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Jenny Nordberg

THEUNDERGROUND GIRLS OFKABUL

Copyright 2014 byJenny Nordberg

Published byarrangement with TheRobbins Office, Inc. andAitken Alexander Associates Ltd andThe Van Lear AgencyLLC.



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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


?ࠖ  ,      (,  ). ..




2


 .




3


,      . ..




4


 .     ,  .    1970-     :  (   ) 蠫.










1


 酻      Afghan Womens Writing Project (awwproject.org) 2010. AWWP (   )       .     -    .




2


    ꅻ   Remarks bythePresident inAddress totheNation ontheWay Forward inAfghanistan andPakistan 1 2009.,   whitehouse.gov,             : Ƞ ,        30000   .  18     .

 2011.        . . Remarks bythePresident ontheWay Forward inAfghanistan 22 2011.  whitehouse.gov,  : ʠ2014.     ,       .  2014.  ,      2016.




3


        . Martine van Bijlert andSari Kouvo, eds., Snapshots ofanIntervention, TheUnlearned Lessons ofAfghanistans Decade ofAssistance (20012011) (Kabul: Afghanistan Analysts Network [AAN], 2012).




4


     ⅻ . Declan Walsh, Warlords andWomen Take Seats inAfghan Parliament, TheGuardian, December 18, 2005, theguardian.com (http://theguardian.com/).




5


          ,    (worldbank.org),   :   112-    3,9 2004. 6,2 2008.      839.   2,2, ⠖ 2,6 3,9.      .




6


  -   UNIFEM Afghanistan Mission, UNIFEM Afghanistan Fact Sheet 2007, unifem.org.   : 7080%     .




7


 軠    Human Rights, United Nations Assistance Mission inAfghanistan Kabul, Office oftheUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Geneva, Harmful Traditional Practices andImplementation oftheLaw onElimination ofViolence against Women inAfghanistan, December 9, 2010, unama.unmissions.org.        :           ,       .      ,  ,    .




8


      Human Rights, United Nations Assistance Mission inAfghanistan Kabul, Office oftheUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Geneva, Silence IsViolence: End theAbuse ofWomen inAfghanistan, Kabul, July 8, 2009.        ,  ,       .  ,  :    , .        (),   .




9


    Human Rights, United Nations Assistance Mission inAfghanistan Kabul, Office oftheUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Geneva, Harmful Traditional Practices andImplementation oftheLaw onElimination ofViolence against Women inAfghanistan, December 9, 2010, unama.unmissions.org.       ꠖ       .




10


  -    酻 Human Rights, United Nations Assistance Mission inAfghanistan Kabul, Office oftheUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Geneva, Silence IsViolence: End theAbuse ofWomen inAfghanistan, Kabul, July 8, 2009.   :  , ,     ,     .




11


     10% :        15  28%,  12,6% .   ,  74% ,  , 90%    .




12


    ꅻ          . European Commission, Country Strategy Paper Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan 20072013,eeas.europa.eu (http://eeas.europa.eu/).




13


   酻 .: Nancy Hatch Dupre, AnHistorical Guide toAfghanistan (Kabul: Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization, 1977).




14


   ,  1973.     40,    . .: Barry Bearak, Mohammad Zahir Shah, Last Afghan King, Dies at92, NewYork Times, July 24, 2007, nytimes.com (http://nytimes.com/).




15


    - -   1901 1919. .: Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, www.britannica.com (http://www.britannica.com/).




16


     Zarif Nazar andFarangis Najibullah, Kabul Housing Shortage Leaves theMiddle Class Behind, Radio Free Europe, January 31, 2011, rferl.org (http://rferl.org/).




17


   23 29ⅻ Andrew Pinney, Snapshots ofanIntervention, TheUnlearned Lessons ofAfghanistans Decade ofAssistance (20012011) (Kabul: Afghanistan Analysts Network [AAN], 2012).




18


       .: Louis Dupre, Afghanistan (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1973, sixth impression, 2010), pp. 7475,  ,    ,  .  ,   , -      ,         .    -                (dupreefoundation.org (http://dupreefoundation.org/)).




19


   TheRevolutionary Association oftheWomen ofAfghanistan, Some oftheRestrictions Imposed byTaliban onWomen inAfghanistan, rawa.org/rules.htm (http://rawa.org/rules.htm) (31 2014.): 18.      .  ,   .




20


      酻 .Jon Boone, Afghan Police Hit byHigh Death Rate and Quick Fix Training, Says EU, TheGuardian, October 1, 2009, theguardian.com; SusanG.Chesser, Afghanistan Casualties: Military Forces andCivilians, Congressional Research Service, December 6, 2012, fas.org.     , 2008.       259  , 875 ;  ,      2008.  724 1209.




21


       Ibn Warraq, Virgins? What Virgins? TheGuardian, January 11, 2002, theguardian.com (http://theguardian.com/).




22


    . 74%     2012.   , 2013.        . .: United Nations Office onDrugs andCrime, UNODC, World Drug Report 2013,unodc.org (http://unodc.org/); United Nations Office onDrugs andCrime, Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan, Ministry ofCounter Narcotics, Afghanistan Opium Survey 2013 Summary Findings, November 2013, unodc.org (http://unodc.org/).




23


 ,   -     27 1978. .: Afghanistan: 20 Years ofBloodshed, BBC News, April 26, 1998, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/83854.stm (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/83854.stm).




24


    Orzala Ashraf Nemat, Afghan Women attheCrossroads: Agents ofPeace OrIts Victims? TheCentury Foundation, 2011.  :    PDPA (-  )       ,            ,   .




25


      酻   -   (PDPA),   ,    ,     , .: Asta Olesen, Islam andPolitics inAfghanistan (Nordic Institute ofAsian Studies) (Kindle Locations 804649), Taylor andFrancis, Kindle Edition.




26


-    텻 ValentineM.Hoghadam, Revolution, Religion andGender Politics: Iran andAfghanistan Compared, Journal ofWomens History (Johns Hopkins University Press) 10, no. 4 (Winter 1999).  :          ,     .




27


 ,    养 . Sunita Mehta andHomaira Mamoor, ed. Sunita Mehta, Women for Afghan Women (NewYork: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002),  , 1921.  -    ,  ,  ,     ,    .




28


    1964.  . Arline Lederman, TheZan ofAfghanistan A35-Year Perspective onWomen inAfghanistan, inMehta andMamoor, ed. bySunita Mehta, Women for Afghan Women,           1964.




29


   养  -         PDPA ,     ,  ,    ,       AHistory ofWomen inAfghanistan: Lessons Learnt for theFuture orYesterdays andTomorrow: Women inAfghanistan, Journal ofInternational Womens Studies 4, no. 3 (May 2003).




30


     .: Hoghadam, Revolution, Religion andGender Politics.       ࠖ  7,       .         ,   .  , PDPA    ,      (   ),    .           ,       16  18 .




31


              Elizabeth Gould andPaul Fitzgerald, Excerpts from TheApostles Diary, inMehta andMamoor, ed. BySunita Mehta, Women for Afghan Women.     ,     (  )       ,      .




32


 1992.   .       1992.,   . .: Alfred Aghajanian, ed. byPeterR.Blood, Afghanistan: Past andPresent/Comprised ofAfghanistan, ACountry Study andCountry Profile: Afghanistan, AReport bytheU.S.Governments Federal Research Division, September 2007.




33


    养    ,      ,  Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil andFundamentalism inCentral Asia, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010).  :     ,   , ,          .             .  70%  -      (.109).




34


 ͠    ,   Stephanie Nebehay, Afghanistan IsWorlds Worst Place toBe Born: U.N., Reuters, November 20, 2009, reuters.com.  ,         257 1000 ,  , 70%     .




35


Ƞ   ,  酻 . Lisa Anderson, Afghanistan IsMost Dangerous Country for Women, Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2011, trust.org,      ,    .




36


  18          (UNFPA), TheState oftheWorlds Midwifery 2011, unfpa.org (http://unfpa.org/).




37


        腻 .UNFPA, Trends inMaternal Mortality 19902010, unfpa.org (http://unfpa.org/).




38


      44셻     , Country Overview ofAfghanistan, wfp.org/countries/afghanistan/overview (http://wfp.org/countries/afghanistan/overview) (31 2014.),       4445  44 ,       .    ,   ,      2014. 50,5   ,   48,2,  51,9.




39


   1980-    腻    (19202013) ,         .        .          ,  ,        .     (TheCreation ofPatriarchy; NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1986)  ,     蠫 ,   ,    ,     2500 (.212),       .




40


      酻   31-   32    ;  61%     . .: UNICEF, Best Estimates Provincial Fact Sheet, unicef.org (31 2014.).




41


    ,    TheNaval Postgraduate Schools Program for Culture andConflict Studies fact sheet for Badghis province, nps.edu (31 2014.):   , , ,  62% ,   28%.




42


    ,  .: Ahmed Rashid, AVanished Gender, inTaliban: Militant Islam, Oil andFundamentalism inCentral Asia, 2nd ed. (New Haven andLondon: Yale University Press, 2010), pp. 105116.




43


    130000 48텻 90.  130.  ISAF  . .: International Security Assistance Force (ISAF): Key Facts andFigures, November 15, 2010, isaf.nato.int (http://isaf.nato.int/).




44


    ໅       (TheFailure ofAirborne Democracy)       (Snapshots ofanIntervention)     ,  2001.      ,          ,   .  ,  ,       ⠫  ,   ,   .         ,         .    .




45


      17 2001.   ,  ,    ,      presidency.ucsb.edu. :                  ࠖ     .




46


   ,          ,  ,       ,   Some oftheRestrictions Imposed byTaliban onWomen inAfghanistan, Revolutionary Association oftheWomen ofAfghanistan,  rawa.org/rules.htm (http://rawa.org/rules.htm).




47


   25-    83 (6)    2004. ,       -; .servat.unibe.ch.    2005.   ,      ; .ecoi.net/file_upload/1504_1215701180_electoral-law.pdf (http://ecoi.net/file_upload/1504_1215701180_electoral-law.pdf).




48


  , 텻 ,    ,       .        .    -   , TheSublime Quran (Kazi Publications, 2007),   sublimequran.org     ,       . , . 3:195 (   ) 33:35 ( ,     , ).   4:34,  ,       ,   , , ,   ,        ,    ꠫  .




49


      ,  26 2004.,  ,    ,  22, :          .  ,  ,      .




50


   셻        .  ࠖ  ? (Afghan Women attheCrossroads: Agents ofPeace orIts Victims? TheCentury Foundation, 2011)      :      ,    .                         .         ,              .




51


  ,      Human Rights Watch,   [  ]       ,  ,              ,    ,   ,  . .: Afghanistan: Law Curbing Womens Rights Takes Effect President Karzai Makes Shia Women Second-Class Citizens for Electoral Gain, August 14, 2009, hrw.org (http://hrw.org/).




52


             :    27%    ,      ,    ,        ;     ,      , ,       ;   ,      .




53


    养    Afghan Analysts Network  TheUlama Council: Paid toWin Public Minds but Do They? (November 5, 2012, afghanistan-analysts.org (http://afghanistan-analysts.org/))        .




54


   养 .: Louis Dupre, Afghanistan (Princeton: Oxford University Press, 1973, sixth impression, 2010), p.104.




55


       酻               Roundtable Conference: Comparative Analysis ofFamily Law intheContext ofIslam, Kabul, August 1517, 2006, af.boell.org.             ,   ( 135).     236- 255-      .




56


     셻      .: Living with Violence: ANational Report onDomestic Abuse inAfghanistan, Global Rights: Partners for Justice, March 2008, globalrights.org (http://globalrights.org/).   ,   , 87,2%,      ,      ;  (62,0%)    .




57


         (Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys over Girls, andtheConsequences ofaWorld Full ofMen; Public Affairs, 2011)       .




58


 1980-  텻              (Infantile Origins ofSexual Identity (NewYork: International Universities Press, 1981).




59


      养 .- RAINN Rape, Abuse andIncest National Network, rainn.org, Rape Crisis, rapecrisis.org.uk/maritalrape2.php (http://rapecrisis.org.uk/maritalrape2.php) (31 2014.).


