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             ,               (),    ,   .  (      )  ,                 ,     ,       ,   .            ( ,     )         .               [1 - , ,      / . . . . .: , 2001.].          ,  堖     .            ,        ,   .        ,    [2 -  . .        (XVIIIXX.): . . - . . ., 1998;  . .      (  XVIII  XX.): . . . . ., 1999;  . .        XVIII . XX.:   -: . . . . ., 2008.].  ,        .                -    ,       ,          .                 -   ,     ,        ,     ,             (     )  ,   .

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       ,            ;   - 1970?         . ,         ,    ,             ,     ,  .  ,   ,          1960?:            (              ),               .        .


 :  -      (19701980? )

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    , . .         [22 - Dye N. S. History of Childbirth in America // Signs. 1980. Vol. 6. 1. P. 98.]    :   XVIIIࠖ    ,             ,    ,      ,  ;  XVIII   XXࠖ    ,         ,    ; 1920?    XXࠖ    ,   .

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1990?            [32 -  . .   -  (      ) //    . 2000. 1 (17). . 924.].       ,     ,   ,    ,  .   [33 - Ordnung und Lust: Bilder von Liebe, Ehe, Sexualit?t im sp?ten Mittelalter und fruheren Neuzeit / Hrsg. von H.?J. Bachorski. Trier, 1990.]   (     )[34 - Boym S. Sexuality and Body in Russian Culture. Stanford, 1993; Barona J. L. The Body Republic: Social Order and Human Body in Renaissance Medial Thought // History and Philosophy of Life Science. Valencia, 1993. Vol. 15. P. 165180; Koerper-Geschichten: Studien zur historischen Kulturforschung. Frankfurt a. M.: Taschenbuchverlag, 1996; Labouvie E. Andere Unstaende: Eine Kulturgeschichte der Geburt. Koeln etc: Boehlau, 1998.].     90?[35 -  . .  90?,    . .: , 2003.]         ,   [36 - Schlumbohm J. Rituale der Geburt. Eine Kulturgeschichte / Zus. mit B. Duden, J. Goelis, P. Veit, Hg. M?nchen, 1998; Sch?fer D. Geburt aus dem Tod.],    ,    .  ,             ,          ,  ,     .                    ,    ,      ;   ⠖  ,    ,  ,   .

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1


, ,      / . . . . .: , 2001.




2


 . .        (XVIIIXX.): . . - . . ., 1998;  . .      (  XVIII  XX.): . . . . ., 1999;  . .        XVIII . XX.:   -: . . . . ., 2008.




3


Dye N. S. History of Childbirth in America // Signs. 1980. Vol. 6 (1). P. 97101; Diepgen P. Frau und Frauenheilkunde in der Kultur des Mittelalters. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1963.




4


Radcliffe W. Milestones in Midwifery. Bristol: J. Wright & Sons, 1967; R??lein E. Der Swangern Frauwen und hebammen Rosegarten. Z?rich: Faksimile. 1976; Brackert H. Ungl?ckliche, was hast du gehofft? Zu den Hexenb?chern des 15. bis 17. Jahrhunderts // Gabriele B. u. a. Aus der Zeit der Verzweiflung Zur Genese und Aktualit?t des Hexenbildes. Frankfurt am Main 1977. S. 131187; Coulon-Arpin M. La maternit et les sages-femmes, de la Prhistoire au XX si?cle. Paris: R. Dacosta, 1981.




5


 . .   :    //    . 2009. . 7. 3. . 295313.




6


Ginsburg F., Rapp R. The Politics of Reproduction // Annual Review of Anthropology. 1991. 20. P. 311344.




7


 ( .-. ???? ) ,        ,  .




8


Jordan B. Birth in Four Cultures: A Cross-cultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden and the United States. Montreal: Eden Press Womens Publications. 1978.




9


Jordan B. Authoritative Knowledge and Its Construction // Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London, 1997.




10


Kitzinger S. The Complete Book of Pregnancy and Childbirth Dorling Kindersley. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982; Kitzinger S. A Celebration of Birth: The Experience of Childbirth. Penguin, 1984; Lozoff B. Birth and bonding in non-industrial societies // Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. Vol. 25. . 595600; Martin Em. The Woman in the Body: A cultural analysis of reproduction. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987.




11


Lyons A. S., Petrucelli R. J. Die Geschichte der Medizin im Spiegel der Kunst. K?ln: DuMont Verlag, 1980; Kammeier-Nebel A. Wenn eine Frau Kr?utertr?nke zu sich genommen hat, um nicht zu empfangen // Mensch und Umwelt im Mittelalter / Hrsg. von B. Herrmann. Stuttgart, 1987. S. 6579.




12


 .: . .     . ., 2007.




13


Oakley A. Interviewing Women: A Contradiction in Terms // Doing Feminist Research / Ed. by H. Roberts. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1981. P. 3061; Oakley A. The Captured Womb: A History of the Medical Care of Pregnant Women. NewYork: Basil Blackwell, 1984; Oakley A. Essays on women, medicine and health. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993.




14


Szasz . S. The Medicalization of Everyday Life: Selected Essays. Syracuse, NewYork: Syracuse University Press, 2007.




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17


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18


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Cutter I., Viets H. A Short History of Midwifery. Philadelphia: W. B. Sanders Co, 1964; Eccles A. Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Tudor and Stuart England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.




20


Wertz R. W., Wertz D. C. Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America. NewYork: The Free Press, 1977.




21


Ibid. P. 234.




22


Dye N. S. History of Childbirth in America // Signs. 1980. Vol. 6. 1. P. 98.




23


Leavitt J. W. Brought to Bed. Childbearing in America 17501950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.




24


Lewis J. S. In the Family Way: Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 17601860. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1986.




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Leavitt J. W. Science enters the birthing room: Obstetrics in America since the 18 century // Journal of American history. 1983. 2 (70). . 281304.




26


Gelis J. History of Childbirth: Fertility, Pregnancy and Birth in Early Modern Europe. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991. (렖 Gelis J. L Arbre et le Fruit. Paris, 1984.)




27


Van Hollen C. Perspectives on the anthropology of birth // Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 1994. Vol. 18. P. 501512; Blumenfeld-Kosinski R. Not of Women Born Representations of Caesarean Birth in Medieval and Renaissance Culture. Ithaca; London, 1990.




28


Opitz-Belakhal C. Evat?chter und Br?ute Christi: weiblicher Lebenszusammenhang und Frauenkultur im Mittelalter. Weinheim, 1990.




29


Gelis J. History of Childbirth. P. 7.




30


Rituale der Geburt. Eine Kulturgeschichte / Hrsg. von J. Schlumbohm, J. Goelis, P. Veit. M?nchen, 1998; Sch?fer D. Geburt aus dem Tod. Der Kaiserschnitt an Verstorbenen in der abendl?ndischen Kultur. H?rtgenwald: Guido Pressler, 1999.




31


Donegan J. Women and Men Midwives. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press Inc., 1978; Donnison J. Midwives and Medical Men. New Barnett: Historical Perspectives, 1988.




32


 . .   -  (      ) //    . 2000. 1 (17). . 924.




33


Ordnung und Lust: Bilder von Liebe, Ehe, Sexualit?t im sp?ten Mittelalter und fruheren Neuzeit / Hrsg. von H.?J. Bachorski. Trier, 1990.




34


Boym S. Sexuality and Body in Russian Culture. Stanford, 1993; Barona J. L. The Body Republic: Social Order and Human Body in Renaissance Medial Thought // History and Philosophy of Life Science. Valencia, 1993. Vol. 15. P. 165180; Koerper-Geschichten: Studien zur historischen Kulturforschung. Frankfurt a. M.: Taschenbuchverlag, 1996; Labouvie E. Andere Unstaende: Eine Kulturgeschichte der Geburt. Koeln etc: Boehlau, 1998.




35


 . .  90?,    . .: , 2003.




36


Schlumbohm J. Rituale der Geburt. Eine Kulturgeschichte / Zus. mit B. Duden, J. Goelis, P. Veit, Hg. M?nchen, 1998; Sch?fer D. Geburt aus dem Tod.




37


Davis-Floyd R. E. Birth as an American Rite of Passage. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, 1992; Davis-Floyd R. E. The Ritual of Hospital Birth in America // Conformity & Conflict. Readings in Cultural Anthropology / Ed. by J. P. Spradley, D. W. McCurdy. NewYork, 1994.




38


Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge: Cross-Cultural Perspectives / Ed. by R. Davis-Floyd, . Sargent. California: University of California Press, 1997.




39


Davis-Floyd R. E. Birth as an American Rite of Passage. P. 152.




40


Ginsburg F., Rapp R. The Politics of Reproduction // Annual Review of Anthropology. 1991. 20. P. 311344.




41


.    .: Martin E. The Woman in the Body [URL: https://birthpsychology.com/content/woman-body-cultural-analysis-reproduction;  : 16.10.2021].




42


Wilson W. The Making of Man-Midwifery: Childbirth in England, 16601770. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995; Borst C. G. Catching Babies: The Professionalization of Childbirth, 18701920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995; Williams A. S. Women and Childbirth in the Twentieth Century. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1997.




43


Allison J. Delivered at Home. London: Chapman and Hall, 1996.




44


Tew M. Safer Childbirth: A Critical History of Maternity Care. London: Chapman and Hall, 1995; Beauvalet-Boutouyrie S. Na?tre ? l h?pital au XIX


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45


Wilson W. The Making of Man-Midwifery. P. 6.




46


Ibid. P. 186.




47


Ibid.




48


Borst C. G. Catching Babies; Danzi A. D. From Home to Hospital: Jewish and Italian American Women and Childbirth, 19201940. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1997.




49


Sch?fer D. Geburt aus dem Tod; Sch?fer D. Es ist leichter, ein guter Caesarist als ein guter Geburtshelfer zu sein. Die Entwicklung des Kaiserschnitts nach 1880 // 110 Jahre Niederrheinisch-Westf?lische Gesellschaft f?r Gyn?kologie und Geburtshilfe / Hrsg. von A. Jensen, A. Keck. Z?lpich: Biermann, 2008. S. 122132.




50


 . .   -  //    . 2000. 1;  . .      //  . 2014. 10. . 167175.




51


Loudon I. Death in Childbirth: An International Study of Maternal Care and Maternal Mortality 18001950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.




52


Williams A. S. Women and Childbirth in the Twentieth Century.




53


Teijlingen E. Lowis G., McCaffery P., Porter M. Midwifery and the Medicalization of Childbirth: Comparative Perspectives. NewYork: Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2000. P 1.




54


Rhodes P. A Short History of Clinical Midwifery; McIntosh T. Profession, Skill or Domestic Duty: Midwifery in Sheffield 18811936 // Social History of Medicine. 1998. 11. . 403420; Murphy-Lawless J. Reading Birth and Death: A History of Obstetric Thinking. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998; Rooks J. P. Midwifery and Childbirth in America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.




55


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