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    ,      .             젖      ,     ,    .               .   , ,         ,        .    ,       ,                    [8 -      .: .  !       . .: , 2011. . 301342.].

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  ,    ,    . , 22- .   1945         .    ,              .         [10 -  .  ! . 324.].

              . ,    1947.        ,  ,         [11 -  , 19451947:     / . . .   . .: , 2000. . 478480.          (    )    (. -9401. . 2. . 170. . 6579). .    :  .  ! . 325328.].   , 33-        .   1944  ,         .  ,   20. .       .        ,    ,   19461947    .

          ,           .       ,          .                .          20 .          ,      . ,   1946               2,3. . (     )     .     1947       2. .,   .

           ,    .   , ,   ,    ,      .  ,        . .           ,        20. . ,      ,       .  ,       .

             ,         .         ,             .            ,     [12 -  .    :   . .:   , 2017. . 197258.].   -  . ,           [13 - Alexopoulos G. Portrait of a Con Artist as a Soviet Man // Slavic Review. 1998. Vol. 57. 4. P. 774790.].   1935,    ,     ,  ,     ,   , -  ..        .         .  ,  ,  .

    ,    . .      ,          .            1935      [14 -  .  ! . 311 (     (1935. 10, 22)).    .: .  ! . 312313, 322.].              1938      ,         (    )    (   ).

      ,                   ,     .       .  ,       ,    ,    ,          .[15 - . . 17. . 127. . 142. . 203205.].      1941.

      ,           .            ,     - .          -  -           .

       .    , 22-              ,    .      .   1942    10 ,       [16 -  . . -7863. . 2. . 24. . 163.].           . ,   1942,    ,       ʠ()           -,      [17 - . . 17. . 127. . 174. . 109111.].    ,       .        ,          .  ,     ,         :       ,    ..      ,   ,            .    ,    .          ,            .

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        ,   1947  .      ,    .           ,         .              .

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           .                  .       ,           .

      .          , , :     ,                  .     ,   ,        ,   ,  800.  ,    [20 -  . . 480.].        ,   ,   19411945     13   [21 -  . .           19181964. // . 1998. 3. . 134.].

   -,       ,        .        ,            .            ,    ,         .     ,    ,      [22 - .  4.].

       ,         , ,         .    ,  ,     ,    .  ,     ,      ,    ,          .

,      (       )[23 -   ,                     . ., :  . .   :   . 19451953. .: , 1999;  .  .      30? : . .: , 2001;  . .          1941 //  . 2004. 3. . 4247; Rossman J. Worker Resistance Under Stalin. Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor. Cambridge MA, London: Harvard University Press, 2005;  .     .     . .: , 2010;  . .         (1953  1980? .). .: , 2010;  .     :           . .: , 2011.              ,        (Edele M. Stalins Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitlers Collaborators, 19411945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).],  ,                       .              ,           ,  .

           ,       -[24 - Kotkin S. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California, 1995.].   (   )       ,           .     ,            [25 -      :         (Fitzpatrick Sh. Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 19211932. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979)            (Kotkin S. Magnetic Mountain)         ( .    ).    .:Edele M. What Are We Fighting for? Loyalty in the Soviet War Effort, 19411945 // International Labor and Working-Class History. 2013. 84. P. 248268.           .:Budnitskii O. A Harvard Project in Reverse. Materials of the Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the History of the Great Patriotic War Publications and Interpretations // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2018. Vol. 19. . 1. P. 175202.].     ,    ,        ,    [26 - Edele M. Stalins Defectors. P. 174.].      ,     .

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             .             ()    [28 -   : Grossman G. The Second Economy of the USSR // Problems of Communism. 1977. Vol. 26. 5. P. 2540.].       . ,        -.        ,     .         .            .            [29 - Zaleski E. Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, 19331952. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1980; The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union. 19131945 / Eds R. W. Davies, M. Harrison, S. G. Wheatcroft. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994;  .   . .: , 2008.].

          .      ,    ,         ,         .            , ,  ,     .           .

           .       ,     ,           - .   ,       ,             .        -,   .       ,         ,           [30 - Berliner J. S. Factory and Manager in the USSR. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957; Harrison M., Byung-Yeon K. Plans, Prices, and Corruption: The Soviet Firm Under Partial Centralization, 1930 to 1990 // Journal of Economic History. 2006. Vol. 66. 1. P. 141;  . .     ?     1930? . //  : . .: , 2003. . 2054; .].

    ,            ,      ()    .        :    .      ,             .

     ,    ,    -   ,  .              .       ,              [31 - Hessler J. A Postwar Prestroika? Towards a History of Private Enterprise in the USSR // Slavic Review. 1998. Vol. 75. 3. P. 517.].       .   ,          [32 - Cadiot J. L affaire Hain, Kyiv, hiver 1952 // Cahiers du Monde Russe. 2018. Vol. 59. 23. P. 255288; Khlevniuk O. V. The Pavlenko Construction Enterprise. Large-scale Private Entrepreneurialism in Stalins USSR // Europe-Asia Studies. 2019. Vol. 71. 6. P. 892906; Heinzen J. W. Soviet Entrepreneurs in the Late Socialist Shadow Economy: The Case of the Kyrgyz Affair // Slavic Review. 2020. Vol. 79. 3. P. 544565.].       ,          [33 -          :  . .,  . .          19301940?  //  . 2008. 12. . 2435;  . .        //  . 2003. 4. . 139143.].              .             .        .

               (   ) .       ,          .

 ,              .      ,             .       1930? .    ,      .

      ,      ,   ,       . ,   ,  1938        4,6%  ,    .   ,  1937             (    ),  38,4%     67,9%   [34 - The Economic Transformation. P. 127;     : . . .; .: , 1939. . XI.].

       .   ,               (20,2%)  1946,  ,     ,     .  19491951      18%[35 - . . 1562. . 41. . 65. . 55 .].  ,   ,         ⠖ 4,5%  1951[36 -  . . 63 .]. ,    ,          ,   . ,      1952  45%  ,   ,     32%[37 -  . . 66.].

          ,  .  ,        ,     .         . -       .        [38 -  1970?                 (Gregory P., Zhou K. How China Won and Russia Lost: Two Dissimilar Economic Paths // Policy Review. 2009. 158. P. 3550).].

 ,          ,    .        .       .              [39 -             .    1939 ( . .      . 19301939. .: , 2006. . 241250;  . .    :         , 19271941. .: , 2008. . 272287).    1946       ʠ()            19 1946.   ,                                (. 1946. 20).].             [40 -  . .   :       1950? . //  : . 2013. .: , 2014. . 403446.].

          ,     ,   ,   .    ,    ,    ,      ..     . ,        ,    .            .

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  ,    1930? ,        -,  1940?        .     -,   ,    .     ,      ,    .

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    ,    -      ,           .          - ,     [44 - Davies R. W. Crisis and Progress in the Soviet Economy, 19311933. Basingstoke; London: Macmillan, 1996. P. 201228; Moskoff W. The Bread of Affliction: the Food Supply in the USSR During World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990; Barber J., Harrison M. The Soviet Home Front, 19411945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II. London; NewYork: Longman, 1991.].   ,              ࠖ .          1920?  1930?    ,               .          [45 -  . .,  . .     . 19341935. //  . 1999. 5. . 87108.].         ,    .

         .     ,     .       ,               .   ,    .

        .      :      .          ,       ,    .      ,       .  ,       ,          .         .     ,   ,    ,            [46 -  . .    ; Hessler J. A Social History of Soviet Trade. Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and Consumption, 19171953. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004;  . .,  . .  ;  . .      ( 1920?  1950? .): - . .:   , 2011.].

     1940-x          .        , ,  .,   ,   ,  , ,   ..    -,      .  , ,     ,      , , , .     .          ,   ,  [47 -  . .,  . .  . . 2526.].

             .          ,       - ,        .     ,     [48 -     . .:Belova E. Economic Crime and Punishment // Behind the Facade of Stalins Command Economy: Evidence from the State and Party Archives / Ed. P. R. Gregory. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2001.],   , ,    .              ().   , ,   ,      .   ,       [49 - Berliner J. S. Factory and Manager. P. 207230;  . . .      . 1930?堖 1950?  // Cahiers du Monde Russe. 2018. Vol. 59. 23. P. 233254.].

                .       ;       -        ;       ,           .              .         ,  , ,    .   [50 -  . .      (     ) //   . 2011. 1. . 6681;  . .        19401950? . // . . : .   60-  . . . : , 2009. . 205223;  .  .    (19431953). .: , 2021.].

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    ,    .             ,      .  ,   ,  1932.  1933.            蠖  1943.[71 - AOSPRM. F. 51. Inv. 12. D. 165. F. 36.].     .     .     ,    .               ,           .       ,     .

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      ,           .     ,  1935           7 1932..      . ,    -    ,        .       ,       ()          .        . ,     ,    [73 -  . . . . 13. .:    , 1951. . 208.]




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


    (堖  ). . -8131. . 32. . 2283. . 30.




2


http://voen-sud.ru/about/delo_pavlenko.php (  31.01.2017). .    3  .             . ,  ,   1950?                 17 .,  ꠖ   48 .        50,1 . (  .  1920?   1950? :  :  7. . 3.   / . . . . . . .: , 2004. . 266267).             ,    5  .




3


 . . -7523. . 89. . 8176. . 46 .




4


 . . -8131. . 32. . 2283. . 2133, 246;  . .      // . 1996. 4. . 130135 (     . .  . .     ).




5


.  8.




6


.  8.




7


 . . -7523. . 89. . 8176. . 57 .




8


     .: .  !       . .: , 2011. . 301342.




9


 . .,  . .,  . .,  . .          (   ). : - . . -, 2021. . 227228.




10


 .  ! . 324.




11


 , 19451947:     / . . .   . .: , 2000. . 478480.          (    )    (. -9401. . 2. . 170. . 6579). .    :  .  ! . 325328.




12


 .    :   . .:   , 2017. . 197258.




13


Alexopoulos G. Portrait of a Con Artist as a Soviet Man // Slavic Review. 1998. Vol. 57. 4. P. 774790.




14


 .  ! . 311 (     (1935. 10, 22)).    .: .  ! . 312313, 322.




15


. . 17. . 127. . 142. . 203205.




16


 . . -7863. . 2. . 24. . 163.




17


. . 17. . 127. . 174. . 109111.




18


 . . -7523. . 66. . 101. . 113.




19


 . .,  . .   : , ,   //     .  . . 2017. 8. . 42. . 151.       ( . . -9401. . 2. . 171. . 126).




20


 . . 480.




21


 . .           19181964. // . 1998. 3. . 134.




22


.  4.




23


  ,                     . ., :  . .   :   . 19451953. .: , 1999;  .  .      30? : . .: , 2001;  . .          1941 //  . 2004. 3. . 4247; Rossman J. Worker Resistance Under Stalin. Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor. Cambridge MA, London: Harvard University Press, 2005;  .     .     . .: , 2010;  . .         (1953  1980? .). .: , 2010;  .     :           . .: , 2011.              ,        (Edele M. Stalins Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitlers Collaborators, 19411945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).




24


Kotkin S. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California, 1995.




25


     :         (Fitzpatrick Sh. Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 19211932. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979)            (Kotkin S. Magnetic Mountain)         ( .    ).    .:Edele M. What Are We Fighting for? Loyalty in the Soviet War Effort, 19411945 // International Labor and Working-Class History. 2013. 84. P. 248268.           .:Budnitskii O. A Harvard Project in Reverse. Materials of the Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the History of the Great Patriotic War Publications and Interpretations // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2018. Vol. 19. . 1. P. 175202.




26


Edele M. Stalins Defectors. P. 174.




27


.  6.




28


  : Grossman G. The Second Economy of the USSR // Problems of Communism. 1977. Vol. 26. 5. P. 2540.




29


Zaleski E. Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, 19331952. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1980; The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union. 19131945 / Eds R. W. Davies, M. Harrison, S. G. Wheatcroft. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994;  .   . .: , 2008.




30


Berliner J. S. Factory and Manager in the USSR. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957; Harrison M., Byung-Yeon K. Plans, Prices, and Corruption: The Soviet Firm Under Partial Centralization, 1930 to 1990 // Journal of Economic History. 2006. Vol. 66. 1. P. 141;  . .     ?     1930? . //  : . .: , 2003. . 2054; .




31


Hessler J. A Postwar Prestroika? Towards a History of Private Enterprise in the USSR // Slavic Review. 1998. Vol. 75. 3. P. 517.




32


Cadiot J. L affaire Hain, Kyiv, hiver 1952 // Cahiers du Monde Russe. 2018. Vol. 59. 23. P. 255288; Khlevniuk O. V. The Pavlenko Construction Enterprise. Large-scale Private Entrepreneurialism in Stalins USSR // Europe-Asia Studies. 2019. Vol. 71. 6. P. 892906; Heinzen J. W. Soviet Entrepreneurs in the Late Socialist Shadow Economy: The Case of the Kyrgyz Affair // Slavic Review. 2020. Vol. 79. 3. P. 544565.




33


         :  . .,  . .          19301940?  //  . 2008. 12. . 2435;  . .        //  . 2003. 4. . 139143.




34


The Economic Transformation. P. 127;     : . . .; .: , 1939. . XI.




35


. . 1562. . 41. . 65. . 55 .




36


 . . 63 .




37


 . . 66.




38


 1970?                 (Gregory P., Zhou K. How China Won and Russia Lost: Two Dissimilar Economic Paths // Policy Review. 2009. 158. P. 3550).




39


            .    1939 ( . .      . 19301939. .: , 2006. . 241250;  . .    :         , 19271941. .: , 2008. . 272287).    1946       ʠ()            19 1946.   ,                                (. 1946. 20).




40


 . .   :       1950? . //  : . 2013. .: , 2014. . 403446.




41


 . .,  . .  . . 27;  . .  :        19391945. : , 2002.




42


Hessler J. A Postwar Prestroika?;  . .,  . .  60-    // .   . 2008. 9. . 166175;  . .        19451960. (   ). : , 2003.




43


 . .,  . .  . . 27.




44


Davies R. W. Crisis and Progress in the Soviet Economy, 19311933. Basingstoke; London: Macmillan, 1996. P. 201228; Moskoff W. The Bread of Affliction: the Food Supply in the USSR During World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990; Barber J., Harrison M. The Soviet Home Front, 19411945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II. London; NewYork: Longman, 1991.




45


 . .,  . .     . 19341935. //  . 1999. 5. . 87108.




46


 . .    ; Hessler J. A Social History of Soviet Trade. Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and Consumption, 19171953. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004;  . .,  . .  ;  . .      ( 1920?  1950? .): - . .:   , 2011.




47


 . .,  . .  . . 2526.




48


    . .:Belova E. Economic Crime and Punishment // Behind the Facade of Stalins Command Economy: Evidence from the State and Party Archives / Ed. P. R. Gregory. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2001.




49


Berliner J. S. Factory and Manager. P. 207230;  . . .      . 1930?堖 1950?  // Cahiers du Monde Russe. 2018. Vol. 59. 23. P. 233254.




50


 . .      (     ) //   . 2011. 1. . 6681;  . .        19401950? . // . . : .   60-  . . . : , 2009. . 205223;  .  .    (19431953). .: , 2021.




51


Arhiva Organizatiilor Social-Politice a Republicii Moldova ( -   ),  AOSPRM.




52


 . . -8131. . 32. . 2283.




53


          ( 2019 2?    ) .:http://voen-sud.ru/about/delo_pavlenko.php (  31.01.2017).




54


 . . 7523. . 89. . 8176.




55


 . . -8131. . 32. . 2283. . 151.




56


 . . 7523. . 89. . 8176. . 44.




57


 . . 14.




58


 . . -8131. . 32. . 2283. . 121, 167.




59


    .  . . 1. 19001939. ., 2000 (  . . ). . 277.      ,           .




60


 . .,  . .  . .: , 1989. . 4647.




61


  .   . 19271939:   :  5. /. . : . . , . , .  (. )  . . 2:  1929  1930 / .: .  (. .)  . .: , 2000. . 789.




62


  . . 2. . 804.   ,  1930  10.  ( 13,8.),     ,  2,5 . ,        245,  ,    13,8.    3,4 . , , , ,  ,    .




63


. :  .     .     . .: , 2010.




64


  . . 2. . 805, 808.




65


AOSPRM. F. 51. Inv. 12. D. 165. F. 36.




66


 . . 7523. . 89. . 8176. . 44.




67


AOSPRM. F. 51. Inv. 12. D. 165. F. 36.




68


 .,  .  .   . 19311933. .: , 2011. . 421.




69


  . . 3. . 634635.




70


   ʠ Ӡ . 19181939.   :  4. . 3. . 2. 19321934 /  . . , . . .: , 2005. . 353354.         ,             ( . . 272274, 282).         .




71


AOSPRM. F. 51. Inv. 12. D. 165. F. 36.




72


Ibid. F. 37.




73


 . . . . 13. .:    , 1951. . 208.


