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Authorised translation from the English language edition published by Routledge, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.

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, -            .         ,        :       ,      ,      . ,   XI          ( ,    ).   . [1 - Ringrose, K. M. (2003), The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium, Chicago, London.],     ,  . [2 - Messis, Ch. (2014), Les eunuques ? Byzance, entre ralit et imaginaire (Dossiers byzantins, 14), Paris.],       ,   . ,        .

,        , . -,         ,        1453 . -,       :   (,   ,    ,          )   (     )   (   )    (    ). -,         ,             ,       ,     . -,        ,   ,  ,    [3 -         ,          .]. ,     .      :           .

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       ,   .                ,    ,         .    ,    2002      ,   1958 ,         ,             :     ,    .  ,         ,          -,   - [4 - Wilson (2002), 4142.       ,  ,     .].   ,     ,     .      :            Channel 4.  ,     .

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      :      ,      ?     ,             .         ,        .  ,         ,  ,    .     ,     .      ,        .          ,  ,  -     .  , ,  ,        ,      ,    ,         .  , -,      XVIII ,        .      , ,    ,        . ,         ,     [15 - The Guardian, Wednesday May 22, 2002.     .    .].   ,        :      .    - ,         . ,  , ,  ,    ,    .         [16 -        1991   :     .].  ,  ,             ,         XX   XXI . ,         .

          ,        .   ,   - ?       ,          .      ?      ,         ,      .         .    ,    . ,          ,          [17 - ,  ,      ,    ,        .]. ,  ,               .  2007   ,    ,          ,    - ,  ,              [18 -       -    8 2007 . .   Taylor (2000), 1011,     - ,    .]. ,         . , ,         ,     ?? ,      -    . -     2006   ,    .  ,      ,          ,     [19 - ., , Gillard (2001).        .].  2006  BBC Four      :   ,       .  ,        ,         .




 


  , , ,    ,    .       ,      ,      324    -   (306337).             ,       -  1453 .           ,         .       ,   , ,       1869 ,          ,   , ,    [20 - Cited in Haldon (2002), 53.].   , ,         ,     .     ,    (19032000),   1929 ,   [  ]       [21 - Runciman (1929), 2930.].                 .       ,    ,    1924 [22 - Dunlap (1924), 161324.   (praepositus sacri cubiculi)         : ., , Sch?lten (1995).            Diner (1938), 6272.  , ,     ,   .  1938      ,        1936 .].         , ,   1943 ,        ,     [23 -    ,        Guilland (1967) I, 165380.].  1960-   -     ,         ,        ,   IV   ,     ,     [24 - Hopkins (1963).          Hopkins (1978), 172196.       IV       Guyot (1980), 130176.             - .].            ,     ,     (      )  [25 - Ringrose (1994, 1996, 1999, 2003).         ., ,  Sidris (2001); Tougher (1999b, 2004a, 2004b, 2005).]. ,           .

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            .     : ,      -   [28 - Wells (2004).        Marmon (1995),         .].        ,      .       ,     .                   ,         .   ,              .    ,     ,    [29 - .  Grayson (1995), Patterson (1982),     Ayalon (1999), 13,  Kuefer (1996), 279, n. 10. .   in Tougher (2002b), Hopkins (1963), 63,    , ,  ,        XVIIXVIII ,   .].           , ,  ,   ,      ,        . ,      ,   ,     -    . ,  ,        ,       .      . ,    ,     ,       ,               .

   ,     .   1        ,           XXI .     ,    (  ),   ,     (  ).          , ,        ,  ,    - .         ,     .  2  ,    1:          ,     .  ,   ,     . ,    ,    3.      ,     ,       .   4      .                ,    ,     .       ,     [30 - ., ,   Patterson (1982), 314331, Stevenson (1995).].   5   -   ,        ,  VII  ?? .   ,            , ,             .         IX    ,          ,         ,          [31 -  . Oikonomids (1972), 65-235.].        -       .   6     ,          ,        .    ,         ,   ,       ,    .            7,         .       ,        , ,          .                 ,   XII     ,    ,   [32 -  . Gautier (1980), 288331.].    , , ,            .     ,       .  8, ,                .       ,      .    ,     ,      .     ,  ,        .      200  ,         [33 - Ringrose (2003), 29, 61.].  ,         -    ,               .




 1

  

   XXI 








         ,      IV  XV .    ,     :      ,     [34 -       . Scholz (2001), Cheney (1995).].          ,     ,      .              ,     ,        (   2).         ,      ,      ,       .    ,  ,            .




   XXI 


         .    ,         .                   [35 - , Bullough (2002), 12.].    ,           (  )  [36 - . Gera (1997), . 146148. ,       (141).],      ,        [37 -   14.6.17; ,   1.339-42.]. ,     ,         .         ,         . ,         ,      ,     ,  ,    .   ,        (1800610   ..)           [38 - Grayson (1995). .  Deller (1999); Guyot (1980), 7780. ,       ,   2.].      ,   ,       .        ,     ,    :        .           ,       .

           (  17661122   ..)[39 -       . Anderson (1990),   . Tsai (2002).     ,  ,    (13681644 ), . Tsai (1996).].     ,     .             (16441911  ..)   (  1987       ).        1996        [40 - ,     - , 20  1996 .].                .            (,       ),        .      :            .         (      ,          XV ),         , ,    (     13681644 ).        ,     XV     ,    [41 - Tsai (1996), 153164.]. ,       ,     (18611908).

  ,         (, , ,   )  ,   [42 - . Grayson (1995), 8991, Deller (1999), 309310.    .  Hawkins (2002).].   ,         [43 -      ., , Briant (2002), 268277, 919920; Llewellyn-Jones (2002); Guyot (1980), 8091.].      VI   ..   (559530   ..)    ,  -  :   ,       .           :  , , ,   .          .        ,         ,     .

        ,        ,     [44 -        . Miller (1997), . 213215.]. ,       ,    ,      480479   ..[45 -  7.187; ,  16.4.],          -[46 - ,  314 C.],      .  , ,     :                ,        [47 -  8.104-6. ., ,   Hornblower (2003).     ,   2.].

       333   ..           , , ,    [48 -     . Guyot (1980), 92-120.].      ,       .             [49 -   17.66.];         [50 - ,  7.24.13.],    ,   III, ,        1972 [51 -   6.5.22-3.].      ,        .         ,    ,  ,    XIII (       48   ..)[52 - ,  4849.],  ,   VII[53 - ,  60.],          .

              VI (11365   ..),         .           ,       (7363   ..)[54 -        ,  ,  1718,  36,   16.7.9.]:   ,     ,  ,  ,      ,    ,        [55 - 12.76-7; 12.108; 12.82; 12.107-8.].

 ,        [56 -     IIII  . Guyot (1980), 121129.].    ,      ,    [57 -  6.31.].       ,          (IIIVII ).   , , ,     , , ,       .  I  ..   (8196),  ,           ,     [58 - , ,  7;   18.4.5.].    ,      .     -  (  ),      [59 -  3.4.].  ,        31          50  [60 -  ,   7.39.].   (4154)  - [61 - ,  12.66; ,  44.].  (5468)      ,          [62 - ,  28;   63.8.]. ,          ,     -[63 - ,  15.27.].            [64 -  ,  429.].    ,     , , ,  III   IV ,   ,    ,   [65 - . Dionisotti (1982), 98, 110.         .]. ,         [66 - ., , Hopkins (1978), 172196; Guyot (1980), 130-76.        4.].    (cubicularii),     (praepositus sacri cubiculi)          ,      [67 - ., , Dunlap (1924), 260284.].

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,  ,               [71 - ., , Caner (1997), Stevenson (2002), Hester (2005).].          : ,   , ,   ,  ,        (. 19:12).        ,      ,      ,         . ,     ,        ,   [72 - Apol. 1.29.].       [73 - ,   6.8.13.].  ,        ,   ,     I    325 ,     . ,  ,      -  .

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         XVIIXVIII ,      ,   [82 - ., , Barbier (1996), Rosselli (1992), 3255,      All you would like to know about the Castrati but not quite!].            ,       [83 -   - ., , Moran (2002), Witt (2002).].   XVII       ,          .   (1607 )      .     ;     ,      .     ,         ,     / ,       .   ,   , , ,      ,    ,            .   (. 16761756)     ,       [84 -   .  Heriot (1975), 200224.].   , ,   (17051782),     - 1994 .    ,      ,     1720 .       ,      1730- .  1737        ,     .           XVIII         .      ,    XIII (18781903)     : 1902         [85 - ., , Clapton (2004), 118.  ,  2001 ,      ,           : Carroll (2001).].  ,    ,    (18581922),    ,          [86 - Alessandro Moreschi  The Last Castrato. Complete Vatican Recordings, Opal CD9823.].

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      [88 - . Nanda (1998); Jafrey (1997).].    :   ,   .           (  -),         .       ,              .      ,     ,   ,  ,      .           ,     .      ,   ,           ,   . ,       ,    .     ,          . , -,    ,    ,     ,       [89 - ., ,    BBC News   :       , , 30  1999  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hiworld/south_asia/332173.stm).        Bombay Blush  --    Guardian 17  1999 .           .]. ,      .          ,     -     ,      2000 [90 - ., ,   : Dam (2003); Orr (2002); Popham (1999).].      ,     ,       [91 - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3021875.stm.].

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 2

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           .              .      II (337361)   ,      :



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           ,                .        ,     .            .     :     ,            ظ     IVV [135 - Dunlap (1924), 161301; Guilland (1967) I, 165380; Sch?lten (1995).].        [136 - , Runciman (1929), 2930; Diner (1938), 6272.], , ,              [137 - Hopkins (1963).          Coser (1964),     .        Hopkins (1978), 172196.].         ,       ,  ,       .        ,     [138 -    ., ,  Patterson (1982), 317331; Stevenson (1995).           4.].        , ,      ,  -     [139 - . Boulhol, Cochelin (1992); Moran (2002); Ringrose (2003).].

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     ,       .             [144 -       . Mitamura (1970); Anderson (1990).       ., ,  Tsai (1996), 43.       . Tsai (1996), 89.].         ,                     [145 - Tsai (1996).].    ,        ,    .     , ,      ,   [146 - Jay (1993).].           .               [147 - Ayalon (1999).].        ,         ,  [148 -     .].          , ,  ,       ,     [149 - Marmon (1995).].      ,  ,      .     ,                [150 - Peirce (1993), . .],        ,         [151 -        , , Toledano (1984); Lad (2003).      . Meouak (2004).].

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       ,   ,       ,    XVIII ,        [154 -  : Heriot (1975); Barbier (1996). Rosselli (1988), (1992), 3255.   ,  : Clapton (2004). Rosselli (1992), 3233,   .].            [155 - Finucci (2003), . 225280. .    Andr (2006), 1650.].

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        .  , ,      ,      [177 - Grayson (1995), 9193.].  ,    , ?a re?i,        .         . ,        ,       ,  .   ,              .    ?a re?i, -,       ?a ziqni ()     ,    ,   ,  ,   .       ,   ?a re?i    ,    [178 -    . Deller (1999); Hawkins (2002).].     ,          [179 - Briant (2002), 276.].  ,        : ,    ,  ,   ,   .   ,  ,    (   )               .    ,     ,    ?a re?i  .  :   ?a re?i ?arri      ,       . :           ?.  , ,            .  ,           ,       [180 - . Tougher (1997a), 171.].

     .    ,   khasi  .   ,   khadim,         ,        [181 - Ayalon (1979a).].       ,       [182 - Moussa (1982), 212214, (1985).],      ,            [183 - . Ayalon (1999), 58, . 207284.     .   Ayalon (1999), 349352, Kentaro (2000), . 2830; Meouak (2004).].  ,        ,  ,      ,       [184 - Ayalon (1999), 254, 268270.].  ,      ,     ,    ,          [185 - Ayalon (1999), 276.].    , ,       .

  ,        .       ,      , ,  ,    [186 - ., , Hawkins (2002), 218, Ayalon (1999), 266.        . Scholz (2001), vii.].      ,  ,  [187 - Briant (2002), 276277.].   ,    ,      ,  ,    ,   ,       ,        ???????? ()  ???????? ().  ,    ,    ,        .       [188 -  ,          ,      ,         .        .    Hornblower (2003), 4950.],  ,       .       ,         .      .        (. 19:12),     ,       .  ,      ,     ,         [189 -  ., ,  Stevenson (2002), 123125.].  ,      ,        .    castrato   .    ,       ,        ,    [190 -    ., , Hawkins (2002), 218.     ., , Barbier (1996), 1213, 133, 154155.].          ???????? ( )[191 - Guyot (1980), 22.       .].   ,   ,      ,     ,     [192 - ., , Engelstein (1999), 13; Nanda (1998), xx.     ,      : Nanda (1998), 1314.     . Tsai (1996), . 221222.].      ,    galli  [193 - Beard (1994), 173174.].

       .         [194 - . Grayson (1995), 92-3.  . Reade (1972), . 9192, 9596, 99-100.].  ,       ,    ,    ,          [195 -      : Grayson (1995), 92, n. 40.]. ,  ,      .      .       ,    ,   :      [196 - Llewellyn-Jones (2002), 24,     .].      ,      [197 - Llewellyn-Jones (2002), 24; Briant (2002), 274.].           -  [198 - ., , James, Tougher (2005), 157.].             .   ,      .               ,   :         .     ,    ,    .        ,      .         ,     ,    [199 -   ., ,  Lowden (1997), pl. 111, p. 202.].     ,   ,  ,    [200 -         . Dumitrescu (1987).      ,          : Bjornholt, James (2007).      ,   ,   ,    ,    .   .  7.]:        ,    .    .        ,      .  ,            ,    wasinasi-,     [201 - Hawkins (2002), 230231.      ,  ,      ,  .].   III  ..  -     ,   ,      ,   [202 - Elsner (1998), 213; Cumont (1926), . 125126.].   ,     . ,      ( 500490   ..),  , -,      [203 - ., , Miller (1997), 214215.]. ,     ,     ,   .     ,      ,   .   ,  , ,    .

 ,     ,    .  ,     ,     ,   -  [204 - Marmon (1995), x,       ,      . Tsai (1996), 8, :    ,              ,       .].

      [205 - ,          -.     Renault (1972),  .  Harris (2002); Marsche (2002).]. ,      .  ,     ,      [206 - Barbier (1996), 3, 176178.].      , , ,    [207 -    . Heriot (1975), 200224.].          (XVIXVII )[208 - Tsai (1996), . 4243.].    , ,      .      ,           .            [209 - Engelstein (1999), xiii.].      ,      -[210 - Engelstein (1999), . 25,     -  . 158162.].     ,    ,             ,       ,      [211 -      . Nanda (1998), . x-xi.].        [212 - Singh (2001).].   ,       ,    .    ,   ,  ,   ,      [213 - Nanda (1998), 124.    Jafrey (1997), 101, 215.].       [214 - Engelstein (1999), 9-10, 133144, 150.].        .           ,      [215 - Engelstein (1999), 7988, 116.].      ,           [216 - Nanda (1998), 69 (   ), 72 (   ,    ), 84 (    ).       : xvi.].    ,         ,      ,    ,  ,            (  )             .

         . ,       [217 - Engelstein (1999), . 151.].        [218 - Nanda (1998), 126127; Singh (2001), 1617.             . Marmon (1995), 102104,       .],   ,     ,      ,      [219 - Nanda (1998), 156157.].            .       : ,              [220 -       . Heartz (1984), (1990); Camiz (1988), . 183.].      ,     - ,   ,    [221 -    . Spatharakis (1976), 7-14; Evans, Wixom, ed. (1997), 8890.  , Tsai (1996), 219,    ,           .].  ,       ,        .  ,           .







     .         (   ,     )   ,    , ,  ,            [222 - ., ,   Nanda (1998), xvii.]. ,       ,       .    ,   , , ,         .      ,                 .     ,        ,    .  ,   ,      ,   ,     . ,      ,   [223 - , Kuefer (1996), 279, n. 10; Ayalon (1999), 13,     .    Grayson (1995).].     ,  ,          [224 -        : Tougher (2002b), 144145.].




 3










       , ,    ,     :     .       ,         ,          .     ,       .       ,         .      - ,      ?        ,       :       - .         ,      ,   -   .




 


     .     , ,        ,     .              ,  , ,     .       ,       ,         .  VI    ,          -[225 -  ,   8.3.1221.].    ,   ,        [226 -  8.105.   -      ,  ,      -.]:  ,         .      ,       -  .   , ,  ,           .    , ,    ,   , , , , ,   .           . ,   ,     50     ,     [227 -  ,   7.39.].     ,  -    , ,  [228 -   ,        ,     4.].  ,        ,   , ,   , , ,      .     ,        [229 - ,  ,       .],      ,           ,    .             ,     ,    .   ,          ,             ,      ( , ) .      , , ,    .

     ,   .          ,      ,    [230 - ., , Witt (2002).]. ,  ĸ,     VII    , ,     I        ,   ,    .       ,     , ,   



   :        ,    (     )   .        ,      [231 -  . 4 26v, ed. Berry (1948), 6869.].


     ,      .     ,  ,    . , , ,       .      ,         ,  ,  ,      ,     [232 - ., , Engelstein (1999), 5, 70, 81, 9091, 134, 183.].     ,         [233 -   .  6.].     XII        [234 -     ., ,  Mullett (2002).].        ,    .    ,     [235 - Ed. Gautier (1980), 291.23-4.].   ,     ,        ,         [236 - Popham (1999)    ,     ,    - BBC     : http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1211564.stm.].

           .  , ,     , ,    ,  ,             [237 -   , ,      (2000),   (2003)   (2007). .  Money (1998),     .].      -     .    ,     ,     (  ),     , -,  [238 -  6.366-78.].            .  ,   ,  ,       ,   [239 - . Guyot (1980), 25-6.].   , ,    :    ,       ,   ,      .       ,        1707.[240 - Edinburgh Tracts, vol. 8, Miscellaneous 17071821.] ,       ,    , ,       !    ,     .     ,       . ,     ,   ,  ,       .

    [241 - ,             ,    (  )   ,   : Wille, Beier (1989), . 110.].      ,         .                 ,    [242 - ., , Heim, Hursch (1979) (  ,      ,  ); Cornwell (1997).          ,   ,   , ,   .         .   Duval Smith (2004) ,          ,   2007  Channel 4                 .].        ,   .                .       ,  ,    ,      [243 - . Grayson (1995), 91.   lex talionis       . Bardel (2002), . 5254.].             ,             I (527565)[244 -   18.18, 18.150.].     VIII        [245 -  17.39.].           .       .    ,        ,    :       V     I (811813)      [246 - . Tougher (1997a), 179180.].  , -,   ,       ,        [247 -        ., ,  ,  1.3.     ( ),    I , ,    , ,         .].         ,     V (10401041), ,    ,       (,     ),   ,   [248 - ., ,  ,  5.4142.   , ed. Turn (1973), 238.4345,  VII        ,    .        ,        ,     : .  .].           .            ,       [249 - ., ,  , ed. Turn (1973), 328.6768.     ,   ,   .           :  , ed. Turn (1973), 346.6469. ,      -: ., , Fine (1983), 189191.].          , ,       [250 - . Van Eickels (2004); Sourvinou-Inwood (1988), . 178180.].              ,        ,    III (11861154   ..)  ,     [251 - Bardel (2002), 54.      ., , Burkert (1983), 68.].

 ,        [252 - ., , Tauber (1940), 7880.  -, Finucci (2003), 248251,       .].  (   )           (,   ),         [253 - ., , Glass, Watkin (1997), . 376377; Bullough (2002), 12.].       ,    .     VI (886912)   ,       ,          ,    [254 -  60.] (, ,   ,       ,     (   311.22313.3)).    ,    ,  ,    ,   -  [255 - ,     : . Tougher (2004a), 97.  -,  ,      : Barbier (1996), 8; Peschel, Peschel (1987), 24.].     , , - ,     [256 - ., ,    ,    Talbot, ed. (1998), 205206.         .].            [257 - ., ,  25, 44  Crisafulli, Nesbitt (1997), 146147, 218223.        ,    .].         ,          [258 - Orlandos, Vranoussis (1973), 6.      .].         .   ,     ,      :    ,     [259 -  ,   10.15.].    ,       ,   , -,    XVIII [260 - Glass, Watkin (1997), 375376. .  Barbier (1996), 8.].   ,           ,        .          / [261 - ., , Colapinto (2000).].  1966 ,    ,    ,        .   ,     ,           .    [262 -        ,    .  ,       2004 .].




:   


         ,    ,    . ,        ,      XVIII.         ,      ,    [263 -            . Barbier (1996), 5, 2728.      .   Penzer (1965), 140141.]. ,   ,    .  ,    ,        .   ,      . ,   ,  ,  [264 - ,  7.], ,     , ,   ,       [265 - . Barbier (1996), 5, 10.].            ,    [266 - Nanda (1998), 26.],           [267 - Cantacuzino (2000).       ,              : http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2967383.stm.].

  ,      .           [268 - Nanda (1998), 2629.].       ,      .   dai ma,   ,         .    ,   dai ma,          .         ,      ,     .        ,         .         .       ,     .             XIX    ,    [269 - Stent (1877).].   ,   , :    ,    .      .      ,    ,     ,         . ,  ,    :       .  ,    ,                 ,      .      .      ,       [270 - Engelstein (1999), . 7980, 8485.].          .

 ,         ,   VII    [271 -  ,   6.68.].      ,           ,     :    (???? ??????),     (??? ???????).    :



    : ,   ,      ,  ,   ,       ,     , ,      .    :      ,          , ,     ,     .   ,       ,       .     :         ,     ,  ,  .


      (     ),   ,        ()    . , ,  ,   ,        VII  949950 ,        ,   ,     :   ,         ,        [272 - ,  6.6.   , , ,  ,      ,  : Ayalon (1999), . 307314.].  ,      ???????? (  )  , ,      .         ,   ??????? ()  ??????? (),  ,   [273 - ., , Guyot (1980), 2023.].         [274 - ., , Glass, Watkin (1997), 377.].        (,     )     .             ,  ,          ,      .

     .     ,    . -,   .     ,    ,     ,    [275 - .  2.].     .   ,    I,  ,     ,    [276 -  ,   3.11.6.].   , -,   .      .   - ,      , , -  ,       [277 - Peschel, Peschel (1987), 24.].     ,      :  ,       [278 - Engelstein (1999), 48.].  , -,      ,       .    ,    ,     .      ,    ,      [279 -  ,   11.110.          ,     ,      : Tauber (1940), 7778. Ancillon (1707), 127,    ,      ,   - . Millant (1908), 276,      : 1876       ,     ,     .  ,            .].       ,    1907     ,   ,         [280 - Millant (1908), 252, n. 1.].  ,  2005 ,  - BBC News    ,         [281 - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4253849.stm.].

  ,     , ,   . 19:12,  .          II  ..  [282 -   ., , Gleason (1995), . 3-20, 131158; Stevenson (1995), . 503505; Swain (1989).].        : ,  ,     :     [283 - ,   1.8.].   ,            :    ,   ;    ,    ;     ,     . ,            ,   ,     [284 - Mason (1978).].             [285 -   3.19.4.].       .       ,      ,  ,     ,    [286 - Barbier (1996), 1213,     .].      , ,         [287 - Nanda (1998), 14, 97, 116.].     ,       1704 :     ,   [288 - Ancillon (1707), 1618.].      ⻠ ,    , ,  [289 - ., , Fausto-Sterling (2000), . 3044; Bullough (2002), 1213; Chase (1998).         Channel 4   (2004 ).   , ,      .]. ,      [290 - ., , Nanda (1998), 141.].




  


     ,       .   ,   ,       ,    ,       ,  [291 - Rousselle (1988), 124.].            -       .        [292 -     ,    , . Peschel, Peschel (1987), . 2630.    . , , Cawadias (1946), 504; Cauldwell (1947); Barbier (1996), 1317; Hopkins (1963), 78, (1978), 193194; Engelstein (1999), 61; Tsai (1996), 4.      ,      ,    , Wilson, Roehrborn (1999).].      , ,      ,        ,      .          .   ,        -     [293 - Peschel, Peschel (1987), 2627; Jenkins (1998), 18771878.    ,    ,      : .  Barbier (1996), 16.].      (  ,     [294 - ,     ,      . Penzer (1965), 144,        , ,        ,   ,      .])      [295 -     . Leroi (2003), 199203; Jenkins (1998), 1878; Barbier (1996), 1415. Heriot (1975), 27,          :      []    ,  - - .        : ., , Peschel, Peschel (1987), 2829.].  , ,      [296 -     1872       : Engelstein (1999), 61.].         -       ,    ,   ,     [297 - Barbier (1996), 14.     - ., ,   Heriot (1975), 182,  ,  ,     .].        ,        2006         .             [298 - ., , , 13  2006 , 41,      --: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5171892.stm.].

 ,    ,         .         ,          .         ,      (,   : ,  ,    )      .  ,           ,    .  ,       ,      .

  ,             ,    .  ,     ,         ,      ,   ,    ,    [299 - Penzer (1965), 144. .    Barbier (1996), 15; Peschel, Peschel (1987), 30.]. , ,    .   ,       , -,     ,     .    ,     ,            .          .       .      :   ,  (   )   [300 -  6.366-78.      . Rousselle (1988), 122124.  :          ,           ,     .        ,        .].          ,  IV  (  ),      ,     ,       ,     [301 -      61, PG 30, 793-6.      . Elm (1994), 122124; Rousselle (1988), 123.    . Shaw (1997); Elm (1994), 113136; Brown (1989), 267269.].              - ,       ,  [302 - Ed. Lundstr?m (1902), 1723.         : . Tomas, Hero, eds. (2000), vol. 3, 880946, . 941942,      . Jordan (2000), 6870.].       ,     ,  ,        .          ,        ,     ,     [303 - . Mullett (2002), 190.].       -,       [304 - . Barbier (1996), 1314; Peschel, Peschel (1987), 3036.].     ,            ,    ,   ,    ,      .            [305 - . Engelstein (1999), 6466.].     :       ,       .   ,         ,        ,         ,   . , ,        .         ,  ,  ,     ,           -   [306 - ., , Wille, Beier (1989); Tauber (1940).].   ,  ,    ,     ,    ,    ,        :       .     ,         . ,         ,    ,       ,   .    ,    ,     .  , 



 , ,       75%    6 .  10%           ,     15%          ,         .


 , ,          [307 - .    Heim, Hursch (1979), . 298.],    ,   ,        .   ,         ,           ,    (    )    [308 -     .   Ayalon (1999), 316325.],  ,    ,         [309 -   .    Cawadias (1946), 506,   :       ,        :   ,     .]. ,      ,      .   ,           . ,  ,    ,     ,    [310 - Cantacuzino (2000).],     ,    ,   [311 - Nanda (1998), 72, 81.].  ,         . ,   , ,        ,           [312 -    ,  3.81,  ,  .       Beard (1994), 175. Nanda (1998), . 9-11, ,      ,    . .    Finucci (2003), 260280,    .     ,     .].




  


, ,     :      ,         . ,        ,     ,    ,   ,   ,  ,         (      ,  ,  ,             [313 - Millant (1908), 164165, 167.]).            ,           .

         ,        .      -  ,    [314 -        . Mayhew (2004), 5468.].    ,         ,        :      ,        [315 - ., , Ringrose (1994), 8789.].         ,  -       [316 - ,    4.1 766a.     ,      ,          ,   .   . Guyot (1980), 207209; Renehan (1982); Wormell (1935).].    ,    ,    ,   ,      .   :



       .        ,    ,    , [] .           ,    ,        .   ,         ,      :     .      -    ,         ,  ,     ,   .      ,     .        [317 - ,    5.3 783b-784a.     .     8 (9).50 631b-632a.    : Leroi (2003), 282283.].


          ,      :      ,     ,  [318 -  63. ., , Roller (1997), 551552.].   ,   ,    ,      .   ,     .

        ,           ,      .       ,        ,       ,      .  ,   [319 - ,        : ,          . ., ,   ,  115.].       :        [320 -   18.5.4.],      [321 - . Engelstein (1999), 69, 126, 143. .  Marmon (1995), 104105,  ,       .]. ,   -  ,   ,    .       ,    ,      ,  -    ,       [322 - , Demetr. 25.].          () , ,      [323 -   ., , Fauber (1990).].       :  ,   ,  [324 - Ayalon (1999), 19, 330331,              . Millant (1908), 6263,     , ,  Pour une caisse comme pour un harem, un eunuque est le plus sur gardien.   , ,     ,               : Nanda (1998), 86.].







      ,   ,    .     ,       .  ,          ,   ,       .  ,             ,    -   .  ,       ,      ,     .     ,      .




 4

     








             .       IV          ,    .            (IVVI ),      ,            .       ,        ,     .




    


  ,  ,   IV ,     [325 - .   1.].  ,     ,      -.  ,         [326 - ., , Hopkins (1963), (1978); Guyot (1980), 130-76.].    ,    .      (),       (praepositus sacri cubiculi)[327 -     ., , Guilland (1955), 5275, (1967) I, 269282; Hopkins (1963), 7778, (1978), 191193; Guyot (1980), 142143; Sidris (2003).  praepositus sacri cubiculi  : ., , Dunlap (1924), . 178223; Guilland (1961), (1967) I, 333380; Guyot (1980), 130157; Sch?lten (1995), (1998); Schlinkert (1996), 237284.].   ,                .

                     II (337361)[328 -      ., , Sidris (2000); Tougher (1999a); Guyot (1980), 1646.      ., , Drijvers, Hunt, eds (1999); Barnes (1998); Matthews (1989); Tompson (1947).].        IV ,           ,     .     ,   [329 -   ., , Guyot (1980), 199201; Dunlap (1924), 260270.].              -  .    ,     ,      ,      ,     [330 -   14.11.13; 14.11.2022; 15.3.13.].      ,          [331 -   18.4.3; 20.2.23.].          ,          ,     .   ,  (361363),          [332 -   21.15.4; 22.3.12.],   .    ,      ,     ,  ,        [333 -    , ,  (  3527),  (   272 D, 274 A-B)   ( 18.152)       .].             ,        .  ,        ,            [334 -   15.2.10; 16.6.3; 18.4.24.].

  ,  ,    ,     ,              [335 - ., , Tougher (1999a), 6871. ,            ,        : 21.16.16.],     ,        .  ,        ,    ,          (306337)     (337350)[336 -   15.2.10; 16.7.2-10; 20.8.19. .  Guyot (1980), 201202, 206.].  ,  ,    I (364375),          (364378)[337 -   27.10.11, 30.6.4; 30.4.2, 31.13.14.].    IV       ,              .        ,   ,           310-   ,     [338 - ,    30.13.].  ,   (284305)    ,  ,       ,              .   ,       ,            361 .     ,    ,  ,         [339 - ,  18.130.].

  IV       .       [340 - .   Guyot (1980), 157164.].       (117138)   (283285),        . ,  ,        ,      IV     V [341 -       .].  ,       .      ,           (222235),       (218222)   III (238244).      ,           ,   ,   .       ,       ,       . , ,     :          [342 -   18.23.56; 18.34.3; 18.45.45.]. ,               ,     [343 -   18.23.47; 18.34.3.].     ,        ,      [344 -   18.45.45; 18.66.34.].  III       [345 -   20.23.7; 20.24.25.].    , ,        ,          .          IV ,         ,     [346 - Guyot (1980), 158159.].    ,            .        ,  ,     (, ),      ,     [347 -   18.67.1.          41.10.].    (270275)     ,         [348 -   26.43.1.].  ,       ,     ,     ,       .

           [349 - ,   I.          ,         399 :   II.     .   Long (1996).       . Guyot (1980), 167170.]. -    399 ,  ,     (395408),     [350 -         . , , Sch?lten (1995), 223227; Liebeschuetz (1991), . 92-108; Dunlap (1924), 272284.].               (395423),        ,       .     ,       :     ,      .        ,            ,    [351 -      ., , Cameron (1970).].       ,         ,       .              ,         .       ,      [352 - ,   I.234243.].    ,       , -,     ,      ,          [353 -   I.1-23.].  ,   ,   ,      .

   ,   IV               .     ,        .  ,      ,            .   ,           .    ,   ,  (361363).         ,    .  ,  ,        [354 - , ,  18.130;   22.4.   V        : 3.1.53.  ,      ,          .],            .  ,         ,         [355 - ,  352 A-B.].  ,  ,  ,    362 ,    ,       II,   ,   ,       -    [356 -   3.19.34.].      ,   ,           . ,            ,            .         ,       .   IV , ,   ,     ,    (383387). ,    ,     ,        . ,                   ,  ,    [357 -  4.37.2. .  PLRE 1, Anonymus 30, p. 1011.].

,             . ,   ,       [358 - Guyot (1980), 151153.].       , ,       . ,  ,       ,  ,       ,    [359 - .   :  352 A-C.       .]. ,     ,    ,           .  , -,    ,  ,        ,  357  360 [360 -   16.7; 20.8.19; 20.9.2.     ,       . ,         ,      : ., , Matthews (1989), 25.             ,  .    Woods (1998).].  ,               ,   ,        .       ,        ,          ,   [361 - Woods (1998), 114.  ,            :  18.149.].    , ,    ,         387      ,       ,   [362 -  ,  24.2. .  Guyot (1980), 233.].  ,   ,      ,       . ,      ,     ,       [363 -   18.67.1.].      ,          IV ,        ,    .

 ,   -         VVI , ,         .       II (408450).          [364 -       .  Greatrex, Bardill (1996).].          .     ,     .    ,     ,    ,               ,  ,           [365 -   14.15.].     ,   449        [366 -        ,    .        : . Blockley (1981), 6364.].           ,   ,     praepositus sacri cubiculi,      [367 -    31, ,  . 2.2,    450    ,    .   14.19, 32    .].        ,     ,    [368 -   14.19.].        .        ,   ,       ,   [369 -     ,    , . Rapp (2001).]. ,  ,           .

       II, , ,       [370 - ., , Guilland (1943), 216-19.    V  .  Sch?lten (1995), 220242, 246251.]. ,   I (491518)    [371 -   16.20.].          ,         I (518527)[372 -   17.2.].   I (527565)       , [373 -   ., , Fauber (1990); Guilland (1943), 205206; Dunlap (1924), 284299.].   ,   ,    .  532            [374 -   18.71.],           ,    [375 -   18.116, 18.140.].      ,  ,    [376 -  :  ,   1.15.31; 6.13.16.  : ,  App. 7.     ,    : ., , PLRE 3, 913914.].         .         :  ,        ,              [377 -  ,   8.3.19;   29.13.].   ,              [378 -   16.33.].           II (565578),    [379 -              II. .  1.7696, 1.122159, 4.330364.].

        ,       ,       . ,      ,    [380 -    ,    , ., , Sch?lten (1995), 3950; Guyot (1980), 136137; Hopkins (1978), 174176; Dunlap (1924), 193198.].   IV         .  ,   , illustris (), spectabilis ()  clarissimus (),     ,   .   ,  384      illustres[381 -   7.8.3.].  422     II     ,   ,  ,    ,      ,    ,    magister militum[382 -   6.8.1.  ,         .     ,    II    .].     ,   illustris    ,          .  ,       Notitia dignitatum, ,   IV   V ,         ,     [383 -    ., ,  Jones (1964), 1417-50; Kulikowski (2000).    Seeck (1962).].      ,     praepositus sacri cubiculi.         ,     magister militum,         ,   ,     [384 - Notitia dignitatum Or. 1, Seeck, ed. (1962), 1; Notitia dignitatum Oc. 1, Seeck, ed. (1962), 103.].  Notitia dignitatum  ,       illustris[385 - Notitia dignitatum Or. 10, Seeck, ed. (1962), 30.       .].   ,    ,  ,   ,      ,   [386 - ., , Dunlap (1924), 195197.].

       ,          ,      .  ,  ,    ,   .        [387 - , Sch?lten (1995), 75-183; Guyot (1980), 138139; Dunlap (1924), 199202.],   ,         ,    [388 - ., , Guyot (1980), 147149; Hopkins (1978), 177.      ,   : Tsai (1996), 222.        .  Patterson (1982), 317318.].     ,      ,    .        ,    . ,         ,     (????????)    II,      ,      [389 -   18.4.4;   14.19;   16.33.].               ,       [390 -    : . , . 35.].

               ,   ,        .  ,    ,   [391 - ., , Sch?lten (1995), 6573; Guyot (1980), 139142; Hopkins (1978), 175176; Dunlap (1924), 202223.].     primicerius sacri cubiculi (  ), castrensis sacri palatii (  ), comes domorum per Cappadociam (    )  comes sacrae vestis (  ).        IVV ,    , ,   . , , ,        . ,  ,   ,     castrensis,  ,   castrensis  ,  ,   castrensis,  [392 - Guyot (1980), 140141; Costa (1972).  ,  castrensis     praepositus sacri cubiculi         .].  , ,        ,         . Notitia dignitatum  primicerius sacri cubiculi  castrensis sacri palatii   spectabiles[393 - Notitia dignitatum Or. 17, Oc. 1415, Seeck, ed. (1962), 4041, 158159.].            ()  ,    .

,  ,           ,       [394 -  De Gaifer (1957), 46, n. 2.].         , ,         ,     .    II       350- ,    ,       .    ,      ,        .                .  (367383)   II (375392),      I,    [395 - ., ,  4.22.4.].       (395423)  ,  ,  ,      .     praepositus sacri cubiculi,     [396 -  5.37.46.].         [397 -  5.43.].   , Notitia dignitatum ,     ,   ; ,   454   III (425455)        [398 - ., , Sch?lten (1995), 246.          (??????????? ??? ????????),   ,   ,  , ,    : . Blockley (1983), 328329, 332333.].     , praepositus sacri cubiculi   III[399 -      . ., , PLRE 2, Ac (h)olius, p. 6.].                VI        (493526),      [400 - . Dunlap (1924), 223.].      ,    [401 - ., , PLRE 2, Seda, p. 987.].   praepositus cubiculi  [402 - ., , PLRE 2, Triwila, pp. 11261127.].




    ?


          ,         .      ,     .              ,       .             [403 - , Bullough (2002), 7; Mitamura (1970), 10; Wittfogel (1957), 355.].        (,   ,  ,       ),      . ,   ,    ,         ,    [404 -  ,     , . Llewellyn-Jones (2002).].        ,       .     (161   ..)   ,      [405 -    . Brothers (2000).       ,           .    ()     .].     ,         ,       .    ,      (193211),  ,  100   ,         [406 -   76.14.46.].      ,  ,     [407 - ., , Hopkins (1978), 194; Sidris (2003), 167169. .  Boulhol, Cochelin (1992), 7071,        .].   22-         ,       ,  ,     (semiviris  )[408 - ,  22.32.  . Adkin (2003), 130, 309.].       ,         [409 - ,  352 B;    274 B.]. ,    ,                  -       [410 - Patterson (1982), 325326,        .].    -   ,  ,       .  ,             V ,       [411 -  ,      , ., , Holum (1982), 131.].

          ,    , ,          .   ,    -   ,       ,         [412 -    ., , Guilland (1944b), 191, (1967), I, p. 202.    ., ,  Hopkins (1967), 6970, (1978), 180181.].        ,      ,        .

,       .         ,          [413 - Ayalon (1999), 14.].  ,                 . ,               ,     ,   ,   .               .      ,   ,  ,       [414 -  8.105.          :  1.117, 3.4, 3.77.].          (560/59530   ..)     [415 - Ayalon (1999), 3638. ,  7.5.5865.   ,  ,    ,   ,   .].      , ,    ,  ,  ,     [416 -      : Cyropaed. 7.3.15.].     ,        (,    ),       ,   ,        ,     [417 -   ,      ,         ,     ,      ,          : 8.17.4.    III  ..,    ,      IV .  ,          .     , ,     ,     II,   :  2.27.14.].      ,      .

        : ,   ,             ,         [418 -       :      (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/asia/1035555.stm). ,     ,      .].               ,      ,   ,    IV [419 -  ,  58.4.3.  ,      ,   ,     - .      : . Guyot (1980), 20, n. 14; Ringrose (2003), 16, 39.        ,    7.].            ,     II  ,   ,  II  ,   .  ,           ,     ,       [420 - , , , .]. ,  ,   -           . ,       ,     ,        ,              [421 - Barbier (1996), 120, 205207.  , . Heriot (1975)    (114),  (163)   (184).      .  Barbier (1996), 165.]. ,   ,           :       .  ,          ,     .

 ,      .            [422 - ., , Lenfant (2004), lxvii-lxviii, cxviii-cxx.].           II (423405/4   ..)  ,         ,     [423 - , , . 15 (54), ed. Lenfant (2004), 139. Briant (2002), 268, 274,    ,       ,   ,     . ., , Lenfant (2004), cxix.].     ,      ,      :      ,      [424 -    . Briant (2002), 268272.        , ,  : Tsai (1996), 212.].     ,  ,         .       ,      VI (886912),        [425 -   6.22, ed. Bekker, 369370.   Jenkins (1948)            ,    : Tougher (1997b), 212215.].      ,      ,      [426 -  4.43.    ,          .].      ,       ,        [427 -  13.4.1; Guyot (1980), 219120.].   ,       ,    ,  ,         [428 - Ayalon (1999), 19, 166167, 337.].    ,     .

  ,       ,       ,   .     ,     :       [429 -        . Tougher (2002b).].       ,    .    ,        .          ,    -   ,         [430 -     ., , Toledano (1984).].   ,        [431 - ., , Penzer (1965), 119123; Peirce (1993), 12, 179.].       ,      ,  ,   [432 - .   Ayalon (1999), 3136.].     ,  ,         ( ,    )       [433 - Ayalon (1999), 3122.].              ,  ,      .  I (306337) ,        ,   I (457474)          [434 -   4.42.].  IV      ,       ,   VI    ,      I               [435 - Donat., Comm. in Ter. Eun. 4.4.22;  ,   8.3.1221.]. -     .  ,          ,  ,              ,  ,           .             [436 - Tsai (1996), 16.].    ,       ,        , ,  .    ,     ,   .    , ,   ,       [437 - ., , Tsai (1996), 1721. Grayson (1995), 86,   ,  ,        .].        [438 -        5.]. ,  ,        ,      [439 - ., , Tougher (2002b), 149.].        -,           ,      [440 -    . Ayalon (1999), 31, 75, 167, 298,     .        . Ayalon (1979a), 70. ., , Harries (1999), 7788, 212,       ,        ,  ,       .]. ,           ,        [441 - . Guyot (1980), 31; Sch?lten (1995), 28, n. 124.     : . Wiedemann (1986); .  PLRE 1, Anonymus 31, p. 1011.].         ,      ,       .        .    ,     ,       [442 -       Guyot (1980), 157176,     IV    .].

  ,      ,    .         .       [443 - ., , Jay (1993), . 467468; Grayson (1995), 86.          ,   ,       ,   .]




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1


Ringrose, K. M. (2003), The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium, Chicago, London.




2


Messis, Ch. (2014), Les eunuques ? Byzance, entre ralit et imaginaire (Dossiers byzantins, 14), Paris.




3


        ,          .




4


Wilson (2002), 4142.       ,  ,     .




5


Renault (1972).




6


Rice (1990).




7


., , Reed, Mayer (1999).   -  ,    XIX : Goodwin (2006).            1935      ,     .          .   ,     ,    ,     : Penzer (1965).       1936 .




8


Harris (2002).




9


Adam (1907).




10


Barthes, ed. (1974); Lonsdale, ed. (1970).         ,      ,    .   ,    ,     .     .        ., ,  Andr (2006), 2125.




11


         ?    2002 .




12


Bevington, ed. (2005).




13


Bush, ed. (1996).  , ,    .       ?        2.




14


., , Croutier (1989), 31, 124.




15


The Guardian, Wednesday May 22, 2002.     .    .




16


       1991   :     .




17


,  ,      ,    ,        .




18


      -    8 2007 . .   Taylor (2000), 1011,     - ,    .




19


., , Gillard (2001).        .




20


Cited in Haldon (2002), 53.




21


Runciman (1929), 2930.




22


Dunlap (1924), 161324.   (praepositus sacri cubiculi)         : ., , Sch?lten (1995).            Diner (1938), 6272.  , ,     ,   .  1938      ,        1936 .




23


   ,        Guilland (1967) I, 165380.




24


Hopkins (1963).          Hopkins (1978), 172196.       IV       Guyot (1980), 130176.             - .




25


Ringrose (1994, 1996, 1999, 2003).         ., ,  Sidris (2001); Tougher (1999b, 2004a, 2004b, 2005).




26


Guilland (1943, 1967) I, 165-97; Ringrose (2003).




27


Tougher (2002b); Stavrakas (1978).        1978  ,   ( )           .    . .         .




28


Wells (2004).        Marmon (1995),         .




29


.  Grayson (1995), Patterson (1982),     Ayalon (1999), 13,  Kuefer (1996), 279, n. 10. .   in Tougher (2002b), Hopkins (1963), 63,    , ,  ,        XVIIXVIII ,   .




30


., ,   Patterson (1982), 314331, Stevenson (1995).




31


 . Oikonomids (1972), 65-235.




32


 . Gautier (1980), 288331.




33


Ringrose (2003), 29, 61.




34


      . Scholz (2001), Cheney (1995).




35


, Bullough (2002), 12.




36


. Gera (1997), . 146148. ,       (141).




37


  14.6.17; ,   1.339-42.




38


Grayson (1995). .  Deller (1999); Guyot (1980), 7780. ,       ,   2.




39


      . Anderson (1990),   . Tsai (2002).     ,  ,    (13681644 ), . Tsai (1996).




40


,     - , 20  1996 .




41


Tsai (1996), 153164.




42


. Grayson (1995), 8991, Deller (1999), 309310.    .  Hawkins (2002).




43


     ., , Briant (2002), 268277, 919920; Llewellyn-Jones (2002); Guyot (1980), 8091.




44


       . Miller (1997), . 213215.




45


 7.187; ,  16.4.




46


,  314 C.




47


 8.104-6. ., ,   Hornblower (2003).     ,   2.




48


    . Guyot (1980), 92-120.




49


  17.66.




50


,  7.24.13.




51


  6.5.22-3.




52


,  4849.




53


,  60.




54


       ,  ,  1718,  36,   16.7.9.




55


12.76-7; 12.108; 12.82; 12.107-8.




56


    IIII  . Guyot (1980), 121129.




57


 6.31.




58


, ,  7;   18.4.5.




59


 3.4.




60


 ,   7.39.




61


,  12.66; ,  44.




62


,  28;   63.8.




63


,  15.27.




64


 ,  429.




65


. Dionisotti (1982), 98, 110.         .




66


., , Hopkins (1978), 172196; Guyot (1980), 130-76.        4.




67


., , Dunlap (1924), 260284.




68


     ., , Beard (1994); Turcan (1996), 2874.




69


   . Roller (1999).




70


., , Lightfoot (2002).




71


., , Caner (1997), Stevenson (2002), Hester (2005).




72


Apol. 1.29.




73


,   6.8.13.




74


   ., , Ringrose (2003)   , ,     Tougher, ed. (2002a).




75


   . . . Oikonomids (1972), 80-235.          .124135.




76


., , ,  63.




77


., , Ayalon (1999).




78


     ., , Peirce (1993), . ; Toledano (1984).




79


. Marmon (1995).




80


., , Johns (2002), 212214, 243244, 249250,   Birk (2005), 1921.




81


., , Tuchel (1998), 6189; Kuefer (1996), 288289; van Eickels (2004).




82


., , Barbier (1996), Rosselli (1992), 3255,      All you would like to know about the Castrati but not quite!




83


  - ., , Moran (2002), Witt (2002).




84


  .  Heriot (1975), 200224.




85


., , Clapton (2004), 118.  ,  2001 ,      ,           : Carroll (2001).




86


Alessandro Moreschi  The Last Castrato. Complete Vatican Recordings, Opal CD9823.




87


. Engelstein (1999); Millant (1908), 5080.




88


. Nanda (1998); Jafrey (1997).




89


., ,    BBC News   :       , , 30  1999  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hiworld/south_asia/332173.stm).        Bombay Blush  --    Guardian 17  1999 .           .




90


., ,   : Dam (2003); Orr (2002); Popham (1999).




91


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3021875.stm.




92


    . Cantacuzino (2000).




93


   ,   , ., , Money (1998).




94


., , Balch, Taylor (2002), 220.




95


 ,     ,       .




96


 , ,  Humana (1973), 7; Ayalon (1999), 5; Scholz (2001), vii.




97


2.19 (1781), ed. Womersley (1994), vol. 1, 684685.    : ., , Grayson (1995), 85; Penzer (1965), 138.




98


., , Tougher (1999a).




99


Hall (1989), 157. .  Sancisi-Weerdenburg (1987), . 4344,      .     . Said (1995), 5557.       .       ,     .




100


., , Yeazell (2000); Grosrichard (1998). Marmon (1995), . 93-101,       .




101


Penzer (1965), . 134151.




102


Penzer (1965), 150.




103


Penzer (1965), 138.       . Ayalon (1999), 3738.




104


Penzer (1965), 140.




105


Tsai (1996), . 78, (2002), 221.  ,   ,      : ., ,   Stent (1877),    Humana (1973), 125153,    Anderson (1990), 307311.        ,        .




106


Tsai (1996), 89.




107


,   ,       ,   ,  Leonardo di Castrato   1 2000 ,       ,           2,      13  2004 , 8.




108


Popham (1999).




109


Penzer (1965), 150151,   ,     . Milan (1908), 4, ,    ,       .




110


., , Tsai (1996), 140,   ,      .




111


Bowersock, Brown, Grabar, ed. (1999); Maas (2000).     .   Classical Review 50 (2000), 564546.




112


Tarn (1948), vol. 2, 319322,  ,     .




113


  . Guyot (1980), 190.




114


Badian (1958). ,   Bosworth (1988), 99, n. 218,    ,    .   ,      ,     .




115


Gay Times 315,  2004 , 79; Gay Times 321,  2005 , 90, 92.  ,        DVD,        .       DVD  2007  Alexander, Revisited  Final cut,      (      ).    ,             , ,      , -,   .     ,    ,         . ,            ,     ,      .         ,            . ,             .




116


      (16471706),   Dictionnaire historique et critique.




117


    ., ,  Grosrichard (1998), 150162; Finucci (2003), 262, 278. Barbier (1996), 152,          .




118


            1667  . Frandsen (2005).        ,   1766        : Heriot (1975), 186189.




119


,     : ., , Heriot (1975), 123129; Barbier (1996), 181182.




120


Ancillon (1707), 89: Lon peut dire quil est des Eunuques comme des B?tards, quils sont ordinairement mauvais, mais quil sen trouve quelque fois de bons. Samber (1718), 10,    one may say of Eunuchs the same that is usually said of Bastards, that for the most part they are very bad, but that sometimes we may chance to find one that may prove good for something. Samber (1718), 3041, ,    .  ,   ,      17051706  (      ).    ,  ( ,   ,   )    ,     -  .




121


Humana (1973), 8.




122


Millant (1908), 45.




123


Kuefer (1996), 293, n. 3,        ,   .




124


Humana (1973), 9.




125


., , Kuefer (1996), 294, n. 11.




126


Scholz (2001), vii.




127


Scholz (2001), 291297.




128


Grifn (2001), 36.




129


 ,     ,     ,     3.




130


Kuefer (1996), . 279.




131


Tuchel (1998).    ,     . ,            .




132


Cheney (1995), vii-viii, 192202.     ,    , . Favazza (1996), . 176219.




133


    . Grifn (2001), 3740.




134


Taylor (2000), 1, 10.




135


Dunlap (1924), 161301; Guilland (1967) I, 165380; Sch?lten (1995).




136


, Runciman (1929), 2930; Diner (1938), 6272.




137


Hopkins (1963).          Coser (1964),     .        Hopkins (1978), 172196.




138


   ., ,  Patterson (1982), 317331; Stevenson (1995).           4.




139


. Boulhol, Cochelin (1992); Moran (2002); Ringrose (2003).




140


Guyot (1980).




141


   Scholz (2001), vii.




142


., , Nock (1925); Beard (1994); Turcan (1996), 2874; Caner (1997); Roller (1997).




143


Grayson (1995). .  Deller (1999).




144


      . Mitamura (1970); Anderson (1990).       ., ,  Tsai (1996), 43.       . Tsai (1996), 89.




145


Tsai (1996).




146


Jay (1993).




147


Ayalon (1999).




148


    .




149


Marmon (1995).




150


Peirce (1993), . .




151


       , , Toledano (1984); Lad (2003).      . Meouak (2004).




152


., , Kuefer (1996), Murray (1999).




153


Johns (2002), . 212256.            -. ., , Birk (2005).




154


 : Heriot (1975); Barbier (1996). Rosselli (1988), (1992), 3255.   ,  : Clapton (2004). Rosselli (1992), 3233,   .




155


Finucci (2003), . 225280. .    Andr (2006), 1650.




156


Engelstein (1999). .  Engelstein (2000).




157


Nanda (1998). .  Nanda (1996).




158


       . Barbier (1996), 10.         : . Tougher (1997a), 175176,  , . 3.




159


., , Engelstein (1999), 5658, 6168, 7278,   ,    .




160


., , Tougher (2012).




161


 ,  18, ed. Jenkins, Westerink (1973), 122.54-124.69.




162


. Tougher (1999a).




163


., , Briant (2002), 270272; Ayalon (1999), 14, 3638.




164


., , Boulhol, Cochelin (1992); Sidris (2002).




165


.  Briant (2002), 268-72.     Heriot (1975), 123,    ,   .




166


Hornblower (2003). .  Sourvinou-Inwood (1988), . 171,     ,    ,        300     .




167


Briant (2002), 268.




168


., , Llewellyn-Jones (2002), . 2728.




169


   ., , Hall (1989), 157158.     .  Witt (2002), 241262.      . Miller (1997), 213214.




170


  4.6.7-29; ,  2.25.4.     .




171


    .  Ayalon (1999), 285258. ,           ,    , , ,   ,   .




172


. Tougher (1997a), 171.       ,  Sch?lten (1995), 216-17,   .    .  Ayalon (1999), 296299.




173


. Guyot (1980), 219220; Ogden (1999), 199201.




174


 1.8.1;  13.4.1.




175


Ogden (1999), 200.




176


Ogden (1999), 200201.




177


Grayson (1995), 9193.




178


   . Deller (1999); Hawkins (2002).




179


Briant (2002), 276.




180


. Tougher (1997a), 171.




181


Ayalon (1979a).




182


Moussa (1982), 212214, (1985).




183


. Ayalon (1999), 58, . 207284.     .   Ayalon (1999), 349352, Kentaro (2000), . 2830; Meouak (2004).




184


Ayalon (1999), 254, 268270.




185


Ayalon (1999), 276.




186


., , Hawkins (2002), 218, Ayalon (1999), 266.        . Scholz (2001), vii.




187


Briant (2002), 276277.




188


 ,          ,      ,         .        .    Hornblower (2003), 4950.




189


 ., ,  Stevenson (2002), 123125.




190


   ., , Hawkins (2002), 218.     ., , Barbier (1996), 1213, 133, 154155.




191


Guyot (1980), 22.       .




192


., , Engelstein (1999), 13; Nanda (1998), xx.     ,      : Nanda (1998), 1314.     . Tsai (1996), . 221222.




193


Beard (1994), 173174.




194


. Grayson (1995), 92-3.  . Reade (1972), . 9192, 9596, 99-100.




195


     : Grayson (1995), 92, n. 40.




196


Llewellyn-Jones (2002), 24,     .




197


Llewellyn-Jones (2002), 24; Briant (2002), 274.




198


., , James, Tougher (2005), 157.




199


  ., ,  Lowden (1997), pl. 111, p. 202.




200


        . Dumitrescu (1987).      ,          : Bjornholt, James (2007).      ,   ,   ,    ,    .   .  7.




201


Hawkins (2002), 230231.      ,  ,      ,  .




202


Elsner (1998), 213; Cumont (1926), . 125126.




203


., , Miller (1997), 214215.




204


Marmon (1995), x,       ,      . Tsai (1996), 8, :    ,              ,       .




205


,          -.     Renault (1972),  .  Harris (2002); Marsche (2002).




206


Barbier (1996), 3, 176178.




207


   . Heriot (1975), 200224.




208


Tsai (1996), . 4243.




209


Engelstein (1999), xiii.




210


Engelstein (1999), . 25,     -  . 158162.




211


     . Nanda (1998), . x-xi.




212


Singh (2001).




213


Nanda (1998), 124.    Jafrey (1997), 101, 215.




214


Engelstein (1999), 9-10, 133144, 150.




215


Engelstein (1999), 7988, 116.




216


Nanda (1998), 69 (   ), 72 (   ,    ), 84 (    ).       : xvi.




217


Engelstein (1999), . 151.




218


Nanda (1998), 126127; Singh (2001), 1617.             . Marmon (1995), 102104,       .




219


Nanda (1998), 156157.




220


      . Heartz (1984), (1990); Camiz (1988), . 183.




221


   . Spatharakis (1976), 7-14; Evans, Wixom, ed. (1997), 8890.  , Tsai (1996), 219,    ,           .




222


., ,   Nanda (1998), xvii.




223


, Kuefer (1996), 279, n. 10; Ayalon (1999), 13,     .    Grayson (1995).




224


       : Tougher (2002b), 144145.




225


 ,   8.3.1221.




226


 8.105.   -      ,  ,      -.




227


 ,   7.39.




228


  ,        ,     4.




229


,  ,       .




230


., , Witt (2002).




231


 . 4 26v, ed. Berry (1948), 6869.




232


., , Engelstein (1999), 5, 70, 81, 9091, 134, 183.




233


  .  6.




234


    ., ,  Mullett (2002).




235


Ed. Gautier (1980), 291.23-4.




236


Popham (1999)    ,     ,    - BBC     : http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1211564.stm.




237


  , ,      (2000),   (2003)   (2007). .  Money (1998),     .




238


 6.366-78.




239


. Guyot (1980), 25-6.




240


Edinburgh Tracts, vol. 8, Miscellaneous 17071821.




241


,             ,    (  )   ,   : Wille, Beier (1989), . 110.




242


., , Heim, Hursch (1979) (  ,      ,  ); Cornwell (1997).          ,   ,   , ,   .         .   Duval Smith (2004) ,          ,   2007  Channel 4                 .




243


. Grayson (1995), 91.   lex talionis       . Bardel (2002), . 5254.




244


  18.18, 18.150.




245


 17.39.




246


. Tougher (1997a), 179180.




247


       ., ,  ,  1.3.     ( ),    I , ,    , ,         .




248


., ,  ,  5.4142.   , ed. Turn (1973), 238.4345,  VII        ,    .        ,        ,     : .  .




249


., ,  , ed. Turn (1973), 328.6768.     ,   ,   .           :  , ed. Turn (1973), 346.6469. ,      -: ., , Fine (1983), 189191.




250


. Van Eickels (2004); Sourvinou-Inwood (1988), . 178180.




251


Bardel (2002), 54.      ., , Burkert (1983), 68.




252


., , Tauber (1940), 7880.  -, Finucci (2003), 248251,       .




253


., , Glass, Watkin (1997), . 376377; Bullough (2002), 12.




254


 60.




255


,     : . Tougher (2004a), 97.  -,  ,      : Barbier (1996), 8; Peschel, Peschel (1987), 24.




256


., ,    ,    Talbot, ed. (1998), 205206.         .




257


., ,  25, 44  Crisafulli, Nesbitt (1997), 146147, 218223.        ,    .




258


Orlandos, Vranoussis (1973), 6.      .




259


 ,   10.15.




260


Glass, Watkin (1997), 375376. .  Barbier (1996), 8.




261


., , Colapinto (2000).




262


       ,    .  ,       2004 .




263


           . Barbier (1996), 5, 2728.      .   Penzer (1965), 140141.




264


,  7.




265


. Barbier (1996), 5, 10.




266


Nanda (1998), 26.




267


Cantacuzino (2000).       ,              : http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2967383.stm.




268


Nanda (1998), 2629.




269


Stent (1877).




270


Engelstein (1999), . 7980, 8485.




271


 ,   6.68.




272


,  6.6.   , , ,  ,      ,  : Ayalon (1999), . 307314.




273


., , Guyot (1980), 2023.




274


., , Glass, Watkin (1997), 377.




275


.  2.




276


 ,   3.11.6.




277


Peschel, Peschel (1987), 24.




278


Engelstein (1999), 48.




279


 ,   11.110.          ,     ,      : Tauber (1940), 7778. Ancillon (1707), 127,    ,      ,   - . Millant (1908), 276,      : 1876       ,     ,     .  ,            .




280


Millant (1908), 252, n. 1.




281


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4253849.stm.




282


  ., , Gleason (1995), . 3-20, 131158; Stevenson (1995), . 503505; Swain (1989).




283


,   1.8.




284


Mason (1978).




285


  3.19.4.




286


Barbier (1996), 1213,     .




287


Nanda (1998), 14, 97, 116.




288


Ancillon (1707), 1618.




289


., , Fausto-Sterling (2000), . 3044; Bullough (2002), 1213; Chase (1998).         Channel 4   (2004 ).   , ,      .




290


., , Nanda (1998), 141.




291


Rousselle (1988), 124.




292


    ,    , . Peschel, Peschel (1987), . 2630.    . , , Cawadias (1946), 504; Cauldwell (1947); Barbier (1996), 1317; Hopkins (1963), 78, (1978), 193194; Engelstein (1999), 61; Tsai (1996), 4.      ,      ,    , Wilson, Roehrborn (1999).




293


Peschel, Peschel (1987), 2627; Jenkins (1998), 18771878.    ,    ,      : .  Barbier (1996), 16.




294


,     ,      . Penzer (1965), 144,        , ,        ,   ,      .




295


    . Leroi (2003), 199203; Jenkins (1998), 1878; Barbier (1996), 1415. Heriot (1975), 27,          :      []    ,  - - .        : ., , Peschel, Peschel (1987), 2829.




296


    1872       : Engelstein (1999), 61.




297


Barbier (1996), 14.     - ., ,   Heriot (1975), 182,  ,  ,     .




298


., , , 13  2006 , 41,      --: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5171892.stm.




299


Penzer (1965), 144. .    Barbier (1996), 15; Peschel, Peschel (1987), 30.




300


 6.366-78.      . Rousselle (1988), 122124.  :          ,           ,     .        ,        .




301


     61, PG 30, 793-6.      . Elm (1994), 122124; Rousselle (1988), 123.    . Shaw (1997); Elm (1994), 113136; Brown (1989), 267269.




302


Ed. Lundstr?m (1902), 1723.         : . Tomas, Hero, eds. (2000), vol. 3, 880946, . 941942,      . Jordan (2000), 6870.




303


. Mullett (2002), 190.




304


. Barbier (1996), 1314; Peschel, Peschel (1987), 3036.




305


. Engelstein (1999), 6466.




306


., , Wille, Beier (1989); Tauber (1940).




307


.    Heim, Hursch (1979), . 298.




308


    .   Ayalon (1999), 316325.




309


  .    Cawadias (1946), 506,   :       ,        :   ,     .




310


Cantacuzino (2000).




311


Nanda (1998), 72, 81.




312


   ,  3.81,  ,  .       Beard (1994), 175. Nanda (1998), . 9-11, ,      ,    . .    Finucci (2003), 260280,    .     ,     .




313


Millant (1908), 164165, 167.




314


       . Mayhew (2004), 5468.




315


., , Ringrose (1994), 8789.




316


,    4.1 766a.     ,      ,          ,   .   . Guyot (1980), 207209; Renehan (1982); Wormell (1935).




317


,    5.3 783b-784a.     .     8 (9).50 631b-632a.    : Leroi (2003), 282283.




318


 63. ., , Roller (1997), 551552.




319


,        : ,          . ., ,   ,  115.




320


  18.5.4.




321


. Engelstein (1999), 69, 126, 143. .  Marmon (1995), 104105,  ,       .




322


, Demetr. 25.




323


  ., , Fauber (1990).




324


Ayalon (1999), 19, 330331,              . Millant (1908), 6263,     , ,  Pour une caisse comme pour un harem, un eunuque est le plus sur gardien.   , ,     ,               : Nanda (1998), 86.




325


.   1.




326


., , Hopkins (1963), (1978); Guyot (1980), 130-76.




327


    ., , Guilland (1955), 5275, (1967) I, 269282; Hopkins (1963), 7778, (1978), 191193; Guyot (1980), 142143; Sidris (2003).  praepositus sacri cubiculi  : ., , Dunlap (1924), . 178223; Guilland (1961), (1967) I, 333380; Guyot (1980), 130157; Sch?lten (1995), (1998); Schlinkert (1996), 237284.




328


     ., , Sidris (2000); Tougher (1999a); Guyot (1980), 1646.      ., , Drijvers, Hunt, eds (1999); Barnes (1998); Matthews (1989); Tompson (1947).




329


  ., , Guyot (1980), 199201; Dunlap (1924), 260270.




330


  14.11.13; 14.11.2022; 15.3.13.




331


  18.4.3; 20.2.23.




332


  21.15.4; 22.3.12.




333


   , ,  (  3527),  (   272 D, 274 A-B)   ( 18.152)       .




334


  15.2.10; 16.6.3; 18.4.24.




335


., , Tougher (1999a), 6871. ,            ,        : 21.16.16.




336


  15.2.10; 16.7.2-10; 20.8.19. .  Guyot (1980), 201202, 206.




337


  27.10.11, 30.6.4; 30.4.2, 31.13.14.




338


,    30.13.




339


,  18.130.




340


.   Guyot (1980), 157164.




341


      .




342


  18.23.56; 18.34.3; 18.45.45.




343


  18.23.47; 18.34.3.




344


  18.45.45; 18.66.34.




345


  20.23.7; 20.24.25.




346


Guyot (1980), 158159.




347


  18.67.1.          41.10.




348


  26.43.1.




349


,   I.          ,         399 :   II.     .   Long (1996).       . Guyot (1980), 167170.




350


        . , , Sch?lten (1995), 223227; Liebeschuetz (1991), . 92-108; Dunlap (1924), 272284.




351


     ., , Cameron (1970).




352


,   I.234243.




353


  I.1-23.




354


, ,  18.130;   22.4.   V        : 3.1.53.  ,      ,          .




355


,  352 A-B.




356


  3.19.34.




357


 4.37.2. .  PLRE 1, Anonymus 30, p. 1011.




358


Guyot (1980), 151153.




359


.   :  352 A-C.       .




360


  16.7; 20.8.19; 20.9.2.     ,       . ,         ,      : ., , Matthews (1989), 25.             ,  .    Woods (1998).




361


Woods (1998), 114.  ,            :  18.149.




362


 ,  24.2. .  Guyot (1980), 233.




363


  18.67.1.




364


      .  Greatrex, Bardill (1996).




365


  14.15.




366


       ,    .        : . Blockley (1981), 6364.




367


   31, ,  . 2.2,    450    ,    .   14.19, 32    .




368


  14.19.




369


    ,    , . Rapp (2001).




370


., , Guilland (1943), 216-19.    V  .  Sch?lten (1995), 220242, 246251.




371


  16.20.




372


  17.2.




373


  ., , Fauber (1990); Guilland (1943), 205206; Dunlap (1924), 284299.




374


  18.71.




375


  18.116, 18.140.




376


 :  ,   1.15.31; 6.13.16.  : ,  App. 7.     ,    : ., , PLRE 3, 913914.




377


 ,   8.3.19;   29.13.




378


  16.33.




379


             II. .  1.7696, 1.122159, 4.330364.




380


   ,    , ., , Sch?lten (1995), 3950; Guyot (1980), 136137; Hopkins (1978), 174176; Dunlap (1924), 193198.




381


  7.8.3.




382


  6.8.1.  ,         .     ,    II    .




383


   ., ,  Jones (1964), 1417-50; Kulikowski (2000).    Seeck (1962).




384


Notitia dignitatum Or. 1, Seeck, ed. (1962), 1; Notitia dignitatum Oc. 1, Seeck, ed. (1962), 103.




385


Notitia dignitatum Or. 10, Seeck, ed. (1962), 30.       .




386


., , Dunlap (1924), 195197.




387


, Sch?lten (1995), 75-183; Guyot (1980), 138139; Dunlap (1924), 199202.




388


., , Guyot (1980), 147149; Hopkins (1978), 177.      ,   : Tsai (1996), 222.        .  Patterson (1982), 317318.




389


  18.4.4;   14.19;   16.33.




390


   : . , . 35.




391


., , Sch?lten (1995), 6573; Guyot (1980), 139142; Hopkins (1978), 175176; Dunlap (1924), 202223.




392


Guyot (1980), 140141; Costa (1972).  ,  castrensis     praepositus sacri cubiculi         .




393


Notitia dignitatum Or. 17, Oc. 1415, Seeck, ed. (1962), 4041, 158159.




394


 De Gaifer (1957), 46, n. 2.




395


., ,  4.22.4.




396


 5.37.46.




397


 5.43.




398


., , Sch?lten (1995), 246.          (??????????? ??? ????????),   ,   ,  , ,    : . Blockley (1983), 328329, 332333.




399


     . ., , PLRE 2, Ac (h)olius, p. 6.




400


. Dunlap (1924), 223.




401


., , PLRE 2, Seda, p. 987.




402


., , PLRE 2, Triwila, pp. 11261127.




403


, Bullough (2002), 7; Mitamura (1970), 10; Wittfogel (1957), 355.




404


 ,     , . Llewellyn-Jones (2002).




405


   . Brothers (2000).       ,           .    ()     .




406


  76.14.46.




407


., , Hopkins (1978), 194; Sidris (2003), 167169. .  Boulhol, Cochelin (1992), 7071,        .




408


,  22.32.  . Adkin (2003), 130, 309.




409


,  352 B;    274 B.




410


Patterson (1982), 325326,        .




411


 ,      , ., , Holum (1982), 131.




412


   ., , Guilland (1944b), 191, (1967), I, p. 202.    ., ,  Hopkins (1967), 6970, (1978), 180181.




413


Ayalon (1999), 14.




414


 8.105.          :  1.117, 3.4, 3.77.




415


Ayalon (1999), 3638. ,  7.5.5865.   ,  ,    ,   ,   .




416


     : Cyropaed. 7.3.15.




417


  ,      ,         ,     ,      ,          : 8.17.4.    III  ..,    ,      IV .  ,          .     , ,     ,     II,   :  2.27.14.




418


      :      (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/asia/1035555.stm). ,     ,      .




419


 ,  58.4.3.  ,      ,   ,     - .      : . Guyot (1980), 20, n. 14; Ringrose (2003), 16, 39.        ,    7.




420


, , , .




421


Barbier (1996), 120, 205207.  , . Heriot (1975)    (114),  (163)   (184).      .  Barbier (1996), 165.




422


., , Lenfant (2004), lxvii-lxviii, cxviii-cxx.




423


, , . 15 (54), ed. Lenfant (2004), 139. Briant (2002), 268, 274,    ,       ,   ,     . ., , Lenfant (2004), cxix.




424


   . Briant (2002), 268272.        , ,  : Tsai (1996), 212.




425


  6.22, ed. Bekker, 369370.   Jenkins (1948)            ,    : Tougher (1997b), 212215.




426


 4.43.    ,          .




427


 13.4.1; Guyot (1980), 219120.




428


Ayalon (1999), 19, 166167, 337.




429


       . Tougher (2002b).




430


    ., , Toledano (1984).




431


., , Penzer (1965), 119123; Peirce (1993), 12, 179.




432


.   Ayalon (1999), 3136.




433


Ayalon (1999), 3122.




434


  4.42.




435


Donat., Comm. in Ter. Eun. 4.4.22;  ,   8.3.1221.




436


Tsai (1996), 16.




437


., , Tsai (1996), 1721. Grayson (1995), 86,   ,  ,        .




438


       5.




439


., , Tougher (2002b), 149.




440


   . Ayalon (1999), 31, 75, 167, 298,     .        . Ayalon (1979a), 70. ., , Harries (1999), 7788, 212,       ,        ,  ,       .




441


. Guyot (1980), 31; Sch?lten (1995), 28, n. 124.     : . Wiedemann (1986); .  PLRE 1, Anonymus 31, p. 1011.




442


      Guyot (1980), 157176,     IV    .




443


., , Jay (1993), . 467468; Grayson (1995), 86.          ,   ,       ,   .


