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     ,      ,    (1943),          .     , 1970- .    ,     (Kolvin, 1971; Rutter, 1972),      (Ritvo, 1977; Volkmar & Nelson, 1990)   (Folstein & Rutter, 1977)         (Bartak & Rutter, 1973).                    (DSM-III)    (1980).     ,        ,           .       .  1943  1979.        ,    DSM-III  1980.   .       ,   ,         (Volkmar, 2019).

     ,               .  ,              ,                .                      .      ,        .          (),       ,       in statu nascendi[1 -    (.) . .],               ,       .              ,       ,             ,     ,    .   ,   ,    ,              .

           ,       . ,            ,    ,   ,            ,   .          ,    ,    .    ,            (Magiati & Howlin, 2019).

  1 Volkmar  Oien            .  DSM-5 (   (), 2013)     ,    ,           (Barton, Robins, Jashar, Brennan & Fein, 2013).   ,              ,      ,   (Kanner, 1943).     ,       ,      .

  2 Campi, Lord  Grzadzinski         ,      .    ,         ,      . ,     ,         ,            ,        (Siu & the US Preventive Services Task Force, 2016, p. 691).    ,         ,     .                                . Campi             ,          ,    ,                ,    .             ,        ,   ,       - .              ,     ,             .      ,        ,         .

  3 Macari              ,    .     ,       ,     ,   ,  ,    .  ,      ,   ,          .

  4,   , Pizzano  Kasari      ,       ,            .         ,         2  5 .  ,                    (,      / )          .  ,      ,     ,      ,    .     ,        ,      - .        2001.   ,     ,    ,         .

  5 Chawarska                     .            , ..    ,               .  ,                  ,        .         ,            ,              ,               .          ,           .

Sifre, Piven  Elison   6      ,     ,    .                        ,         2  .         ,      6 ,          2  .       ,  ,  ,     ,  ,      ,      ,        .    ,  ,     ,                      .          ,   ,     .                    ,        .

Miller  Ozonoff   7          ,    .          ,              ,       ,     ,        .                     ,      ,   ,     .                .

  8 Green  ,         .   ,      .         ,    .   ,      ,       ,                .          .        ,    ,          .   Green,                 ,    ,     .

  9 Volkmar, Oien  Wiesner               ,    .       ,   ,      ,         . , ,  ,           .        ,       .

  10 Shic          ,    .        ,  ,  ,     ,          .       ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .   ,    ,      ,   ,   ,             ,      .    ,                ,  .

     Abubakar     ,         ,    ,     ,       ,     .      ,                                       .                         .

,    ,  ,               ,         ,  .    ,               ,      ,      .             ,                       .



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American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3 rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5 th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.

Bartak, L., & Rutter, M. (1973). Special educational treatment of autistic children: A comparative study. 1. Design of study and characteristics of units. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 14 (3), 161-179.

Barton, M. L., Robins, D. L., Jashar, D., Brennan, L., & Fein, D. (2013). Sensitivity and specificity of proposed DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder in toddlers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43 (5), 1184-1195.

Folstein, S., & Rutter, M. (1977). Genetic influences and infantile autism. Nature, 265 (5596), 726-728.

Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250.

Kolvin, I. (1971). Studies in the childhood psychoses: I.Diagnostic criteria and classification. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118 (545), 381-384.

Magiati, I., & Howlin, P. (2019). Adult life for people with autism spectrum disorders. In F. R. Volkmar (Ed.), Autism and pervasve developmental disorders (3 rd ed., pp. 220-248). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

National Research Council. (2001). Educating young children with autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Ritvo, E. R. (1977). Biochemical studies of children with the syndromes of autism, childhood schizophrenia and related developmental disabilities: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 18 (4), 373-379.

Rutter, M. (1972). Childhood schizophrenia reconsidered. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 2 (4), 315-337.

Sili, A. L., & the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2016). Screening for autism spectrum disorder in young children: U. S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 315 (7), 691-696.

Volkmar, F. R. (Ed.). (2019). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Volkmar, F. R., & Nelson, D. S. (1990). Seizure disorders in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29 (1), 127-129.




 1.     




 .    . 

 75     ,     (1943)   ,     .            ,        .      ,          :   ,   ,  ,       ,  ,      ,          (   ) (Ingersoll & Wainer, 2014).             .

             .          ,    ,      ,  . ,   (. . .)        1980.,           .                 .                      堖  ,   ,          .                   ,            .




   


      . ,        ,         (Volkmar, Sukhodolsky, Schwab-Stone, & First, 2017).              ,            .   ,    ,             .        ,          (Doehring & Becker-Conttrill, 2013).  ,     蠖    ,     ,    .      DSMax,   1980.      (, . Jackson & Volkmar, 2019),  ,      ,          . ,     ,   ࠖ     ,             .         .       .  ,   -  ,        ,                 ?

  :     ,        .. ,     ,          .  , ,                .          (    頖     ),        . ,       (1904-1980)    ,         ,    ,        .      ,   ,  ,   ,    ,        / . -   , ,     ,              ,     ,      (Rutter, 2011).

       ,      .        (/).        ;   ,       .      ,     ,     , ,  . ,       .

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   , ,      2-  (CARS-2) (Schopler, Van Bourgondien, Wellman, & Love, 2010),     15   4- 堖     .         : , ,   .  ,    ,         .       ,       (Volkmar et al., 1987).            (. Volkmar, Booth, McPartland, & Wiesner, 2014a).

          1960- .,     ; , ,      (Rutter et al., 1969).          ,    DSM-5 (, 2013)    ,   ,              ( ).        ,  .  ,         .

           . ,    DSM-III (, 1980)     ,   .    DSM   ,      . ,            (, 1980)         ,  .

  ,  ,     ,                  .  ,     ,  ,   .       ,       ,     ,        (Prizant & Rydell, 1984).         .        ,       ,              (Reiss, Levitan, & Szyszko, 1982).  ,           (,       ,       ; Rutter, 1991).

      .    , ,    ,    .   , ,   ,         DSM.  DSM-IV (, 1994)          ,   ,      (       [1986]).     ,       ,       , ,    .       -2 (Moretti & Zoghbi, 2006).  DSM-5    ,      ,     (   ).   ,             ,      ,    .

    ,        (, Hobbs, 1975; Gould, 1996).       蠖      (, ,    )  ,   - ,   .  ,        ,       ,       ,     蠖       .    ,     ,        .  , ,         ,           ,    .




 ,    


            .  1980.,    DSM-III (, 1980),     ,     .      DSM-III       ; ,  2000.    350 ,  2010.     2000,   2017.    4000 !          .

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 ,                 (Wolff, 2004; Candland, 1993).        (Harris, 2006),                            (Hunt, 1961).   1800- .        ,    ,           (, Maudsley, 1867),              .   1800- .       ,     dementia praecox (  )  -  ( ).       (, dementia praecossisima; de Sanctis, 1906).                      .

               ,       ,       .  1930- .        ,           (Kanner, 1943).

  ,      ,   11  ,  ,   ,       ,   .       ,             .   ,       .       ,   , ,   ,    : (1)  (      )  (2)    , ,  , ,      .   (         )   ,           蠖 ..,       ,      .        ,     ,          .         ,         / ,        .  ,   ,             .

      .                    (Klin, Jones, Schultz, & Volkmar, 2005; McPartland & Pelphrey, 2012).      ,    ,            (..    ,     ,      ,      ).

 ,          . -,           ,     ,          ,     .     ,            IQ,  ,       ,    ,    .             . ,        IQ (     )     ,            .          (   21) ( . . .)          IQ               .   ,  ,                 (. Goldstein, Naglieri, & Ozonoff, 2009; Klin, Saulnier, Tsatsanis, & Volkmar, 2005; Volkmar & Nelson, 1990).   ,        . ,   ,     1950- .,      .     ,           .       ,            .      ,     1970- .,         ,           ().

  ,        ,         ,    .        ,                   (. Rutter & Thapar, 2014). ,  ,       , ,  ,       . , ,      (..             ). ,   ,  ,   ,         ,   ,      !    1950-  1960- .  ,  젖  ,      (  ) .  ,   ,   ,    , ,         (, Bettelheim, 1974).    ,        -   (SES; Wing, 1980).




   DSM-III


    (1943)      .  ,   ,     ,  , ,       .          .   (, Bettelheim, 1974) ,             .    ,  ,                     .              , ,  ,        /.

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    ,   1970- .,       .          , ,      (Kanner, 1971).          ,     ,  ,   ( ) (Volkmar & Nelson, 1990).    ,      ,    (Folstein & Rutter, 1978)                    .      ,  ,  ,    ,     .

,     (., Rutter & Bartak, 1973) ,        ,   .           ,            (., Lovass & Smith, 1988; Ferster, 1972).          ,    .

  1970- .   ,   (     ,    )   .       . Rutter (1978)   ,    .  Rutter      (  -     / ),   (    - )     ,   , ,  ,     ..  Rutter        ( 30 ). Ritvo   (  ,   [NSAC], 1978), ,        ,    ,   ,   /   /.            .           .  ,      -           (Spitzer, Endicott, & Robbins, 1978).     ,    , ,       .




DSM III


                  DSM-III (, 1980).        (),      ,  ,  ,        .  ,      ,    ,       .          .

            ,  , ,         (Rutter & Garmezy, 1983).    , ,   (Ingersoll & Wainer, 2014). ,    ,   (..     ),     ,   Rutter (1978),    .              ,         ,         .         : (1)      ( ,        ,         ); (2)      (     );  (3)     DSM-III,       ,       ,     ,          . (            (PDD-NOS)b DSM-III-R  DSM-IV.)  ,         ,   ,          DSM-III ,           ,       .

DSM-III        .              .   , DSM-III      , ,   ,          .  ,        ,    ,       ,  ,       (Volkmar, Cohen, & Paul, 1986).

  ,          ,     ,      . ,   -  ,          -        ,       .   Wing  ,   ,     ,    ,     (Wing & Gould, 1979).    ( )     .        , ,    ,  (         )         .         : , -,       ,       ( 3  4 )  ,            .      Heller (1908),         Kolvin (1971). ,    л          . Rank        廠       ,       (Rank, 1949; Rank & MacNaughton, 1949). , ,      , ,   ,       . ,   ,   ,       -     .  ,  ,          ,       (Volkmar & Tsatsanis, 2002).  DSM-III          ,         DSM-III-R (, 1987).




DSM-III-R


  ,     DSM-III ,  DSM-III-R (APA, 1987)    .          蠖       .     ,          (. Siegel, Vukicevic, Elliott, & Kraemer, 1989; Waterhouse, Wing, Spitzer, & Siegel, 1993).

   ,   /     :  ,   ,        (     ).              ,              .       DSM-III-R    .  ,       (     ,      ).

       .      ,             (Volkmar, Cicchetti, Cohen, & Bregman, 1992b).     ,   , -    (Volkmar et al., 1992b; Factor, Freeman, & Kardash, 1989; Hertzig, Snow, New, & Shapiro, 1990).

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      10-  (-10;   , 1994)   DSM   .      .  ,           .     , ,    .    ,          . ,             (Volkmar et al., 1992).          ,   DSM-IV (, 1994).




DSM-IV  -10


  DSM-IV  .        ,            .   DSM-III-R   ,     ,        -10 (Volkmar & Tsatsanis, 2002).   /       (. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, December 1992 issue),      .       ,        (..  / )    .  -10    (Sharma, Woolfson, & Hunter, 2012; Szatmari, 1991),   (Rutter, 1994; Gillberg, 1994; Tsai, 1992)    ,    ,       (Volkmar, 1992).  ,  ,  ,   DSM-IV  -10 (Rutter & Schopler, 1992).

  , ,       DSM-III-R    ,      (Volkmar et al., 1992b).  ,               ,       .            (Volkmar et al., 1994).        20    100 ,     1000 .    DSM-III-R,     /   ,   ,       .      , ,    .        DSM,  -10    .              ( ,   ,  ).            .

      .   ,    ,  DSM-III-R   (   DSM-III      ,  -10   ). DSM-III-R     ,     ?  .       -10    ,      ,     DSM-IV.      -10         ,    -10  DSM-IV.

          (Lord et al., 2012),              .              .      ,       (,    ).           (    )    (         ).

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  DSM-IV   ,      DSM-IV.    50     ,                ,         (Volkmar et al., 1994).      :   1944.    100  ,   1993.   DSM-IV     1700.       ,      ,  ,   , ,  ,           , ,       (. Rutter, 2011; Volkmar, Klin, and McPartland, 2014b).     ,           Р   ,      (  [ 1966.]  ),  ,    -  .             ,           (Volkmar & Rutter, 1995).

 DSM-IV,     DSM-III  DSM-III-R,        ,    ,       .  DSM-IV        (PDD-NOS),   -10  .   ,        ,  DSM-III,                 (Ingersoll & Wainer, 2014).  DSM-IV  -10    ,       .




DSM-5


        DSM-5   .       ,    (     DSM-III).             .        , ,   ,  (  )      ,       (      ).    ,  ,      ,         .    ( ,        )   ,         - ,     .     DSM-5     . ,       :  DSM-IV/-     ,    ,   DSM-IV,      .           ,         DSM-5.

  DSM-5,     -       DSM-IV,    . ,   DSM-IV,             ,        .          DSM-IV.   DSM-IV           ,        .          ,            (Chawarska, Klin, & Volkmar, 2008),      DSM-IV        3  (Lord, 1996).

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                 堖     ,      (Piven, 2001; Wainer, Block, Donnellan, & Ingersoll, 2013).

 DSM-5 (APA, 2013)        ()  ,      .           ,       :   .   ,            .       ,     ,     (,    /  )     (     ).      ,  ,  ,        ,    . ,        ,         .       ,    .                   . ,       ,             .   DSM-5       (Guthrie, Swineford, Wetherby, & Lord, 2013; Huerta, Bishop, Duncan, Hus, & Lord, 2013; King, Veenstra-VanderWeele, & Lord, 2013; Lord & Gotham, 2014).

DSM-5       ,        ,    (   . . .). ,         ;   ,     DSM-5,             ;         ;          .         .   ,               .

    DSM-5    ,     ,                    ,    .      Mattila    (2011),        DSM-5,     ,          (  ,    ).        ,    .  McPartland, Reichow  Volkmar (2012)      DSM-IV ( ,        ).        ,    DSM-5    .          (IQ > 70)    .     ,     DSM-5    ,    ,    ,     .         (  ,      DSM-IV)       ,                      .   ,  DSM-5    ,      ,          .      ,    , ,  ,    ,   ,  .

  5   DSM-5     ,    ,  , ,  Mattila    (2011)  McPartland    (2012),     .          DSM-IV, -10  DSM-5 (Wilson et al., 2013),          -10    DSM-5  ,   20%    DSM-5  ,     . Worley  Matson (2012) ,  ,    DSM-5 ,  ,    ,  ,   DSM-IV-TR,       Matson    (Matson, Beighley, & Turygin, 2012; Matson, Hattier, & Williams, 2012b),   ,  47,8%     ,     DSM IV-TR,     DSM-5.           DSM-5   (Fraser et al., 2012,  . Matson et al., 2012a).            ,    ,         (Mazefsky, McPartland, Gastgeb, & Minshew, 2013).

    DSM-5    ,      ,   ;  ,              (Chawarska, Marcari, Volkmar, Kim, & Shic, 2014). Worley  Matson (2012)   ,        (., Barton, Dumont-Mathieu, & Fein, 2012).     ,               ,  DSM-5 (Gibbs, Aldridge, Chandler, Witzlsperger, & Smith, 2012; Taheri & Perry, 2012).

    25  Smith, Reichow  Volkmar (2015) ,    ,   50  75%    .          ,  蠖  ,     DSM-5,      .        ,             (.,      ).          (Mazefsky et al., 2013).             ,   ,          (Tsai, 2012).  ,               DSM-IV. ,  Chiang, Cheung, Brown  Lis (2014),     IQ  52          ,     ,    .    ,           .              蠖   .

   , ,     DSM-5.   ,    2200 ,         DSM-IV,  12   DSM-5,  ,          .          , -,    ,       (Greenberg, 2013). , ,      ,      , ,    DSM-IV,    DSM-5       .            DSM-IV.           (Volkmar et al., 1994).          ,                  DSM-IV.     . ,          ,    .        (Gardner, Campbell, Keisling, & Murphy, 2018).

          .           (Huerta et al., 2012).    (., Sipes & Matson, 2014) ,    ,   DSM-IV       -, -    (Volkmar et al., 1994).        ,        ,      .

 ,    ,           ,        ,      . ,     ,           ,    . ,    DSM-IV        .




   


           ,    蠖    DSM-5       .       (Rimland, 1971)     :   ,     (  . Lord & Gotham, 2014,  Ibanez et al., 2014).                      ;        ,  蠖   ;      ,  堖    (Campbell, 2005).

          ,        (., Constantino & Todd, 2000).  ,       ⠖     (        DSM-5).   ,    ,     , ,        .  , ,      , ,      ,    .

     /     , ,      IQ    ,             ,       ( )  .         (. Lord and Gotham, 2014).         ,      ;   ,          .          :            .

         ,     ,       ,            .      ,    .         .             (. Barton et al., 2012; Aien, et al., 2018a, 2018b)     .       ,     (   ,   ).    , ,         ,           頖  .       IQ     . ,   ,     (. Miot et al., 2019; Hawks & Constantino, 2020)  -     .       ,     ,         . ,               ,  ,       (White, Bray, & Ollendick, 2012; Spiker, Lin, Van Dyke, & Wood, 2012; Stewart, Barnard, Pearson, Hasan, & OBrien, 2006).          , ,  ,        (,        /      ).       DSM-5, ,        ,      ,     DSM-IV.           (Regier et al., 2012),           .




      


       .   , DSM-5, -,         (  ,   ,     ).          ,      DSM-IV    ,        ,        (, ,        ).

 ,  ,      (Rutter, 1997).   -   . -10, ,          .  DSM      .         ,         ,    . ,         , ,      . DSM-5  ,   ,    ,     .   ,       .

,           ,    ,    ;         ,  ,   - .       ,       ,          (Cicchetti, 1994).

       ,   , , ,        ,       ,       ,     .          ,    ,    .               .

           ,    ADOS (    )  ADI-R (    []) (. Lord et al., 2014)      (Aien & Nordahl-Hansen, 2018).    ,       , ,   ,         ,   (Aien & Nordahl Hansen, 2018).  ,      ,                   .           .   ,         ,  ,  ,  , -        .              ,   ,  ,  -  ,         .

 Vanegas   (Vanegas, Magana, Morales, & McNamara, 2016) ,     ADI-R      ,  ,   .   ,          . -          (Elsabbagh et al., 2012),  ,     ,   ,       (Freeth et al., 2014).      , ,    ,       ,   ,     (Nergard, 2006).            ; ,        ,       ,       ,  ,      .  ,   ,         ,            (Dworzynski, Ronald, Bolton, & , 2012; Aien et al., 2018, 2018b).                 .  , ,  ,  ,  ,   ,     ,                        (Ozonoff et al., 2010; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2015).  DSM      ,      DSM-5 (ARA, 2013),         ,        (Ozonoff et al., 2015).  ,             (Chawarska et al., 2014).        ,      ,    , , ,    ,    .

  ,                 .           ,      (,  )  ,       ,     /   .   Ozonoff   (2015)           2         .      Lord (1996) ,          .  36      .          ,  ,     ,  ,    (Ozonoff et al., 2015).            ,   -      .

 , ,   ,      .     (Rutter et al., 2014),  (Anderson, 2014),  (McPartland, Dawson, Webb, Panagiotides, & Carver, 2004),  (Chawarska, Chang, & Campbell, 2015)    (Chawarska, Ye, Shic, & Chen, 2016).          . ,   ,                      ,    .    ,               ,    .          ,          (., . Ozonoff et al., 2010; Rowberry et al., 2015; Chawarska, Macari, & Shic, 2013).                 (Kim, Macari, Koller, & Chawarska, 2016).







   75 ,        ,       .           ,       ( , ),        ,  ,      .  1970- .   ,     ,      .     ,       ,     ,       .           1980. DSM-III,          .

          .     DSM-III      堖       ,  ,    .          ,        .     ,          .  DSM-IV  -10       .   ,   DSM-5  ( ,       )  ,        .     ,             , ,   , ,      DSM-5,   !

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      ,                ,    ,          .                  .       ,         ,        .         , ,      .      , ,     .




 


American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3 rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3 rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5 th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.

Anderson, G. M. (2014). Biochemical biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, S. J. Rogers, & K. A. Pelphrey (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (4 th ed., pp. 457481). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Asperger, H. (1944). Die autistichen Psychopathen im Kindersalter.

Archive fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 117, 76136.

Barton, M. L., Dumont-Mathieu, T., & Fein, D. (2012). Screening young children for autism spectrum disorders in primary practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42 (6), 11651174.

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         .             .      ,      ,     (,    ),           .            ,       .                   ,     ().

        1943.,      .           (CDC),    1   59  (Baio et al., 2018),             .    .  1.    (AAP),    (AAN),       (),    (CNS)           (AAP, Committee on Children with Disabilities, 2001; AAP, Council on Children with Disabilities, 2006; Volkmar et al., 1999, 2014).    ,       ,   1997.          (IDEA, 1990).                 ,    (AAP, Committee on Children with Disabilities, 2001).   IDEA     ,     .

   AAN  CNS               ,          (Filipek et al., 2000).            ,             (Baird, Douglas, & Murphy, 2011; Brian et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2018).            ,          .            ,      ,   ,    ,     ,    -   (Baranek et al., 2013; Colgan et al., 2006; Ozonoff et al., 2010).      ,    , .  6.   ,   2001.           (  )    ,      (AAP, Committee on Children with Disabilities, 2001).

 2006. AAP    ,         ,              . AAP          ,  㠖          (AAP, Council on Children with Disabilities, 2006).    2006.     ,       ,      ,                .                    9-, 18-, 24-  30-   (AAP, Council on Children with Disabilities, 2006).

 2011.       (NICE) (  1999.     ,   2005.,      . . .)            .    NICE             ,       (Baird et al., 2011). NICE       .     ,        ,     ,       ,       ,     (Baird et al., 2011). Co     NICE      ,         (Garcia-Primo et al., 2014).                 ,         ,    ,      -    ,       (Garcia-Primo et al., 2014).  ,        ,    ,       ,      ,               (King et al., 2010; Ojen et al., 2018).    ,                       (Bolte, Marschik, FalckYtter, Charman, & Roeyers, 2013; Janvier, Coffield, Harris, Mandell, & Cidav, 2018; Marlow, Servili, & Tomlinson, 2019).       / ,          ,      .




 


        ,       ,    ,    .    ,   AAP         ,    (AAP, Council on Children with Disabilities, 2006).                 .

        ,      ,       ,   ,   ,   - .   ,             ,    ,   ,     (Hardy, Haisley, Manning, & Fein, 2015; Wiggins, Bakeman, Adamson, & Robins, 2007; Wetherby, Brosnan-Maddox, Peace, & Newton, 2008; Bishop et al, 2017; Robins et al., 2014; Stone, Coonrod, & Ousley, 2000).             ,      ,   ,        (Bishop et al., 2017; Hardy et al., 2015; Reznick, Baranek, Reavis, Watson, & Crais, 2007; Robins, Fein, Barton, & Green, 2001; Wetherby et al., 2008; Wiggins et al., 2007). ,  ,           3-  (ASQ-3)             (CBCL)                (Hardy et al., 2015; Muratori et al., 2011).

      :  1   2.    1  ,   , .      -  ,      .    2 ,     ,        ,       .    1        - ,       (King et al., 2010).    2      ,      ,         .              .    1       ,    2,         ,     .   2,   ,     ,       .



 2.1.     



















     ,       .



       ,          ,   ,    .     , ,    ()     ().       , ,    ,    80%,      (Wetherby et al., 2008).        ,          .          ,      ,         ,    ,   ,    .  ,         .    1   2   , ,       .         ,                .               ,     ,   ,               (Sturner, Howard, Bergmann, Stewart, & Afarian, 2017).   ,    ,      ,       ,  , -           .               (Gurian, Kinnamon, Henry, & Waisbren, 2006; Hewlett & Waisbren, 2006; Siu & the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2016).

     ,     ,        .        2.1. ,    ,       . ..,  ,       ,     ,        .




   :   





    


     (ABC)    ,   57 ,    ,               ( , ,    , ,    ) (Rellini, Tortolani, Trillo, Carbone, & Montecchi, 2004).  ,   ,    1  4          (Rellini et al., 2004).  ABC   10-20 ,        2  14  (Krug, Arick, & Almond, 1978).

       6  15         ,  ABC  87%   96%    (Wadden, Bryson, & Rodger, 1991).  ,      ,        ,  ABC  92%   93%  (Marteleto & Pedromonico, 2005).          (   18   11 )  ABC   54% (Rellini et al., 2004).   ,  ABC, ,             .




    


     (CESDD)     25 ,       ,       5-10  ,          3-39  (Dereu, Roeyers, Raymaekers, Meirsschaut, & Warreyn, 2012).         :  ,   ,               (Dereu et al., 2012).               12           12  (Dereu et al., 2010).

CESDD                3-39     17  (Dereu et al., 2010).   ,  CESDD      68%  96%  (Dereu et al., 2010).       10%  99%,  (Dereu  ., 2010).         ,       ,  CESDD      ,       .               .




    


     (DBC-ES)       17 .  ,          ,              4  18     (Gray & Tonge, 2005).  DBC-ES    DBC    ,      (  18-48 )         (Gray & Tonge, 2005).        0 ()  2 ( ),       0  34 (Gray & Tonge, 2005).     5-10 ,                 18-48  (Gray & Tonge, 2005; Gray Tonge, Sweeney, & Ein-feld, 2008).     11  34  (Gray & Tonge, 2005; Gray et al., 2008).     88%  69% ,         74%  83%  (Gray & Tonge, 2005; Gray et al., 2008).      DBC    , DBC-ES         ,         .




 -   


 -    (ESAT)   14 ,       ,  , ,        (Swinkels et al., 2006).       10-15      90-      (Dietz, Swinkels, van Daalen, van Engeland, & Buitelaar 2006).  ,  ESAT    ,            0-14 (Swinkels et al., 2006).            8-20    (Swinkels et al., 2006).    90% , 100%          81%            (; Swinkels et al., 2006).  ,  ,    ESAT      94%.    ,              ,       (Swinkels et al., 2006).      ,             ,            ESAT (Swinkels et al., 2006).  ,          13-23       ESAT,        14 ,     90-     ,     (Dietz et al., 2006).   ,   ESAT   25%   ,         82%  (Diet et al., 2006).  ,   ESAT        ,    14    (   )      .




  


   (FYI)      63 ,        12- .       15-20 .   FYI         ,     ,            ,        (Reznick et al., 2007).  ,     ,    , :  ,    ,      ,          (Adrien et al., 1992; Gillberg et al., 1990; Hoshino et al., 1982; Lord, 1995; Osterling & Dawson, 1994; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).         :    -  (Reznick et al., 2007). FYI        . 46     , ,   ; 14     ;      ,        (Reznick et al., 2007).     FYI     ,              .    ,    ,   2 ,  ,    ,   1 ,     0  (Reznick et al., 2007).

FYI         12 ,        20-30   -,   ,  (Reznick et al., 2007).         ,       FYI (Reznick et al., 2007).        ,           (Reznick et al., 2007).           0  50 ,   90%      15  (Reznick et al., 2007).    15         (Reznick et al., 2007). FYI        ,          ,        (Watson et al., 2007).     15  FYI  92%   78%    (Watson et al., 2007).         74%,  ֠   93% (Watson et al., 2007).  ,      ,     , ,  31%       3        FYI   12 .        12   85%       ,     (Turner-Brown, Baranek, Reznick, Watson, & Crais, 2012). FYI             .




      


       (-)          .    23    /,  ,         ,           16-30  (Robins et al., 2001).            (CHAT; Baron-Cohen, Allen, & Gillberg, 1992)    ,     .         5 .   1    ,    ,    3    0-23     -  (M-CHAT/F; Robins et al., 2001),          5-10  (Robins et al., 2001).   -         ,              .

 -            ( = 1293),          24-   (Robins et al., 2001).   ,     97%,  95%,  36%   99%         (Robins et al., 2001).     99%, ֠  68%,      ,         M-CHAT/F (Robins et al., 2001).      ,  M-CHAT/F          ,    -    .     7      -,         ,         M-CHAT/F (Chlebowski, Robins, Barton, & Fein, 2013).   ,             ,   ,  M-CHAT/F      ,   (Chlebowski et al., 2013).

 2014.      ,  M-CHAT/F,            (M-CHAT-R/F)    n = 16071        18-  24-   (Robins et al., 2014).        M-CHAT-R   :   0  2          ;   3  7   ,      M-CHAT-R/F; a  7   ,   ,          (Robins et al., 2014).      ,  ,       2         ,       1  9 (Robins et al., 2014).   2  94%   83%   ,         (Robins et al., 2014).   ,      ,       -,  ,       (> 7), ,  M-CHAT/F  97-98% ,        (n = 5 071)   14-40  (Sturner et al., 2016).         18 ,        (     1998-2008. . .), ,  -  93% ,   34%   .    , ,  -      ,          18  (Stenberg et al., 2014). -          . Ojen   (2018)     n = 68 197 ,      ,      228 .  , Sturner   (2017)   -    20     20      n = 73 564.         -,         ,               (Sturner et al., 2017).     ,      ,        ,     .




     


      (POEMS)     61 ,         1  24  (Feldman et al., 2012).          ,    ,            ,    1  4,          (Feldman et al., 2012).   POEMS   61  244,    70      (Feldman et al., 2012).

 POEMS           (  ,   )    1  24     (Feldman et al., 2012).      8   2         25  100%   65  87% ,      3  (Feldman et al., 2012).     10  29% (Feldman et al., 2012).      ,        ,      (Feldman et al., 2012).  POEMS      1   ,    ,         .




   


    (POSI)       ,     5 . POSI    ,     ,            (Smith, Sheldrick, & Perrin, 2012).          , ,           (Smith et al., 2012).          ,      (Smith et al., 2012).  POSI             18-48  ( 1)  16-30  ( 2) (Smith et al., 2012).      54-89%   74-83%       1-        2- (Smith et al., 2012). POSI   ,         ,          .




     


      (PDD-BI)    188     ,     20-45  (Cohen & Sudhalter, 2005). PDD-BI            1 ,  6   18 , 5                     (Cohen et al., 2010; Cohen & Sudhalter, 2005).  PDD-BI     ,    ,      ,        (Cohen, Schmidt-Lackner, Romanczyk, & Sudhalter, 2003).          ,      .       - 45      ,   ,       (Reel, Lecavalier, Butter, & Mulick, 2012).

    PDD-BI  74%   62% ,       PDD-BI      (Reel et al., 2012).     92%,    67%,          IQ  70 (Reel et al., 2012).  ,   ,   PDD-BI     80%   81%,          84%   50%   (Cohen et al., 2010).    PDD-BI                .




       


        (PDDST-II)   ,       ,           16  18 (Eaves & Ho, 2004).    1          (Eaves & , 2004).   3         0  18,           ,             (Eaves & , 2004). ,   4     0-17         ,    6     0-16     (Eaves & , 2004). PDDST-II      18-48 ,         10-20  (Siegel, 2013).

   PDDST-II       18-48       .   1    92%   91% (Siegel, 2013),   2  73%   49%,    3  58%   60% (Siegel, 2013).     ,   1 PDDST-II          ,      .




    


     (SSI-Y)    ,   54 ,    10-15  (Ghuman, Leone, Lecavalier, & Landa, 2011).               (24-42 ).     0 ( )  3 (  ) (Ghuman et al., 2011).     45      162, ,       (Ghuman et al., 2011). SSI-Y          24-61 ,       87%   71% (Ghuman et al., 2011). SSI-Y         -,     .           ,               .




  


               () (ADI-R) (Lord, Rutter, & Le Couteur, 1994),    (SCQ)        40   ,            (   )       (   ) (Rutter, Bailey, & Lord, 2003).   SCQ   10 . ,      ,  1 ,  ,        ,  0 .            .   15     0  40                 (Wiggins et al, 2007).

 SCQ       ,    89%         17-45 ,         (Wiggins et al., 2007).    ,   11                   15 ,    47%  (Wiggins et al., 2007).        SCQ         ,      ,  64%   75% ,     SCQ               (Charman et al., 2016),          .




     





     


       (ASQ)      ,            5-66  (Squires & Bricker, 2009).          ,  ,          .          ,    (Hardy et al., 2015).       10-15     ,            ,    .   ASQ    :     ,   . ,     ,   -     ,               (Squires & Bricker, 2009).  ASQ           (Squires & Bricker, 2009).

ASQ-3    ASQ.           1   5    (Squires & Bricker, 2009).    ASQ, ASQ-3         ,          ,   .      ASQ-3  70%                16  30        20  ; ,    ,          ,     95% (Hardyet al., 2015).     ,                    3         .    ,  ASQ-3     Ѡ ASQ-3  1038   ,  21      (Hardy et al., 2015).        ASQ    -    -        18- .   ASQ        (Ojen et al., 2018).  ,  ASQ-3       ,                   .




  


   (CBCL)       100 ,    .         1,5  5         6  18 .         (  ),          .    10-15 .             :  , / ,  , ,   ,       (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001).       CBCL   45  (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001),       .

  ,      CBCL         (Muratori et al., 2011; Rescorla, Kim, & Oh, 2015; Havdahl, von Tetzchner, Huerta, Lord, & Bishop, 2016).    ,               (89%    85%     ).       ,         ,    (92%  90%) (Muratori et al., 2011). ,  ,                  (Rescorla et al., 2015).  CBCL         ,      2-13    ,       63%  65%  (Havdahl et al., 2016).   ,   ,           ,    ,   /  (Havdahl et al., 2016).  CBCL        ,     ,       ,   .




- 


-  (ITC)    ,           6  24 .     24 ,    ,  , ,      (Wetherby & Prizant, 2002).    5-10 .        ,        ,      .               12  24  (n = 5385; 59% , 30% , 3% , 2% ).               ,        ,        (Wetherby et al., 2008).  ,  ITC    ,  70%     ,           (Wetherby et al., 2008).   ,  ITC              (Wetherby et al., 2008).  ,     ITC    ( = 18),     (n = 18)      (n = 18),         (n = 3026; 83% ), ,        89% (Wetherby et al., 2004).     94%,   ITC    ,  ,   13  .      ,  ITC                 .     ITC           (Wetherby et al., 2004).




 





   


        1,     (ASI)  ,        (     ),      .  ,   SCQ,    ADI-R,       15-20-   ,           (Bishop et al., 2017).  ASI   :      2  4   11  (ASI  )       5  12  (ASI  ).      ,  ,       (Bishop et al., 2017). ASI       ,     ,          3  (Bishop et al., 2017).     ASI   ,    .    27    0-72     14    0-39   (Bishop et al, 2017; Newschaffer et al, 2017).

         24-39   ,         , ASI   91%   35% (Newschaffer et al., 2017).               ,    ,  ASI            (Newschaffer et al., 2017). ASI     ,         ,     .




      (/):  1


      (/):  1 (BIS-CUIT: Part 1)   ,        17-37   62     3-   (Matson, Wilkins, & Fodstad, 2010).         ,      :    /  ,  /     /  .         20-30  (Matson et al., 2010).

BIS-CUIT: Part 1              17-37 ,       ,       (Matson et al., 2009).   ,        66  94%,    72  98%    ,    (Matson et al., 2009).     -         10  59   (Matson et al., 2009).         39    0-124,    84%   83%    (Matson et al., 2009).    , BISCUIT: Part 1      ,           .




 





    


      (ADEC)       12-36      16 ,      10-25-       (Young, 2007).     0  2 ,           (Young, 2007).     0  32,    0-10    , 11-13   , 14-19     20-32       (Young, 2007). ADEC    ,      (Hedley et al., 2015; Hedley, Young, Angelica, Gallegos, & Salazar, 2010; Nah, Young, Brewer, & Berlingeri, 2014).

ADEC            136  (Nah et al., 2014).   ,   11  32    100%   74-90%; ,          ,   89-96% (Nah et al., 2014).       84-95%  100%  (Nah et al., 2014).      ,   ADEC    79-94%   88-100% (Hedley et al., 2010).   ADEC           14-37     (Hedley et al., 2015).             87  93%   52  82%  (Hedley et al., 2015). ,      74-87%  82-94%  (Hedley et al., 2015).       ADEC    :  81%,  78%,  81%   78% (Nah, Young, & Brewer, 2018).  ,      ,      ,  ADEC         .




    


     (AOSI)           6  18 . AOSI     ,    20 . ,  ,  AOSI,         (Bryson, Zwaigenbaum, McDermott, Rombaugh, & Brian, 2008).        18 ,   ,     ,     (Bryson et al., 2008),       0-3,          (Bryson et al., 2008).

AOSI         6 , 12   18 ,           (Bryson et al., 2008).                    ,      0,65,      0,61  0,68 (  ., 2008).     ,  AOSI   38%   86%         (Bryson & Zwaigenbaum, 2014).             (Bryson & Zwaigenbaum, 2014). -   AOSI      (Bryson & Zwaigenbaum, 2014).




   


    (CARS)       2-6    ,   CARS .   6        CARS,    IQ 79        .     15 ,   ,    ,  ,  ,  ,       (Schopler, Reichler, & Renner, 1988).                  5-10-    .    CARS   ,         ,    ,  ,   ,       .          ,      (Schopler et al., 1988).    30   1-60   ,       ;    30  36,5      ,     36,5        (Rellini  ., 2004).    CARS, CARS-2,      ,   CARS,        (Moulton, Bradbury, Barton, & Fein, 2019).

   ,          , CARS  100%    (Rellini et al., 2004). ,    ,  CARS         2-6 ,             (Perry, Condillac, Freeman, Dunn-Geier, & Beiair, 2005).    94%   85%         (Perry et al., 2005).   ,  CARS         .  CARS      2  .




   


    (OSA)  10-   ,        ,   (     ),      (Haglund, Dahlgren, Kallen, Gustafsson, & Rastam, 2015).        12 ,          ,           24  30 ,     (Haglund et al., 2015).  ,         .  OSA        ,      (Haglund et al., 2015).    ,  9             ,     3 ( 9 ) OSA  92%   100%    (Haglund et al., 2015).  OSA   ,             (     30 ),           .




   


    (STAT)   20-           13  24  (Stone & Ousley, 1997). STAT         ,   ,      (Stone et al., 2000).  STAT    12 ,         (Stone et al., 2000).     1 ,    0 .             .      ,     2   0-4      ,        (Stone et al., 2000).                (Stone et al., 2000).

      24-35 ,     , STAT  83%   86%  (Stone et al., 2000).         ,                 , , ,     (Stone et al., 2000).         STAT     24-35 ,           (      )       (Stone, Coonrod, Turner, & Pozdol, 2004).       - , 100%   85%  (Stone et al., 2004).  ,        STAT       2  (Stone, McMahon, & Henderson, 2008).   ,    2,75   0-4           13-23  (Stone et al., 2008).     93%   83%       (Stone et al., 2008).        ,  STAT          1   3 ,          .




   



  ,          ,            ,           .           - ,               (Dorsey & Topol, 2016).  ,      ,         (Achenie et al., 2019; Thabtah & Peebles, 2020).

 ,     (http://autismnavigator.com),           (NIMH),           .                 (ESAC) (     ).  ESAC   81  84%,    70  89%,            (Schrader et al., 2020).  ESAC     ,       ,      .             ASDetect (ASDetect.org),           ,          .         (Barbaro & Dissanayake, 2010, 2012), ASDetect      ,                  ,     . ASDetect     ,   ,         (Barbaro & Dissanayake, 2012).        ,      ,    -     .        ,        ,          XXI .          ,  , .  10.




    


     (E-VAS)    -,             18-48 ,        .      29     (Newschaffer et al., 2017).      30  (Newschaffer et al., 2017).      ,       ,   , ,  ,  ,     ,            (Newschaffer et al., 2017).        0-4,          (Newschaffer et al., 2017).          53   0-116  (Newschaffer et al., 2017).

        24-39 ,      - , E-VAS  92%   38%        (Newschaffer et al., 2017). ,           62,    83%   49%  (Newschaffer et al., 2017).   ,                    .




   


         .     ,   ,        ,  ,  ,     ,      ,     .           ,     ,                .         , , , ,   ,       ,            .  ,                       .

    1,    ,         ITC  -.             ,           . CHAT      , ,      ,          (Chlebowski et al., 2013).  ,    -,   ITC       10 .          -,     10 .  ITC   ,          6 .      .  ,                   ,           . -       16 ⠖     ,      ,       ,       . ITC       ,        .

     2    ,          .    2     ,              .        ,   , CARS  STAT   .  ,  E-VAS  OSA,      ,          2,       ,  CARS  STAT.




    





      


 1984    16            (USPSTF)             (www. uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org).           ,   ,  ,  , ,  ,  ,   . USPSTF                          .  ,    ,       ,          (Coury, 2015).  2016.

USPSTF       , - ,      .

       2016. USPSTF            . -,             ,          (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016). -, USPSTF   ,                  ,            (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016, p. 691).       ,            (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016).  , USPSTF ,       ,  ,   ,        ,        ,     ,  ,        ,       (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016).                   ,   ,         (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016).  , USPSTF ,  ,      ,      ,  ,       (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016).  ,                      ,       ,       (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016).




   USPSTF


  USPSTF        (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016, . 693),   ,       (Pierce, Courchesne, & Bacon, 2016; Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016).    ,          ,   ,     ,      ,    USPSTF  ,          USPSTF    (Fein et al., 2016; Pierce et al., 2016; Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016). USPSTF             ,          ,    ,       (Pierce et al., 2016).    (., Miller et al., 2011; Oosterling et al., 2010; Robins et al., 2014)   ,     ,  ,   .




    


     ,      ,   ,            . (.  4  8             .)  ,            2  (Oosterling et al., 2010; Robins et al., 2014) 2 ,         ,       .    ,         ,   ,       (Granpeesheh, Dixon, Tarbox, Kaplan, & Wilke, 2009; Rogers et al., 2012).  ,    ,      ,          .   ,               ,       (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016).                 ,     (Oosterling et al., 2010; Robins et al., 2014).           ,       , ,       (Anderson, Liang, & Lord, 2014; Bradshaw, Steiner, Gengoux, & Koegel, 2015; Dawson et al., 2010; Granpeesheh et al., 2009; Green et al., 2010, 2013; Rogers et al., 2012).   ,                . USPSTF      .            - ,          ,     .      ,    ,   - ,      ,              (Robins et al., 2014).     ,                  .

USPSTF ,  ,                  ,      ,  ,         ,             (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016).   , ,                  (Sigman & McGovern, 2005; Szatmari et al., 2015),   ,   USPSTF  ,                ,        (Turner & Stone, 2007).       ,    , .  7.




   


    USPSTF       ,             ,        (Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016).           ,        ,   ,    (Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016).               ,           (Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016).           ,     ,              .       ,       ,      -      (Miller et al., 2011). Miller   (2011) ,  30% ,          ,     .  ,   20%                   (Miller et al., 2011).     ,        ,              ,       .

 ,     ,           ,               ,  . -          ,      ,       (Coury, 2015; Pierce et al., 2016; Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016).     , ,          ,      (,  ,  , ),          (Reznick et al., 2007).       -      .  ,      ,     ,   . ,             , ,        ,       (Gabrieben et al., 2015).   ,      10-  89%         (Gabrielsen et al., 2015).     ,  ,        ,              .    ,      ,  10-     61%    (Gabrielsen et al., 2015).   ,  ,       ,          ,  .         .  3  6.

     ,            (Brian et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2018).       ,       ,             ,             (Rogers, 2004; Brown & Prelock, 1995).    , ,    USPSTF      ,          ,    ,      ,          ,  ,  ,    ,       .




 ,   


 AAP, AAN  CNS        , -           -    ,         (King et al., 2010; Liptak et al., 2008; Radecki, Sand-Loud, Β, Sharp, & Olson, 2011; Arunyanart et al., 2012; Zuckerman et al., 2014; Khowaja, Hazzard, & Robins, 2015).  2002  2009.  ,          ,   23  48%,   2012.       50% (Radecki et al., 2011; Arunyanart et al., 2012).  , ,             Medicaid ,         (Arunyanart et al., 2012).        ,       ,         ,    ,   ,     (Miller et al., 2011).  ,  USPSTF      ,     ,         (Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016).

         ,      ,     ,  ,  ,  ,    -  (Antezana, Scarpa, Valdespino, Albright, & Richey, 2017; Zuckerman et al., 2014).          ,             ,    (Liptak et al., 2008),         ,  ,  (Jo, Schieve, , Yeargin-Allsopp & Tian, 2015; Mandell, Listerud, Levy, & Pinto-Martin, 2002).           ,        ,          /  ,        (Zuckerman et al., 2014). , ,      ,    ,   ,   ,   ,     (Khowaja et al., 2015).                ,  , ,             (Khowaja et al., 2015).   ,       ,   - ,                (Herlihy et al., 2014; Khowaja et al., 2015).        ,   ,         ,                (Daniels & Mandell, 2014; Herlihy et al., 2014; Khowaja et ., 2015).                           (Samadi & McConkey, 2011). .  11.

 ,      ,  ,   ,          ,         ,   .  ,           ,       , ,   .           ,           ,      - .                       ,           (Janvier et al., 2016).      USPSTF 2016.    ,    ,           ,            .   ࠖ . .2.1.




 


  USPSTF        , ,               .            ,          USPSTF                 .     USPSTF   ,  AAP, AAN  CNS (Coury, 2015; Pierce et al, 2016; Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016).






 2.1.  :    



 USPSTF   ,          ,               .           ,             (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016).              -      ,               (Pierce et al., 2016; Bolte & Diehl, 2013).    ,                    頖      ,    (Pierce et al., 2016).           (Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016, p. 328)   ,             . ,   ,                ,    -       (Coury, 2015; Veenstra-VanderWeele & McGuire, 2016).




  


  USPSTF, ,                  ,     (Siu & The USPSTF, 2016).  ,            ,  ,        ,    ,        (Siu & USPSTF, 2016).          ,         , ,          ,  ,    (Jimenez, Barg, Guevara, Gerdes, & Fiks, 2012). Jimenez   (2012) ,           ,             ,   젖   .          ,          .

,   ,       ,          .             ,    ,     ,       ,       . ,       (,   ),       .     ,     ,           ,    ,        USPSTF   ,       .          . ,              .  ,          ,    ,      ,    .           .     ,        .

                 . ,    ,          ,    ,  ,    ,    - .            ,        ,      ,         (Janvier et al., 2016).             ,                 .     ,    ,               (Barbaro & Dissanayake, 2010; King et al., 2010).       ,   E-VAS  Autism Navigator,          . .  10.

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