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1995 byDaniel Goleman.

Introduction copyright 2005. All rights reserved

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    : -         ,         .   ,    ,  -,    ,       ,      .    : !  ?        .    ,  -             .

       ,      ,    ,   .     ,     :        ,       .    ,      ?     ,    ,    .   ,      ,       ,      : ,  !    - .

      ,     .        ,          .      (  )   .      ,         - ,  ,   ,  ,       ,   堖             .

      .

    , , ,       ,  -     ,     .

                ,          38- .     .    ,                 ,        .

 , 57%    12   ,   .    ,     .        :    , ,   ..

    ,           .     ,   ,         .     :      ,   .

              ,      ,   .  ,              .     ,   .            .         .

          .    ,            蠖  ,   ,  ,       ,  .         .      :  ,    ;   ,     ;  ,      .  ,      ,     :       , ,      ,        ,       .  ,  ,  񻠖            .       !   :  !

     ,     .  ,         The NewYork Times,          .       :       ,     .




     


    ,           .          ,            .        ,       :             ,     ,   .       ,    ,  ,       ;       ,     蠖   . ,         ,             .

   ,         . ,           ,   ,               .       .       ,     ,       ,       .                                  .

             ,       ,   ,          ,     .          :    ,       ?   , ,     IQ ,     IQ,   , ?  ,         ,     ,   ,     .  ,    ,   ,         ,      .

 ,            .       ,  , ,     .               ,       .     ,         . ,     .   ࠖ  ,     . ,      ,    ,      .      堖      .      ,     .        ,      .   ,        ,    .




 


        ,             , ,         .   ,         .        :          ,       ,     .

     I (#c1)          ,    .         ,     . ,    ,     ࠖ    ,  ,      ,         ,          .   :     ,           .

  II (#c2)   ,                    ,    ,    ,   ,  ,   ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,   ,  ,  . (        ,    I      .)

    ,   ,         .   III (#litres_trial_promo)      :            ,      .              .            ,         .

          ,     .    ,    ,   ,      .      IV (#litres_trial_promo),   , ,       ,     ,         .  ,        ,        ,       .

  V (#litres_trial_promo) ,      , ,   ,             :               .  ,      ,         ,     .

,         ,   ,              .     ,    ,    ,    .

   -   ?   ,        ,        .           ,    .    頖          ࠖ      .          ,       .  ,          ,   ,   ,  ,    .

  廠    ,    蠖       .       ,    ,  ,  .          ,    .   ,    ,       .   ,     ,   堖   .




 I.  





 1.   


  ,   :    .     .[1 -   . . .]

  -.  


          ,      ,      .       ,   -           .       ,          ,   . -       ,  ,      ,   [2 - Associated Press, September 15, 1993.].

    ,   .      ,       [3 -               . ,  ,   .].   -     ,        .  ,      ,   .

    ,              ,       [4 -  ,         ,        , The Adaptive Design of the Human Psyche (NewYork: Guilford Press, 1992).].   ,      ,            .   :   蠖      ࠖ      .          ,    ⠖      .

 ,           ,    ,      ,      ,     .  ,    ,        ,     , ,  ,   ,   ,   ,  .     ,       [5 -           An Argument for Basic Emotions, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 1992, pp. 169200.       P. N. Johnson-Laird  K. Oatley     .].                    ,                ,  .

  ,    ,   .   Homo sapiens  ,  頖             ,    .       :      ,     ,  .       頖 ,   IQ.  ,    .




   


    .        .    ࠖ   ,       .

      ,          .      ,        ,  ,   .     ,       .     [6 - The NewYork Times, Nov. 11, 1994.].

              .            ,    .     ,     ,   ,       .   -,        ,                  .   ,       :   ,        ,       .

          ,        ,           .     ,     [7 -  (XVIII. ..)  .    ,               .    ,      - ,      . . .],   ,   [8 -  (268232 ..)  .  ,   , ,  ,       .        ,   ,    . . .],         ,    .         ,      ,     ,  .

   ,      .       .          ,     ,              .  :     ,  ,   .      ,   ,      .    ,                ,        .

   ,                    ,      .        ,       .  ,      ,   ,     [9 -       ,    ;   7000001000000.        . . .].     .




  


          .   ,  ,        .      ,     .    ,  ,    ,   .

    ;   ,   .    ,  ,    .        .       ,          . -     .        , , ,    .

,     ,      , ,   .  ,        ,   ,    ,      ,    ,       .

 ,  ,   ,    ,       ,     .     ,      moveo,  ,   ,   e- (-),     堖 , . ,     ,    ,     .   堫        :  蠖        [10 -   ,    -.].

        ,        ( . 1 (#litres_trial_promo)).    ,       ,       ,         [11 -        Robert W. Levenson, Paul Ekman, and Wallace V. Friesen, Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion-Specific Autonomous Nervous System Activity, Psychophysiology, 27, 1990.          .     .               .   ,          ,  ,          ,       . .:Paul Ekman and Richard Davidson, eds., Fundamental Questions About Emotions (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1994).].

       ,          .    ,   ,  ,   ,     .

   ,      ,   ,     .  ,         ( ,     ).   ,   , ,      ,        .           ,       .     :       ,      .

   , ,   ,     ,    ,  ,   ,    .        ,     ,         .            ,      .

,          ,         ,    .  ,     ,       ,      ,  .

   ,   ,  ,      .          ,            .

            : -           .    ,  堖       ,     ,    ,  ,         .

  蠖     ,    -  ,   .     .    -,  .      ,       .             ,       蠖   蠖   .  , ,    ,         ,      .

,      ,          . ,         .  ,      젖         ,    ,    .    ,          ,    .

       .     ,  ,         ,     .             堖   .      ,            .              .     ,       ,   ,   ,  .

          .          .               ,                [12 -    , ⠖    .   ,      ,     .       ,         .       ,         .   ,     ,      -  ,         ,       .].




  


      :        ,  .        ,   .  ,    ,          .      젖    ,  .      .

,    ,    .   堖    ,   ,      ,     ,     .       ,  젖 .  ,    :  ,  .

            .  ,   ,    ,    :      (  ),  ,     .         ,   ,    ,   (      .  2 (#litres_trial_promo)).

              .    -    ࠖ     ,         .          :   ,            .  , ,     .            ,       .

 ࠖ   頖     ,      ,      .        :         ,            .        :   ,    ,   ,      .

      :    ,  堖  .    ,  . ,         .  XVI  [13 -   (14691536)    ,     . . .]          [14 - Erasmus of Rotterdam, In Praise of Folly, trans. Eddie Radice (London: Penguin, 1971), p. 87.]:       [] ,  :  ,     ,    .  ,       ,       . ,      : -, , ,   ,   ,   ,   , , -, ,     ,   .       ,    :     ,     ,            ,  ,  ,       [15 - . :  .  . .: ࠖ , 2016.].




  


  ,                 , ,     .       -               蠖 ,     .      ,           (         ).

   ,   ,      ,  ,    .   ()    ,    ,      .              ,        ,  .     ⠫  (  ,     ).

     .             㠖       ,   (. neo , cortex , ).      ࠖ     ,     .  ,      ,      :       .

     蠖   , ,    ,      .        ,  ,   ࠖ     ,    .           .

         ,     ,      .        ,     .       ,   ,      蠖   ,     ,   ,         ,  ,    , , , , [16 -        ,        .      ,     .  ,    ,       .         :           , , ,  , , .         ,     .].

        .        ,      .           ,      (. limb , , ).           [17 - R.Joseph, The Naked Neuron: Evolution and the Languages of the Brain and Body, NewYork: Plenum Publishing, 1993; Paul D. MacLean, The Triune Brain in Evolution (NewYork: Plenum, 1990).].         ,       ࠖ     .

        ࠖ   .                  ,      . ,  -, , ,     . ,   ,    ,     .                     .     .      (. rhinencephalon  ),     ,    ࠖ  .

 100         .     (   , ,   ,  ,    ,   )      ,        .             .

 Homo sapiens,    ,    ,  ,    .   .    ,  ,    .      ,         ,  ,    .

        ,   ,      .       ,      .  ,   ,       .

         . ,  , .             .   ,      ,      ,  ,       . (,    ,  ,   ; ,  ,  ,     .)         :   ,   .

       -  ,  ,     .          .   ,    .     ,    .         ,    ,     ,   ,                  .    -        ,        ,   911 (  ).    ,   ,     ,  ,  [18 - Aspects of Emotion Conserved Across Species, Ned Kalin, M.D.,    ,  ,           ,  1992.].

       ;  ,   ,     ,    ,     .               ,         .   ,     ,         .           ,    .




 2.   


   ,  ,    ,  .

 


      28 1963,    ,     㠖                  .     , -,      ,             (      ),    .     ,     ,             .       -,  -,    젖  ,   Newsweek,  ,   .     ,   .   ,    ,        .   ,   .     ,  ,    ,   .

       .    ,  ,       :          . ,  ,     ,       .      -        ,     ,  ,       ,    .  ,    ,   :      ,   .

   ,        .      ,      ,         .

       .   , ,        ,        .      ,      ,       ,     ,      .     , ,     ,      ,    .

      ,    ,    .      ,      ,       .   ,            , ,   ,  ,   ,       .  ,       , ,   ,    堖 ,    .

       .  -    ,      ,     .       .      1994   [19 -      ,   1994. . .]                (      )     .         ,        ,      ,    .




  


  (. corpus amygdaloideum  ),  ,     ,         .     ,       ,        .    ,         蠖 .

          (),       ,    .             ,    ,       .                :     ,  , .

         .  ,            ,          ,      .     ,    ,    ,         .     , , ,    ,       [20 -   ,   ,    R. Joseph, op. cit. p. 83.            (.Paul Ekman and Richard Davidson, eds., Questions About Emotion. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1994).     ,           .          .].        , ,    :       .

     ;     . ,         ,     ,          ,        ;     .      頖    ࠖ    砖  ,   .   , , ,            .             .

 ,     - ,  ,         [21 -    ,      : ,  ,           ;      ;          ,    .              .   ,       :    ,            .       ,        , ,       . ., , Joseph LeDoux, Sensory Systems and Emotion, Integrative Psychiatry, 4, 1986; Joseph LeDoux, Emotion and the Limbic System Concept, Concepts in Neuroscience, 2, 1992.].       ,       ,                ,      .  ,     ,      .               [22 - ,       ,       1960- .  1990-     堖      .   ,      ,  ,    ,   ,      (   )   .        ,        .   ,        .        ,        ,    .  , ,        ,           ,    .    ,  ,       ,       . . Joseph LeDoux, Emotional Memory Systems in the Brain, Behavioral and Brain Research, 58,1993.].

   ,       ,      .   ,             .




    


              ,    ,    젖     .   ,      . , ,  ,       ,         .      ,      ,   ,  .     ,        ,   ,        ,       .    ,    ,   ,     .   ,   ,     ,    ,   ,   .

           ࠖ       .                .  ,       ⠫ ,        :  ,    ?   ?  ,   ?      (    ),     ,         .

        ,    ,                ,      .

  , , ,  ,         .         ,       -,    [23 -    Jerome Kagan, Galens Prophecy (NewYork: Basic Books, 1994).].  ,    ,           ( )      ,  ,     .         .   ,          ,    ,      ,    ,      .             .      (      )     ,      .       .






      :        ;      



        ,    ,  .             ,   ,     ,        .    ,          .                  ,    (  )  .  ,           ,       , , , .



  堖      ,    ,     (     3 (#litres_trial_promo)).                   ,   .




 


 , ,   ,       .   ,     ,        ,  ,    .      .       ,    ,      .     , ,  ,   ,   ,   .  ,    .

        ,   ,   ?  :   ,  .

            [24 -    .    1995. . .]   .  ,           ,   [25 -          The NewYork Times  15 1989.     ,      ,       ,  Joseph LeDoux, Emotional Memory Systems in the Brain, Behavioural Brain Research, 58,1993; Joseph LeDoux, Emotion, Memory and the Brain, Scientific American, June, 1994; Joseph LeDoux, Emotion and the Limbic System Concept, Concepts in Neuroscience, 2, 1992.].   ,              ( ),  ,    (    )[26 -  (. ???????, ????????? , )           . . .],   .        ( ).         ,       ,              ,    .

          ,       ,        .             .     ,      .

   ,  ,         ,      ,    .    ,    .     :  ,         .   ,       ,            .           .      ,       ,    ,          .          ࠖ                ,       .

     ,           ,   .          ,         .       ,    ,         .

      ,    ,     ,  .             ,            .   ,    ,         .     :  ࠖ  ,     ,    .  ,       -     :    ,      .

           ,  .        .          ,   ,    , :             .     , ,      ,      .  ,    ,       , ,  ,    .        ,     :     ,    [27 - William Raft Kunst-Wilson and R. B. Zajonc, Affective Discrimination of Stimuli That Cannot Be Recognized, Science (Feb. 1, 1980).].

    ,     -     ,   ,   ,     .       ,   ,       [28 - John A. Bargh, First Second: The Preconscious in Social Interactions, ,      ,  ( 1994).].    ,         .




   


    .     .          ,  ,       ,         ,     .         ,       .   , , ,       堖 ,    .

        ,         .                ,     (     ,    ,    ).                -    .   ,          .     ,      .

  ,      ,   .    ,            ,        [29 - Larry Cahill etal., Beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events, Nature (Oct. 20, 1994).].    ( , ,   ) ,      ,     ,      ,     ,      .       .          ,   ,         ,      .        ,    .       ,             .

        , ,    .      ,          ,          [30 - 𻠖    ,  -;    19831986. . .].     ,   :  ,  ,       ,     . ,     :    ,    . ,      ,       ,         ,      .          .




   


       ,   ,   ,    ,     .      ,   [31 - 堖       . . .] ,       ,    .     :             ,     .    :    ,     .         ,  ,          ,   ,     ,  ,      ,     ,      .

  ,        .          .  ,          ,    ,   ,     .       ,       .     ,        .     ,     ,      .   ,      ,       ,       .

        ,          ,     ,    .       ,     .       ,   ,      ,  ,   ,     .  ,   ,      .               .    ,   ,    -  .    ,        ,      .

          ,       :      ,         ,         [32 -                Allan Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of Self (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994).].      ,          ,  ,   ,       ,    .        ,        ,            ,  -       . ,   ,         ,   ,        .      ,          .       -  ,     .




   蠫


    ,       -         .           ,  ,     .   , ,     ,     ,    .  ,  ,       ,     ,     (      ).          .     젖   .

       (    ,       )                   ,     ,   .            ,         :      ,   .              ,      蠖  .       -         .    :    ,  ,  ,     [33 -     How Scary Things Get That Way, Science (Nov. 6, 1992), p. 887.].

     ,           .  ,              ,     .     ,             .       ,   ,       .

         , ,  :     ,        .   ,  ,       ,        ,    .     , ,         (     ),  ,       , , ,          .          ,  .      ,    -:   ,    .

  , ,  :       ,       ,       -       ,    .    ,           , ,  .  ,            . (,  , ,        ,         ,       ,      .)

      ,    .     黠 ,         ,           .      ,      .                    .        ,    ,  ,   堖   - .

    ,               .    ,     , ,   ,  :         .




 


 ,    ,       . ,   렖   .      ,   ,     ,  ,    ,   .   ,     .    ,      .

 ,  : !      , : , , -,  셻         ,   :    ?

        ,          .       , ,      ,   ,   ,   .  ()    , -,     .       ,           , , ,      (       ).     ,       ,         .

        .    ,           ,            , , , .            ,      ,  .         ,         .        ,      ,            .

  ,     ,       .     .   - ,          ,    [34 -   ,           (. (#NEO)).].     :    ,   ,     堖    .       , ,   ,    ,   , ,   ,            .

     (    ),     ,       .       ,     .   ,  ,    ,   ,    -   ,     , ,    .

    ,     :         .   ,     ,     .              1940-  -  (,  , )        .  (  )      -       (     )   .   ,           ,        :         ,    !  ,          ,      .

       :          ,      ,         [35 -       ,       .     ,    ,    ,       .             ,          (       ).    ,     :    ,      .           .       :  ,  ,    ,   .     ,   ,    ,    . Ѡ         ,      ,       (    ).        ,       黠    . . Ned Kalin,    ,  , Aspects of Emotion Conserved Across Species,   ,          ,  1992,  Allan Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of Self (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994).        ,   .            . ,   ,   ,   :                ,         . . Antonio Damosio, Descartes Error (NewYork: Gros set/ Putnam, 1994).].       .           ,   ,  ,   ,       .     ,       :     ( ) ,   [36 -    , ,               ,   :    ,    .   ,   ,    1930-  ,              .  ,  ,        ,         ,  .      ,   ,  ,          .].

   , -,    . ,        , :      蠖    ,   .       ,     ,        , ,   [37 -               ,    .].  ,    ,  , , ,        ,       .       ,     .        ,  ,    ,     [38 - G.Gianotti, Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of lesion, Cortex, 8, 1972.].    :              .    ,         :     蠖       [39 -     ,      ,   .  ( ,  )     . 1316 1991, -.].

 ,   , -,     ,    ,   ,    ,    .         ,    , ,    ,    .   ,    . -       ,       ;         .




   


    (   )               ,     .   ,       . ,  ,      .    ()       ,    ,          (,   ,   ,     ,         ).  ࠖ    ,    [40 - Lynn D. Selemon etal., Prefrontal Cortex, American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1995.].   ,       , ,    ,    ,    ,       .   ,   , ,       .               ,   .

   ,     ,         IQ.           ,          .     ,          :  IQ  ,      ,         [41 - Philip Harden and Robert Pihl, Cognitive Function, Cardiovascular Reactivity, and Behavior in Boys at High Risk for Alcoholism, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 1995.].        ,        ,           .    ,        ,    젖       :      .       ,   .      ,             .

         .   ,     ,  ,            .  ,                [42 - Antonio Damasio, Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (NewYork: Grosset/Putnam, 1994).]. ,        ,   IQ    .    ,        ,              (,   ).

  ,      -      .                ࠖ         ,     .    ,    , ,     ,      .    . ,        ,     ,  .      ,         ,   .

       :      ,     ,         .              (   ?   ?    ?),  ,     (,         ),  ,  :         .  ,   ,          ,   .

,     .                     .          ,   ,    -       .

      ,  ,     ,    ,  . ,     ,  .        IQ,     .          .         ,        ,         .       ,     .

            :            ,    ,       .           .          .        ,    ,      .




 II.   





 3.   



    ,             .   .

   -,  , .           :   .           80. ,   ࠖ    ( )     ,          ,   ,                .    ,          .         :      .   ,      -        ,     .     : -,    ,    , ,    .

              .              젖   4,0,     ,       4,614,      .       .       ,             [43 -   .     Warning by a Valedictorian Who Faced Prison,  The NewYork Times (June 23, 1992).].

  ,        ,   ?  :         .              .    IQ       .

       ,    ,    ,     , IQ,  ,      ,         . ,     IQ         :      IQ    ,       ,       ,    .

  , ,   IQ ,  ,  .   IQ ,    ,     20%,    80%       .    ,     ,    ,  ,    IQ,       [44 - Howard Gardner, Cracking Open the IQ Box, The American Prospect, Winter 1995.].     ,     (TheBell Curve, 1994),      IQ,  : ,  500       ,           ,      ,           ,   ,       ,     [45 - Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (NewYork: Free Press, 1994), p. 66.].

     ,   :         ,   ;      ;        ;   .    ,   IQ,          .      ,          . ,  ,       ,  IQ,     .    ,   ,        ,  V  ,           .




   


      ,       800         [46 -     - . . .],       .   - ,      ,     .     ,     ,    .

IQ      ,       ,      .         1940- ⠖ ,              IQ,    ,   ,     ,      ,    ,               .                   ,    [47 - George Vaillant, Adaptation to Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977).   SAT     584  800.    (         ) ,      ,         .].

    ,    450   .        ,      .             ,    . IQ     90[48 -  ,       . . .].              . , 7%  IQ 80           ,          100. ,    (  )  IQ -      .   ,   ,    ,        ,   [49 - J. K. Felsman and G. E. Vaillant, Resilient Children as Adults: A 40-Year Study,  E. J. Anderson and B. J. Cohler, eds., The Invulnerable Child (NewYork: Guilford Press, 1987).].

             1981  .               .          ,       ,  , .                  . ,   ,    .

 ,   ,    , : ,     頖 ,  ,    .   ,  -      ,   . ,      ,    ,         .       ,      [50 -  ,             ,   The Chicago Tribune (May 29,1992).].

   :             蠖  蠖 .   IQ  ,     ,          .   ,   -    ,      .        ,     .        .  ,      ,      ,     ,  頖  頖   .    , ,         ,   .

,          ,     . ,         .    :        ? : .            ,      III.   ,    , ,                 ,      ,          ,     .            ,      .  ,            ,      ,         .




  


   ,      ,      .              .          ,      ,  , ,     ,       .

      ,         ,    , ,  ,     . ,    ,  :  ꠖ      ,   ,             .          ,      ,    ,     ..     .           ,     ,   , ,            .

,        , ,        .         .                ,      :       .

    ,    ,  ,              ,        (Spectrum)       .       ,          (, , )           ,       .  ,    , , ,   ,    ,     ,       .      ,         ,        .

     ,     [51 -             .].  ,   -    ,      .    ,        ,     ,       ,           .       ,  ,    蠖       .      ,        .               ,         ,      .          ,    [52 -               Rethinking the Value of Intelligence Tests  The NewYork Times Education Supplement (Nov. 3, 1986)    .].

      ,  :       IQ     .          IQ,      .    ,      IQ:     ,  ,   ,      ,   ,      .   ,     ,         ,    .      .

    .   [53 - ., .  .   . .: , 2018.]   ,       IQ.     ,           -  ,          .       (  - ),        (, ,     ); [54 -           ;   ,   , , ,    . . .]  (        [55 -   (18941991)    ,       . . .]   [56 -     頖   ,    - . . .])      - [57 - - ࠖ    . . .].   ,   ,   :    (   ,    [58 -   (19021987)  ,     ,    ,    , . . .],    ,    ࠖ ) 蠫  (  ,   ,      蠖    堖     ,           ).

        :         IQ    .  ,  ,     ,      .        ,     ,     [59 -    ,    蠖  (    ). . .],  ,      ,     , ,    (      )    .           ,         IQ.

 ,       .           . ,         : ,      ,        ,     .

                ,   IQ.  ,    ,      䠖  (          IQ),      ,        ,            [60 -  IQ-  ,    ,   ,      ,  Howard Gardner, Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (NewYork: Basic Books, 1993).].       IQ(125 133)              ,    .  ,     (    IQ)     컠     ,     ,       .        :       , ࠖ   ,     ,         .        IQ     (   ),   ,             .

      ,    䠖              ,    씻.   ,    ,          ,    , ,       ,   ,   .

      .               :       :   ,   ,    .  , , ,  -   ,  ,       .      ,  ;   ,         ,    [61 -     Howard Gardner, Multiple Intelligences, p. 9.].

  ,              , ,     .    ,      ,      ,           ,   [62 - Howard Gardner and Thomas Hatch, Multiple Intelligences Go to School, Educational Researcher IS, 8 (1989).].




  :    


        ,    ,   ,    . ,   ,        ,   .  ,                  ,     ,          .             ,           .

          ,           ,         ,     . -  , , ,    , , ,        ,    .     ,                .

        ,   .  ,         ,       .   XX        [63 -    (19041990)  ,   .       XX.        ࠖ  ,           . . .],  ,                . , ,     ( ),    .

,     1960-   ( ) ,          ,      .   -    . -   :    ,    .           [64 -   (. Star Trek)  - ,      ,  .           . . .],     ,   ,   ,       ,        .

-,   ,      ,     , ,        ,        .     ,  ,   ,       ,        .  ,         ,       ,   .    ,         ,     蠖   ,            ,   (    )    .

         ,       ,      ,          .   ,  [65 -   ,     ,       ,       . . .]    :  ,             ,       .   (  ,        ),           .       .    , ,   -  .      ,   ,     砫  ,  .       ,   ,        ,     .       ,     蠖 , , ,       .  ,      .

  ,          ,  ,   ,  ,        . , :         ,     ,             ,      .  ,   ,       .     ,    ,      蠖     ࠖ      .

            .   ,    IQ   160   ,      100,      ,    .        ,  .      ,        ,        ,     ..  ,            .




    ?


  ,    ,        ,     .        ,     ,    [66 -       Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer, Emotional Intelligence, Imagination, Cognition, and Personality 9 (1990), pp. 185211.].   ,      :        IQ      ,           .    ,  ,      IQ1920- 1930- .  ,    Harpers Magazine,   ,      ,    ,     蠫      ,    堖     .          .       ,    ,   ,   ,     .          -     IQ.    1960            .

         ,        .  ,   ,      ,      ,              .           ,  :  , -,     , -,     ,       .     ,      , , , ,      [67 - Robert J. Sternberg, Beyond I.Q. (NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1985).].

           ,      IQ      .     IQ       ,          ,       .  ,     ,    ,    .   ,    ,   .            .

            ,      [68 -        Salovey and Mayer, Emotional Intelligence, p. 189.].

1.  . 堖  - ,   ,    .    ,              .         . ,    ,     ,      ,       .

2. .    ,     , ,   .  5 (#g5)    ,    ,   ,   ,      . ,    ,     .  ,  ,          .

3.  .     6 (#g6),             ,   .              .           . ,   ,  ,      ,   .

4.   .    ,    ,    .  7 (#litres_trial_promo)   , ,      ,     .           , ,       .           ,     ,  ,   .

5. .             . 8 (#litres_trial_promo)             ,  ,  ,     . ,   ,    ,         ; 蠖   .

,         . -, ,      ,       .   ,  ,   , ,    ,       .      :             ,        .




IQ   :  


IQ     , , ,  .       .    IQ,     (  IQ    ) ,    ,  .  IQ      ,   . ,       .

   IQ  .     , ,       ,    .    ,            ,  ,                .   ,          .  ,    ,      蠖   ,      (      ).        :  IQ     [69 -  ,    ,   ,  1995.         ,  ,       ,    ,       .       ,           ࠖ     SAT    IQ.                   .      ,        IQ             IQ. ,   IQ      ,        .].  .

     IQ(    )  : ,     ,       .        .       IQ (, , )      .    , ,       .     ,   ,   ,        ,  ,  ,  .

        ,       ,         .        ,         .       .     ,    .      ,   ,   .

   IQ, ,    .    ,             .       ,     ,   ,            (    ).

    , ,  ,    , ,     (    ,    )     .          ;   ,   -,       .     .       .       IQ,               .

  ,  ,  .           ,   ,       .  ,    :      ,        .    ,       ,    ,  , , .   ,          ,   .




 4.   



      ,        :  ,     !    :     ,        ,  ! ,    ,     ,    , :         !    ,   .  ,      ,  ,           .    ,  .    .          ,    -  .      ,  ,    :       .

    ,    ,      ,           .         .           ( ).   ,     .     堖      [70 -     (self-awareness),    ,     蠖 ,     (mindfulness).].       ,     ( ),   [71 - . : Jon Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are (NewYork: Hyperion, 1994).].

   ,       ,    ,    .        ,  ,        .         ,              [72 -           Mark Epsteins Thoughts Without a Thinker (NewYork: Basic Books, 1995).  , ,     ,             , ,  ,       .].

,   ,    ,   ,       . 堖   , ,    ,      ,    ,    ,         .  [73 -   (19252006)  ,    1968,      蠫 . . .], ,        ,      .  ,      ߔ,  , ,     ,     ,    [74 - William Styron, Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness (NewYork: Random House, 1990), p. 64.].

     ⠖ ,  .         ,     ( )         ,   ,       .

  ,  ,  ,              ,    , :     (     ).           , -, ,       .         .          ,      ,   .

,  ,      ,      ,    ,   -.            [75 - John D. Mayer and Alexander Stevens, An Emerging Understanding of the Reflective (Meta) Experience of Mood,    (1993).].    ,     .   ,       栫:   , ,   ,     :     ,    ,     蠖    蠖  :        -    .

        ,    .  ,            :        .  堖   ,   ,       .    ! ,        ,     ,     -.           :       !     .        .  :   ,    ࠖ        ,      .

    ,      [76 - Mayer and Stevens, An Emerging Understanding.             .]:

:      ,   ,    .    , ,      :        ,            .     ,        ,     .  ,        ;

 :   ,     .     ,    ,   ;  ,          ,         .  ,  ,        ,       ;

   :       ,  ,              . -,     .             .    ,    ,     :   ,   ,   [77 -   ,       . . .].  , ,     ,   .




  


,     ,   - -.   ,            :   ,     , , ,       .       ,     ,     - .   -     ,     .

:    ? ,      ,                ,     - .            ,       .  ,     ,     .       , ,     - .

,       , ,           .       ,   ,    .    ,        :       , ,   ,  .  [78 -    . . .]          ,      . ,        , ,     ,    蠖     ,  ,       .  ,     ,   ,               ,      .

,  蠖          ,     .    ,   , ,     ,       .  ,   , ,     ,   ,     ,    . ?       .

    ,     -,      [79 -         ,    .     ,     .].    ,          :  ,  ,   ,          ,  .

    ,        .   ,       .                 ,     ,        .

 ,      ,      .        ,      ,      .       ,              ,  ,  .          -     .




 


      : ,    ,            .        ,       ⠖  ,  .          ,  :  -      .       ,   ,     .       , :  ,    .     ⠖  ,  .

   ,     .      ,          .    ,    ,   .    ,     ,  ,  [80 -  ,   ,   Hillel I. Swiller, Alexithymia: Treatment Utilizing Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy, International Journal for Group Psychotherapy 38, 1 (1988), pp. 4761.].

   , -      堖 , .     .      .      ,     ( . ࠖ ,  , lexis ,   thymos ).        . ,      ,        -   ,   -   .       ,     ,     .       ,                 [81 -      M.B. Freedman and B.S. Sweet, Some Specific Features of Group Psychotherapy, International Journal for Group Psychotherapy 4 (1954), pp. 33568.].  ,   ,     ,  ,    ,      [82 -      Graeme J. Taylor, Alexithymia: History of the Concept,           ,  1986.].  ,       ,       .   ,   ,  ,  ,     ,   ,   .

      ,   ,   ,      ,    ,  1972   [83 -     Peter Sifneos, Affect, Emotional Conflict, and Deficit: An Overview, Psychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics 56 (1991), pp. 11622.]. ,  ,  ,    ,   ;    ,  , -   .  ,  ,      ,   ,   ,  ,   .   ,    - ,       ,       ,       ,       .   ,    ,  :  ,        ,   ,  ,      [84 -  ,   ,  ,   H. Warnes, Alexithymia, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects, Psychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics 46 (1986), pp. 96104.].

     .    ,      ,            ,    .        ࠖ ,  ,   ,     .           ,     .   ,    ,  ,    .  - (   -)    ,        ,      .     - ,         .    ,   ,   -      ,      ,  .

    , ,         .         .            ,  ,   ,   .     ,        .       ,      ,      ,           , ,          ,        .

       ,    ,   ,          ,    .      ,      .   ,    ,           .  ,     ,   ,          ,    .  ,       ,            .       [85 -    (. Call ItSleep)     .  1964     ,      .            . . .] :       ,  , ,  . , ,    :      ,       .




  


Ӡ          ,    .      ,  ,   , ,      젖     .   ,   .   .      ,       .

Ӡ   .       ,  ,      ,     ; ,     .     ;     ,     .           ,       ,     -          ,  ,   ,  .    , ,   .

 , ,  ,          :   , , ,        ,    ,        ,    [86 - Damasio, Descartes Error.].  ,          ,   ,     ,       .      .       ,   .

  ,   ,          .  :           ,         ,   ,     .      ;       ,  - ,        :       .      ,   ,    :    ,     ,     .

       .           ,       .           ,  ,       .     ,  ,                  ,      ,          .

     ,    ࠖ      ,      .           ,       .     ,       ,     ,         ,  ,    ,   ,    ,  ,   ,     ,      .          :       ,     .        :    ,         ,   ,     .

 ,     ,    ,    .     (,  ,  ,   ),       .     ,          .  ,  ,     ,      .         .    ,       . ,   ,  :      .   ,    ,        , ,                ,     .

,     ,     .




  


    ,           .   ,   -       ,                        .        ,  ,                , ,     .

,          .          ,    ࠖ   ,   ,   ,      .       ,       ,    .      ࠖ  , ,            , -  .               , ,    .

    .       .            ,      .    ,      ; ,   ,     .      , ,      .      : ,    -,     ,    ,    .         .

      ,     .  ,  -       ,        ,    ,       .   ,               ,    .      !            ,    . ,    蠖   .              [87 -      Kagan, Galens Prophecy].

,    ,         ,        . ,      ,   ,         ,    ,      ,       . ,           ,   -     .  -           .            ,      -,  ,              .            :     .




 5.  


		 
		     
		    
		   
		    ,    
		  ,    ,
		  .[88 -    . . .]

,   


,     ,    ,    ,       .        sophrosyne,      [89 -  ࠖ         -,       ,    . . .]      ;    .           temperantia ,   .    ,    :      -.        ,      . ,   ,   , ,  .       .  - ,   ,    ,    ,  ,  ,  .

        . 蠖 ,      ,    . , ,  ,      -  .    , ,       ,        1970- .         ,  ,  .

       ,     .            ,          .      ,       : ,      [90 -              Ed Diener and Randy J. Larsen, The Experience of Emotional Well-Being,    Michael Lewis and Jeannette Haviland, eds., Handbook of Emotions (NewYork: Guilford Press, 1993).].              . ,     ,         . ,      ,    ,     ,     ,     .   ,   ,                IQ   .

 ,        ,       . ,       ,         . ,      ,               ,      .        ,        ,           .

      .           .    ,       ⠖        .          .   ,    [91 -   (19071990)    ,     ,  ,   ,   . . .]  [92 -   (18961971)     . . .],        .  ,       ,   ,    .  ,         .

   ,    ,      ( )    ,    - ,     ,  .       ,     .         ,    ;          .           ,       :   ,  , .        ,    ,    .

         :      ,        . ,   ,  - ,   .            ,   ,            .       ,  ,   ,   ,       ,     .               .

          ,     .  ,  ,      ,   .   ,      ,     ,        ,            [93 -   1992         ,       .      ,        ,  ,  Daniel Wegner and James Pennebaker, eds., Handbook of Mental Control v. 5 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993).].

      ,      .   ,   [94 - 젖   ,  ;   ,   - . . .]   5% , ,        .    ,          ,    ,   ,    .    ,           . , , ,    ,       ; -,  ,     .   ,    ,         .   -     ,    ,         ,     [95 -    Arlie Hochschild, The Managed Heart (NewYork: Free Press, 1980).].          ,     ,       .          .




 


,  -      ,     .    :   !          ,    ,      :      !  ,    !      , , ,     ,   .    ,    :  ,     ,       ,     .    !       ,     ,   ,  ,     ,     .  堖 ,     .

      : ,    ,     -     ,  , -    .                ,   .   ,        ,        - .    :      ,     .

,    . ,            ,       .        ,  ,    ,             .       , ,   ,       .

⠖   ,     .    ,       ,     ,        .    ,        . ,    ,    ,     ,        .    ,      [96 -    Diane Tice and Roy F. Baumeister, Controlling Anger: Self-Induced Emotion Change,  Wegner and Pennebaker, Handbook of Mental Control. . Carol Tavris, Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion (NewYork: Touchstone, 1989).].

 ,  ,         .      ,   ,         .     .       .  ,         ⠖    ,      .




 


           ,         ,   [97 -     Dolf Zillmann, Mental Control of Angry Aggression,   Wegner and Pennebaker, Handbook of Mental Control.].             .     ,       ࠖ  .        ,  ,    ,       ,     , ,       ,   .       ,      . ,   ,    [98 -  (, , )  ,                 .                  . . .],  ,   , ,   ,    ,     .     ,           ,    ,     .

   ,        ,    (   )    ,      .             ,             ,         .    ,   , ,       ,       .      ,    ,  . , ,       ,    , .     -  ,      ,         .

     ,     .         .      , ,  ,       :      ,     ,      .       ,       :             .




  


 , ,    ,       .      ,       :    !

   !  ,         -.

  !     .    .

    ,          ,    .   ,    :    ! ,    ,              .         ,       .   ,  ,  , : ,    !

 :    , , ,    ,  -   ,   ,     ,   .   ,  -   .        ,     ,   .         ( )   -      ,         .     ,    ,       ..      ,      . ,  ,      ,  .  ,    ,      ,  ,           .

         ;         ,      .   ,          ,      ,             . ,    , .        .




,  


      ,      . 頖  ,   ,     ,         ,    ,     .    :      ,     .      ,     ,    ,  .

         ,              ,    .     -    (    , ,   ,          ),      .          ,     .       ,    ,      ,  . ,      .              ,            .   ,       ,   .

     ,  .         .  ,        ,     ,     . ࠖ ,     .  ,     .      ,           !   ꠫  ,      ,    .







,     ,       ,      .   ,    ,     ,     ,   ,             .    ,    ,  ,     .   ,     ,           ,     .

         ,  1899[99 -   Tavris, Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion, p. 135.].  -    .    (  堖    )  ,      .  ,      -     .       ,     . ,   ,     ,   :  ,    .   ,       ,    .

               ,  ,   ,    .     ,         .              (  ,         ). ,      .     ,       ,      .    ,         ,  ,     ,   .      , , :     ,     ,       .

       ,  ,      :           .     ,      .    ,   ,    ,  ,   ,  ,   . , , ,            ,    .   ,  ,     ,    ,          ,          .

      ,   ,    .          ,       - [100 -   ,      ,    Redford Williams and Virginia Williams, Anger Kills (NewYork: Times Books, 1993).].  ,      ,             .         , ,   ,      ,       .




   


- ,     - ,  ,   ,    ,    .      ,    ,    .        .

 ,  !  ,        ,  ,      .              ,      ,    ,     .         ,      .

  ,  ,    , :          .   -     ,   !

       .   :   . ,    ,    ,  1950- .            ,                   (        )[101 - ., , S. K. Mallick and B. R. McCandless, A Study of Catharsis Aggression, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 (1966).    . Tavris, Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion.]. , ,  ,          렖       ,    ,   ,      ,           .         ,  [102 - Tavris, Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion.].

  ,         :  ,  ,    ,     ,    .      ,      ,   ,   :     ,    .     :   ,        ,    ,          .         [103 -    (19401987)   .      ,       .     150   ,      . . .],   ,      :   .     .




 :  , ?


 !  , ,   ,    !..              ,              ?..                     ?..        !         :      ,     .

      ,    .     ,   ,         [104 - Lizabeth Roemer and Thomas Borkovec, Worry: Unwanted Cognitive Activity That Controls Unwanted Somatic Experience,  Wegner and Pennebaker, Handbook of Mental Control.]. ,     ,    ;       ,     ,   .      ,       , ,  ,           .     ,          ,    ,           .         ,    ,   ,    . ,  ࠖ         ,     .

      ,  ,  , ,    ,        .      ,       :     .    ,                       .            ,   ,          : ,  ,  .          :     ,      -  ,          .

       -  . ,  ,      ,   ,       :    ,        ,           .   ,       ;      ,         頫 .           .       ,         -   [105 - David Riggs and Edna Foa, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,  David Barlow, ed., Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders (NewYork: Guilford Press, 1993).].

,     [106 -       ,     . . .],         ,    : ,      .   ,         ,    ,   .  ,      ,   .     ,     .                         :     [107 -   Roemer and Borkovec, Worry, p. 221.].

,  ,    :    ,                    ,  .      ,    ,    ,    .        .         ,      . ,    ,   :  (  )   ( , , ,     ).   ,          :     .           ,    . ,    ,        ,    -  .  ,    ,     - .    , -,   . ,   ,    ,      .   , ,     :          .

 ,              .   ,       .            ,      . ,  ,     ,      ,      ,      .      ,        .    ,      .  ,     ,    ,           ,      .

    -      ?   ,  ,   ,  :     ,     .     ,       (    , ,     - ),           .  ,    ,     ,    .




  


  -        .      ,     .          ࠖ ,  ,    ,   ,        ,      .  ,     ,        [108 -       ,   ,     .     . . .].         , , ,        ,  ,           ,    ,     ,      .       ,      .  ,   ,      .

      .     , , -,       ,    ( ,  ,  ); ,        .         .  , , : ,   ,    ,         ;   ,   ,    .        ,         .        ,         ,   .   ,          ,  ,     ,      ,    .      ,    ,   .

    ,     ,  ,    ,    .             ,       .    , -,            .  ,       ,     ,     .

,       ,  ,     :    (      ).    , ,       ,     .   ,       . ,    ,     ,         .

 㠖 :         ,  堖   ,         .     ,              ,  ,     ,  ,       . ,             .       ,   ,   ,          .

         . ,    ,        .        .             :    ,    ?         ?    -  ?    -        ?

    ,  ,     ,   ,     .        ,      .              ,      .

  ,      ,    .        ,    .     ,    ,          .         ,      ,       .

     ,      , ,   堖          ,   .                [109 - ., , David H. Barlow, ed., Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders (NewYork: Guilford Press, 1993).].




   


   ,        .    ,   ,        .      .          ,        ,  ,      ,       ,         .

   ,   .           ,     ,  ,     蠫  ,         [110 - William Styron, Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness (NewYork: Random House, 1990).].    :  ,       , ,    ,      ,  ,     ,    ,        .    : ,   ,   , ,  堖     .      : ,        ,   .    .          ,  ,       ,   ,      .

     ;    .           .      ,  ;         .   ,     ,  ,     :      ,   ,    .

          ,           ,   .     ,     ,    .  ,             :     .    頖 .    ,         ,   .  ,       頖  :       ,      ,  ,  ,        .    ,        ,     ,    ,      .

   , ,     ,    . -    ,   ,       .       ,      -     :     ,      ,   ,    .          ,    .        -,      ,       :       ,     ; ,    ( )  ,      ; , ,        [111 -       Susan Nolen-Hoeksma, Sex Differences in Control of Depression,    Wegner and Pennebaker, Handbook of Mental Control, p. 307.].

,    ,         .       ,    ,    .         :    ,  ,   ,    .           .

      ,     . -   . ,   ,      ,        .  ,      ,     .  ,    ,   ,       ,             .  ,  ,   ,           ,   .

  -,         ,  . ,   ,       ,       ,   .  , ,    : ,       ,           .          (        ).

  ,        ,     ,   ,       .     [112 - K. S. Dobson, A Meta-analysis of the Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy for Depression, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57 (1989).].      ,     ,           .       .

  ,    ,      ,  .   ,    ,    ,       .           .    , ,        ,          (   ),    (   )[113 -          Richard Wenzlaff, The Mental Control of Depression,    Wegner and Pennebaker, Handbook of Mental Control.].

       ,          .                   (,  ),      .    ,    ,   ,  ,   ,      ,     -  .      ,      ( ,  ).




  


,      ,  ,     .  -        [114 -   ()   0,3048. . .]  ,      .         ,   ,       .              ,    ,     .          .      ,     .         

    ,     ,     .                  .  ,         ,      ,  .               , ,     ,     .  ,  ,        ,      .

 ,    ,        .    ,       ,    .        ,    ,      . ,    ,         ,       ,      .   ,    ,      ,   , ,   ,      .

   ,         ,   .           ,      .    : ,   ,   .    ,  .      ,    ()       , ,       :    ,        .

  ,      ,    ,     ,  ,   ,   ,       ,    .  :   ,     (  ,  ,  ).    .  ,  ,      .   ,             !

  (, , , , ,   ..),   ,     ,      ,       .   ,          ,       .   ,     ,           ,        .  ,        :   ,   .

    , -,  ,      ,  :    ,         .  ,    ,   ,     ,     ,      .    ,   ,        ,       ,    ,    .

         -   ,    ,   ,     .     - ,     ,      ,      ,    .      ,   ,             ,           .         :       ,               .

     堖    -  (  )    ,     ,    .    :       ,  ,       .

      頖       ,  -   .    -  ,          ,       .    ,      , ,      ,          ,  ,     .           ,      ,     (-, ,         .)  ,      ,   [115 - Shelley Taylor etal., Maintaining Positive Illusions in the Face of Negative Information, Journal of Clinical and Social Psychology 8 (1989).].    ,   ,    : ,   ,         .

      蠖    ,    .         .       ,        .  -      ࠖ   [116 -  ࠖ       812. . .],   ,  ,  ,   ,        ,     .

     ,     .   , , , ,   ,          .




:  


         ,     :     .

      ,    蠖   .     ,         頖 , , ,         .                .   ,              蠖     [117 -       Daniel A. Weinberger, The Construct Validity of the Repressive Coping Style, in J. L. Singer, ed., Repression and Dissociation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).             .            .].            (    ),         . , ,          ,       .  ,     ,     ,       堖 .

  ,     ,      (), :   , ,     ,     ,      .              .        :                 ,        ( ,      ).        ,   .

             :   ,  ,      .      ,     .  , ,        ,   ,     ,     .  , ,       , ,               .        .        ,      ,   ,   ,         .

  ,     ,  .              ?      ,     ,    .          ,    ,         ,    .     ,           ,                 . ,     ,  ,   .

      ,   ,            ,    蠖   ( ).    , ,           ( ,  )   ,      .           ,          .       , ,        ,              .        ,           .

     ,   ,       .      ,  ,    ,   ,     .         ,     . ,    ,       .  ,      ,         . :   ,  ,     .      . ,   ,     ,        .        , ,   , ,  ,      ,   ,  ,    .

 ,   ,     ,   .   ,       ,    ,      ,     ,     .   , -,      ,     ,    .     ,                 .              ,       .

 ,     ,   , ,            ,   , ,      .     ,   ,        ,       .




 6.  



      .         -       .     ,             .         ,     .         ,          .          ,     ,       .

     . .        ,                 ,    .   ,  ,    ,   ,  .      ,     .         -        ,   ,  ,  ,    [118 - Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies, Simple Truths: The Psychology of Self-Deception (NewYork: Simon and Schuster, 1985).].

                  .   ,    ,  ,          .

 ,         ,    . ,      ,   ,   . ,     ,           .    ,       ,   ,    - .

   ,  ,  ,    ,  :    ,    ,         .  ,   ,   ,   ,           .        , ,       .

   ,        . -      ,       ,     . ,    ,    , , , ,   ,   ,    ,      .          ,      ⠖        [119 - Alan Baddeley, Working Memory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986).].        [120 - Patricia Goldman-Rakic, Cellular and Circuit Basis of Working Memory in Prefrontal Cortex of Nonhuman Primates, Progress in Brain Research, 85, 1990; Daniel Weinberger, A Connectionist Approach to the Prefrontal Cortex, Journal of Neuropsychiatry 5 (1993).].  ,    ,    .   ,       ,     ,        :      ,          .

      ,  ,         . ,     ,     , ,       ࠖ       [121 - Anders Ericsson, Expert Performance: Its Structure and Acquisition, American Psychologist (Aug. 1994).]. ,   ,     ,  ,              .        1992    ,      .          ,    ,     .          .   - XX      ,              .  ,     ,      .         :    -    ,     ,             .           .

,      ,  ,          ,   ,   ,          .       ࠖ         .

  ,            .    ,           .      ,    IQ   -      [122 - Herrnstein and Murray, The Bell Curve.]. ,       ,    ,       ,      ,  IQ ,   IQ,  110     120    [123 - James Flynn, Asian-American Achievement Beyond IQ (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991).]. , -,  ,           .  ,    ,         , :         40%  ,   .         ,       ,     ,    :       ,     ,    ,       .  ,        ,    .  ,    ,    ,    ,     .

          ,    -  ,  ? ,      ( )  ,          , , ,     .           , ,   ,          .    젖    ,        ,     .




 :   


,      - :   ,        ,      ,     ,    ,   . ,     ,    ,       ,   ,   ,   . ,  ,    ,        ,      ,      .

,        ,      .        ,          . ,      .   ,     ,  ,        ( ) ,      ()    ,      .

    ,    ,    , ,        .  1960-                 - ,     , ,   ,       ,     ,      [124 -         Yuichi Shoda, Walter Mischel, and Philip K. Peake, Predicting Adolescent Cognitive and Self-regulatory Competencies From Preschool Delay of Gratification, Developmental Psychology, 26, 6 (1990), pp. 97886.].

    .        ,  ,  , .         ,   ,         ,     ,    , ,     .         . ,  ,     ,          ,     .

 ,     ,     ,      .  ,         ,     ,   ,  . ,      , ,      ,      ,          . ,                 ,       .   ,   ,    ,       .     ,  ,            .       -    ,     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/deniel-goulman/emocionalnyy-intellekt-pochemu-on-mozhet-znachit-bolshe-che-5024477/chitat-onlayn/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  . . .




2


Associated Press, September 15, 1993.




3


              . ,  ,   .




4


 ,         ,        , The Adaptive Design of the Human Psyche (NewYork: Guilford Press, 1992).




5


          An Argument for Basic Emotions, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 1992, pp. 169200.       P. N. Johnson-Laird  K. Oatley     .




6


The NewYork Times, Nov. 11, 1994.




7


 (XVIII. ..)  .    ,               .    ,      - ,      . . .




8


 (268232 ..)  .  ,   , ,  ,       .        ,   ,    . . .




9


      ,    ;   7000001000000.        . . .




10


  ,    -.




11


       Robert W. Levenson, Paul Ekman, and Wallace V. Friesen, Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion-Specific Autonomous Nervous System Activity, Psychophysiology, 27, 1990.          .     .               .   ,          ,  ,          ,       . .:Paul Ekman and Richard Davidson, eds., Fundamental Questions About Emotions (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1994).




12


   , ⠖    .   ,      ,     .       ,         .       ,         .   ,     ,      -  ,         ,       .




13


  (14691536)    ,     . . .




14


Erasmus of Rotterdam, In Praise of Folly, trans. Eddie Radice (London: Penguin, 1971), p. 87.




15


. :  .  . .: ࠖ , 2016.




16


       ,        .      ,     .  ,    ,       .         :           , , ,  , , .         ,     .




17


R.Joseph, The Naked Neuron: Evolution and the Languages of the Brain and Body, NewYork: Plenum Publishing, 1993; Paul D. MacLean, The Triune Brain in Evolution (NewYork: Plenum, 1990).




18


Aspects of Emotion Conserved Across Species, Ned Kalin, M.D.,    ,  ,           ,  1992.




19


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