   养.       (XVIIIXXI )
  


Studia religiosa
        ,               .         ,                  .   ࠖ              .         ,     ,     .               ,          ,  ,            ,    20172022.    ,      .    ,  ,    .





 

   养.       (XVIIIXXI)





   


 2020.  ,   People of reliable loyalty Muftiates and the State in Modern Russia (   兓      ).

    ,     .  ,    ,    ,      ,      .         ,       .

           ,         ,   :      .       ,    , ,     , , .          ,             .      :              ,      .

     ,     ,    .  ,  ,    :   ?      ?     .

      .         ,          .           .      ,                    . , ,  .          , ,    ,    .  ,    .    .         .      ,          ,    .

       ,            .

    ,          .       .         ,      ,    .      ,      ,           ,        XVIIIXX.              , ,      .  ,     ,       .

        ,       .    ,       : . .  (    )  . .  ( . .   ),  堖   . .  ( ).   . .  ()   ,     .

   ,      ,      ,    ,       .       ,      . Feci quod potui faciant meliora potentes,    .



 










  


     ,      .       ,       .          [1 -  () -         .],  ;     ;      ..[2 - Skovgaard-Petersen J. Historical Retrospective on Muftiship: Muftis, State Muftis and Official Muftis // Islamic Leadership in the European Lands of the Former Ottoman and Russian Empires: Legacy, Challenges and Change / Ed. E. Racius, A. Zhelyazkova. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2018. P. 1618.]    ,       .             [3 - 䠖 : -,    䠖          ,         ,       (    ).],        .

       ,    ,      ,       .             .

   ,   1788.     II,            .              XVIIIXIX. .

        :      .             ,          .

      ,        ( ),    ,     .  ,        ,                     (,  ,    ).

        ,           .               ,   .  ,               ,    .

      .     ,                ,    [4 - ., :  . .            //             XVIII   . : -  . .   , 2011. . 120;  .        : , , ,  //  . 2012. 4 (10). . 68; .   ,       . .       ,  -  ,    ( . .       XVIIIXIX. : , 1999. . 3738).],            :



       ,   ,      - ,    ,  頖           ,    ,    [5 -  . .  //             XVIII   . : -  . .   , 2011. . 5.].


   (,    ) ,                 ,     [6 -  .   . 63.].    ,  ,        ,           (  堖 ,  젖 ,  ).

      ,   ,            ,        .                .   ,      ,       ,        .

,     XIX.           蠖  ,  ,      ,    ,  -    . . .        , ,        [7 -  . .     ( -   . . ). : . . , 1895. . 6566.].  ,        ,   ,       ,      , ,       (    )        .

   (  XVIII.  1917.)    ( 19201980? .)                 [8 -  . .  //    [https://bigenc.ru/religious_studies/text/2240031].].        .  ,     ,        ,    ,         [9 -          -     젖        .].  ,           .                     .




    


 ,      ,     XVIII.  .    ,   ,               ,       ,     .     () .

  ,     ,     200,  300, ,  ,     ,         ,    [10 -  .        / . .; . . . . .: , 2007. . 732.].        :



  ,         ,  ,        ,         ,  ,   ,             ,    [11 -  .].


 ,         ,       [12 - Anderson G. M. Mr. Smith and the Preachers: The Economics of Religion in the Wealth of Nations // Journal of Political Economy. 1988. 96 (5). P. 10711072.    ,      ,    ,       ,      ,  . , .   . (Iannaccone L. R. Introduction to the Economics of Religion // Journal of Economic Literature. 1998. Vol. 36 (3). P. 14651495; Murray J. E. Determinants of Membership Levels and Duration in a Shaker Commune // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1995. Vol. 34. P. 3548).    . .].

 ,      ,   ,    ,   .    ,         ,           .         ,  ,   ,   [13 - Anderson G. M. Mr. Smith and the Preachers P. 1073.].                (      [14 -      ,   ,  :                 .  ,       ,           (,   -, -   .).     ,    ,   ,       .           .     . .]),          ,    .

   ,          [15 -       ,           XX.          ,    ,     ,             .],       .                  ,   . ,           .

         .       ,    ,   [16 - Anderson G. M. Mr. Smith and the Preachers P. 1080.].     ,    ,   ,    [17 - Weingast B. Adam Smiths Industrial Organization of Religion: Explaining the Medieval Churchs Monopoly and its Breakdown in the Reformation [https://web.stanford.edu/group/mcnollgast/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/asm-on-religion-and-theology.ver5_.08__17.0131.print_.view_.pdf]. P. 15.               ., : Ekelund R. B., Tollison R. D. Economic Origins of Roman Christianity. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011.].   ,           [18 -  .        . 591.].

         .   ,        ,        (      - ).  ,           ,    ,     [19 -  .        . 797.].  ,                 .           ,        ࠖ .

      .          ,     .     ,  ,     ,       .        ,       .            [20 -  . . 743744.].

 , ,       ,      .   -      .       ,         ,     .

    ,      ,      ,              ,           .     ,         ,         .  ,  ,          .[21 - Weingast B. Adam Smiths Industrial Organization of Religion P. 31.]

           ,     [22 -  .        . 748.].         , ,      ,             ,     .

          ,  . ,   -    (17511836),  ,    ,          .       ,   [23 -       : Madison J. Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments, [ca. 20 June] 1785 [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-08-02-0163].].          ,  ,    ,       ;     ;  : ,   [24 - . : Hylton K. N. Church and State: An Economic Analysis // American Law and Economic Review. 2011. Vol. 13. . 2. P. 405.].  ,            ,            [25 - :   . , .   . . .:   , 1994. . 86.].

     ,           ,      .  ,      堖           ,   .            ,       .

       ,     .        ,          .     ,                     : , , ,  (  ),    (  )[26 -  [. . .]   堖  ,             ( .  ,     //    /  . .   . . .: , 2007. . 44).     .  III  .].

           [27 -            ,  ,          ,               (.6, . 1         1997.).        .    ,        .]     .   (   )     .      ,           ,     (    ,       ,    ).

            ,  . ,           (  )    (    ,   ,    .),         .




      


    .      1980? .   . , . , . . , . . , . , . . [28 - Finke R., Guest A. M., Stark R. Mobilizing Local Religious Markets: Religious Pluralism in the Empire State // American Sociological Review. 1996. Vol. 61. P. 203218; Finke R., Stark R. The Churching of America: Winners and Losers in our Religious Economy. New Brunswick; New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992; Ekelund R. B., Hbert R. F., Tollison R. D., Anderson G. M., Davidson A. B. Sacred Trust: The Medieval Church as an Economic Firm. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1996; Iannaccone L. Religious Markets and the Economics of Religion // Social Compass. 1992. 39 (1). P. 123131; Iannaccone L. R. Introduction to the Economics of Religion // Journal of Economic Literature. 1998. 36 (3). P. 14651495; Stark R., Bainbridge W. S. The Future of Religion Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985; Warner R. S. Work in Progress Toward a New Paradigm for the Sociology of Religion in the United States // American Journal of Sociology. 1993. Vol. 98. P. 10441093.].     ,      :   .   . ,   . , . , .   . ,   .   .        (  ),                 ( ,  ).             :   .            ,                 .

   ,        ,   ,         .      ,   ,          [29 -    ., : Stark R., Bainbridge W. S. Of Churches, Sects and Cults: Preliminary Concepts for a Theory of Religious Movements // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1979. Vol. 18. 2. P. 117131.             .].  ,         .  ,          ,      ,    .

          ,    ,         .                 .   ,     ,     , ,   ,        ,  ,    ,    ,    [30 - Stark R., Iannaccone L. R. A Supply-side Reinterpretation of the Secularization of Europe // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1994. Vol. 33. 3. P. 232.].          ,    ,   ,      : ,        ,  [31 - Iannaccone L. R., Haight C. E., Rubin J. Lessons from Delfi: Religious Markets and Spiritual Capitals // Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 2011. Vol. 77 (3). P. 326.].

         .   :



  ,      ,      ,     .            ,     ,          . ,        ,    .        ?  ,           ?    ,  , ,                   ,           ?[32 - Stark R., Iannaccone L. R. A Supply-side Reinterpretation of the Secularization of Europe P. 232.]


               ,                    .




    ,         


  XX.        , ,   ,    ,   頖  ,    .

,     ()    ()   ()    .  ,     ,         ,   ,   , ,   ..,   ,   .   , ,            [33 -  . .,  . .   :    //   . 2016. 2. . 73.].

     . ,   ,    ,      ,         .   ( )        .         .

  ,        ,   .         [34 - Iannaccone L. R. Introduction to the Economics of Religion // Journal of Economic Literature. 1998. 36 (3). P. 14651495.].      .

      ,         . . .   ,      ,  ,            [35 -    .:Azzi C., Ehrenberg R. Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance // Journal of Political Economy. 1975. Vol. 83 (1). P. 2756.].

          .              [36 -    .:Iannaccone L. R. Religious Practice: A Human Capital Approach // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1990. Vol. 29 (3). P. 297.].

     ,      [37 - Sullivan D. H. Simultaneous Determination of Church Contributions and Church Attendance // Economic Inquiry. 1985. Vol. 23 (2). P. 309320; Iannaccone L. R. Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-riding in Cults, Communes and Other Collectives // Journal of Political Economy. 1992. Vol. 100. 2. P. 271291.]     .         ,     [38 -    .:Stark R., Bainbridge W. S. The Future of Religion P. 171188; Gill A. The Political Origins of Religious Liberty. NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 2008. P. 231.].

,     (   . ),      .   ,           ,       ( ,      ). ,                  .

               ,           .        ,         ,     -     [39 - Gill A. The Political Origins of Religious Liberty P. 231.         .     ,        ,       ,        () .].        ,      ,        ()    .

      . . ,           -    [40 -  . .  ,   .        . .: ? , 2019. . 104.].

              ,      .              ,             ,      ,        [41 - Stark R., Iannaccone L. R. A Supply-side Reinterpretation of the Secularization of Europe P. 232233.].

   ,          .   ,       ,     . , ?        .

       ,  ,       ,         . ,  ,        ,   ,     [42 - Ibid. P. 233.].   ,       ,     .




     


  . . ,                   (, ,    ),      ,        ,   [43 -     .     ,       .    ., :  . .  ,    . 111.].  ,           ,     .  ,     ( ,  , ),  ,     (,  ).           ,     ,  [44 -  .].

     ,      ,        ()    ,          ()   [45 - Ekelund R. B., Hbert R. F., Tollison R. D. The Marketplace of Christianity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1996. P. 910.].   ,               ,    酻[46 - Ibid. P. 36.].

  ,      ,  ,   ,     ,   [47 - ., : Chaves M., Gorsky P. Religious Pluralism and Religious Participation // Annual Review of Sociology. 2001. Vol. 27. P. 261281.     ,      :   ,            .     ,         ,          .      ., ,     . . :  . .    : Pro et Contra //   . 2013. 6. C. 207233.].    ,     ,   .  ,     .

  ,   ,              ,             .             .           .        ()        ,       ,              .          ,  ,   .

  ,     ,   ,         ,      ,  堖  .  ,          ,  ,       ,      (    ).  ,         ,    .                  ,      ( ,   ),        .

         . . .  ,          ,               :



   ,           .     [   . . .]    ,      ,     [48 -  . .     C. 227228.].


     ,    ,   ,      蠖         堖    .

    ,      ,          ,          .

         . -,  ,    ,      ,       ,    .   ,             ,     .       ,   laissez-faire[49 - Laissez-faire (.  )   : ,            .],   ,      .   , ,       ,      ,      . ,   ,      ,     :       .  ,               ,         .

-,       ,    ,      ,            ,        .     ,  ,   (            ,         .)[50 -          ,    ,              .       1996.    (),   2014.      ( ).             ().].          ,   .  ,   ,    ,  .   (, ,      .),   ,       .           ,     ,         ,   (,    ..), -   .

           ,  .  ,     ,        ,     .

     ,          .        ,   ,    ,       ,        .

   ,        ,               (  ,     ,     ).

     ,  ,            ,   ,   ,      ,     ,       .              ,     (   )   .




   


    80     ,     .          : 1)  (), 2) , 3) [51 - Bekkin R. People of Reliable Loyalty: Muftiates and the State in Modern Russia. Huddinge: S?dert?rn University, 2020. P. 233235.].          ,                : 1) , 2)   3) .

  ,   ,      ,     .                    .    ,  ,         ,   (     )   (  ).      ,        . ,             ()?   ,    ,          ()        ( ).         ࠖ  .  ,       ( )      .            .  ,        ,      ,    [52 -              1992.     () ,    ,        .].

     .

1. .        ,   ,         .         ,    (19962014),      ( 2014),     ,       ().

2. .       : )  ,              -    ,  ) ,     .    ,   ,  ,    ,     . , ,        ( )  1531 ,       ,      [53 -     .   [http://dumrt.ru/ru/about-us/obschaya-informatsiya/].     ,             ,     .            (  . . , 06.06.2018. ).     .  V  .].

3. .        ,        :     ,   2014.  .          ,       ,          ,    .     ,       ,      ,       ,  -  ,    .       :     ( ),   20102013.,      (),   2016.  2000? .          : ,   .    2010? .       .    (  )          ,       .          ,      ,             .

   ,        ,   .        ()   ( )   ( ).      (),        .

 ,              蠖    .       . ,  1992.  VI                     .  1996.     --[54 -  --,  ,          [http://cdum.ru/mufti/].].        .     2010? .                 .

        --     (   ),         ,               .

  ,    ,             .    ,    ,         頖      [55 - ,     ,   ,    ,       ( ),        ,      -   .].  ,   :       ,         .

 ,                    .        ,         ,      .

          ,           .            ,         [56 -              . ,   ,       ,  ,        - ,  ,   .].  ,      ,           ,   ,      ,          .          ,       ,  ,       .      (        )    ,        ,   ,  [57 - , ,  1929.          .           - .  19701980? .            ,        ,       ,   1971.    (   : .   . .: . ., 1971).],    .

            ,         .     ,         ,             [58 -      ,         :   ,   ,   ,      ( .     //    . 2017. 30. [https://dsmr.ru/dukhovnoe-sobranie/dukhovnoe-sobranie-musulman-rossii.html]).].          ,  ,   .   ,      ,           ,             .

      .              ().   ,     2016.    ,      [59 -    .  III  .].

      ,            .             .          ,      ,           -[60 -      ,   ,      -     (Yang F. The Red, Black, and Gray Markets of Religion in China // The Sociological Quarterly. 2006. Vol. 47. 1. P. 195).].

  ,      ,    -    .  ,         ,  .      ,                     .     ,         .

          .           :              -  .  ,  ,                .        ,         ,     ,     .

   ,       ,    :     (   ), ,  ,           .

 ,  ,    ,      ,  ,  ,      ,       .          ,           ,     ,     .                ,   ,     [61 -            . ,       .].




      


      .  ,        . .        :      (, )   (     ) ,    ,   [62 -  . .    //  . ,      / . . . . . .: , 1997. . 6.].  ,  () ,            .

    :



 ,     .   ,   ,     ,   ,         ,   ,       .           [ . . .].    ,   .   ,     ,  ,  ,    ,   ,  ࠖ  .    ,     ,    ,          [63 -  . ,      / . . . . . .: , 1997. . 19.].


        ,      .  ,    ,     ()   (  ,      .),    (      ,      ).        .  ,      (  ),     (  )     .     ,      1788.:        .

       ,    ,     .         ,              .         () ,    ,       ,            .

       ,            ,       [64 -    :        ,    ,   ,   .              ( . ,   . 20).].  , ,  1917.                .        (),        ,   [65 -              .] ( )           ,   ,        ,        ,  .

     ,   ,   ,      .     1920.         ,      [66 -  () :  ,             1917.,      (19171918)          (19201930? .).].    ,   ,      ,           .            1980?  1990? .     ,   ,      .    ,       ,        ,     .          2000? .       ,       .

        .   1992.                ,    ,     .     ,       ( ),   ,       .       ,        ,      .            ,   1998.     .      ,  ,          ( ),     .

         ,          235- .     ,         ,     1788.            ,     .       ,    ,            .   ,   1788.  ,         .   頖         .

 ,   ,   ,         ,            [67 -              ,        ,      .               ,      - .].

              ,      ,   ,         .  XIX.             .         .

,  ,   ,    ,    ,   .  , ,      ()     1930? .  ,    (18591936)      .                .     19371938.    ,  ,          :         , ,    ,    .          [68 -  . .    .  //   . -. 2004. 283. . 126.].

   . :



       ࠖ   ,    ; , ,   ,  ,    ,    ,   ,      [69 -  . ,   . 33.].


,      ,      ,  ,     .           ,       ,    ,     .




 I

     (17881917)



       ,   Ѡ  -,            .

. .     

           ,       (),            XVIII  XX.      22 (3[70 -    XVIII.  XX. (         1918.),    ,      (  ).]) 1788.         II                          [71 -     .  , 17841788. ., 1830. . 22. . 1107.         :    :  , ,  / ., . . . . .: -, 2001. . 5051.].             1789.[72 -           .  1796.      ,           ( 1846.    ).   1802.      ,      .]

      ,          (),   1794.,          (),   1872.          .      .

-,         ,     ,     [73 -    1911.,     6144 ,    23%        ( .   //      .  . . I. .: . ., 2006. . 292).].          (   ,      : , , , ,   )     (    )[74 -       .  -       ,          .    .: A. A. ,    // Ab Imperio. 2011. 4. . 261284.].

-,    ()    .           ,               .        :



      ,     .      ,             ,          [75 -  .       :     . : .  -, 2008. . 127.].


-,   ,    () ,      ,   ,   ,       . ,               堖      ()[76 - ., ,         : http://www.cdum.ru/about/.].

                  . , ,      ̠      ( )      . ,  ,      (,   ..),         ,       [77 -               :  :   ࠖ   // IslamNews. 2016. 06. [https://islamnews.ru/news-damir-muxetdinov-mully-sovetskogo-obrazca-perezhitok-proshlogo/].               ,           .].

    ,                   [78 -  . .,  . . 225     :  . :  , 2013. . 359.].   ,  ,      :



 [. . .]     II    .     ()    ࠖ , ,   ,       [79 -  . . 359.].


 ,            ,          ,     , ,   ,     -    .

        ,           :              ,     ,    ,      .

                  ,              .      ,        .




 :    


         ,     ,      .  ( ,  )  ,     [80 - ., :  . .        XXXXI. :  , 2015.    . .     ,      .     (  )   ,    (. 174, 176),   (. 174),   ., ,   ,       . .:  . .   6070?  XIX   1877  : . . . . , 2003; .].

  ,              ,    ,     XVIIIXXI.       ,            . ,  ,      ,        (13121342)     [81 -  . .         XIX  XX. : .  -, 2013. . 3031.].        ,      .    ,      ,      ,     ,        .     ,             頖 [82 -  . .         XIX  XX. . 29.].

     ,  ,         ,     .         : ,   , -   ..[83 -       ., :  .,  .    :       //  . 2015. 1. . 211221.]          ,        .

 ,  ,           .   ,        ,     (, , , , , 蒅).         ,     ,    .    ,      ,         :    (, ),    .[84 - Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Vol. X. P. 801.].

  ,          ,     ,         ,         .             .  ,            .     ,     ࠖ   堖       ,       ,  .

             .               [85 -        . .     I   : ,            , , ,  , ,     ,     (.:  . .  :  2. . 2:     . .: , 1992. . 375).           .].             ,   ,        .                 ,   .  , , . . ,  ,        ()    .              :



     ,                       .  ,     ,    [86 -     . 276.                :          ,            ( . . 273).  ,   ,   ,  ,        ,       ,     ( ).].


     -                 ,      ( )    . ,     ໠  - (      ).  ,  ,              蠖       .           , , -   ,       ,          ( , ,   (, . ),    (, . ) , , ,      ()    )[87 -  .   . 286.].

 ,            :    ()   .

   ,               .    ,     ,    .  ,         ,          ,   per se.        ,            .

,      (  1780? .)     ,         (   ),    ,              .         . .   . . , :



   ⠖ , , ,         .   ,         ?          ,    (..    )    .?     ,  ,           [88 -  . .,  . .      :   -  (  - ). : , 2014. . 16.].


,       ()      ,     [89 -           .   ,  ,     ,      .].             .        ,          ()    ,     .

      .          ,     (    ),      [90 -  ,          ( )         .            .   XIX.     15.].           ,         ,  -,      .

   XVIII  XX.          [91 -   . .      ( . .           , 18561904. .: , 2003).    ,   ,   .    ,        ,     .      ,  ,       (,    .).      ,          .],     .           . -,        . -,             .        ,     [92 - ,             ,    ,            - ,         .   ,    -,   . . ,       ,       ,           .].

          .   :



       ,         .  ,   ,       ,     :  , ,            ,         ,   ,        [93 -  .   // ,   . 2008. . 1 (40). . 41.].


             ,         () .              -,   -. , ,           1817.,        .              1836.           .   1889.,      ,    [94 -  . .     //      :  . .: . ., 2006. . 1. . 319320.].

,           . .         III:



     ,   ,     ,        ,        ,            ,   ,           [95 - . . 821. . 8. . 1068. . 4. .:  . .     18601905. :  . -, 2014. . 191.].


           ,             .

    ()[96 - ,  ( . 蠖 ) :                ()  .], ,   ,    ,     ,     ,   ,        .   1889.          [97 -   1891.               .                .].      ,             [98 -   ,         . ,           .].            .

           .           1788.    XIX.  1788.    ,              [99 - Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire // Islamic Law and Society. 2013. Vol. 20. 3. P. 209210.].

                  .   ,             .       ,     ,  , [100 - Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. P. 221222.].    ,      .         ,  .        .    - ,     [101 - Ibid. P. 232.].      ,   XIX.              [102 - Frank A. J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 17801910. Leiden; Boston; K?ln: Brill, 2001. P. 110.    1857.     .].   XX.      [103 -  .   . 289.    ,   ,     1889  1916      ( . . 289).].

       .        .                    ,         .       ,    . ,    XVIII.      ,         [104 -  .  //   /  .       II. .:  , 2007. . XVI. . 376.].  ,          :



   ,         ,        .             ,    ,         ()  ,   ,    .       ࠖ       .          . ,           [105 -  .   : ,        / . . . . . .:   , 2015. . 2829.].


 -        .      ,   .     20 1891.      [106 -             18411901. , 1905. . 42.      (  ) ,  -᠖   () .          .      XIX. ,          .].               ,   ,   .

         ,    .      ,       -  -.        .           . ,     1826.         ,       [107 -  .    .        . .:   , 2020. . 121.].  ,       ,      ,         [108 -  . . 127.].

-       .   -     .        .     ,           .

        .     -     ,        .      ,     , , , .  ,        ,        ,  (. )  - (. , . .  蠖 )[109 -  .   . 287.].

         .        .      - ,    ,   ,       ,   :   ,   ,           ( 1891.)         [110 -  .  18721886.           .].              .

   XIX.        ,  ,     ,            .           ,            .

 ,           ,          [111 - ,          ,         ( . .       XVIIIXIX . 113).].   ,    ,            [112 -   ,       ,         ,    . .    .: . .  ,     (               ) // . 2020. 13 (4). . 763793.].  ,          .       [113 -  1856.       .     1912.         ( . .          ( XVIII  XX) //   . 2013. 1 (31). . 187).].       (  ),       [114 -  .   . 292.          -  .  ( . ) ,   .      (-),           .].

               ()  .     , ,      ,       ,    .        ,     ,            .   ,        ().  1831.         . , ,   .         [115 -         (    )    .   1912.                   ( . .    1910. //    . 2019. . 30).].

           .          ,      ()       ,   1862.      .           ,  ꠖ    .      -                 .

      , ,    . . ,   :



   ( / ) ,  ,  ,          ;          ;           ,       [116 -  . .  -         //    . 2015. . 11. 3. . 65.].


  ,            . ,    1872.           ,    .           XIX  XX.           [117 -  . B.,  . .        XVIIIXXI: . . . : , 2012. . 5455. ,                 ,       ,            ,               (    . 273274).].

 ,                      .

            .

-,          ,         -.  II   . ,           XVII.,     ,     ,     ,      ,   [118 - ., : Schr?ckh J. M., Tzschirner H. G. Christliche Kirchengeschichte seit der Reformation. Band 10. Leipzig: E. B. Schwickert, 1812. S. 76, Hundeshagen C. B. Der deutsche Protestantismus, seine Vergangenheit und seine heutigen Lebensfragen im Zusammenhang der gesammten Nationalentwicklung beleuchtet. Frankfurt a. M.: Br?nner, 1847. S. 157  .].

  I,            ,               .  II    ,        ,      [119 -  . .   .      (XVIII . XX.). -:   , 2013. . 73.].     ,     50   [120 -         1943.         .          :   ,   - ,  -     .    ,       ,    ,      ( . .    :      ? //    . 2015. 1. . 108114).           ,      1943.   .       1917.   .],       -:



      ,      ,          . ,  ,  ,  ,          [121 -  . .   .      (XVIII . XX.). -:   , 2013. . 37.        ,      ,   .          1801.    ,          20 1850.            ,     (  , 堖 ).   ,         XVIII.                 ( . .,  . .     (XVIII  XX). .:  , - . , 2010. . 242).].


-,     ,     ,      ,       .            (),    (,              ,   )[122 -  .  //   [http://www.pravenc.ru/text/180638.html].].   ()  ,   , ,   [123 -  .].

       ,   ,     ,     . ,  ,       .      ,          ,                     ,    [124 -      - .                    ,   .].

     . . ,    (      )    [125 -  . .           XIX //   . -. 2011. 12 (227). . 117.].              , ,   ,       ,    ,    .[126 -   ,      II       .]   ,  ,   . ,   ,           [127 -  .   . 287.].

 ,              .  ,    ,   (  ,    .),      , , ,   ,      [128 - ,                ,        .].     ,    ,       .   ,           . ,            [129 -  .   . 290.].  ,        ,      ,       , ,          -.         ,   :



 [. . .]      (-),  (),  (),  (  )   .  ,         (),     (,  )          -    [130 -  .   . 290.].


        .  ,       ,      .      ,  ,     [131 -  .    . .: , 1952. . 2526.     ,            XVIIIXX.    ,          .].

           .                     :



    ,              .          [132 -  . .        //         . .: , 1985. . 187.   ,         -         XVI. (     )   XVIII.].


   ,     (,    .)      .

        ,           ,          - [133 -                :  .     . : , 2005.].           -  [134 -  . .  -   . 61.].    ,                     ,    .        ,     ,           ():



      ,               .    ,    .    ,          ,      .          ,          [135 -  .  ,  ,  ,   //  Online. 2016. 24 [https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/332877].].


                   [136 -         ⠖            18501873.].

     ,              ,  - .  ,   ,         ,   ,    XVI    - .    ,                .




   I


       ,      ,     I.        - ,    XVIII.   :



 ,  25 1721.    , ,   ,               .         , ,        [137 -   (16811736)     ,   ,   I.     (17251736),   ,   I,      . . .],      ࠖ           [138 -  . .   . .: , 2004. . 219.].


  I       ,      ,           .

       I      [139 -            .  I      .].  ,            .      ,         .             ,        .     ,             ,    [140 -  . .   . 344345.        : cujus regio, ejus religio ( ,   ).  I        -,     I    ,     .].

           ,   .         ().    ,      ,        [141 -     . . :  ,         ,     .       .       ,   .      ,    ,      ,    ,     (.:  . .   . 374).].      .

       ,              -           ,       ,       , XIX[142 -  .     XVIII ( - ) // Cahiers du monde russe et sovitique. 1986. Vol. 27. 1. P. 60.].

  ,  ,     1589.,  .            .        [143 -          .].        ,    ,      [144 -  1723.        ,         .].     ,     -[145 -                 ,  .    .: . .   :     (     ). .:   , 1998.].     ,   XIX. -        .

 ,     I               .        :         [146 -  .   1721:    [http://acathist.ru/en/bogoslovie/russkaya-tserkov/item/tserkovnaya-reforma-1721-goda].].

          :  ,       ,  頖             [147 - ,    . .                           ( . .   . 316).].        ,         .   ,       ,  頖    XIX  XX.       ,          XVIXVIII.

    ,              [148 -     I,         : ,   ,      .].       ,    ,    I      [149 -    I     .: . .      I // Pax Islamica. 2012. 12. . 5461;  . .     //   ?. . 8: . 2012. 4. . 311.       ,        .].    ,         . -,          .             ,   젖     .  ,         (). - (     ),           ,     [150 -  . .     . 4.].

  II      .                    ,    I.    ,          , ,      .

 I ,        ,    ,       .   XVIII., ,          ,           .




   II


     II  1764.   :    .      1731.    .           ,   , ,    .                 ,   .         [151 -    :     .            .].                 [152 -  . .              XVIII. //             XVIII   . : -  . .   , 2011. C. 7778.].

   ,                     .  ,            ,      [153 -  . . 8182.].

       (17731775)       ,   .             ,      [154 -    1773.         .            III (       III),     ,     .  ,   , :    , , ,   ,    ,          (      XVIII:  2. / . . . . . 2. .: , 1952. . 93).].   17731775.       (17551756)[155 -  (   -,  ; 1709  17171762)     .  1746  1755.     .   1755.        -       .  1756.        , 젖  .   1756.,   ,   - (??)   ,       .].    ,        - [156 -      ,    . .  ( . .      XVIII:    . []: - . -, 2001. . 153155). . .   ,       :        .       ,          ( . . :  18 . . XII.     . . 2324. .: , 1993. . 227).        16811684.].                ,     ,  ()         - [157 -  . .      XVIII . 152.].

  ,  ,  :       ,        ,           ,    ,        ,      .[158 -  . . 154.]

 ,           .      ,        [159 - , , . .  ,           ,         ( . .          1762    . , 1870. . 4546).]. ,   ,   .   ,                [160 -  ., :  . .   XVII  XVIII. : , 1998.].        -  ,      ,         :



 ,    ,      ,      ,    ,       ,  ,         [161 - .     : [  . , , ] / .,  , , ., . . . . :  , 1993. . 94.   . . ,  ,    -    (??),     XVIII ( . .      XVIII . 154).].


       [162 -     ,          ,     200 -,    .      ,       ( . .  -         //       /  . . . . . I. : . . . , 1921. . 18).]      ,      (     1783., -        )          II[163 -                .   ()    (),       -   ,   1755.     ,      ( . .      XVIII . 164).].

17 1773.                ,            ,     [164 -     .  , 17701774. ., 1830. . 19. . 775776.         :     . 4546.].         .              ( ).

28 1783.               [165 -         :     . 4647.    . .].               [166 -         ,          .                    .  ., :  .       :     . : .  -, 2008; Frank A. J. Bukhara and the Muslims of Russia. Sufism, Education, and the Paradox of Islamic Prestige. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012.].

          ,       [167 -   . .          :              .        ,  ,      ,          ,    ( . .     . .: , 2010. . 400).]    ,         [168 -      : [http://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book9829/#page/891/mode/1up].].        :



[]          ,       ,     ,    ,         ;           ,      [][169 -     . 47.].


  1783.        ,    .        .  ,   1794.,       (),          .

 1784.               [170 -     . 4849. ,  ࠖ      .].         ,       ,          .

   II     ,           .      .   ,      ,   (           ).        ,      . ,    -  17701780? .   20 1770.,  ,                 ,   ,   .  ,            [171 -  . .      . 76.].

             .                [172 - . 190       1845.:  ,  ,    , -          ,     ,  :                   ,          ,        ,   21        ,   .     ,          ,   :                   ,          ,        ,   21      ,   .].     . . ,      1905.               ,           ,    -  .        ,   ,   [173 -  . .    . 38.].




    


       ⠖          :



     ,                .              [174 -  . .  . 5.].


    .   -  17871791.               ().  ,       ,           [175 -  . . 4;  . .  (17601824). .:  , 2006. . 44.].

      ,       . . . , .   . . , , ,        (17371823), -,        [176 -   . ,          ,                 ( .        . 71).  ,    .           ( . . 92).].    ,         (17601824),      [177 - , . .  ,              ,               ( . .  . 4).  18031807.     .             .].

     ,               [178 -           .: . . -    // Pax Islamica. 2011. 2 (7). . 126134.].       ,    [179 -  .        . 74.].

  1788.     II     ,             (,   .)             [180 -  . .,  . . 225     . 15.].        ,    :  ,     ,          .        .      :  ,     ,  ,        [181 -  . .       XVIIIXIX . 56.].        .  ,  II  -            .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=68459476)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 () -         .




2


Skovgaard-Petersen J. Historical Retrospective on Muftiship: Muftis, State Muftis and Official Muftis // Islamic Leadership in the European Lands of the Former Ottoman and Russian Empires: Legacy, Challenges and Change / Ed. E. Racius, A. Zhelyazkova. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2018. P. 1618.




3


䠖 : -,    䠖          ,         ,       (    ).




4


., :  . .            //             XVIII   . : -  . .   , 2011. . 120;  .        : , , ,  //  . 2012. 4 (10). . 68; .   ,       . .       ,  -  ,    ( . .       XVIIIXIX. : , 1999. . 3738).




5


 . .  //             XVIII   . : -  . .   , 2011. . 5.




6


 .   . 63.




7


 . .     ( -   . . ). : . . , 1895. . 6566.




8


 . .  //    [https://bigenc.ru/religious_studies/text/2240031].




9


         -     젖        .




10


 .        / . .; . . . . .: , 2007. . 732.




11


 .




12


Anderson G. M. Mr. Smith and the Preachers: The Economics of Religion in the Wealth of Nations // Journal of Political Economy. 1988. 96 (5). P. 10711072.    ,      ,    ,       ,      ,  . , .   . (Iannaccone L. R. Introduction to the Economics of Religion // Journal of Economic Literature. 1998. Vol. 36 (3). P. 14651495; Murray J. E. Determinants of Membership Levels and Duration in a Shaker Commune // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1995. Vol. 34. P. 3548).    . .




13


Anderson G. M. Mr. Smith and the Preachers P. 1073.




14


     ,   ,  :                 .  ,       ,           (,   -, -   .).     ,    ,   ,       .           .     . .




15


      ,           XX.          ,    ,     ,             .




16


Anderson G. M. Mr. Smith and the Preachers P. 1080.




17


Weingast B. Adam Smiths Industrial Organization of Religion: Explaining the Medieval Churchs Monopoly and its Breakdown in the Reformation [https://web.stanford.edu/group/mcnollgast/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/asm-on-religion-and-theology.ver5_.08__17.0131.print_.view_.pdf]. P. 15.               ., : Ekelund R. B., Tollison R. D. Economic Origins of Roman Christianity. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011.




18


 .        . 591.




19


 .        . 797.




20


 . . 743744.




21


Weingast B. Adam Smiths Industrial Organization of Religion P. 31.




22


 .        . 748.




23


      : Madison J. Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments, [ca. 20 June] 1785 [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-08-02-0163].




24


. : Hylton K. N. Church and State: An Economic Analysis // American Law and Economic Review. 2011. Vol. 13. . 2. P. 405.




25


:   . , .   . . .:   , 1994. . 86.




26


 [. . .]   堖  ,             ( .  ,     //    /  . .   . . .: , 2007. . 44).     .  III  .




27


           ,  ,          ,               (.6, . 1         1997.).        .    ,        .




28


Finke R., Guest A. M., Stark R. Mobilizing Local Religious Markets: Religious Pluralism in the Empire State // American Sociological Review. 1996. Vol. 61. P. 203218; Finke R., Stark R. The Churching of America: Winners and Losers in our Religious Economy. New Brunswick; New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992; Ekelund R. B., Hbert R. F., Tollison R. D., Anderson G. M., Davidson A. B. Sacred Trust: The Medieval Church as an Economic Firm. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1996; Iannaccone L. Religious Markets and the Economics of Religion // Social Compass. 1992. 39 (1). P. 123131; Iannaccone L. R. Introduction to the Economics of Religion // Journal of Economic Literature. 1998. 36 (3). P. 14651495; Stark R., Bainbridge W. S. The Future of Religion Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985; Warner R. S. Work in Progress Toward a New Paradigm for the Sociology of Religion in the United States // American Journal of Sociology. 1993. Vol. 98. P. 10441093.




29


   ., : Stark R., Bainbridge W. S. Of Churches, Sects and Cults: Preliminary Concepts for a Theory of Religious Movements // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1979. Vol. 18. 2. P. 117131.             .




30


Stark R., Iannaccone L. R. A Supply-side Reinterpretation of the Secularization of Europe // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1994. Vol. 33. 3. P. 232.




31


Iannaccone L. R., Haight C. E., Rubin J. Lessons from Delfi: Religious Markets and Spiritual Capitals // Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 2011. Vol. 77 (3). P. 326.




32


Stark R., Iannaccone L. R. A Supply-side Reinterpretation of the Secularization of Europe P. 232.




33


 . .,  . .   :    //   . 2016. 2. . 73.




34


Iannaccone L. R. Introduction to the Economics of Religion // Journal of Economic Literature. 1998. 36 (3). P. 14651495.




35


   .:Azzi C., Ehrenberg R. Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance // Journal of Political Economy. 1975. Vol. 83 (1). P. 2756.




36


   .:Iannaccone L. R. Religious Practice: A Human Capital Approach // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1990. Vol. 29 (3). P. 297.




37


Sullivan D. H. Simultaneous Determination of Church Contributions and Church Attendance // Economic Inquiry. 1985. Vol. 23 (2). P. 309320; Iannaccone L. R. Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-riding in Cults, Communes and Other Collectives // Journal of Political Economy. 1992. Vol. 100. 2. P. 271291.




38


   .:Stark R., Bainbridge W. S. The Future of Religion P. 171188; Gill A. The Political Origins of Religious Liberty. NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 2008. P. 231.




39


Gill A. The Political Origins of Religious Liberty P. 231.         .     ,        ,       ,        () .




40


 . .  ,   .        . .: ? , 2019. . 104.




41


Stark R., Iannaccone L. R. A Supply-side Reinterpretation of the Secularization of Europe P. 232233.




42


Ibid. P. 233.




43


    .     ,       .    ., :  . .  ,    . 111.




44


 .




45


Ekelund R. B., Hbert R. F., Tollison R. D. The Marketplace of Christianity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1996. P. 910.




46


Ibid. P. 36.




47


., : Chaves M., Gorsky P. Religious Pluralism and Religious Participation // Annual Review of Sociology. 2001. Vol. 27. P. 261281.     ,      :   ,            .     ,         ,          .      ., ,     . . :  . .    : Pro et Contra //   . 2013. 6. C. 207233.




48


 . .     C. 227228.




49


Laissez-faire (.  )   : ,            .




50


         ,    ,              .       1996.    (),   2014.      ( ).             ().




51


Bekkin R. People of Reliable Loyalty: Muftiates and the State in Modern Russia. Huddinge: S?dert?rn University, 2020. P. 233235.




52


             1992.     () ,    ,        .




53


    .   [http://dumrt.ru/ru/about-us/obschaya-informatsiya/].     ,             ,     .            (  . . , 06.06.2018. ).     .  V  .




54


 --,  ,          [http://cdum.ru/mufti/].




55


,     ,   ,    ,       ( ),        ,      -   .




56


             . ,   ,       ,  ,        - ,  ,   .




57


, ,  1929.          .           - .  19701980? .            ,        ,       ,   1971.    (   : .   . .: . ., 1971).




58


     ,         :   ,   ,   ,      ( .     //    . 2017. 30. [https://dsmr.ru/dukhovnoe-sobranie/dukhovnoe-sobranie-musulman-rossii.html]).




59


   .  III  .




60


     ,   ,      -     (Yang F. The Red, Black, and Gray Markets of Religion in China // The Sociological Quarterly. 2006. Vol. 47. 1. P. 195).




61


           . ,       .




62


 . .    //  . ,      / . . . . . .: , 1997. . 6.




63


 . ,      / . . . . . .: , 1997. . 19.




64


   :        ,    ,   ,   .              ( . ,   . 20).




65


             .




66


 () :  ,             1917.,      (19171918)          (19201930? .).




67


             ,        ,      .               ,      - .




68


 . .    .  //   . -. 2004. 283. . 126.




69


 . ,   . 33.




70


   XVIII.  XX. (         1918.),    ,      (  ).




71


    .  , 17841788. ., 1830. . 22. . 1107.         :    :  , ,  / ., . . . . .: -, 2001. . 5051.




72


          .  1796.      ,           ( 1846.    ).   1802.      ,      .




73


   1911.,     6144 ,    23%        ( .   //      .  . . I. .: . ., 2006. . 292).




74


      .  -       ,          .    .: A. A. ,    // Ab Imperio. 2011. 4. . 261284.




75


 .       :     . : .  -, 2008. . 127.




76


., ,         : http://www.cdum.ru/about/.




77


              :  :   ࠖ   // IslamNews. 2016. 06. [https://islamnews.ru/news-damir-muxetdinov-mully-sovetskogo-obrazca-perezhitok-proshlogo/].               ,           .




78


 . .,  . . 225     :  . :  , 2013. . 359.




79


 . . 359.




80


., :  . .        XXXXI. :  , 2015.    . .     ,      .     (  )   ,    (. 174, 176),   (. 174),   ., ,   ,       . .:  . .   6070?  XIX   1877  : . . . . , 2003; .




81


 . .         XIX  XX. : .  -, 2013. . 3031.




82


 . .         XIX  XX. . 29.




83


      ., :  .,  .    :       //  . 2015. 1. . 211221.




84


Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Vol. X. P. 801.




85


       . .     I   : ,            , , ,  , ,     ,     (.:  . .  :  2. . 2:     . .: , 1992. . 375).           .




86


    . 276.                :          ,            ( . . 273).  ,   ,   ,  ,        ,       ,     ( ).




87


 .   . 286.




88


 . .,  . .      :   -  (  - ). : , 2014. . 16.




89


          .   ,  ,     ,      .




90


 ,          ( )         .            .   XIX.     15.




91


  . .      ( . .           , 18561904. .: , 2003).    ,   ,   .    ,        ,     .      ,  ,       (,    .).      ,          .




92


,             ,    ,            - ,         .   ,    -,   . . ,       ,       ,           .




93


 .   // ,   . 2008. . 1 (40). . 41.




94


 . .     //      :  . .: . ., 2006. . 1. . 319320.




95


. . 821. . 8. . 1068. . 4. .:  . .     18601905. :  . -, 2014. . 191.




96


,  ( . 蠖 ) :                ()  .




97


  1891.               .                .




98


  ,         . ,           .




99


Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire // Islamic Law and Society. 2013. Vol. 20. 3. P. 209210.




100


Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. P. 221222.




101


Ibid. P. 232.




102


Frank A. J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 17801910. Leiden; Boston; K?ln: Brill, 2001. P. 110.    1857.     .




103


 .   . 289.    ,   ,     1889  1916      ( . . 289).




104


 .  //   /  .       II. .:  , 2007. . XVI. . 376.




105


 .   : ,        / . . . . . .:   , 2015. . 2829.




106


            18411901. , 1905. . 42.      (  ) ,  -᠖   () .          .      XIX. ,          .




107


 .    .        . .:   , 2020. . 121.




108


 . . 127.




109


 .   . 287.




110


 .  18721886.           .




111


,          ,         ( . .       XVIIIXIX . 113).




112


  ,       ,         ,    . .    .: . .  ,     (               ) // . 2020. 13 (4). . 763793.




113


 1856.       .     1912.         ( . .          ( XVIII  XX) //   . 2013. 1 (31). . 187).




114


 .   . 292.          -  .  ( . ) ,   .      (-),           .




115


        (    )    .   1912.                   ( . .    1910. //    . 2019. . 30).




116


 . .  -         //    . 2015. . 11. 3. . 65.




117


 . B.,  . .        XVIIIXXI: . . . : , 2012. . 5455. ,                 ,       ,            ,               (    . 273274).




118


., : Schr?ckh J. M., Tzschirner H. G. Christliche Kirchengeschichte seit der Reformation. Band 10. Leipzig: E. B. Schwickert, 1812. S. 76, Hundeshagen C. B. Der deutsche Protestantismus, seine Vergangenheit und seine heutigen Lebensfragen im Zusammenhang der gesammten Nationalentwicklung beleuchtet. Frankfurt a. M.: Br?nner, 1847. S. 157  .




119


 . .   .      (XVIII . XX.). -:   , 2013. . 73.




120


        1943.         .          :   ,   - ,  -     .    ,       ,    ,      ( . .    :      ? //    . 2015. 1. . 108114).           ,      1943.   .       1917.   .




121


 . .   .      (XVIII . XX.). -:   , 2013. . 37.        ,      ,   .          1801.    ,          20 1850.            ,     (  , 堖 ).   ,         XVIII.                 ( . .,  . .     (XVIII  XX). .:  , - . , 2010. . 242).




122


 .  //   [http://www.pravenc.ru/text/180638.html].




123


 .




124


     - .                    ,   .




125


 . .           XIX //   . -. 2011. 12 (227). . 117.




126


  ,      II       .




127


 .   . 287.




128


,                ,        .




129


 .   . 290.




130


 .   . 290.




131


 .    . .: , 1952. . 2526.     ,            XVIIIXX.    ,          .




132


 . .        //         . .: , 1985. . 187.   ,         -         XVI. (     )   XVIII.




133


               :  .     . : , 2005.




134


 . .  -   . 61.




135


 .  ,  ,  ,   //  Online. 2016. 24 [https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/332877].




136


        ⠖            18501873.




137


  (16811736)     ,   ,   I.     (17251736),   ,   I,      . . .




138


 . .   . .: , 2004. . 219.




139


           .  I      .




140


 . .   . 344345.        : cujus regio, ejus religio ( ,   ).  I        -,     I    ,     .




141


    . . :  ,         ,     .       .       ,   .      ,    ,      ,    ,     (.:  . .   . 374).




142


 .     XVIII ( - ) // Cahiers du monde russe et sovitique. 1986. Vol. 27. 1. P. 60.




143


         .




144


 1723.        ,         .




145


                ,  .    .: . .   :     (     ). .:   , 1998.




146


 .   1721:    [http://acathist.ru/en/bogoslovie/russkaya-tserkov/item/tserkovnaya-reforma-1721-goda].




147


,    . .                           ( . .   . 316).




148


    I,         : ,   ,      .




149


   I     .: . .      I // Pax Islamica. 2012. 12. . 5461;  . .     //   ?. . 8: . 2012. 4. . 311.       ,        .




150


 . .     . 4.




151


   :     .            .




152


 . .              XVIII. //             XVIII   . : -  . .   , 2011. C. 7778.




153


 . . 8182.




154


   1773.         .            III (       III),     ,     .  ,   , :    , , ,   ,    ,          (      XVIII:  2. / . . . . . 2. .: , 1952. . 93).




155


 (   -,  ; 1709  17171762)     .  1746  1755.     .   1755.        -       .  1756.        , 젖  .   1756.,   ,   - (??)   ,       .




156


     ,    . .  ( . .      XVIII:    . []: - . -, 2001. . 153155). . .   ,       :        .       ,          ( . . :  18 . . XII.     . . 2324. .: , 1993. . 227).        16811684.




157


 . .      XVIII . 152.




158


 . . 154.




159


, , . .  ,           ,         ( . .          1762    . , 1870. . 4546).




160


 ., :  . .   XVII  XVIII. : , 1998.




161


.     : [  . , , ] / .,  , , ., . . . . :  , 1993. . 94.   . . ,  ,    -    (??),     XVIII ( . .      XVIII . 154).




162


    ,          ,     200 -,    .      ,       ( . .  -         //       /  . . . . . I. : . . . , 1921. . 18).




163


               .   ()    (),       -   ,   1755.     ,      ( . .      XVIII . 164).




164


    .  , 17701774. ., 1830. . 19. . 775776.         :     . 4546.




165


        :     . 4647.    . .




166


        ,          .                    .  ., :  .       :     . : .  -, 2008; Frank A. J. Bukhara and the Muslims of Russia. Sufism, Education, and the Paradox of Islamic Prestige. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012.




167


  . .          :              .        ,  ,      ,          ,    ( . .     . .: , 2010. . 400).




168


     : [http://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book9829/#page/891/mode/1up].




169


    . 47.




170


    . 4849. ,  ࠖ      .




171


 . .      . 76.




172


. 190       1845.:  ,  ,    , -          ,     ,  :                   ,          ,        ,   21        ,   .     ,          ,   :                   ,          ,        ,   21      ,   .




173


 . .    . 38.




174


 . .  . 5.




175


 . . 4;  . .  (17601824). .:  , 2006. . 44.




176


  . ,          ,                 ( .        . 71).  ,    .           ( . . 92).




177


, . .  ,              ,               ( . .  . 4).  18031807.     .             .




178


          .: . . -    // Pax Islamica. 2011. 2 (7). . 126134.




179


 .        . 74.




180


 . .,  . . 225     . 15.




181


 . .       XVIIIXIX . 56.


