 
 


 
   XVIII  XXI      :       ,   ,               .       ,             .         ?           ?             ?                 ,        ,           , PhD,     (OU)   .





 

 


   (19192017)





 


    ,  ࠖ      .                ,       ,      .       ,    ,      ,                 .          ,      ,     (CRASSH)   .     ,           ,    CRASSH      .             ,         ,     .       ,  ,     .  -           .    ,       --   Wellcome Trust.           ,      ;       .   ,        ,   :     ,   ,         ,       .            Polity  .        .

               ,        . - ,     [1 -  11      ,      . . .],      ,                 .       .

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      ( 堖 ),        蠖   .     ,      -,      ,   .         (         )    ,           ,    .     ,   ,   ,         . ,     .



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 1791             ࠖ ,          .         (?ber die Einsamkeit),   17841785    ,    III  ,  堖  .     .    ,   Gentlemans Magazine,         [2 - The Gentlemans Magazine. 1791. Vol. LXI. 2. P. 1215.].      ,        .     ,         1790-         [3 - Rousseau G. S. Science, Culture and the Imagination: Enlightenment Configurations // The Cambridge History of Science / Ed. R. Porter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Vol. 4. P. 768.].   ,    ,       [4 - MacPherson J. The Spirit of Solitude: Conventions and Continuities in Late Romance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. P. 56.].

      .     ,     Critical Review.          , 堖     ;  ,     , ,    , ,   [5 - Zimmerman on Solitude // The Critical Review. 1791. 3. P. 14.].     ,        ,    ,   ࠖ  ,  [6 -          ,  , . . ,      .       1798,     . .:Advertisement // Zimmerman J. Solitude Considered with Respect to its Dangerous Influence Upon the Mind and Heart. L.: C. Dilly, 1798; Wilkens F. H. Early Influence of German Literature in America (Reprint 1, Americana Germanica, III, 2). L.: Macmillan, 1900. P. 4950; Vila A. Solitary Identities: Perspectives on the Contemplative Life from 18th-Century Literature, Medicine, and Religion (France, Switzerland) ,  18 2019       XVIII  .       .].           .                  [7 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 316.].                  .           ,  ,           ;     ,               ,            ,    [8 - Ibid. P. 88.].

        .   ,            - .  ࠖ              堖 ,            [9 - Lepenies W. Melancholy and Society / Transl. J. Gaines, D. Jones. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. P. 62.].             堖   ,   ,           .     magnum opus,        17551756 ,     .      ,        ,   1346  1356        [10 - .: Petrarch F. The Life of Solitude / Transl. J. Zeitlin. [Urbana]: University of Illinois Press, 1924.    ,     ⠖ Vernor & Hood   1797    . .:The Times. 1797. 7Apr. P. 2.].    -   ,  ,   ,     ,   .    ,    -;    -                   XVIII[11 - Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. L.: Vernor & Hood, 1797. P. 310.].       ,     ,           .            ,              .        ,        ,         ,         .

      腻 ,        (social and liberal intercourse)[12 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 66.].      ,            .       ,          .  ,      ,  .          [13 - Rousseau G. S. Science, Culture and the Imagination. P. 768.].             :



         頖       ,     ,    .  ,              ,    ,     [14 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 75.].


          .  ,     ,      .   ,   ,         ,          [15 - Ibid. P. 2.].      ,      ,    ,             蠖   ,           [16 - Klein L. E. Sociability, Solitude, and Enthusiasm // Enthusiasm and Enlightenment in Europe, 16501850 / Eds L. E. Klein, A. J. La Vopa. San Marino, CA: Huntingdon Library, 1998. P. 155156.].    ,     .      ?      ,   ;     ,     . Solitaire    .        ,     ,    ?[17 - Zimmerman J. Aphorisms on Men, Morals and Things: Translated from the Mss of J. G. Zimmerman. L.: Vernor & Hood, 1800. P. 4041.]      .    ,            .  .    ,  , -   ,    ,   ,    .  ꠖ        ;      ,    ,       ,      ,     [18 - Diderot D. Encyclopdie (1765). Vol. XV. P. 324. .: Sayre R. Solitude in Society: A Sociological Study in French Literature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. P. 49.].

   , ,      .    ,    ,     :        , ,  ,    ,    ;  , ,     ,   [19 - . : Lepenies W. Melancholy and Society. P. 65.].       ,     ,    ,   .        :  ,  , , :   텻[20 - Petrarch F. The Life of Solitude. P. 125. [ .   . . 1 / .. .   . .  //  .    . .: , 1998. . 80.           .]]   XVI                .        :          ,  ,         ;    ,     ;      ,   ,     [21 - Montaigne M. de. The Complete Essays / Transl., ed. M. A. Screech. L.: Penguin, 2013. P. 269. [.   / .. .  // . :  3 . .: , 1979. . 1. . 219.]].          ,     .

  XVII                     .  ,           ,         ,    蠖         [22 -     .:Public and Private Life in the Seventeenth Century: The Mackenzie Evelyn Debate / Ed. B. Vickers. Delmar, NY: Scholars Facsimiles & Reprints, 1986. P. XXXXIV.].                 . ,  ,               ,    ,        [23 - Evelyn J. Publick Employment and an Active Life Preferd to Solitude In Reply to a late Ingenious Essay of a contrary Title. L.: H. Herringman, 1667. P. 69.].   蠖     ,    . , ,  ,         ,   ,         [24 - Ibid. P. 77.].  頖     ,    .                   .  ,  .   ,    ,   ,   ,  ,   ,         [25 - Ibid. P. 118.].

    ,      ,   XVIII        .                         .            [26 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 21.].        ,      .    ,       ,  ,        ,          ,  , ,        [27 - Burton R. (Democritus Junior). The Anatomy of Melancholy. Oxford: Henry Cripps, 1621. P. 116. [ .   / .. . . .: -, 2005. . 416417.]]  XVIII        .           ,     ,      .  ,   ,   -    . ,   ,          ,             ,           [28 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 3.].      ,         ,             .

         ,   - ,           1782        .    Gentlemans Review:    ,        ,  ,  ࠖ   [29 - The Gentlemans Magazine. 1791. Vol. LXI. 2. P. 1215.].   ,     ,      [30 -     .:Mascuch M. Origins of the Individualist Self: Autobiography and Self-Identity in England, 15911791. Cambridge: Polity, 1997. P. 723.].        :          ,  -  .             ,      [31 - Rousseau J.-J. Reveries of the Solitary Walker / Transl. R. Goulbourne [1782]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. P. 7. [ .-.    / .. .  //  .-. .   . .: , 1961. . 575.]].           .    ,   .    ,  ,         ,   ,    ;      [32 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 165166.].        ,         ;   ,  ,     ,      ,   :  ,    ,  ,   ,            [33 - Ibid. P. 164.].

      ,   ,          .       ,     ,             ,    .  (   )  ,    , ,        [34 - Bakewell S. How to Live: Or A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. L.: Chatto & Windus, 2010. P. 162.].     -      ,      ,            [35 - Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. P. 37.      .:Emch-Driaz A. Tissot: Physician of the Enlightenment. N. Y.: Peter Lang, 1992. P. 28.].         .          ,        ,         :     ,      ;           ,            ; ,    ,      [36 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 15.].     ,      ;    , ,  ,         [37 - Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. P. 91.].

   , ,     ,    .  ,  ,         ,            [38 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 3.].     ,    .   ,        ,    ,             .     ,        ,    XVIII.    ,          .  - -       ,       :



   ,    ,             ,      ,  ,    ,       ,   .     蠖     ,         [39 - Ibid. P. 19.].


   ,            , 蠖 ,      .

      .    XVIII    ,     .    ,      ,   ,   ,   .        軠      ,    .           ,         -      XIXࠖ        [40 - Esquirol J.-. D. Mental Maladies: A Treatise on Insanity / Transl. by E. K. Hunt. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1845. P. 199.].        ,  ,   [41 - Bell M. Melancholia: The Western Malady. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. P. 54; Jackson S. W. Melancholia and Depression: From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. P. 417; Esquirol J.-. D. Mental Maladies. P. 199.].                ,      [42 - Shorter E. From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. N. Y.: Free Press, 1992. P. 1516; Rousseau G. S. Science, Culture and the Imagination. P. 779780.].    ,   , ,   ,    .   ,  ,   ;      ,       [43 - Lepenies W. Melancholy and Society. P. 65.].              .     ,       ,       ,   , ,  ,    [44 - Burton R. (Democritus Junior). The Anatomy of Melancholy. P. 119. [ .  . . 421.]]       .     1812  ,   XIX    ,                  ,    [45 - Trotter Th. A View of the Nervous Temperament. L.: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1812. P. XIV.].

          ,             .  :



             :  ,      ,   ,        ;      ,  ,     ,    ,           [46 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 156157.].


          .      (   ) :      ,    ,    .     , , , ;  ,          [47 - Buchan W. Domestic Medicine; or, The Family Physician [1769]. Edinburgh: <?>, 1802. P. 230. [ . [ .]      []. .: . . , 1813. . 3. . 206.]].       ,        ,         .      (1801)         : ,      ,  ,    ,      [48 - Pinel Ph. A Treatise on Insanity / Transl. D. D. Davies [1801]. L.: Cadell & Davies, 1806. P. 136. .: Crichton A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement. 2vols. L.: T. Cadell, Junior, & W. Davies, 1798. Vol. 2. P. 229.].  ,      ,     .   ,    ,    .   ,         ,    .         蠖 ,                      [49 - Koch Ph. Solitude: A Philosophical Encounter. Chicago: Open Court, 1994. P. 212.].  ,           XVIII,    :



 ,    ,     , , , , ,      ,     ,     ,          ,  ca ne laisse que de samuser.    ,     ennui [][50 - . : Porter R., Porter D. In Sickness and in Health: The British Experience 16501850. L.: Fourth Estate, 1988. P. 208.].


     , -          .

 ,                    .        ,            . ,      :



     ,   ,   .             ,     .       .      ;    ;   ;       ,       [51 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 60.].


      .   ,               .        ,    ,    .         ,      .          ,     IV, ,   ,      [52 - Barbour J. D. A View from Religious Studies: Solitude and Spirituality // The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone / Eds R. J. Coplan, J. C. Bowker. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2014. P. 559560.].        -  :      ,      ,    ,       ,           [53 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 109.]. ,     ,     ,      XVIII[54 - Klein L. E. Sociability, Solitude, and Enthusiasm. P. 164167.].

      ,  .        ,   ,  ,             . 养      ,      .        蠖    .     , ,         ࠖ       蠖   ,   ,             ,    ,    [55 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 3031.].       ,  ,     XVII   ,         ,      [56 - . : Hill M. The Religious Order. L.: Heinemann Educational, 1973. P. 51.].           .      ,    :     ,    . ,  ,             ,       :          ,   ,    ;    ,      ࠖ [57 - Evelyn J. Publick Employment P. 56.].         .        .  ,   ,          (1809),      ,      [58 - Haslam J. Observations on Madness and Melancholy. L.: J. Callow, 1809. P. 263. .: Pinel Ph. A Treatise on Insanity. P. 142.].             .    , ,  ,        ,       , ,     ,       [59 - Haslam J. Observations on Madness and Melancholy. P. 265.].         XIX      -  ,   1904[60 - Krafft-Ebing R. von. Text-Book of Insanity / Transl. Ch. G. Chaddock. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1904. P. 302.].

  ,          ,      .   ,  ,  ,    [61 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 158.].  ,      ,     (       ),           [62 - Campbell G. The Hermit in the Garden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. P. 96144; Harwood E. S. Luxurious Hermits: Asceticism, Luxury and Retirement in the Eighteenth-Century English Garden // Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes. 2000. Vol. 20. 4. P. 274278.  ,   1783   -         , .:Macfarlane R. Mountains of the Mind. L.: Granta Books, 2003. P. 151.].   ,       XVIII,         ,          .              ,   -         XVIII.  1790-,  养     ,           ,             .    ,    ,    :   :    ,      !    ,         .     ,      ,        [63 - Milner J. The History of the Church of Christ. 3vols. [17941809; new edn.]. L.: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1847. Vol. 1. P. 554555.].               ,    1793       -. ,   ,     1796    ,   .

        , ,  ,     ,          ,     .   ,           ,          [64 - Peck L. F. A Life of Matthew G. Lewis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961. P. 1113; Irwin J. J. M. G. Monk Lewis. Boston: Twayne, 1976. P. 3559.].     ø,   ,   ,      ,    .      ,         Schauerromane    ,     (1764)       (1794)  [65 -        .:Lewis M. G. The Life and Correspondence of M. G. Lewis. 2vols. L.: Henry Colburn, 1839. Vol. 1. P. 73; Parreaux A. The Publication of The Monk: A Literary Event 17961798. P.: Libraire Marcel Didier, 1960. P. 2631; Conger S. Matthew G. Lewis, Charles Robert Maturin and the Germans. Salzburg: Institut f?r Englische Sprache und Literatur, 1977. P. 12159; Macdonald D. L. Monk Lewis: A Critical Biography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. P. 7680, 91127.].     ,       ,    ,      .    ,   1760,     1796-,    ,      ,        ,       [66 - Diderot D. Memoirs of a Nun (La Religieuse) / Transl. F. Birrell [1796]. L.: George Routledge, 1928. P. 60. [ .  / ..   .  //  . .  . -   . .: . ., 1973. . 70.]].        ,          .        ,          .  ,  ,       ,        (     頖  ,   ):



       ,   .            -  .     , ,      ,    ,         ,   ,      ? , ,  !      ,      ,      .      ,      .       ,    ,  .        .       ,           .    ,     .       .        ,      .       .         ,     ,        ,  [67 - Lewis M. The Monk [1796]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. P. 5354. [ . .  / .. . .: , 2008. . 173174.]].


,               .  ,       .

     ,      ,     [68 - Ibid. P. 440. [ . . 478.]].       ,      ,    .     ,      [69 - Lewis M. G. The Life and Correspondence of M. G. Lewis. P. 151152. ., ,  : [Coleridge S. T.] Lewiss Romance of the Monk // The Critical Review. 1797. Feb. Vol. XIX. P. 195, 197.].       ;    ,           ,         ,       ,       ,       [70 - Parreaux A. The Publication of The Monk. P. 6370.         .:Steedman C. An Everyday Life of the English Working Class: Work, Self and Sociability in the Early Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. P. 31.].               ,          XVIII,         - .   ,  ,     ,       ,      ,   ,        .

      ,     .    ,         ,               .          ,        .         ,      .  1760           ,          XX.   ,  ,          ,    : , , ,  ,   [71 - Tissot S.-A. Onanism / Transl. A. Hume [1760]. L.: T. Pridden, 1766. P. 22.    .:Laqueur Th. W. Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation. N. Y.: Zone Books, 2003.].        .              ,   .    ,  ,  ,    ,    ,     ,           .  -        [72 - Tissot S.-A. Onanism. P. 129.].

                 ,    . 頖       .        .     ,   ,   ,    .     ,       ,    [73 -       : Wood M. M. Paths of Loneliness: The Individual Isolated in Modern Society. N. Y.: Columbia University Press, 1960. P. 67.].                          .  :



  ,  ,   ,                 ;              ,     ,     ;        ,           [74 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 6263.].


             .       .          .         ,                [75 - Ibid. P. 312.].                 .    ,      ,             . ,        ,        .  ,          ,          .      , , ,     ,  .    ,    ,  ,     , , ,      ,    [76 - Ibid. P. 169.].     ,    ,          ,          [77 - Ibid. P. 162.].            ,           .      ,      ,      :    ,    ,   ,      [78 - Ibid. P. 21.]. ,   ,              .       , ,   .     ,  -  .     :        ,         ,       ,         [79 - Ibid. P. 169170.].

 ,   ,           ,          .                -.                .  腻             ,                ,             .         . ,    -      ,  ,       [80 - Ibid. P. 12.].       .         ,          ,    ,           [81 - Ibid. P. 193.       .:Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. P. 28.       .].     ,                .         .          ,    ,  ,        .

         . -           .       ;   ,  ,  ,  , .            .    ,         ,    ,    ,       .    .        , ,         .       ,      ,  ,   , .         ,     ,  ,           .       , ,    , ,  ,    젖    ,        .

      ࠖ   .          ,         [82 - MacPherson J. The Spirit of Solitude. P. 56.]. ,  ,       ,         [83 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 90.].     ,    ,       .  ,    -   ,   ,    ,    ,  ,        [84 - Klein L. E. Sociability, Solitude, and Enthusiasm. . 164167.].    XVIII     堖  ,     .            ,      .    ,       ,        ,  .      ,          ,       ,       .      ,    ,    ,           ,      :



 ,   , 蠖  ,    ,    ,              ,             -   ,  ,   ,        :             ,    (  )    [85 - Thelwall J. The Peripatetic; Or, Sketches of the Heart, of Nature and Society. L.: <for the author>, 1793. P. 8.].


          .          ,  XIX,      頖   .




  


              .    ,         .    ,      ,        .            .                .               .              .         .  ,    ,    ,     ,      .         ,        .

  ,   ,       [86 - Harris M. Solitude: In Pursuit of a Singular Life in a Crowded World. L.: Random House, 2017. P. 7.].      1800         ,            .    ,    [87 - Vernon J. Distant Strangers: How Britain Became Modern. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014. P. 19.],      ,                .        ,             .

    ,       ,   .    堖 ,    ,     .       ,       .             ,    .         XIX   堖           .           ,            .          ,      XIX,   ,         XX, , ,  ,             .

     .                  .        ,      .   ,   ,          (loneliness).             (solitude)    .       (1643) ,           ,         ,        [88 - Milton J. Divorce: In Two Books. L.: Sherwood, Neely & Jones, 1820. P. 17.     The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (1643).].  XVIII   (lonely)    , ,  .        -⠖     [89 -    . .  : Lewis K. Lonesome: The Spiritual Meanings of American Solitude. L.: I. B. Tauris, 2009. P. 4.].   -        ; / ꠖ     ; /,   ,    , /  ,  [90 -  III,  LXII,  590594. [ . .  - / ..  //  . . .:  3. .: . ., 1974. . 1. . 224.]].      ,       :    ,   , /   ,    , /    ,    [91 -  III,  LXVIII,  648651. [ . . 226.]].

 XIX      ,         ,           [92 -    ,    XVIII, .:Alberti F. B. This Modern Epidemic: Loneliness as an Emotion Cluster and a Neglected Subject in the History of Emotions // Emotion Review. 2018. Vol. 10. 3. P. 35.].       1840        ,       ,      ,    [93 - .       (11 1840) : Dickens Ch. A Christmas Carol and Other Christmas Writings / Intro., notes by M. Slater. L.: Penguin Classics, 2010. P. 20, 22.          . : Hazlitt W. London Solitude // New Writings of William Hazlitt / Ed. D. Wu. 2vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Vol. 2. P. 354355.].     ,      .  1930 . .      ,     :



             .      ,        ,      ,     - ,         [94 - Chesterton G. K. On Loneliness // Chesterton G. K. Come to Think of It: A Book of Essays. L.: Methuen, 1930. P. 82.].


      [95 - Fromm-Reichmann F. On Loneliness // Fromm-Reichmann F. Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Selected Papers of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann / Ed. D. M. Bullard. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959. P. 326.].  ,            .       ,       .        1945    ,           ,          .

    ,       .                .   ,          ,        1989.        :   ,    ,  ,   ,        [96 - Storr A. Solitude [1989]. L.: HarperCollins, 1997. P. IX.].          ,    2016    , ,  -       ,      ,         ,   ,       [97 - Cohen I. J. Solitary Action: Acting on Our Own in Everyday Life. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2016. P. 2.].   ,       ,  - ,    ,  ,        .           .   XIX    ,               .     堖        蠖   ,      .   ,  ,     ,       ,      ,       .

            .   ,      ,   ,        . ,   , ,        ,     ,               .                   .             ,              .         .     ,         ,          .

   XVIII,          ,   ,     ,             .                        [98 - Daybell J. The Material Letter in Early Modern England: Manuscript Letters and the Culture and Practices of Letter-Writing, 15121625. L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. P. 20; Allen G. The Cooke Sisters: Education, Piety and Politics in Early Modern England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013. P. 89.].  1800   ( )       [99 - Whyman S. The Pen and the People: English Letter-Writers 16601800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 910. .: Vincent D. Privacy: A Short History. Cambridge: Polity, 2016. P. 47.]. ,  ,    ,       ;            ,        .        ,    .    ,  ,     clat[100 - clat :  (.). . .]    ,   ,   -,    ,     [101 - Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. P. 100.].               (  , 1840)     ,         [102 - Vincent D. Literacy and Popular Culture: England 17501914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. P. 3249.].           ,       .     ,       .                    ,          .

        [103 - ., : Senechal D. Republic of Noise: The Loss of Solitude in Schools and Culture. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. P. 34.].   ,     ,     ; ,         ,     .                  XVIII.  1720          [104 - [Defoe D.] Serious Reflections during the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his Vision of the Angelick World / Written by Himself, ed. G. A. Starr [1720]. L.: Pickering & Chatto, 2008.       1895     .].             ,     ,      .         . ,   ,       ,        ,          .            .  ,  ,   ,        ; ,  ,         ,        [105 - Ibid. P. 61.]. ,   ,  ,     ,  :



 , ,             ,     ,    ,      ,           ,   ,     ,  -         [106 - Ibid. P. 59.].


    ,     .    ,       ,      ,    .   ,          ,        ,     ,    ,    ,     ,               [107 - Ibid. P. 66.].

          ,     ,     ,       ,   ,       ,     .                     -    .           ,            .                  .            ,      ,      ,      .

              .   XVIII  XIX,    , ,  ,  ,        [108 -         .:Cheyne G. The English Malady: Or, a Treatise of Nervous Diseases of All Kinds. L.: G. Strahan, 1733. P. 181182; Porter R. Madness: A Brief History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. P. 8386.].     ,    ,    [109 - Arnold Th. Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes and Prevention of Insanity. 2vols. [2


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            .   XVIII      ,        ,        [112 - Chudleigh, Lady. Essays Upon Several Subjects in Prose and Verse. L.: R. Bonwicke etal., 1710. P. 233, 234.].      ,         ,        ,       ,           [113 - Ibid. P. 235, 237.].         .       ,      ,             .          ,  ,    ,   ,  ,         [114 - Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 144145.].

,  ,     ,      ,       .  XVII       ,        [115 - Cowley A. Of Solitude // Cowley A. Poetry & Prose. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1949. P. 80.].   ,       ,       (     ,       ),        -       [116 - Ibid.].  , ,      ,     .   ,    ,                  .  ,    ,                  ,         -       ,     .

   ,    ,     ,     .       XIXXX,    ,            .  1800            ,   ,   ,                 [117 - Bloomfield R. The Farmers Boy: A Rural Poem. L.: Vernor & Hood, 1800. P. 31.].        ,       ,     ,      . ,     ࠖ           .               ,  蠖  .   (,      )     ,   ,          [118 - Vincent D. Privacy. P. 1013, 48, 6566.].

            .              .          蠖   ,   ,        ,       ,    ,   [119 - Marx L. The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1964. P. 4.].      1800       , , ,  ,       ;        ,          ,       .   堖      堖          ,    ,        ,          XIX.    ,      蠖      ࠖ     ,              .

          .                 .     :   :                [120 - Koch Ph. Solitude. P. 101.].            ,      ,    .          ,     ,     堖    .        ( XIX)   ( XX  XXI).          ,       ,        ,      ,      ,           .        , 堖   .    ,   ,    [121 - Senechal D. Republic of Noise. P. XV.].

  ,         .        ,    ,             .      :           ,    ,  -  ,    ,             ,        ,  ,               [122 - Cohen I. J. Solitary Action. P. 2.]. ,    ,    .   , ,     ,   .            ,       .  -     ,       .   ,    .   ,      ,      ⠖     ,     ,    .     ,        , ,  ,        ,            [123 - ., : Holt R. Sport and the British: A Modern History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990; Malcolmson R. W. Popular Recreations in English Society 17001850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973; Davies A. Leisure, Gender and Poverty. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1992.].

      ,      ,  ,  .       .       ,            (   ),   .             Sporting Magazine,                      [124 - ., ,       : The Sporting Magazine. 1792. Oct. P. 715.            ,    ,    XV: The Sporting Magazine. 1794. Apr. P. 5.].   XVIII                 .          ,     ,           .    XIX      蠖     ꠖ    ,      .             ,       . ,      蠖     .   ,      ,  ,           ,      ,    ;           .

    ,     ,      .          ,        .  堖       ,        .        ,                          ,            .         , -,        .  ,                  ,           . ,      ,                 .    ,        .




 -


       .        ,       [125 -   XIX   ,  ,     . . ,         .].   XIX    ,      .    ,     , ,      ,              .          , 养      ,  .   1845    ,    ,     -   -.    ,     ,     ,     [126 -    , ,     Ē (. 1770 . 1836),    .].         .    : , ,               [127 - The Era. 1845. 30 Mar.].




2.  





,   


 1820         .     .                 .     ,        ,   ,            .     ,       ,    ,      ,       ,     , ,      ,     [128 - Clare J. The Letters of John Clare / Ed. M. Storey. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. P. 74.].        1821      .

   ,        ,     .        1820,         [129 - Ibid. P. 33.],       . -            [130 - Goodridge J. Junkets and Clarissimus: The Clare Keats Dialogue // The Keats Shelley Review. 2011. Vol. 25. 1. P. 35; Bate J. John Clare: A Biography. L.: Picador, 2003. P. 189; Roe N. John Keats: A New Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012. P. 365.].       ,       ,    .  ,    ,       :     ,  ,     .   ,   ,  ,   ,    -     ,    [131 - Clare J. The Letters of John Clare. P. 38.].         .         : ,    ,       ,    -  [132 - . : Goodridge J. Junkets and Clarissimus. P. 44.].

   .      , ,   ,          :

		  
		  ,
		 ,    ,
		  [133 - Clare J. Solitude // Clare J. The Village Minstrel. 2vols. L.: Taylor & Hessey, 1821. Vol. 1. P. 200.].

      ,   ,          :

		  
		  
		  
		  ![134 - Ibid. P. 202.]

         ,      ,    [135 - Sales R. John Clare: A Literary Life. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002. P. 25.].          ,     .     ,     ,              XIX,     , /   [136 - Thomson J. The Seasons [1726]. L.: John Sharpe, 1816. P. 13.].      ,          :  ,   , /    ![137 - Courtier P. L. Pleasures of Solitude: With Other Poems [1800; 3


 edn.]. L.: F. C. & J. Rivington, 1804. P. 19.] ,   ,       : O thou soothing Solitude, / From the vain and from the rude ( , ,  /    )[138 - Clare J. Solitude. P. 206.].             ,  ,        ,     .

, ,      ,      ,       .        :   .     ,  ,     .      ,    ,   ,      .     .             .         -,        :




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 11      ,      . . .




2


The Gentlemans Magazine. 1791. Vol. LXI. 2. P. 1215.




3


Rousseau G. S. Science, Culture and the Imagination: Enlightenment Configurations // The Cambridge History of Science / Ed. R. Porter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Vol. 4. P. 768.




4


MacPherson J. The Spirit of Solitude: Conventions and Continuities in Late Romance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. P. 56.




5


Zimmerman on Solitude // The Critical Review. 1791. 3. P. 14.




6


         ,  , . . ,      .       1798,     . .:Advertisement // Zimmerman J. Solitude Considered with Respect to its Dangerous Influence Upon the Mind and Heart. L.: C. Dilly, 1798; Wilkens F. H. Early Influence of German Literature in America (Reprint 1, Americana Germanica, III, 2). L.: Macmillan, 1900. P. 4950; Vila A. Solitary Identities: Perspectives on the Contemplative Life from 18th-Century Literature, Medicine, and Religion (France, Switzerland) ,  18 2019       XVIII  .       .




7


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 316.




8


Ibid. P. 88.




9


Lepenies W. Melancholy and Society / Transl. J. Gaines, D. Jones. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. P. 62.




10


.: Petrarch F. The Life of Solitude / Transl. J. Zeitlin. [Urbana]: University of Illinois Press, 1924.    ,     ⠖ Vernor & Hood   1797    . .:The Times. 1797. 7Apr. P. 2.




11


Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. L.: Vernor & Hood, 1797. P. 310.




12


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 66.




13


Rousseau G. S. Science, Culture and the Imagination. P. 768.




14


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 75.




15


Ibid. P. 2.




16


Klein L. E. Sociability, Solitude, and Enthusiasm // Enthusiasm and Enlightenment in Europe, 16501850 / Eds L. E. Klein, A. J. La Vopa. San Marino, CA: Huntingdon Library, 1998. P. 155156.




17


Zimmerman J. Aphorisms on Men, Morals and Things: Translated from the Mss of J. G. Zimmerman. L.: Vernor & Hood, 1800. P. 4041.




18


Diderot D. Encyclopdie (1765). Vol. XV. P. 324. .: Sayre R. Solitude in Society: A Sociological Study in French Literature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. P. 49.




19


. : Lepenies W. Melancholy and Society. P. 65.




20


Petrarch F. The Life of Solitude. P. 125. [ .   . . 1 / .. .   . .  //  .    . .: , 1998. . 80.           .]




21


Montaigne M. de. The Complete Essays / Transl., ed. M. A. Screech. L.: Penguin, 2013. P. 269. [.   / .. .  // . :  3 . .: , 1979. . 1. . 219.]




22


    .:Public and Private Life in the Seventeenth Century: The Mackenzie Evelyn Debate / Ed. B. Vickers. Delmar, NY: Scholars Facsimiles & Reprints, 1986. P. XXXXIV.




23


Evelyn J. Publick Employment and an Active Life Preferd to Solitude In Reply to a late Ingenious Essay of a contrary Title. L.: H. Herringman, 1667. P. 69.




24


Ibid. P. 77.




25


Ibid. P. 118.




26


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 21.




27


Burton R. (Democritus Junior). The Anatomy of Melancholy. Oxford: Henry Cripps, 1621. P. 116. [ .   / .. . . .: -, 2005. . 416417.]




28


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 3.




29


The Gentlemans Magazine. 1791. Vol. LXI. 2. P. 1215.




30


    .:Mascuch M. Origins of the Individualist Self: Autobiography and Self-Identity in England, 15911791. Cambridge: Polity, 1997. P. 723.




31


Rousseau J.-J. Reveries of the Solitary Walker / Transl. R. Goulbourne [1782]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. P. 7. [ .-.    / .. .  //  .-. .   . .: , 1961. . 575.]




32


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 165166.




33


Ibid. P. 164.




34


Bakewell S. How to Live: Or A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. L.: Chatto & Windus, 2010. P. 162.




35


Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. P. 37.      .:Emch-Driaz A. Tissot: Physician of the Enlightenment. N. Y.: Peter Lang, 1992. P. 28.




36


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 15.




37


Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. P. 91.




38


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 3.




39


Ibid. P. 19.




40


Esquirol J.-. D. Mental Maladies: A Treatise on Insanity / Transl. by E. K. Hunt. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1845. P. 199.




41


Bell M. Melancholia: The Western Malady. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. P. 54; Jackson S. W. Melancholia and Depression: From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. P. 417; Esquirol J.-. D. Mental Maladies. P. 199.




42


Shorter E. From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. N. Y.: Free Press, 1992. P. 1516; Rousseau G. S. Science, Culture and the Imagination. P. 779780.




43


Lepenies W. Melancholy and Society. P. 65.




44


Burton R. (Democritus Junior). The Anatomy of Melancholy. P. 119. [ .  . . 421.]




45


Trotter Th. A View of the Nervous Temperament. L.: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1812. P. XIV.




46


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 156157.




47


Buchan W. Domestic Medicine; or, The Family Physician [1769]. Edinburgh: <?>, 1802. P. 230. [ . [ .]      []. .: . . , 1813. . 3. . 206.]




48


Pinel Ph. A Treatise on Insanity / Transl. D. D. Davies [1801]. L.: Cadell & Davies, 1806. P. 136. .: Crichton A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement. 2vols. L.: T. Cadell, Junior, & W. Davies, 1798. Vol. 2. P. 229.




49


Koch Ph. Solitude: A Philosophical Encounter. Chicago: Open Court, 1994. P. 212.




50


. : Porter R., Porter D. In Sickness and in Health: The British Experience 16501850. L.: Fourth Estate, 1988. P. 208.




51


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 60.




52


Barbour J. D. A View from Religious Studies: Solitude and Spirituality // The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone / Eds R. J. Coplan, J. C. Bowker. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2014. P. 559560.




53


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 109.




54


Klein L. E. Sociability, Solitude, and Enthusiasm. P. 164167.




55


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 3031.




56


. : Hill M. The Religious Order. L.: Heinemann Educational, 1973. P. 51.




57


Evelyn J. Publick Employment P. 56.




58


Haslam J. Observations on Madness and Melancholy. L.: J. Callow, 1809. P. 263. .: Pinel Ph. A Treatise on Insanity. P. 142.




59


Haslam J. Observations on Madness and Melancholy. P. 265.




60


Krafft-Ebing R. von. Text-Book of Insanity / Transl. Ch. G. Chaddock. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1904. P. 302.




61


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 158.




62


Campbell G. The Hermit in the Garden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. P. 96144; Harwood E. S. Luxurious Hermits: Asceticism, Luxury and Retirement in the Eighteenth-Century English Garden // Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes. 2000. Vol. 20. 4. P. 274278.  ,   1783   -         , .:Macfarlane R. Mountains of the Mind. L.: Granta Books, 2003. P. 151.




63


Milner J. The History of the Church of Christ. 3vols. [17941809; new edn.]. L.: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1847. Vol. 1. P. 554555.




64


Peck L. F. A Life of Matthew G. Lewis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961. P. 1113; Irwin J. J. M. G. Monk Lewis. Boston: Twayne, 1976. P. 3559.




65


       .:Lewis M. G. The Life and Correspondence of M. G. Lewis. 2vols. L.: Henry Colburn, 1839. Vol. 1. P. 73; Parreaux A. The Publication of The Monk: A Literary Event 17961798. P.: Libraire Marcel Didier, 1960. P. 2631; Conger S. Matthew G. Lewis, Charles Robert Maturin and the Germans. Salzburg: Institut f?r Englische Sprache und Literatur, 1977. P. 12159; Macdonald D. L. Monk Lewis: A Critical Biography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. P. 7680, 91127.




66


Diderot D. Memoirs of a Nun (La Religieuse) / Transl. F. Birrell [1796]. L.: George Routledge, 1928. P. 60. [ .  / ..   .  //  . .  . -   . .: . ., 1973. . 70.]




67


Lewis M. The Monk [1796]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. P. 5354. [ . .  / .. . .: , 2008. . 173174.]




68


Ibid. P. 440. [ . . 478.]




69


Lewis M. G. The Life and Correspondence of M. G. Lewis. P. 151152. ., ,  : [Coleridge S. T.] Lewiss Romance of the Monk // The Critical Review. 1797. Feb. Vol. XIX. P. 195, 197.




70


Parreaux A. The Publication of The Monk. P. 6370.         .:Steedman C. An Everyday Life of the English Working Class: Work, Self and Sociability in the Early Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. P. 31.




71


Tissot S.-A. Onanism / Transl. A. Hume [1760]. L.: T. Pridden, 1766. P. 22.    .:Laqueur Th. W. Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation. N. Y.: Zone Books, 2003.




72


Tissot S.-A. Onanism. P. 129.




73


      : Wood M. M. Paths of Loneliness: The Individual Isolated in Modern Society. N. Y.: Columbia University Press, 1960. P. 67.




74


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 6263.




75


Ibid. P. 312.




76


Ibid. P. 169.




77


Ibid. P. 162.




78


Ibid. P. 21.




79


Ibid. P. 169170.




80


Ibid. P. 12.




81


Ibid. P. 193.       .:Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. P. 28.       .




82


MacPherson J. The Spirit of Solitude. P. 56.




83


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 90.




84


Klein L. E. Sociability, Solitude, and Enthusiasm. . 164167.




85


Thelwall J. The Peripatetic; Or, Sketches of the Heart, of Nature and Society. L.: <for the author>, 1793. P. 8.




86


Harris M. Solitude: In Pursuit of a Singular Life in a Crowded World. L.: Random House, 2017. P. 7.




87


Vernon J. Distant Strangers: How Britain Became Modern. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014. P. 19.




88


Milton J. Divorce: In Two Books. L.: Sherwood, Neely & Jones, 1820. P. 17.     The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (1643).




89


   . .  : Lewis K. Lonesome: The Spiritual Meanings of American Solitude. L.: I. B. Tauris, 2009. P. 4.




90


 III,  LXII,  590594. [ . .  - / ..  //  . . .:  3. .: . ., 1974. . 1. . 224.]




91


 III,  LXVIII,  648651. [ . . 226.]




92


   ,    XVIII, .:Alberti F. B. This Modern Epidemic: Loneliness as an Emotion Cluster and a Neglected Subject in the History of Emotions // Emotion Review. 2018. Vol. 10. 3. P. 35.




93


.       (11 1840) : Dickens Ch. A Christmas Carol and Other Christmas Writings / Intro., notes by M. Slater. L.: Penguin Classics, 2010. P. 20, 22.          . : Hazlitt W. London Solitude // New Writings of William Hazlitt / Ed. D. Wu. 2vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Vol. 2. P. 354355.




94


Chesterton G. K. On Loneliness // Chesterton G. K. Come to Think of It: A Book of Essays. L.: Methuen, 1930. P. 82.




95


Fromm-Reichmann F. On Loneliness // Fromm-Reichmann F. Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Selected Papers of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann / Ed. D. M. Bullard. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959. P. 326.




96


Storr A. Solitude [1989]. L.: HarperCollins, 1997. P. IX.




97


Cohen I. J. Solitary Action: Acting on Our Own in Everyday Life. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2016. P. 2.




98


Daybell J. The Material Letter in Early Modern England: Manuscript Letters and the Culture and Practices of Letter-Writing, 15121625. L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. P. 20; Allen G. The Cooke Sisters: Education, Piety and Politics in Early Modern England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013. P. 89.




99


Whyman S. The Pen and the People: English Letter-Writers 16601800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 910. .: Vincent D. Privacy: A Short History. Cambridge: Polity, 2016. P. 47.




100


clat :  (.). . .




101


Tissot S.-A. The Life of Zimmerman. P. 100.




102


Vincent D. Literacy and Popular Culture: England 17501914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. P. 3249.




103


., : Senechal D. Republic of Noise: The Loss of Solitude in Schools and Culture. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. P. 34.




104


[Defoe D.] Serious Reflections during the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his Vision of the Angelick World / Written by Himself, ed. G. A. Starr [1720]. L.: Pickering & Chatto, 2008.       1895     .




105


Ibid. P. 61.




106


Ibid. P. 59.




107


Ibid. P. 66.




108


        .:Cheyne G. The English Malady: Or, a Treatise of Nervous Diseases of All Kinds. L.: G. Strahan, 1733. P. 181182; Porter R. Madness: A Brief History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. P. 8386.




109


Arnold Th. Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes and Prevention of Insanity. 2vols. [2


 edn.]. L.: Richard Phillips, 1806. Vol. 2. P. 64. .: Crichton A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement. Vol. 2. P. 235.




110


Buchan W. Domestic Medicine. P. 119. .: Dolan E. Seeing Suffering in Womens Literature of the Romantic Era. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. P. 2527. [ . [ .]      []. .: . . , 1809. . 1. . 111.]




111


Trotter Th. A View of the Nervous Temperament. P. 48.




112


Chudleigh, Lady. Essays Upon Several Subjects in Prose and Verse. L.: R. Bonwicke etal., 1710. P. 233, 234.




113


Ibid. P. 235, 237.




114


Zimmerman J. Solitude P. 144145.




115


Cowley A. Of Solitude // Cowley A. Poetry & Prose. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1949. P. 80.




116


Ibid.




117


Bloomfield R. The Farmers Boy: A Rural Poem. L.: Vernor & Hood, 1800. P. 31.




118


Vincent D. Privacy. P. 1013, 48, 6566.




119


Marx L. The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1964. P. 4.




120


Koch Ph. Solitude. P. 101.




121


Senechal D. Republic of Noise. P. XV.




122


Cohen I. J. Solitary Action. P. 2.




123


., : Holt R. Sport and the British: A Modern History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990; Malcolmson R. W. Popular Recreations in English Society 17001850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973; Davies A. Leisure, Gender and Poverty. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1992.




124


., ,       : The Sporting Magazine. 1792. Oct. P. 715.            ,    ,    XV: The Sporting Magazine. 1794. Apr. P. 5.




125


  XIX   ,  ,     . . ,         .




126


   , ,     Ē (. 1770 . 1836),    .




127


The Era. 1845. 30 Mar.




128


Clare J. The Letters of John Clare / Ed. M. Storey. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. P. 74.




129


Ibid. P. 33.




130


Goodridge J. Junkets and Clarissimus: The Clare Keats Dialogue // The Keats Shelley Review. 2011. Vol. 25. 1. P. 35; Bate J. John Clare: A Biography. L.: Picador, 2003. P. 189; Roe N. John Keats: A New Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012. P. 365.




131


Clare J. The Letters of John Clare. P. 38.




132


. : Goodridge J. Junkets and Clarissimus. P. 44.




133


Clare J. Solitude // Clare J. The Village Minstrel. 2vols. L.: Taylor & Hessey, 1821. Vol. 1. P. 200.




134


Ibid. P. 202.




135


Sales R. John Clare: A Literary Life. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002. P. 25.




136


Thomson J. The Seasons [1726]. L.: John Sharpe, 1816. P. 13.




137


Courtier P. L. Pleasures of Solitude: With Other Poems [1800; 3


 edn.]. L.: F. C. & J. Rivington, 1804. P. 19.




138


Clare J. Solitude. P. 206.


