporluk / Ed. by Z. Gitelman etal. Cambridge, MA: Ukrainian Research Institute; Harvard University, 2000. P. 431442.




57


         . ,  ,       1721, ,               . .:          ,   1714     . .:   , 1739. . 333.




58


   .: .         . .: .  , 1864. . 6.




59


 I. . XVIII. 12950. . 11.




60


., ,     ,   .      ( .    XVIIIXX. /. . , . . .: , 1993. . 17).




61


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62


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63


  ,       , .: .  . .: , 1993. . 178179.




64


 . . 213.




65


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66


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67


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68


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69


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70


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71


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72


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73


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74


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75


         . . ., . . . 16.    (   )  ,                (Repczuk H. Nicholas Mordvinov (17541845): Russias Would-be Reformer. P. 108).




76


 . .       XVIII  XIX. .: , 1982. . 34.     (1766) ,           10  (21)   ,   ,    ,    (                 . .: . .  ., 1878. . 12).                ,         ,     .




77


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81


           ,           . . .         16961914.  ,  1796  1861     44,76  42,27%,      ,    .  :    ,  1868  1887,     42,33  37,38%.                    ,   .  ,     XVIII:     ,      .      ,           1861,     ( . .       17   1914. .: - ͠, 1957).




82


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83


  .:Bartlett R. P. Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia, 17621804. Cambridge; NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1979.




84


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85


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89


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90


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91


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94


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95


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96


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98


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99


Pipes R. Private Property Comes to Russia. P. 432.




100


Krieger L. The German Idea of Freedom. P. 80.




101


    ,     ,       ,  , ,            XVIII.       ,     .        ,     :   ,    ,         (Rose C. M. Property as the Keystone Right? // Notre Dame Law Review. 1996. Vol. 71. 3. P. 339).




102


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103


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104


       : Pipes R. Private Property Comes to Russia.




105


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106


., : Thompson E. P. Custom, Law and Common Right // Customs in Common. London: Merlin Press, 1991. P. 97184;         .




107


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108


., :  . .      . Paris: Socit anonyme imprimerie de Navarre, 1948. . 1:      XIIIXVI. . 383.




109


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111


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112


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113


 . .           ,      (1772) //   , XVIIIXX. /. . , . . .:  , 1993. . 2631;  . .       (1776) //  . . 3441.




114


 . .      (17801783) //  . . 49.




115


, ,             (    ,    ):  I. . XXVI. 12 1801. 20075.  1808  ( I. . XXVIII. 14 1804. 21290)       (    ( I. . XXVIII. 1 1804. 21192)).




116


 . .      //   . . 3. . 143.




117


 . .      12 //  . . 187.




118


    dominium eminens           (1625),   XVIIXVIII    (eminent domain)       (McNulty W. Eminent Domain in Continental Europe // Yale Law Journal. [1912, May.] Vol. 21. 7. P. 555570).        ,     ,        .      .:Reynolds S. Before Eminent Domain: Toward a History of Expropriation of Land for the Common Good. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.




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122


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126


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127


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128


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129


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130


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131


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135


                  // . 1858. . 4. . 137138.




136


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137


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