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    .   ,   .[1 -      1920      The Collected papers of Albert Einstein.      ,    .    ,      (AEA),      .   ,      ,   ,        .][2 -    , 5  1930.     ,   , .  : Beim Menschen ist es wie beim Velo. Nur wenn er faethrt, kann er bequem die Balance halten.        :     ,      .  ,   .   ,  , .]













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,  (18761936).       .     ,         .    1908          .      1919 ,    . ,   .

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      :      .   ,   ,         ,        ,    . ,      : ,      ,   ,   .       ,     ,  ,    [3 -    , 18  1905.].

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    ,            ,    .            堖     .      ,   ,      .             ,      .    .  ,   -          ,       .     .  - ,      ,             ,      .

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    1895 ,     ,   ,         .    1905 䠖  ,     ,          XX :     .

   ,  1915 ,                堖   .       ,     .      ,      ,       .       ,      .

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          ,  1925 .  ,     ,   ,     .            ,        .    ,     ,        .           ,       1955 ,    .

     ,    ,    ,   ,         ,        .    ,     ,      .       ,     ,    ,       ,      ,  .

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       ,     ,      ,       1919 .     ,                 .      ,           .

  :              ,          ?     ,          .            ?        ,    ,   ?[5 -     ,     Time,   31  1999.,  Discover,   2004.]

,  .      ,  ,       ,       ,      .             ,      . ,    ,   ,    .     ,      :    ,  = mc?,      .       .      ,     ,     .         ,               .

           ,   ࠖ  ,       (     ,   -[6 -  ,   .  :     -       :         ,     .     -     .       .]).    .  ,     ,    ,       - ,     .  XVIII ,   ,   XIX ,   ,             -  .

,   ,   XXI ,       .   ,                      .   ,            .  ,    ,       .    ,      .

 ,        .          ,     , ,        -[7 - Frank 1957, xiv; Bernstein 1996b, 18.].

     .    ,   ,       .         -  ,        .  :        ,          [8 -    , 27  1953., AEA 60714;    , 12  1953., AEA 60716.].       .

,    ,                   :       .        .       ,           ,  ,        .

 ,   ,     ,  ,      .         . ,    -,      -    ,  -     .     ,  堖  : ࠖ  ,        .    ,    ,   . ,    ,    ,  ,   ,   .   :   [9 - Viereck, 377. . : Thomas Friedman, Learning to Keep Learning, New York Times, 13  2006.].

     .   !   -   唠     ,    .   ,   ,        ,    ,  : ,      ,    [10 -    , 12  1901.; Hoffmann and Dukas, 24.       1930- .  :     ,        , ,   .].

   ,       ,       ,     .    ,        ,     ,      .     ,        ,        .    ,  ,       [11 -      -,  1952., AEA 28931.].

    ,   ,   ,         ,         .         ,     ,          XX ,     ,    .






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18791886








   .   :      ,    .      ࠖ -    ,     .    - ,       ,     ,       ,    .        Der Depperte ,         .     ,     .  :  ,   ,   ,    ,     ,   .       ,   蠖     [12 -    , 21  1954., AEA 59261; Ernst Straus, Reminiscences,  Holton and Elkana, 419; Vallentin, 17; Maja Einstein, lviii.].

           .   ,     ,   ,            .         [13 - ., : Thomas Sowell, The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late (New York: Basic Books, 2002).].     (  ,    )        .

       ,             ,           .      ,    ,       ,         .     :    ,   ,      , ,   ,  ,      .            .  ,     .     ,         ,   .       ,   [14 -        , . Seelig 1956b, 72.].

   , ,   ,        ,   ,        ,   .          ,   ,        - ,     .     ,         ,               .    :     .    ,        [15 - Vallentin, 17;     , . Wertheimer, 214.].

           , ,      - ,            .        (,   ,   )       .           ,         .

         .       :

 []       [16 -    , 4  1953., AEA 60604. .    :  ,       , . Seelig 1956a,11. .  Michelmore, 22.].    .  ,         ,   .  ,   ,     ,    ,     ,  ,           . , ,          ,      ,    ,         ,           .

         1847 ,       -      .      [17 - Maja Einstein, xvi; Seelig 1956a, 10.],              ,         .         , ,         ,           .

  ,    XIX            ,        ,             Ulmenses sunt mathematici ( ࠖ )[18 - www.alemannia-judaica.de/synagoge_buchau.htm. (http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/synagoge_buchau.htm)].

       ,   .    ,     ,   [19 -    , 11  1952., AEA 3913; Highfield and Carter, 9.]. -  ,   ,            .   ,  ,            .           .

      ,        .    ,        ,   .     ,    ,      (,   ).   ,      ,      [20 - Maja Einstein, xv; Highfield and Carter, 9; Pais 1982, 36.]    .

    11:30  , 14  1879 ,  ,            .       젖     . ,    ,   ,     -[21 -   , CPAE 1: 1; Fantova, 5  1953.].            .







 1880 ,      ,    ,    ,     -   ,    . ,    ,            .              ,       ,    ,         , , ,   ,      [22 - Pais 1982, 3637.].

     1881      ࠖ ,   ,        .  ,  ࠖ  ,    ,  ,       ,         : ,      ?[23 - Maja Einstein, xviii.          .] , ,    ,   ,               .     ,         .

          ,     .                .        II (18451886),   ,     , ,         ࠖ  .  1882       ⠖    300. ,   85%  ,  2% .        ,        .

      :      ,     .            .     .             .      ,        .    ,      ,                  [24 - Frank 1947, 8.].

    ,     ,     ,    ,    .  ,           .     ,    , ,      ,  ,  ,   ,     ,  .

        .  :        ,   ,       .             ,        .         ,   :    -,    .          [25 - Maja Einstein, xviii xix; F?lsing, 12; Pais 1982, 37.].

  ,      (    ,    )       (   ,    ,      ).      ,       -  [26 -   , , ,        .  -,         ,    ,  ,   , ,   .  ,              .   ,      ,      ,  ,   ,     ,    . . Simon Baron-Cohen, The Male Condition, New York Times, 8  2005.; Simon Baron-Cohen, The Essential Difference (New York: Perseus, 2003), 167; Norm Ledgin, Aspergers and Self-Esteem: Insight and Hope through Famous Role Models (Arlington, TX: Future Horizons, 2002), ch. 7; Hazel Muir, Einstein and Newton Showed Signs of Autism, New Scientist, Apr. 30, 2003; Thomas Marlin, Albert Einstein and LD, Journal of Learning Disabilities, Mar. 1, 2000, 149.   Google Einstein + Aspergers  146. .   ,     .        ,  ,    ,          ,    .].   , ,    ,     ,              ,    .

        -  ,       .     ,    , ,    45 ,           .

     ,     .   ,     , ,      ,     .  ,         -   ,         ,     ,      .

       ,   ,             ,           ,       - ,  [27 -  .   //   : 4. ., 1966. . 4.][28 - Einstein 1949b, 9; Seelig 1956a, 11; Hoffmann 1972, 9; Pais 1982, 37; Vallentin, 21; Reiser, 25; Holton 1973, 359;     , 22  2005.].

       :   .   ,   ,    .

       ,           .            ,  頖  ,           1911 [29 - Overbye, 8; Shulamith Oppenheim, Rescuing Alberts Compass (New York: Crocodile, 2003).].

   ,       ,               .      ,              ,    ,  ,   . ,       ,        ,     ,        .      1905 ,    ,        ;       ,   ,             ,       .      ,       ,     [30 - Holton 1973, 358.].

 ,  ,       ,     .       .      ,  ,      ,      ,  .  :  ,    ,   ,     [31 - F?lsing, 26;    , , 1940, CPAE 1, lxiii.].

            ,    .    :      ,         .   ,       ,     : ,    - ,  ࠖ    [32 - Maja Einstein, xxi; Bucky, 156;     , 8  1917.].

    .    .   ,           ,     ,          .  ,      ,     ,       .   :      ,          , . ,  ,    :  !            [33 -    , . Whitrow, 21; Bucky, 148.].

   ,   ,       .    ,    1920   ,     ,  ,       ,     ,   ,       [34 -    , 23  1928., AEA 2865; Dukas and Hoffmann, 78; Moszkowski, 222.   ,             ,  ,       ,       Befriedigung,   ,   .].

             :  , , , ,  ࠖ  ,     .       , ,        ,    ,  ,       .         ,     ,    ,   ,   ,   , , [35 -    , 29  1942., AEA 38238.].







        -,        .   ,    ,  :   !   , ,        .         ,          [36 - Clark, 25; Einstein 1949b, 3; Reiser, 28. (    ,    ,    ࠖ .)].

,            ,    ,         ,        Petersschule[37 -  .  (.).].        ,         ,        . ,       ,        [38 - Maja Einstein, xix.   , ,      1  1885.,    ,      .].

        : ,     ,   [39 -      ,  ,   ,      ; Reiser, 30.          ,          ; Frank 1947, 9.].

   ,   ,       .  :          . ,   ,    .   ,       .

- ,               ,      ,      ,           .  :          ,       .      ,         ,   [40 - F?lsing, 16;    , 3  1920., CPAE 1: lx.].

    ,         ࠖ  ,             ,     .  ,         -   .

   ,   ,  - ,        .   :       , ,    ,      .    ,       .     , ,                  .     ,  ,          [41 - Reiser, 2829; Maja Einstein, xxi; Seelig 1956a, 15; Pais 1982, 38; F?lsing, 20.   ,      ,     ,         1888.,        .].

     ,        .       -            .            ,  !.

,         ,       .  1935          , :          .  .       ,   ,        ,       [42 - Brian 1996, 281.   Google   Einstein failed math  2006.  648. .].

      ,      .        .     ,    ,     ,    .       ,     ,  ,    ,      .         .   ,          ,       ,       ,  ,    ,        [43 -     , 1  1886; F?lsing, 1820,      , 21  1954., Dr. H. Wieleitner in Nueste Nachrichten, Munich, 14  1929.].

  ,      ,       .   ,               ,    ,        .        ,         .         ,          .       ,  ,       ,   ,   ,    [44 -    , 21  1954., AEA 59261; Maja Einstein, xx.].

   , ,    ,     .   ,  , ,         ,          ,    .          ,  ,   ,  ,     .     ,     ,        ,       .

 ,     ,    (          ).   ,   ,   ,  ,   ,           [45 - Frank 1947, 14; Reiser, 35; Einstein 1949b, 11.].     ,    .

 ,   ,         . , ,      ,  ,      .      ,      .      ,            ,      ,       .     ,    , ,      ,      ,       ,       ,      ,         [46 - Maja Einstein, xx; Bernstein 1996a, 2427;    , The Tower, Princeton, 13  1935.].

        -,            .    頖       .          -,    ,   .     (,     ,     ).      ,      ,   .     ,  ,        ,    -  .        -     [47 - Talmey, 164; Pais 1982, 38.].

    ,          ,    ,     ,  .        ,         .      ,    ,  ,    [48 -        1853  1857.     ,       ,    1860- .   .  , , ,   ,    ,         .        . Frederick Gregory, The Mysteries and Wonders of Science: Aaron Bernsteins Naturwissenschaftliche Volksb?cher and the Adolescent Einstein, . Howard and Stachel 2000, 2342. Maja Einstein, xxi; Einstein 1949b, 15; Seelig 1956a, 12.].

         ࠖ ,     .        ,       .     ,        ,  , -,    .

,    ,      .     ,  ,     ,      ,     ,   ,     .          , -          .  ,  ,   ,             ,      .  , , ,    ,         ,  :   ,  ,        , ,   ,       .

            .      .        ,        , ,  (      ):   !  ,  !    ,  ,   [49 - Aaron Bernstein, Naturwissenschaftliche Volksb?cher, 1870 ed., vols. 1, 8, 16, 19; Howard and Stachel 2000, 2739.].

,    ,     . ,    ,    ,   ,    ,  ,        .  ,         ,    .      ,   .     ,      ,    : , ,    ,           , [50 - Einstein 1949b, 5.].

 ,       -    ,  ,          .   ,  ,         [51 - Talmey, 163. (      ,       .)].

       ,         ,       .              :   , ,         ,    ,     ,    , , .         .   ,    ,  :        , ,     [52 - Einstein, On the Method of Theoretical Physics, Herbert Spencer lecture, Oxford, June 10, 1933,  Einstein 1954, 270.].

  ,        ,     ,      .     ,      .  :        ⠖    .      .         ,        [53 - Einstein 1949b, 9, 11; Talmey, 163; F?lsing, 23 (   ,       ); Einstein 1954, 270.].

     -       .     ,  ,        젖     ,  ,   ,   .  -      ,            ,        ,         .

           ,     -[54 -        .],     .    -       .    :

         ,   ,  ,       ,     ,       .

     ,        .   ,     ,        .  ,       ,    ,         ;    [55 - Aaron Bernstein, vol. 12,     Howard and Stachel 2000, 37; Einstein 1949b, 5.].

          .       ,               ,        .              ,     ,       [56 - Frank 1947, 15; Jammer, 1529.   :          ,    . Holton 2003, 32.].

               .       ,        ,     .   :                 .    ,      ,           ,     .

,      ,             . ,         ,     .    ,     .  ,        ,   .       , -,         ,   [57 - Einstein 1949b, 5; Maja Einstein, xxi.].

          ,      .     , ,         ,    ,           .       . ,   ,     :

 ,     ,   .   :         ,  ,     . ,       [58 - Einstein, What I Believe, Forum and Century (1930): 194,   The World As I See It,  Einstein 1954, 10.   ,     ,   ; Frank 1947, 8.].

               .  ,            ,       .            .         ,  ,    蠖 .    . . ,    ,   ,     Zwang.  , , , :  , , , .    ?   ,           Zwang          [59 - Frank 1947, 11; F?lsing, 17; C. P Snow, Einstein,  Variety of Men (New York: Scribners, 1966), 26.].

           .  1901        :        [60 -    , 8  1901.].

      ,        ,  ,     ,       .     ,         ,  ,   ,   ,       ,           ,              [61 - Pais 1982, 17, 38; Hoffmann 1972, 24.].

           ,    .   ,     :        .    ,    ,  : ,  ,        ,        [62 - Maja Einstein, xx; Seelig 1956a, 15; Pais 1982, 38;     , 1940, CPAE 1, lxiii.].

,  ,     ,  ,    ,              .   .   ,     ,      .  1885      ,            [63 -     堖      ,        .].             堖       ꠖ    ,     -,  .         ,      .          .   ,            10%,       [64 - Stefann Siemer, The Electrical Factory of Jacob Einstein and Cie.,  Renn 2005b, 128131; Pyenson, 40.].

  1894 ,     ,  ,             .              ,        , ,     ,       .     ,         .        ,        .

  ,        1894            ,   ,    .     ,  ,  ,        ,   ,     .     -    ,      .                .

      ,    ,  ,     .   ,               .            ,     ,      .    ,              .

,         .               ,      ,    ,    ,    . ,       ,     ,           [65 - Overbye, 910;     , 1940, CPAE 1, lxiii; Hoffmann, 1972, 2526; Reiser, 40; Frank 1947, 16; Maja Einstein, xxi; F?lsing 2830.].







   1895          ,     .       ,   . ,     ,    .          ,     .    -      ,         ,    .     [66 -    , 21  1896.; F?lsing 34; The Jewish Spectator,  1969.].

                 ,  ,       ,      .    ,           .   ,             ┠  .

          栖   [67 -       Eidgen?ssische Polytechnische Schule (  ).  1911            Eidgen?ssische Polytechnische Hochschule (   ), , , ETH.           . . .].                .   ,       .       ,     ,   ,    ,         ,       ,   [68 - Frank 1947, 17; Maja Einstein, xxii; Hoffmann 1972, 27.].

             堖       .  , ,        .         ,    ,      ,   ,      ,       堖  ,        .      ,   (     )   .       :         .

   ,    ,          - ,     ,   .       ,    ,       .  ,     ,                   .

     ,    ,  ,     .  :       ,       ,            [69 - Einstein, On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field,  1895., CPAE 1: 5.].

      ,     , ,           .     :     ,        ,  .    ,         ,   ,   ,     :            [70 -    ,  1895.].

     ,       ,     .        ,            .             1895      ,      .

,          ,     ,    ,  , ,   .   ,   ,          ,             ,    ,       [71 -     , 25  1895., CPAE 1 ( ), 7; F?lsing, 37; Seelig 1956a, 9.].

      .     ,    XIX       ,  ,       .   ,       .  ,       ,     ,      ,    ,     [72 -    -  Anschau-ung (), Miller 1984, 241246.].             .     ,     .

  .     ,   ,       ,    ,        ,      ,       .      ,   .            ,   ,   ,   ,       ,  ,     [73 - Seelig 1956b, 56; F?lsing, 38.].

  ,          ,     .          ,    ,  ,     , ,   [74 - Miller 2001, 47; Maja Einstein, xxii; Seelig 1956b, 9; F?lsing, 38; Holton, On Trying to Understand Scientific Genius,  Holton 1973, 371.].

,          ,           :    ,          .      ,    ,       ,    .             ,   ,        . ,  [75 - Bucky, 26; F?lsing, 46.         Autobiographical Notes,  Schilpp, 53.].

   ࠖ Gedankenexperiment       .            ,   ,   ,   ,    ,     ,   ,            .

      ,    ,     ,          .      ,        ,   ,      ,   ,    .      ,  , ,     ࠖ  .          .

    ,         .           .    ,    , ,            .

   ,              .       ,          .    :      ,      .     ,       [76 -     , 26 , 1895, CPAE 1: 9; F?lsing, 39; Highfield and Carter, 2224.].

    , ,     ,       ,        .      ,  ,     .       ,       .

   ,  ,       ,   :   ,    ,       ,      ,  ,    렖   ,     ,     .        ,   . ,    ,     .               .

 ,         ,   .

         ,           [77 - Vallentin, 12; Hans Byland, Neue B?ndner Zeitung, Feb. 7, 1928,   Seelig 1956a, 14; F?lsing, 39.].

       1895 ,       ,      .     ,  ,   ,      .    ,    .    .           ,    :  ,   ,    [78 -    , 30  1895., CPAE 1: 15.].

   ,         ,         :



   ! ,      ,    .       ,         ,       .   ,         ,         .    ,    

      ,      ;        .       ,      [ ], , ,    .      ,    .


     :   ,     ![79 -    , 21  1896.]

       ,    .      ,       ,          .                ,  ,     .          ,    .        ,  ,   ,         ,        [80 - Entrance report, Aarau school, CPAE 1: 8; Aarau school record, CPAE 1: 10;     , 29  1995., CPAE 1: 11,  30  1895, CPAE 1: 14.].

   .     ,    ,         .      :      ,        .               .            ,    :  ,  ?    :

, , ,     .

   ,       :      ! ,        .   ,  ,        ,   ,   , ,   .     ,  ,              [81 -    , 31  1896., CPAE 1: 17; Seelig 1956a, 15; Overbye, 13.].

                   .     ,           ,       .           .     1896 ,      젖   [82 -    , 28  1896., CPAE 1: 16.].

        .          ,  ,    ,     .           ,      ,     ,     .

    ,         ,           .  ,      ,   ,   , ,    ,    ,    .     -            [83 -    , 27  1931.,   F?lsing, 41.].

,   1920-      ,      .    ,       ,  ,   ,     .        : ,   ,  ,   .        [84 - Israelitisches Wochenblatt, 24  1920.; Einstein, Why Do They Hate the Jews? Colliers, 26  1938.].

      1896 , ,       ,               .        ,      ,       .       ,             [85 -    , 30  1954., AEA 38434; F?lsing 42.].

      ,     ,  ,      ,        . (,  ,    ,   ).    1  6 (6  )   5  6       ,      .   ࠖ 3    .

      ,   ,    ,     ,     .            5.        ,   ,    ,       .      ,   ,        ,    .      5,5       .

 ,    ,     .   ,    ,       .   Mes Projets davenir,      .  ,     ,  ,    ,   :



      ,     .         .

 ,        ,   .

       ,  ,                .   :    ,      .

 ,   ,    [86 -  , 1821  1896., CPAE 1: 2027.].


 1896         ,    - ,       ,         .   -,        .  ,        ,      ,    -,     .         ,           .

  -  [87 - Overbye, 15; Maja Einstein, xvii.].

 ,   -    ,      .     ,    ,    ,        ,       ,        ,    .     ,  ![88 -    , 11  1918.]         .









 

 

18961900





 


  1896       ,          .    ,         ,         (,  ,     ,   1911         頖 Eidgen?ssische Technische Hochschule,  ETH).                 .          ,       (   )   .     ,     .

        ,   ,      .          100  ,    .    20 ,        [89 - Cahan, 42;    CPAE 1 (German), 44.].

 1890    -     ,            .   ⠖ -     ,         ,      ,   ,      .    ,          .

         ,  ,     ,      ,        .                  5  6 (  ),     ,    ,  4.   :    ,    ,       ,        [90 - Einstein 1949b, 15.].

       ,                     ,      .      ,     1912 ,             .               .     ,        ,  ,         ,      [91 -  ,  1896  1900., CPAE 1: 28; Bucky, 24;    , 29  1912.; F?lsing, 50.].

       ,        , ,       ,          .           .        ,     .       ,     ,      .        ,       ,          [92 -    ,  1898.; Cahan, 64.].

, ,    .  ,                . ,   [ ]  ,   ,   .               .

       ,           ,    1855             ,    ,    .   ,      ,      .     [93 - Louis Kollros, Albert Einstein en Suisse, Helvetica Physica, Supplement 4 (1956): 22,  AEA 5123; Adolf Frisch,  Seelig 1956a, 29; Cahan, 67; Clark, 55.].

,      ,  ,         .         , ,          .       .

,     ,     ,                 ,        ,         ,        . ,         堖     .

    ,       ,            .   , ,   ,  .      :        -,    .

     .     ,    ,      ,          [94 - Seelig 1956a, 30; Overbye, 43; Miller 2001, 52; Charles Seife, The True and the Absurd  Brockman, 63.].

             ,  ,     .                ,       ,      .     - ,       .   1899                   [95 -  , CPAE 1: 28.].

   ,    ,  , ,    . ,  ,         .          ?[96 - Seelig 1956a, 30; Bucky, 25 (  ); F?lsing, 57.]

  ,   -    ,      , , ,  ,         .    ,           , , ,      .     -.    :     ?     ,   .

 ,  ,  ,     ,     [97 - Seelig 1956a, 30.].

         .   1899             ,        . -              ,           .    ,   ,      ,  ,    ,        . , , ,     [98 -    , 2  1899.].      ,   , ,      ,   .

         ,  ,            .       ,   , ,     .     ,       ,        ,          :       [99 - Seelig 1956a, 28; Whitrow, 5.].

         ,        [100 - Einstein 1949b, 1517.].      ,     ,                  -.    ,        ,       .

      ,  ,    ,   ,       .          ,     .          :       .      ,      ,     .

   ,      .

     ,               .       :   -   .      ,           ,         ,         [101 -    Bucky, 27;    , 20  1936., AEA 11481; Seelig 1956a, 34, 207; F?lsing, 53.].

           ,       -.  :    ,          .         ,     ,          .

 ,        1894      ,      Ը.      ,  Ը   ,        .       ,           . Ը ,         .    ,          : ,              ࠖ      .   1905            [102 - Holton 1973, 209212.       ,      ,            Ը.].

        堖   ,           .        堖  1897 ࠖ     ,      .    ,     ,     ,      ,     :      ,   ,     [103 - Clark, 59; Galison, 3234.           ,                 ,   , ,  ,     ,        (Galison, 34).     Miller 2001, 200204.].




 


       ,        ,   .  ,  ,   ,    蠖  ,     .   ,    ,       .  :         ,  !         .      .  : , .          ,   .    ,          ,    , ,      [104 - Seelig 1956a, 37; Whitrow, 5; Bucky, 156.].

   .       ,    ,     ,       ,  ,        .      ,    堖   .

      ,      ,     .    ,    .       ,  ,     :      ,    ,     ,     .

          ,     ,  ,       ,  ,    .    ,   ,     ,  ,      .    :   ,    .  ,     ,   .       ,     .

    -     .   ,    ,        ,          :    ,     堖  ,   ,      ,  ࠖ   ,    ,   ,      [105 - Miller 2001, 186; Hoffmann, 1972, 252;    , The Etude,  1947.,  Calaprice, 150;      , 1939., AEA 8622; Dukas and Hoffmann, 76.].

          ,  ,  ,  .   :    , ,         ,          . ,     ,       [106 - Seelig 1956a, 36.].

       ,      ,    ,     ,  ,        ,      蠖         ,  .  ,  ,    ,        ,  , -,        .          ,             .

           젖    -.            ,     .       -.       ࠖ    ,  - [107 - F?lsing, 51, 67; Reiser, 50; Seelig 1956a, 9.].

   ,  ,       ,         ,       .  ,    ,    ,       .         .       ,   , ,   .     :      ,      [108 - Clark, 50.    , ,    ,    ,      .].

         ,          ,   ,    ,       .  1898 ,    , , ,     ,   :                .

      , ,  ,       :



    ,      ,          .    ,  ,   ,    ,    - .             .    ,     ,      ,             ,     ,  ,      [109 -    , 1898.].


,      .   ,   ,      ,     .                .    ,       ,   ,        ,  ,     [110 -    ,   1899.].

                      ,     .          ,      .        ,         .     ,   ,            ,       .   :      ,  ,    ,    ,   ,    .

     ,     ,     .    , ,  ,      ,     ,    ,    ,  .     ,     ,       ,           .     ,  .

     .                .  ,         ,  ,  ,      ,  ,  ?..  ,     ,      .        :  ,   ,     [111 -    , 425 , 1896.].

      ,       ,    .

             ,         ,    .      ,             .  ,    ,      , ,   ,    .    ,  ,    - ,     ,   ,        [112 -    , 30 , 1896.].

 ,    ,       .          .    ,   ,         ;      ,    [113 -     , 1  1896.].

            , ,         .   :      ,         ,             .

 ,            ,               ,     ,    :



      ,         ,              .        頖      ,    ,       .           .           ;        ,    ,   [114 -    ,  1897.].


          .    ,    ,    .    ,     .  ,  ,     ,     .   :   ,     ,   ,        (    -  ).      :     ,  ,    ,     ,     ,     ,    -  ,       [115 -    , 425 , 30  1896.].

       ( -    ), ,    .         ,    ,          . , ,    ,    ,      ,     .




 


           ,    ,         ,   ,              .           [116 - -䠖   ⠖      ,         .      ,       -.  40%   -, 25% -   20% -.            .]   -,       ,         .  ,           ,          ,      ,      ,       ,         ,    .

         ,   -    ,     ,   ,  ,    ,  .         :    ,      .

    ,   ,       :      ,     .       ,      [117 - Desanka Trbuhovic-Gjuric, 938; Dord Krstic, Mileva Einstein-Mar?c,  Elizabeth Einstein, 85; Overbye, 2833; Highfield and Carter, 3338;   , CPAE 5: 4.].      , , , ,  젖    .      ,         .     ,      ,          .

    1896 ,     ,      .       ,      ,       ,    .   1897       .                     [118 - Dord Krstic, Mileva Einstein-Mar?c,  Elizabeth Einstein, 88 (        ).      ,    :  ,         .].

     ,        ,     ,           .     ,  ,      .

         ,    ,          .       ,      ,  ,          ,          ,    ,      .   ,     ,    .         ,     ,         .

           .              ,      ,   ,       . ,          ,  ,        . ,       400   ,    ,    , ,       ,    ,      .

           ( ,            ),    ,         .      ,        ,         -.

    ,         ,  ,     .  :

  ,        ,     .        ,        ࠖ  ,      .                    ,      ,   .

 ,     ,        .            .     ,           ,  ,            .     ,      -   .       ! , ,      ,  ,     ,       ,   :       ,      [119 -    ,  20  1897.].

   ⠖   ,   ,   ,  , , ,   ,    .      .   1898     ,     .  ,        ,  ,      .

     ,      (,      ,    , ),        ,      .      , , ,            .

 :    ,  ![120 -    , 16  1898.]

       ,       ,    .     ,  ,   ,        . ,             ,           ,     :    .             :    ,      ,      [121 -    ,  16  1898.,  28  1898.].

   ,      ,  ,      ,     ,    . - -  :        ,      .    :      ![122 -     Seelig 1956a, 34; F?lsing, 71.]

 ,    ,       ,  .       ,    ,         1899 ,     ,      : -,    .        [123 -    , 13  20  1899.].

 ,       .    ,  ,     .       ,   .      -,        .   :        ,       ,     -.

      - .       :     -,  -.  ,   ,    ,       :           , ,    ,  ,   ,   ,   ,       -.      .      ,   ,  ,            ,  [124 -   , 10  1899.,  1899., 13  1900.].

      ,    .  -    :    ,       .    , ,    .

   1899 ,     ,      :       ,   㠖       ,         .     ,   ,     .

               ,    . ,        ,           .      ,       ,       ,             ,  .         ,      ,     ,   ,  [125 -    , 13  1900,   1899, 10  1899.].

,             ,         ,    .     ,     ( -    ),     .    1899          ,   ,    .   ,     ,           ,     ,  ,   ,  .          ,  ,          ,  ,  ,              .   , ,       ,     .

        .

,    ,    ,    ,      .       ,       . ,   ,   ,  ,      ,    .    ,   .     ,   ,     .     ,         :          [126 -    ,  28  1899.].

          .      (),       .     ()     .   1900         ,        ,    :



  ,                 ,    ,  ,      ,   ?  .

    [127 -    , 1900.].





 ,  1900 


     .      1898        蠖      5,7  6 . 젖    5,6       ,     [128 -    , 21  1898., CPAE 1: 42.].

  ,       .                  ࠖ  ,        .   ,        ,   , , ,             ,        .

        1899            .   :     ,   ,             .     ,     ,     ,             ,          ,  頖   . , ,         ,  ,        ,        ,       ,       ,   .  ,    ,            [129 -    , 10  1899.; Einstein 1922c (  蠖 . ,   , , 14  1922.).].

      .       ,   ,         ,       ,             ,  ,            .           ,     ,   ࠖ ,   ,   .

    ,     ,    ,      .       ,     ,       ,    .     ,    [130 - Einstein 1922c; Reiser, 52;    ,  28  1899.; Renn and Schulmann, 85,  11: 3, 11: 4.        1898.         Annalen der Physik 65, no. 3.].

                      (  ),        . , ,     ,          ,       .

         ,       .              : 4,5  4,0 .  ,   5,5.      ,       ,             [131 -    , 10  1899.; Seelig 1956a, 30; F?lsing, 68; Overbye, 55;    , CPAE 1: 67.     ,    CPAE,   4,       .].

       ,        4,9,           .       ,         ,          ,           .

 -   ,   4,9    ,        1900 .          4,0,    ,     ,         .        [132 -    , CPAE 1: 67.].

,    ,           .   :     ,          ,      .

 .  ,         [133 -     24 1950., AEA 60253;   ,  , 6  1957., AEA 60257.].

        ,    ,     ,    .  :

 [ ], ,   ,               ,      .      ,   ,     ,          [134 - Einstein 1949b, 17.].

      ,      .       ,               ,      ,       .    :   ,        .  ,     .    ,        .     ?[135 -    , 1  1900.]






 . 1896.






 



19001904





  1900 


   1900  ,    ,          ,      ,     ,           .      .       ,    ,         ,  .

     ,    ,     .  ,           ,       ( 蠖  ).          , ,       ,           .                 ,   [136 -    ,  29  1900.].

    , ,       ,   :        ?

         ,     ,  :    .

  ,      ,        .         .         ,  ,        .   ,    .

        .   ,     ,    ,    .

       ,     ࠖ   ,      .          ,     .

      .

           .  ,    ,   ,      .   :  [],   ,  ,      .     ,     ,     .   ,    ,    .

 ,     ,          .    ࠖ         (    )   ,    ,     ,         .             ,   ,          ,      [137 -   , 6  1900.].

    ,  ,         .     :   .     : , ,   .  , ,     ,    .  ,  :  ,      ,     蠖  ,  [138 -    , 1 , 13  1900.].

     ,  ,        ,    ,      .    ,        ,    ,     ,     .     ,          .  ,   [139 -    , 30  1900.].

        ,    ,        .    ,   , , ,        .  , -, ,    ,     ,     , , ,      ,   .

               ,    .    ,      !  ,     ,       ,       ,        ,    . -  :    ,       ,  ,     .

       ,   ,  ,     ,   ,     .               蠖  ,       .     ,  ,   :  ,     , ,     ,   [140 -    , 1 , 6 ,  14 , 20  1900.].

  ,      ,  .     ,      ⠖  ,  ,                    .   ,     ,   ,        ,                .

   ,  -    (  ):    ,      ,    .            .        ,        -   ,   ,  !

     ,    ,      .      ,   ⠖   ,         ,       .   .              [141 -    , 6  1900.].

  ,   ,     ,     ,  -   ,     ,       -    ,         .  , ,  ,          .

     ,        ,     ,    [142 -   ,     ,       .]  .

       .       ,       ,     ( ,   )    .       ,      .   : ,    ,      .    -              ,     ,       . ,    ,      ,       [143 -    ,  9 , 14 , 20  1900.].

 ,     1900       ,                     ,      .   ,       ,        ,  -  , , ,   .

        1900 , ,  ,     , , ,  .      ,         ⠖         .                 .       ,     ,  ,         .

        ࠖ  ,         . ,            1900        ,             ,      ,      .

    -     .    1900 ࠖ    ,     ,           ,  ,        .    頖  ,      ,  .  ,      .               , ,   ࠖ      .    ,    [144 -    ,  9 ,  14  1900.        .].

   ,   -        ,      .    ,      ,   .    ,        , ,          ,       ,       .

    .       ,     ,    :  , ,  ,    .  ,      ,   , ,   [145 -    , 13  1900.].

                 .              ,  . , , ,  .

     -  :      ,       .    ,       .      堖    !      ,            .     ?    ,        - [146 -    , 19  1900.].

      ,     , , -,  .   ࠖ      ,         .     ,             ,  .  -          ,     ,      ,        .    ,     ,     ,     ,        ,       [147 -    , 26 , 30  1900.].

      .      ,          ,    ,    .     .         ,    .   :    [148 -    , 3  1900,     , 1936; Seelig 1956a, 208.].

   1900   ,     ,              .       ,     ,     렖 ,                 .     ,      .        .    ,   ,    ,    ,         ?   ,     ,  ,   [149 -       ,  1900., CPAE 1: 82;    , 11  1900.;       . , 14 , 1900., CPAE 1: 84.].  ,    ,      ,       .




  


            ,  ,  ,        .        ,      .    ,      .    ,        ,   (   )                   .          ,       ,      .

    1900      ,    ,      ,    .       :   .        ,      ,             ,       [150 -    , 13  1900.].

   , ,        ,   .     ,      ,  ,    ,      .     ,         ,         ,           .

          .      -  ,     .    ,      ,   ,    ,   ,     ,    -           ,     Annalen[151 -    , 3  1900.].

         1900   Annalen der Physik    ,       .     ,     ,        .              ,  ,       [152 -  .     //   : 4.].       :  ,   ,   -       ,     [153 - Einstein, Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity, Annalen der Physik, CPAE 2: 1,  13  1900,  1  1901.    John N. Murrell and Nicole Grobert  The Centenary of Einsteins First Scientific Paper, The Royal Society (London), 22  2002. (.  www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/app/home/content. asp),     ,     -    ,   ,         -      ,         ,     .].

            .     ,          [154 - Dudley Herschbach, Einstein as a Student,  2005.,  ,    .].      .  ,       ,            ,        .

             .   ,      ,       ,    .        ,        .

  ,  ,        ,   .        ,       ,  .        ,         ,    .     , , ,      Annalen der Physik,  .   ,     .    ,   .

   [155 -    , 15 , 30  1901.;     , 20  1900..].




 


      ,      ,       젖   .      ,    ,    ,    .    ,   ,     ,   ,       .   :   ,            ,    [156 -   . , 24  1948., AEA 5926.].    :          ,      .

     ,         .   1901    ,     .      ,     :  (),   . ,      ,          ,  ,   ,        (hyperhidrosis ped),  (pes planus)   (varicosis).   , ,   ,          [157 - Maja Einstein, Sketch, 19; Reiser, 63;      . , 14  1900., CPAE 1: 84;    , 30  1901., CPAE 1: 88;     , 13  1901., CPAE 1: 91.].

         ,         .   1900     :       ,         ,    .  ,      .

 (  ) ,           .    :    ,   ,         -   .  ,       ,      ,  , ,    (    )    .    ,     ,    ,      .     :    .  ,     [158 -     , 20  1900.;    , 23 , 27  1901.].

  ,                   ,       .         , ,  ,   ,       .   :               [159 -    , 4  1901.].

  1901         :                .        ,   ,    .   ,   ,    ,    .          ,        .             ,      ,        [160 -    -, 12  1901.;    , 14  1901.; F?lsing, 78; Clark, 66; Miller 2001, 68.].

   ,    ,   ,    ,        .

  :            .        , ,          ,   :    ,         .    .      ,      :

  ,             .        [161 -    , 19 , 3 , 1901.].

 ,      ,            .          ,                 ,    :



,  ,   ,            .    ,       ,      .         ,         . ,      , ,    .   ,             .      ,     ,        ,      .       ,        .   ,           -,                ,  ,     ,          .           ,      .       ,    .         [162 -     , 13  1901.].


     . ,   ,     ,        ,      .

  ,              .       ,   ,        .             ,     :  ,    ,  ,  .    ,        .           i.  ,     .      ,         .   ,  ,         .

    .    .     ,   ,   ,   .   , ,    ,        .

        ,     ,     ,      .     :      ,     [163 -    , 23 , 27  1901.;    , 14  1901.].

     ?  ,     ,       ,      .     :          ,   ,         ,    .  ,   ,    ,    :  ,     ,      [164 -    , 27  1901.;     , 9  1901.].

           ,        ,    .   ,     ,    ,        .           ,   ,        .    ,         (    1955      ).

            ,      .       229 ,     ,      ,      ,  ,      ,  [165 -    , 4  1901;    , 23  1918; Overbye, 25; Miller 2001, 78; F?lsing, 115.].

   ,     ,   .   ,      , -       (       ).      []            ,     ,      ,    ,        .

       ,  ,        .  1901       .      ,      ,    ,  .          ,      ,   .   ,         , ,   頖 ,   , ,  ,    .          .    ,       .

     .   ,   ,    ,   .        ,   ,          .           ,     ,    .    ,   ,           .

    , ,   ,   .        ,           :         ,     .        ,       .      1901 ,       [166 -    , 27 , 4 1901.].

     ,    ,  ,          ,  ,  ⠖  .        ,   , , ,         ,   .         .      ,       -,  .            ,    .     :   ,      !      ,    - .

 ,   ,       ,    - .           ,    ,        .   ,    ,       ,    ,      .      ᔠ     [167 -    , 14  1901;    , 15  1901.].

           ,      .




 ,  1901 


       ,  ,       1901 ,    ,           .

         ,   ,      .  :     堖 - .   ,                 堖   , ,    ,  .      ,         ,            .      ,     ,  ,    ,      [168 -    , 30  1901.  䠖   ,  ,     , ꠖ        .].

  ,   ,        -,         ,    .    ,    . ,      ,      .   -  .      ,     -  . ,      ,   ,   ,     ,  ,          [169 -    , 2  1901.].

  : 5 1901                       .    ,        ,         ,   ,    .

 ,         ,    ,     ,          500  .    ,     ,      ,          .

            ,  ,          .     蠖        ,      ,       ,       ,  ,      -  ?

,    ,   ,          ,            .        ,           [170 -     ,    1901.].

    :      ,             [171 -    ,    1901.].            .

   ,     ,    ,       .  , ,    ,       ,  .

              ,     ,                  .  ,     ,    ,        .          , ,             ,       .

            ,    :  , ?  ?

     ,      ,    :    ,   ,     ,           ,  !

     .  ,   ,       .     .     , .          .    !  ,     ,        ,      [172 -    ,    CPAE 28  1901.   , ,    .].

     ,        .  ,          ,  ,   ,    .   ,   ,  .         ,  ,   ,    ,  .

  ,      ࠖ    ,         .       ,   ,    .   ,     1901  12%    .        -.    33%    .        ,     [173 - Overbye, 7778.].

        .     ,      ,   ,                 .               ,    .            .

     (  ,    ),      .          ,  ,     ,  [174 -    , 7  1901.].

,     - ,  .  ,  ,    ?      ?       ,    ,    .  , ,   ,       ,  ,      .                .      ,  , ,         ,    [175 -    ,  7  1901. (   CPAE vol. 8as 1:116,    ,    1  ).].

 ,   ,           .       1901     ,           . , -    ,    ,         ,  4   6,      ,    .

 ,         .                 .             , ,     .

      ,   ,   ,  , -      ,   [176 -    ,  31  1901.; High-field and Carter, 80.].




     


      젖 ,      ,     1901       ,     .             .

  ,      ,   . , , ,  .   ,      ,    ,     蠖   .      ,        ,      .

            :    ,       ,     .                 ,     :   ,      ,     .       ,      , ,     ,        ,        ,      [177 -    , 8  1901.;    , 14  1901.      : Overbye, 65.].

   ,       ,  ,     ,     XIX ,               .  ,         (   ,      ),   ,     .

     ,          . ,           ,         ,       .

              ,     ,      ,        .            ,       ,      ,   ,        ,             [178 - Renn 2005a, 109.            Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (   ).        .].

          ,           ,   .   1901 , ,    ,        ,        .   :       ,           .     :   ,              [179 -    , 15  1901.;    , 15  1901.].

     ,          .        ,           -     , ,             :           [180 - Renn 2005a, 124.].

    ,     ,     ,    , , ,      .    ,   ,     .          ,      ,        ,   .             : ,         .

   .       , ,   ,     .      -  ,       ,     .  , ,            ,            [181 -    , 4    4  1901.        ,        , .].

,    .  ,     .   .      ,        ,  ,    .         ,       ,     . ,  -  .

 ,            , -     .       ,          .  []    ,          .           [182 -    ,  7  1901.;    , 8  1901.].

         ,    ,         ,       [183 - Renn 2005a, 118.         :    -   -    ,             ,   8  1901. ,  ,      ,         .].  ,       .            ,     ,          ,       ,   [184 -    , 6  1901.].

,     ,       .         ,      .    ,        ,      .  :       ,   .       蠖        .      :      . ,       ,  ,   (  ,      )          .

     ,         ,     .      ,     ,   .   ,   ,       ,          ,                     .   ,            ,       ,   ,  ,        ,        .

  ,    ,         ,   (     ).  ,    ,    ,        ,    ,      ,       100 ,          ,         ,   [185 - Overbye, 8284.         .].

   1901     ,        ,      .      Annalen der Physik [186 -                     :  . . . : 4. ., 1966. . 3.],         ,  ,      ,    ,    [187 - Einstein. On the Thermodynamic Theory of the Difference in Potentials between Metals and Fully Dissociated Solutions of Their Salts.  1902.            ,        1902.].

       [188 -         :  . . . : 4. ., 1966. . 3.]    .  ,        ,        .           ,  ,             .       [189 - Einstein. Kinetic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.  1902.; Renn 2005a, 119; Jos Uffink, Insuperable Difficulties: Einsteins Statistical Road to Molecular Physics, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 37 (2006): 38; Clayton Gearhart, Einstein before 1905: The Early Papers on Statistical Mechanics. American Journal of Physics ( 1990.).].

          ,       ,    .    ,          .          ,   1901 .  ,      ,        :  堖      ,       .

    1901              .    ,    ,                .         :      .         [190 -     ,  23  1901.;    , 28  1901.].

     ,    , , ,     ,    ,    ,      .  :      ,             .     , ,        .

     i,      . ,    .  ,      ,   ,  .      ,                .   ,      , ,        ,    .    ,   ,    ,  ,   [191 -    , 17  19  1901.].

, ,    ,          ,    .        .    .  ,              230 .  ,     , ,           ,      . ,   ,         [192 -          , 1  1902., CPAE 1: 132; F?lsing, 8890; Reiser, 69; Overbye, 91.     ,  8  1902.:   []   ,    .             ,    .     .].







 -     , , ,       ,      .        ,      .   ,         ,           ,     :      ,    ,       ,     [193 -    , 6  1901.].

 1901               堖     32     .      ,     .            .           .      4    ,     ,    150   .

   ,     ,     ,             .

      ,         [194 -    , 28  1901.].

         ,  -         .             .    .    ,      ,     .   ,   ,   ,    : , ,    ,   ?     ,       :



   ,     ,    .     ?  !   150   ,      ,           ! ,      .         ,        ,       !      ,   堖 [195 -    , 13  1901.; Highfield and Carter, 82.].


              .              ,    .         ,         ,  .

   ,  ,    .

,   ,    ,     .           ,  :   !   -   .

   ,           ,       ,  .      -  .  ,       - ,  ,  ,   .     ,         .  :       ,     .      ,   .         .

    ,     ,         ࠖ     1902 .  ,   ,    ,       ,   ,       - (        ),       .       ,   ,         ,   .   ,       ,     .         ,   ,  ,     .  ,  ,  [196 -    , 12  1901; F?lsing, 107; Zackheim, 35; Highfield and Carter, 86.].

      ,        ,     蠖    ࠖ .  , , ,         ,         .       ,    .         .   :        ,          [197 -     , 20  1902.].

      㠖     ,     .  ,      ,              ,     .     ,       !     ,     ,     ,    [198 -     ,  23  1901.].

,    1901        . ,  , ,   ,      .     ,          .   :      .

    ,  ,    ,      .    ,      ,  ,       .    .  ,        ,  ,                  [199 -    , 11  19  1901.].

     ,          :      ,       , ?   ,  ,         .       ,   ,    .         . ,  ,   ,        .

           ,    ,     1902    .     ,           .      ,    ,   .     ,  [200 -    , 28  1901.].     ,     ,  ,       -,  ࠖ ,   .   ,         .     .   ,   ,  ,   ,    ?      ?    ?   ?       .     ,      !   ,           ,    ,        -[201 -    , 4  1902., 12  1901.].

       ,  ,  .   ,    -    .             .    ,   ,     ,     .          1986 ,        ,    [202 -      ,     ,    400  ,    ,        .      ,      ,           1948 . . .].

      ,     ,    :  []      ,     ,   ,    .

       ,       .        :           ,    ,     .

-          .            ,     ,  ,  ,   ()       ![203 -    , 4  1902.]         .    ,     ,   ,         .         , ,     ,  ,   .      .

   , ,       .  ,   ,               ,   1903-,       .      -      ,                 ,    .

    ,  ,       ,       -,      1899 ,        .      ,   1900       .       ,      , ,   , .         ,  ,   : ,       -  .  ,              :         . ,   ,        [204 -    , 13  1901.   , .  ,  ,   ,     .].




 


  ,       ,      .  ,   ,  ,  ,    ,   ,   ,      ,  -     .

    .   :     .   ,      ,  ,        :

     ,       [205 -    , 17  1902.].

 16  1902     .                        3500 ,        [206 -     , 19  1902.].

                     (.   . 6). ,     ,        .       ,   1191    ,   1530              .      :      ,    ,  ,   ,         .

       ,         ,    . ,    ,       ,   ,          [207 - .            : Galison, 222248.    ,          , .  6.].

  ,              (  ,   ,    ),          ,      .   ,      ,               ,   ,    .     ,       .  :     ,     [208 -    ,  1902.; F?lsing, 102.].

  ,        ,          .   -    ,     ,  ,         .        ,           ,         ,     .  -  ,          ,    [209 -  , Bucky, 28; Reiser, 66.].

        - ,        .      ,       ,    ,       ,     ,    [210 -    , 12  1919.].

          ,    .    ,         ,      [211 -  , Bucky, 28; Einstein 1956, 12.    ,  ,     ,      . Reiser, 64.].  ,   ,     ,             ,    [212 -  ,       ,  , ,         ,      ,    1920- .,  , F?lsing, 104.].

      ,        -,    :       .     ,    ,    -   ,     .      .    ,   ,  ,  ,   , [213 - Galison, 243; Fl?ckiger, 27.].

   ,         ,       .        :    ,        ,      ,       ,   [214 - F?lsing, 103; C. P Snow, Einstein  Goldsmith et al., 7.].

      ,                  .    ,        ,         ,    ,     ,        .  :  ,        ,    [215 -  , Bucky, 28; Einstein 1956, 12. . Don Howard, A kind of vessel in which the struggle for eternal truth is played out, AEA Cedex-H.].

-, ,          ,      , ,     ,     :      ,    ,   ,     .            ,     .




 


       1902    ,     ,    ,  ,         (  ).         ,       ,     ,     ,   - .      ,          : !         ,    :        [216 - Solovine, 6.].

    ,         ,     .       .     ,      ,    .     ,  ,      ,       .           .

       ,      . ,              ,     . ,      ,  ,    ,            .  :   ,  ,    ,       [217 - Maurice Solovine, Dedication of the Olympia Academy, A. D. 1903, CPAE 2: 3.].        ,  ,   .                   .          ,    ,        , ,  ,  .      .   :  ,  ?  ,  ,    !    :         ,   ,    .

 ,     ,     ,         ,  ,    .

             ,  .        ,      ,      .   ,   ,   ,    ,        .

   ,       ,           .          :    .   , ,     ,         ,         ,   :    .  , ,  ,    :  ,  ,              [218 - Solovine, 1114.].

        ,         ,      ,    ,     .           ,      ,    ,    , :

   ,       -.       ,         [219 -    , 25  1948.; Seelig 1956a, 57;    ,     , 3  1953.; Hoffmann 1972, 243.].

        ,   ,       蠖 ,     ,   ,  .       ,       :      ,          ,         [220 -       . 2 (xxiv xxv)     ,     .].             .

             (17111776).     ,      ,  ,       .         :  ,    ,    .  , ,  ,    ,         ,    ,  ,  ,         .  :   ,   ,   ,          .

    ,   ,    ,     ,      .    ,    .      ,  ,         ,      堖 ,               [221 -    , 14  1915.   1944.    :    :  ,     ,    頖          ,       堖   , Einstein 1954, 22. .  Einstein, 949b, 13.].

           .  ,        ,     ,      .         ,  ,                [222 -  .    . ., 1998. . . .].   ,    ,   ,       .      , ,    ,     ,     ,         [223 - David Hume, Treatise on Human Nature, book 1, part 2; Norton 2005a.].

            (17241804)  ,           .     :      ,       .        ,     .

 ,       ,      ,       (,    ,     ,       180 ),   ,      (,       ).          ,  堖 .     ,            181  (  ,   ).         :  , ,     .              ,  ,   .

    ,          .             .  ,  ,     ,  ,      .         :  ,    . ,    , ,       180 ,           (      ).           ,    , , ,        ,   ,    [224 -  .       // . . : 4. ., 1966. . 4.].[225 -         (1781).          : Einstein, Remarks on Bertrand Russells Theory of Knowledge (1944)  Schilpp; Einstein 1954, 22; Einstein, 1949b, 1113; Einstein, On the Methods of Theoretical Physics,    10  1933. Einstein 1954, 270; Mara Beller, Kants Impact on Einsteins Thought,  Howard and Stachel 2000, 83106. .  Einstein, Physics and Reality (1936)  Einstein 1950a, 62; Yehuda Elkana, The Myth of Simplicity in Holton and Elkana, 221.]

         (18381916),    ,        .                       ,      .  ,            ,   ,           [226 - Einstein 1949b, 21.].

  ,   ,   ,    ,     ,    ,  ,       [227 - Einstein.     , 14  1916., CPAE 6: 26.].  ,    ,     ,    ,        .     ,           ,          .

       ,             .  ,         ,   . ,  .             ,     [228 - Philipp Frank, Einstein, Mach and Logical Positivism,  Schilpp, 272; Overbye, 25, 100104; Gerald Holton, Mach, Einstein and the Search for Reality, Daedalus ( 1968.): 636673,   Holton 1973, 221; Clark, 61;    , 8  1952.; Einstein, 1949b, 15; Norton 2005a.].

          (16321677)    .       :      ,     ,     .   ,      ,  ,       .

       :  ,        ,   ,     -        ,  -       .  ,      (causa efficiens)  ,       [229 -  .  // . : 2. ., 1957. . 1. . . . .].       ,    ,     [230 - Spinoza, Ethics; Jammer 1999, 47; Holton 2003, 2634; Matthew Stewart, The Courtier and the Heretic (New York: Norton, 2006).].




  


     ,       - ,      .   1902     ,     ,       .                   .   ,      ,      ,        .

        -  ,          .    ,   .        ,   - .  , ,    .              [231 - Pais, 1982, 47; F?lsing, 106; Hoffmann 1972, 39; Maja Einstein, xvii; Overbye, 1517.].   1903               ,             ,      .   ⠖   ,   ,       .   -      ,          . -     ,      ,    ,   [232 -   , CPAE 5: 6; Miller 2001, 64; Zackheim, 47.].

 ,    ,         ,        ,     ,     .    [233 -        -,    ,     .        . . .]    :       ,    ,         .       ,      .  :     ,  ,       .

       .            ,       :      .   ,      .       .  ,       ,   .   ,    ,    ,      .

         .  ,      ,     ,       -  .  ,        ,      -   , ,    .    - ,      ,   ,      -  ?  ,       ,      .  ,      [234 -    , 22  1903.;     ,  1903.; Solovine, 13; Seelig 1956a, 46;    , 5  1952.; AEA 3920.].

  ,      렖   ,   ,   ,   .      ,   1903 , ,     ,   ,  .     ,  ,    ,  .       ,   -.      ,           ,      :   ,   .    .   ,  ,   , ?   [235 -    , 27  1903.; Zackheim, 50.].

,     .    ,   ,   ,      ,      - :    ,    .     .     .   ?     ,        [236 -    , 19  1903.; Zackheim; Popovic?;           .].

    ,   ,     ,  -     ,  ,  .  ,  ,   ,   ,     ,    ,      ,    ,  ,   ,  .

      .   ,         1902 ,    , ,  , .             .   ,   ,   ,          ,        ,      .

   ,       ,  ,    1903     .  ,               ,    .    ,         ,        .

      . 堖     ,   ,     .    ,     , ,      (  ),       , ,  ,     ,  ,   ,     .

  ,   ,   ,       .       ,    (,     ),     ,   ,     ,    .    1990- .

,   ,     .  ,             ,   ,  ,      ,     ,        .               ,     .        ,     .   ,     ,     ,   ,        1903 ࠖ    ,     .     ,    ,     [237 - Popovic?, 11; Zackheim, 276;         .].

   ,    .       ,     ,  ,       ࠖ  .       ,  :    - ,    ,    .     ,   ,  , , -     .            .   ,    ,       .  ,         [238 - Michelmore, 42.].

,       ,   , , ,  .  ,     ,  ,     .  ,  ,     ,      .    ,      ,  ,        ,             .   ,     ,      [239 -    ,  19  1903.].

    14  1904 .             ,          :    ,              ,    .    ,      , , ,     ,    .

 ,          ,      ,   ,        .       ,       ,   ,         ,   ,           [240 -     , 14  1904.; Popovic?, 86; Whitrow, 19.].

         ,      , ,     (, ), 100   .    , ,       - .         .  ,         ,    ,         [241 - Overbye, 113,   Desanka Trbuhovic-Gjuric, Im Schatten Albert Einstein (Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt, 1993), 94.].









 

 :   

1905





  


,   ,   1900       , :       ,    .       [242 -              1900.       .      ,     ,       .        ,    1910.: Silvanus P Thompson. The Life of Lord Kelvin. New York, 1976.].   .

 (16421727)       XVII .        ,   ,     :               ,  , ,    .   ,    ,     ,   .

   ,   ,  , : ,         ,    ,      ,            ;        ,         ,  [243 - Pierre-Simon Laplace, A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (1820).            .     ,        ,        .      ,        .].

     -        [244 - Einstein, Letter to the Royal Society on Newtons Bicentennial,  1927.].         :   (   )     ,    蠖      .    ,        ,       ,    ,                [245 - Einstein 1949b, 19.].

  1800        .   (17911867),    ,         .  ,      ,        :        , ,   ,     [246 -         .: Miller 1981, . 3.].

                                .  ,          .

       (18311879),     ,   , ,  ,  ,         ,         .         ,             ,        .

             ( :     ,   ,       ).   ,   ,         ,  ,       .

      . ,  [247 -  .   // . . : 4. ., 1965. . 4.],     ,      :



    ,      , .    ,   ,     ,             .           ,    [248 - Einstein and Infeld, 244; Overbye, 40; Bernstein 1996a, 49.].


 ,        . ,  ,   ,  ,      ,  ,          씠  ,        .      ,               .

   XIX       . -, ,   ,          .              .    ,     ,   ,   ,   .

  ,     ,    ,    .        ,       .         ,       .    ,    ,              , ,  .

   ,   -    annus mirabilis[249 -   ().],       1666 .   ,   ,   ,       ,      ,        .

        ,       ,     . -,    ,   ,      ,      .       ,     ,     ,   .

 ,              1905 ,      ,          .      ,     ,      , ,    ,         :



 !

    ,  ,      ,  

    , ,  ,     ?       ?  ,  ,  ,       ,       ?         .         ,    ,      .         ,         1/1000,   ,    ,    .       蠖      .        ,             [250 -     , 18  25  1905.].





 ,  1905 


      ,  ,   1905 ,  ,     ,    ,   .      , ,     堖       ,          ,    ⠖  ,    .  ,     ,     ,       .

  ,   ,  17  1905   Annalen der Physik,   :     ,     [251 -  17  1905.   Annalen der Physik 17 (1905).    c          .]. ?   ,  ,     ,      ,      .    ,   ,   ,       ,    ,               ,      ,              .

     ,     XIX  XX  (         ,       ),       ,     ,    , , ,     ?      ,     ,     ?

 1860-          ,       .   ,          ,          .    ,        , 젖  , , .               ,       .             ,        .            ,      .

   .     ,     .

  ,          .    1858   ,       ,   .      ,     .  ,  ,  ,    ,    ,     ,        .         -:       .   ,       ,       .  堖  ,       ,            [252 -  ,     , Royal Society of London, 1948.].

         (      )   .  1882   :      ,      ,      ,      .     ,         ,     ,   ,        ,   [253 - John Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man (1986).      ,     ,   : Gribbin and Gribbin; Bernstein 1996a, 2006; Overbye, 118121; Stachel 1998; Rigden; A. Douglas Stone, Genius and Genius?: Planck, Einstein and the Birth of Quantum Theory, Aspen Center for Physics,   20  2005.].

 1900    , ,   ,    ,          .        ,  -  .      :       ,      ,     ( 6,62607 ? 10


/).      h,          .

    ,        (  ).      , ,   ,     ,  ,         .  ,   ,    ,  , ,     ,      ,     [254 -  , ,           ,    . Bernstein 2006, 157161.].                .        ,   ,         ,    .

 ,   ࠖ   ,      ,        .   ,          1900 ,    :

 젖        ,           [255 -        14  1900. . Lightman 2005, 3.].

  ,       .             ,   ,            .  ,  -   ,     -    [256 - Einstein 1949b, 46. Miller 1984, 112; Miller 1999, 50; Rynasiewicz and Renn, 5.].

           ,   .    젖          .         .  ,     ( ,   ,     )   1901 ,            .

      :     ,    ()          ,    .     ,       ,        1  .    ,      ,    ,    ,           .      .       ,       .        .

        .    ,   1904 ,     [257 -  .      // . . : 4. . 3.]       .        ,    ,    ,  ,      .     :  ,     [258 - Einstein, On the General Molecular Theory of Heat, 27  1904.].      1904       :               .  , ,        ,    ,  ,      [259 -      15  1904.    1904  1905. .        2005.].

    ,   ,  1905 ,      렖   ,   ,            ,       ,      ,    .

         ,     (,   ),  ,    (,       ).      ,          ,   ,        ,  .      ,          ,      ,  ,      ,   - [260 - Einstein, On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light, 17  1905.].

       ,  ,       ,    .   ,       ,       , ,      .

         ,   ,           .    ,  ,        ,    .

    ,  ,       .       ,         :  ,    ,       ,       ,       ,    ,         .

   , ,   ,     ,         ,     ,  ,  , ,  ,   .   ,        ,   ,          ,  ,            ,     .

  ,      .               ,       .       ,        ,       .           ,     ,  [261 -    .  :  , ,     ,     XIX ,  ,          .   ,     蠖            ,    ,        ,    ,       ,     : Norton 2006c, 73, .  Lightman 2005, 48.].

  ,             ,     .  ,       ,        ,    .  :  ,         ,    ,           .   ,   (  )   ,     ,       .

       ,  ,  ,     ,       ,   ,   ,      ,      , ,   ,      ,    .

 ,  ,     ,     .       1905  ,    -    ,       ?

 ,     ,    ,     ,      ,   [262 -    1906.  ,           . ,         .     ,        ,      ,      ,     , 17  1928. . Rynasiewicz and Renn, 29; Bernstein 1991, 155.].  ࠖ  堖    ,  ,         .    ,             .        :  ,     1900       ,   ,    ,      [263 - Holton and Brush, 395.].

, , ,   ࠖ  , , , ,    .      (   1926   [264 -       1926.      1905.  ,  1916.,          .   ,      ,      1905.,  : Jeremy Bernstein,  , Physics Today,  2006.]) ,      .  :   ,                .  ,  ,    ࠖ    ,         [265 - Gribbin and Gribbin, 81.].

         ,   .           ,              ,       ,       .       :         ( )  ,      ,     [266 -      6  1907.].

          .                 ,   ,           ,   : ,          ,       ,     [267 -            12  1913., CPAE 5: 445.].

    ,       ,  ,    ,   .    -               ,  ,         .

         ,    .              ,   ,    .        [268 - Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography (1949), 44; Max Born, Einsteins Statistical Theories,  Schilpp, 163.].

         :        ,     .    ,   .      ,     ,    .

             .  ,         ,  ,           ,  ,   ,   ,    [269 -  : Gerald Holton, Millikans Struggle with Theory, Europhysics News 31 (2000): 3.].

  ,  ,       .             .    1920-          .

       .           -  ,     .  ,            ,   ,            ,  :              ,    堖  [270 -      12  1951., AEA 7401.].




 :  ,  1905 


   ,     ,         .           ,    .

 ,       ,          ,    .         ,      ,    .     30 ,        [271 -  30  1905.,     20  1905.,      Annalen der Physik 19  1905.   Annalen der Physik   1906. .: Norton 2006c  www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/Goodies/Einstein_stat_1905/ (http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/Goodies/Einstein_stat_1905/).].

,                    ,      (     ,     ),       [272 - Jos Uffink, Insuperable Difficulties: Einsteins Statistical Road to Molecular Physics. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 37 (2006): 37, 60.].      ,      (, )                 .

         (17761856)  ,   ,  ,            .    ࠖ ,       .

  ,   [273 -  ,   ,     ,    .],   22,4      .  ,       ,     .     ,   ,   ,     6,02214 ? 10??. (  :          ,         [274 - bulldog.u-net.com/avogadro/avoga.html]).

      , ,        ,  ,   ,         .   ,     (             ),  .

      ,     ,       . ,       .     ,     ,   .   ,              .       蠖      ,     .        .      ,      2,1 ? 10??.

 ,         .     ,      ,      Annalen der Physik,    ( ,  ,      )   ,    ,            .    ,   ,  4,15 ? 10??,     .

             ,  -  .              ,  ,    6,5 ? 10??,       [275 - Rigden, 4852; Bernstein 1996a, 88; Gribbin and Gribbin, 4954.].

  ,  , ,     ,      - ,      .         ,   .    [276 - Hoffmann 1972, 55; Seelig 1956b, 72; Pais 1982, 8889.], ,   ,               ,                  .          ,       .




 ,  1905 


            ,      .    ,        ,  ,     1901 ,    .

  ,   ,   ,         . , ,       ,  ,       .              ,         .

          ,   1828       ,         ,   ,   .   ,    ,    ,   .    ,          .        .

  1870     ,        , ,  ,         . ,      10     , ,           (        800 )[277 - Brownian motion introduction, CPAE 2 (), 206; Rigden, 63.].

 , ,             ,          ,    .   堖     ,  ,   -        ,       ,           ,       [278 - Einstein, On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in Liquids at Rest Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat.   Annalen der Physik 11  1905.].

 ,      :        ,    .  ,         ,   ,       ,  ,    ,  . ,  ,     ,     ,  ,     ,  ,         - .             :  ,        ,  ,             [279 - Einstein 1949b, 47.].

  ,   ,      ,     .   ,           :         ,     ?            ,                 . ,       ࠖ         .

 ,    ,    ,      ,          (             ,             ).    ,     , ,                   .

 ,              .             .  -          ,           .

    ,     ,  ,  .       ,         ,        ,        ,    .     ࠖ  ,   䠖    ,                  ,       ,  頖  -.          :                [280 -        ?2n/?.           . : Gribbin and Gribbin, 61; Bernstein 2006, 117.            ,      .].

 ,  ,         ,            .  ,     ,   ,     .

       ,    ,      ,         ,      ,  ,      .     ,    17                   6 .

   ,     ,       .  ,   ,   ,            .       ,    ,     :   -        ,    ![281 -  .       ,  -   // . . : 4. . 3.]

      ,     ,   .             .  -   :              .  ,     ,    ,       [282 - Einstein, On the Theory of Brownian Motion, 1906, CPAE 2: 32 (      ); Gribbin and Gribbin, 63; Clark, 89; Max Born, Einsteins Statistical Theories,  Schilpp, 166.].

             .      :   ,     ,           ,     ,            .

    ,        .         ,        ,       .     ,          ,            .             ,        .






   






 

  

1905





 


   .    ,          ,   .

  ,      ,    .   ,    ,  ,      .       ,   ,  ,    ,          .

    ,      ,    .     ,     ,    .  ,     ,      ,    .   ,     ,    .

    ,    , .      ,        , ,         ,   [283 - ,      ,         1674/          109 000/.   ,      ,       - ,          ,       . .: Miller 1999, 25. . .].

  ,     1905 ,       (  ),    ,          ,     .      [284 -              On the Origins of the Special Theory of Relativity (    ) (1960),  : Holton 1973, 165.].

    ,        蠖 , , ,    ,        .          ,    -,   ,         ,     .    ,    ,        ,      ,       [285 - . Janssen 2004,           ,    ,    ,        , ,    ,   .].

     1632 ,    ,        (     )         ,       .               ,    ,         ,        .       , ,     ,   ,    .    ,              :   ,       ,     ,        ,    -   .  ,      ,    .  ,             .   ,  ,            .         ,       .     -   ,    ,         ,     ,     .     ,   ,        .       ,   ,        ,   ,    .           ,           ,       [286 - Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632),   頖 Stillman Drake, 186.].

         ,     ,       .

      ,  ,     ,       .   ,            ,        ,        .   ,  ,      ,          .

   ,   ,    ,      :      .        ,     ,   . ,          - ࠖ     1260/.

         ,   ,              ,   .   ,                  ,  . ,       ,        (  ),    .

 , ,        ,   ,             . ,           ,      .

 蠖   ࠖ .  ,    ,       16/.           83/  ,  ,           ( ) 99/. ,  ,           ,            1260/.               66/,         1326/.

   ,       ,         :     ?

 ,      ,  .         ,     ,      .

  XIX        . ,     ,         ,  ,    ,   ,  ,     ,    .       ,    , ,      ,      .

       ,    ,    .   ,       .  ,           300 000/[287 - 堖 299 792 458/  .     - ,        ,       ,   .  ,   ,          堖 . .].    ,         ,   ,     [288 - Miller, 1999, 102.].

 ,       ,    .     ,     AM[289 -         ,   蠖  ()   (FM).         堖  (110), 堖  (100젖 1), 堖  (10100)  堖  (10젖 10).] (         ), FM ( ,    )    (   ).     (  )      ,    ( 700 )   ( 400 ).        ,    -.        ,        ,     .

    .    ,     ?    300 000/    ?

     :      ,   ,   ࠖ      .  ,         ,      .   :

  ,            ,   ,  [290 - Einstein, Ether and the Theory of Relativity, ,     5  1920..].

 ,        .           ,        .         ,  ,   ,         ,            ,        .

     ,      XIX     .        ,   ,        ,         .          ,    .     ,     .       ,    .  ,        -  ,        .       ,         ,     ,   ,   ,   , , ,     .

  ,     ,         [291 -  ; Einstein 1916, chapter 13.],     ,       .           ,            ,  頖   .    .          ,  ,             . ,    ,           .

        1887      .    ,  ,    ,     ,        ,     ,     ,        ,      ,   ,    ,    (  ) ,  ,    ,       ,       ,   ,    ,    .

    ,   ,         ,        .    ,      ,        .

 ,     ,      : ,   ,        .       1890-     :    ,    ,     ,     ,          .   ,  ࠖ   ,      ࠖ ,   ,        .

 ,     .   ,        ,      ,      ,     [292 - Einstein, Ether and the Theory of Relativity, ,     5  1920.].




    


  :        .   :     ,     [293 -   - . , 3  1949., AEA 58217.].

     젖   ,       [294 - .  Alan Lightman, Einsteins Dreams,            . , ,    ,    ,   .].    ,   ,        .             .      :           ,    .            .

    , ,            . -,     ,   ,            .  -,      ,           ,   ,            .   ,             ,   ,                .  ,   ,    ,  ,              [295 -      ࠖ   ,        .  .       .  ,  ,    ,  ,     . . Alberto Martinez, Material History and Imaginary Clocks  Physics in Perspective, 6 (2004): 224.].

         ,    .   ,        ,     .  ,      ,  ,     ,    [296 - Einstein 1922c.        1922.  ,   ,      堖 .   .].

          ,    .    ,          ,      ,            .    ,  ,      ,      :



         (    ),           ,      .   ,     ,       .       ,         ,    ,     ,  ,       ,        .  ,          [297 - Einstein 1949b, 49.     . Wertheimer, 214; Einstein 1956, 10.].


          . , , ,   ,     .    ,       .  ,  ,    ,         ,    . ,        ,   ,      ࠖ        [298 -   Miller 1984, 123  ,   ,    1895.     . .  Miller 1999, 3031; Norton 2004, 2006b.     :    ,  ,   .     ,      ,     ,       ,          .].

 ,    :  ,        ,    .        ,    .   :   ,        ,       .    ,          [ ][299 -    , 13  1932., AEA 25 192; Moszkowski, 4.].

     ,    .       ,     .        ,     ,    ,   ,        ,    .  ,   1894     Ը     .       ,       ,    ,   ,   ,    ,  [300 -    ,       Ը  ,              : Holton 1973, 210.].

   ࠖ ,  ,      .   ,    ,       .              , ,  .  :   ,       ,    [301 - Einstein, Fundamental Ideas and Methods of the Theory of Relativity (1920),     Nature, CPAE 7: 31. .  Holton 1973, 362364; Holton 2003.].

        ,            .     ,   1899    ,            ,    ,   ,     -  [302 -    , 10  1899.].        ,     ,            .   :

    ,           .

    ,    . ,        ,          ,     ,   [303 -    , 10  1899.; Einstein 1922c.].  ,  -  ( 1905 )     1895          ,       ࠖ .    ,         ,       [304 -     19  1952. ,       1905.   ,   1922.  (Einstein 1922c), ,   ,    1899.,   , :             1895..       (22 (?)  1903.)  ,       .  .     ,        . . Miller 1981, 8586.].




    


      ,     ,     ,               ,     ?   ,   .    ( ),   1905        .               ࠖ         ,       ,    [305 -       ,  Einstein, Michelson, and the Crucial Experiment,  Holton 1973, 261286,   : Pais 1982, 115117.     .      . , -           1957. :        ,              . (Frank 1957, 134).  ,    ,   (30  2006.)        :    ࠖ ,  3040     ,     ,            .  , , ,        ,       -   ,          .].

      1922 ,     ,      , ,         ,     ,       .            1931  ,    ,   :                 ࠖ ,      [306 - Einstein 1922c;      ,  , , 15  1931., AEA 8328;       ,  , 19  1952., AEA 1168).].

           ,      ࠖ  ,     .   .  ,   , ,   ,            [307 - Wertheimer,  10; Miller 1984, 190.].

           ,            .   ,     ࠖ    1905 , 젖         1905 ,    :  ,       [308 - Robert Shankland interviews and letters, 4  1950., 24  1952., 19  1952. .    . , 9  1954.:          ,    ,      ,        .    ,       ,     ,    .].

 堖  ,      .           ,       ,      ,     ,              [309 - Miller 1984, 118:                ,            (ab initio).            ,        .].         ,              [310 -  ,           ,     ,   ࠖ   (  ). John Stachel. Einstein and Michelson: The Context of Discovery and Context of Justification, 1982,  Stachel 2002a.].

, ,     ,         1905 .         ࠖ ,      ,    ,   .       ,         ,           [311 -  .    .       . . . : 4. . 1.].

       :    ,    ,    .         :       ,  ,     .        .        ,    ,     ,          [312 -       ࠖ   ,  ,      .    ,       ,       ,    ,      .  , ,  annus mirabilis   ,     ,     ,    .       -,       (29  2006.).].         [313 - Miller 1984, 117; Sonnert, 289.].

,          ,          ,  ,  ,     .      . ,     ,    ,         ࠖ     :          ,        .

       1905         .            ,      ,     .               ,    ,      [314 - Holton 1973, 167.].

  1919         ,     :



   ,    ,       .

      ,  ,    

          .  -           ,   .               .        [315 - Einstein, Induction and Deduction in Physics, Berliner Tageblatt, 25  1919., CPAE 7:].


       .

            ,     ,       ,    [316 -   . , 9  1952., AEA 36549.     ,    .].

  1905             ,   .   :         ,       .         ,   ,            [317 - Einstein 1949b, 89.].




 


,        ,       ,    :  ,      ?[318 - ,  ,     (Miller 1981)   John Stachel, John Norton, Robert Rynasiewicz,   . ,      ,         .]

     , ,     ,     ,    ,     ,       . ,    ,       ,     ,    ,  ,          .           ,         :       ,            ,    ,   .

  ,   ,     .

1.         ,         .      .      .      .      ,       ,         . (   (  ),      160/.      ,   ,     ,           .)  , ,  ,     300 000/,          16 000/,              316 000/.

2.    ,    ࠖ 300 000/      ,       .      ,              - ,     ,     .

           1200/[319 -      ,       . ,   ,  ,   ,  ,       (    ,   ,     ).      .     ,    ( ),         .        . . .].

       ,    .    ,   ,       .      ,            1905 ,       [320 - . Miller, 1981, 311,             .   8           : ,                  .].

     .  , ,     ,    ,       .       ,    ,     -        .   ,      ,    [321 - Norton, 2006a.].

    -   ,        ,    .

  ,               ,     ,        ,       [322 -    , 25  1952., AEA 20 46. .     , 28  1922., AEA 25301,   :     ,         (,     ,    ).].

         ,       .    , ,        [323 - Mermin, 23.          ,   1913.     ,       .       ,     ,  ,   ,       ,  .].

       ,      .       ,   ,  ,           .  ,     ,             .

            ,    ,    .   :    ,               ,        [324 -    , 25   20  1912.   ,       ,      .          ,         ,      .        .   ,           ,      ,        .      (Einsteins Miraculous Year (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), xi)     :      ,           ,          ,   ,   .     ,         (  ,   ),                    ,        .       300  ,  ,     ,           ,      . Roger Penrose,    Einsteins Miraculous Year (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), xi. .  Miller 1981, 311.].

     :    ,      .     :         V      [325 - Einstein. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, 30  1905., CPAE 2: 23.          V,        ,     .]. ,     ,   ,     300 000/      ,    .

 , ,           . ?      ,     .

     ,    . ,   ,          300 000/.     ,       ,       3200/.  ,           296 800/.  :         .

        ,  , ,       ,                     ,      .  ,  ,    ,       ,    .    ,    ,    ,        ,      [326 -            :            V   ,         .  ,    ,          ,      .              ,               ,        (      )   .    ,            .].

   . ,          ,  ,   ,      ,    ,  ,      .          ,       .            .    ,   ,       .        ,  ,       :        .            [327 - Einstein 1922c.        1916.: Relativity: The Special and General Theory,   7 The Apparent Incompatibility of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity (       ).].

           ,                  ,         ,             -      .                .

      1905 .           .           ,         .       ,   ,  ,      ,  ,   ,  ,      ,      ,           .

 :            ,        [328 - Einstein 1916,  7.].

    .                   .







  ,    ,         ,     .    ,    ;          ,       .             .          ,    .

 -   :   .    ,   ,       .         , ,    ,  , :  ,     [329 - Einstein 1922c; Reiser, 68.].

 ,    ,  ,             ,    .        ,     ,     ,    :   ,      .                  .

             ?        ,  ,    ,      .

   ,     ,   ,    ,     ,    .    ,       .  ,   ,      .

    ,      . ,            .   ,     ,     ?

 ,      ,   ,           .     ,       ,                       .

    ,     ,    .    1916          ,          :








,    (   ,   ),        ,        M


,      ,     ,     .     ,       ,        .

      ,   ,     ,     .  ,   ,     ,      ,  ,  ,    , ,  ,    .    ,       ,    ,       .

  : ,     . ,     ,       ,  .     ,    ,  ,      .    ,      .  ,      .  ,         [330 - Einstein 1916,  9.].

  ,   .   ,    ,      ,         .     ,      ,      ,    .  ,     ,    , :       ,     ,        [331 - Einstein 1922c; Heisenberg 1958, 114.].

   1905     , ,    ,    ,     ,          ,    ,  ,    .      ,    ,     - ,      .  .  , , :       ,     :              .  ,     ,       ,      .

  ,  ,   ,          ,           ,         Principia[332 -   ࠖ Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica    .]  216   .          .   1  Principia     : , ,          ,     - ,        ,        ,     [333 -  .    . ., 1989. . . . .].

          ,       .    ,  ,    ,    ,   ,    [334 - Ibid.].    ,     :  []      ,    ;     [335 - Ibid.].[336 - Sir Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1689); Einstein, The Methods of Theoretical Physics,   , 10  1933.,  Einstein 1954, 273.]

 ,            ,         ,      . ,    ,         [337 - F?lsing, 174175.].

             蔠        .    :            ,       ,    [338 -  .  . ., 1990.].[339 -     , ,          The Measurement of Time.  .  ,                .     ,         . Miller 2001, 201202.]

 , ࠖ  ,  堖       ,  . ,    ,          ,     ,        .

 ,         ,      ,    ,             ,      ,       .  ,    ,        ,  (    )                  [340 - F?lsing, 155:  ,   ,         ,  젖      .   Galison, 253    .       : Max Fl?ckiger, Einstein in Bern (1974), 95.     ,  ,          , . Alberto Martinez, Material History and Imaginary Clocks, Physics in Perspective 6 (2004): 229.  , ,      ,             ,     ,   .].

                   .         .  1890       ,   ,   ,    ,                     .

 ,            .                 .

 1901  1904 ,   ,        .

  ,  ,                .    25 ,       ,       ,       .          ,            .      ,     ,    [341 - Galison, 222, 248, 253; Dyson.          .].

       ,   ,    ,    .         , -    ,   ,    ,         .         [342 - Norton 2006a, 3, 43:            ,     ,       ,       .        ,        ,                 . .  Alberto Martinez, Material History and Imaginary Clocks, Physics in Perspective 6 (2004): 224240; Alberto Martinez, Railways and the Roots of Relativity, Physics World,  2003.; Norton 2004.   ,          (. Dyson). .  Miller, 2001.].

    ,            ,        (,       , ,   ),    ,     ,                        ,  ,    .

   ,        ,       [343 -   , Bucky, 28; Einstein 1956, 12.]. ,    ,    1921  ,     ,  ,      ,      ,    [344 - Moszkowski, 227.].




   


  ,        ,    Annalen der Physik 30  1905 .        , , ,           - .      ,       ,    .      ,    ,     .          ,   ,         [345 - Overbye, 135.].

            ,      .  ,               :          [346 - Miller 1984, 109, 114. Miller 1981,     3             .].           ,  ,    ,   ,  ,     ,     ,    [347 - Einstein. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, Annalen der Physik 17 (26  1905.).    .        www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/.          Stachel, 1998; Stephen Hawking, ed., Selections from the Principle of Relativity (2002); Richard Muller, ed., Centennial Edition of The Theory of Relativity (2005).].

      ,      ,  ,      .              ,     ,            .         , ,          ,       ,    .

 ,     ,     ,           . ,              ,    ,      :       ,         ,   .

   ,     ,        .  ,       ,             .  ,      .

  ,         ,     ,     , ,       7       .   ,    :    ,   , ,    ,   ,  ,  .     :   ,             [348 - Einstein,     1916.: Relativity, CPAE 6: 44a.].

 ,    ,     ,        Principia, .  ,    ,   ,    :        ,   ,  w,             w[349 - Einstein 1916.].

   :     ,          .     ,   . :      ?

           ,   ,      .     ,    ,     ?     ,       ,                        .  ,       .

?        .   ,  ,     ,    ?    -,        .   , ,    , ,       ,     ,    ,     .

     ,  ,   ,  ,        .  ,     ,    렖       ,    , ,     .    ,   ,    ,    .  ,   , ,  ,     ,      ,   - ,         ,     .          (   ).    ,  ,      , ,  ,      .  ,      ,       [350 - Bernstein 2006, 71.].

      .   ,      .       ,     .          ,      (   !),     ,           .         .          .  ,     (,    ,   )   ,       ,   ,     [351 -       : Miller 1999, 8283; Panek, 3132.].

 ,    ,      .     ,   -       ,     , ,  ,    . ,   , , ,  . ,   , ,    ,     , ,    ,   ,     .

       ? , .        .         , , ,   ,     ,        .

     ,          .          ,                 . ,         ,        ,     0,00005  ,     ,        - ,          [352 -       , 29  2005.; British National Measurement Laboratory,      ,  2005., www.npl.co.uk/publications/metromnia/issue18/ (http://www.npl.co.uk/publications/metromnia/issue18/)].

         .       .  ,         ,    ?    ,                .  ,   ,      ,  .

      ,     .  , ,    ,   ,   , ,    ,            .    ,         ,  .   ,  ࠖ    ,   ,      .

     ,        ,       :    ?     ?     ?      ?

   ,     . ,       ,   ,           .           ,  ,       ,       .

     ,   ,         :



       .        ,       ,      .      ,       ࠖ    .  ,         ,     .   ,             ,  ,    ,      .   ,      ,     ,      .


  ,     ,   ,    ,    ,       [353 -    ,  , .   Solovine, 33, 35.].

    ,      ,       .

  ,   ,    ,     .       ,     .

     ,    - ,       .  ,     ,  .

        ,    .    1906      (Relativtheorie),   1907             Relativit?tstheorie  .

     ,       ,   ,   ,  ,         .      ,    ,     .          ,     ,        (     )    (     ).     蠖     젖  ,     ,      [354 - Krauss, 3547.].

       頖       .   ,    (        -      ).      ,        ,     ,      [355 - Seelig 1956a, 28.       . Taylor and Wheeler 1992.].

       .      ,               ,   1895 :      ,      ,  堖 .              ,       .     ,       .

         ,   1908 .      ,    ,    ,    ,  ,  .               ,         [356 - Pais, 1982, 151,   Hermann Minkowski, Space and Time,     21  1908.].

,        ,  -    -     :        ,     .          ,      1916         .

     !

   1908          .  ,     :      ,     [357 - Clark, 15960.].

      ,      ,     .  ,        .        .

  ,      ࠖ  ,      ,    ,                 .    ,         ,   ,       ,       ,    .

 , ,         .    ,      ,      ,         ,        ,     ,    [358 - Thorne, 79.       : Miller 2001, 200.  :  ,  ,            -           . . : Miller 2001, 240:    ,  堖 .              ,   ,          .         : Scientific Creativity: A Comparative Study of Henri Poincar and Albert Einstein, Creativity Research Journal 5 (1992): 385.].

          , ,   ,         ,    .      ?          ,         ,         [359 -    , 1  2005.].     :     ,    ,              .     ,   ,    ,             ,        [360 - Hoffmann 1972, 78.    , -,     , ,       ,     1954.:        ,         . . Schilpp, 112; Galison, 304.].

         ,  ,                  :

        ,      ,   .       ,        .    ,      ,      ,   .        .    ,    ,          ,      .  , ,             .       .          .                         ,      [361 - Dyson.].

     ,    ,   ,     .    ,           ,      ,     [362 - Miller 1981, 162.].

   ,     :             ,    .              .   1913 ,        ,   1920 ,  :  ,       .      .    ,         ,         ,      ,         [363 - Holton 1973, 178; Pais 1982, 166; Galison, 304; Miller 1981.                  ,         .         Why Did Poincar Not Formulate Special Relativity in 1905?     .].

 , ,      ,    .   1909     ,       ,   ,  ,   ,    ,   .  ,   ,     ,     ,      .

                 1912 .    ,         ,         .    .  :      ,        [364 - Miller 1984, 3738;       4  1912.,   : Miller 1984, 37; Pais 1982, 21, 163168.  :            ,      , , ,      . .  Galison, 242        .].




-?


  1901         :      ,           ![365 -    , 27  1901.]       ,  ,      ,   ,          ,         [366 - Michelmore, 45.].

       ꠖ    .       ,          ,           ,    ,   蠖   .     :  , ,      [367 - Overbye, 139; Highfield and Carter, 114;       , 20  1905.].

        ,       ,       ?

     ,        .               .  ,  ,   :        ,       .         ,         .    ,      ,      [368 - Overbye, 140; Trbuhovic-Gjuric, 9293; Zackheim, 62.].

 ,     ,    ,  [369 -   ,      -    ,  . ,         ( ),       ,        ,   ,   , .   . John Stachels appendix to the introduction of Einsteins Miraculous Year, centennial reissue edition (2005), iv.],             .   1990          ,           ࠖ      ࠖ   ,     .    ,      ,   ,              ,   []  -   .

,   ,     . -       Boston Globe,        ,  The Economist         .      1994     -,        ,      ,          .      2003 ,        ,         ,         ,       [370 - The Relative Importance of Einsteins Wife, The Economist, 24  1990.; Evan H. Walker, Did Einstein Espouse His Spouses Ideas? Physics Today,  1989.; Ellen Goodman, Out from the Shadows of Great Men, Boston Globe, 15  1990.; Einsteins Wife, PBS, 2003, www.pbs.org/opb/einsteins wife/index.htm; Holton 2000, 191; Robert Schulmann and Gerald Holton, Einsteins Wife,   New York Times Book Review, 8  1995.; Highfield and Carter, 108114; Svenka Savic, The Road to Mileva Mari-Einstein, www.zenskestudie.edu.yu/wgsact/e-library/e-lib0027.html#_ftn1 (http://www.zenskestudie.edu.yu/wgsact/e-library/e-lib0027.html#_ftn1); Christopher Bjerknes, Albert Einstein: The Incorrigible Plagiarist, home.com cast.net/~xtxinc/CIPD.htm; Alberto Mart?nez, Arguing about Einsteins Wife, Physics World,  2004., physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/4/2/1; Alberto Mart?nez, Handling Evidence in History: The Case of Einsteins Wife, School Science Review, Mar. 2005, 5152; Zackheim, 20; Andrea Gabor, Einsteins Wife: Work and Marriage in the Lives of Five Great Twentieth-Century Women (New York: Viking, 1995); John Stachel, Albert Einstein and Mileva Maric: A Collaboration That Failed to Develop,  H. Prycior et al., eds., Creative Couples in Science (1995), 207219; Stachel 2002a, 2537.].

   ,      ,          ,   .      ,    ,      .  ,      (    ).

           ,        .              .                  -     ,  ,  .

    ࠖ             ࠖ  ,        .  ,  ,           ,     ,     :       ,         ,      [371 - Michelmore, 45.].  ,  堖   ,   .

            ,      .      ,     ,    - ,          ,          .

     ,   ,         ,        . ,  ,       ,  ,      ,    ,    .          ,    ,       [372 - Holton 2000, 191.].




  E = mc?,  1905 


             ,     ,    ,   .         ,            ,   ,              . ,        ,  ,  ,      .       ?

  ,           ,  ,    .

   ,    .

    ,     ,       堖 ,           :

         ,           ,      ,   .     .          .    ;                     [373 -    , 30  22  1905. (                 E=mc?).].

      . ,   Annalen der Physik    27  1905 ,          ?[374 - ..      . . 1.],           .         ,  :   ,      ,     ,       [375 - Einstein. Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on Its Energy Content? Annalen der Physik 18 (1905),  27  1905., CPAE 2: 24.].

           ,     ,    -,   ,      .      ,   (   )   .      ,     ,   .             ,   ,     ,    .

   :           .       .       ,        .

     ,      :     L   ,      L/V?.   -   : L = mV?.  1912        L,          頖 .         V,       .  ,  ,    ,     :



 = mc?.


  ,     .  ,  , .    .    ,       ,   .      25 -  .   :           -    [376 -      ,   ,     , . Bodanis.        ,         : davidbodanis.com/books/emc?/notes/ relativity/sigdev/index.html.    . Wolfson, 156.].  ,   ,       .    ,  ,       ,       (,  ).






 . 1930- .






 

  

19061909








     1905   .      ,   ,   ,         ,         .   ,         .    ,  ,              ࠖ   ,  ,     .     ,  .     [377 - Maja Einstein, xxi.].

   . ,            ,   ,           ,      .    ,     ,    ,    ,       .    Annalen der Physik,       ,    ,  ,    ,    ,      .     ,        [378 - F?lsing, 202; Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers (1949), 42.].

   ,          .  ,   1906 ,  ,           ,      ,      ,   [379 -            (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1989), 191:      .             .    ,       ,    .].

         ,         .  ,       , .          ,      ,       [380 - F?lsing, 203;    , 27  1906.;    , 1913, CPAE 2: 267.].

         .  -         ,        ,           .   . ,        ,   ,  ,        .  ,            [381 -    , 6  1907.; Hoffmann 1972, 83.].

      ,        [382 - ,   ,     . . .].             ,      ,   ,         ,          .

,     ,  ,         ,  ,       ,      .       ,     ,  ,  ,      ,        [383 -    , 2  1906.]. (    ,        ,          .)

        1907   ,       ,    ,       ,     .        .  ,    ,      ,    ,       ,  ,  ,    ,    .  -        ,    ,   .

    ,    -    ,   ,     ,       .    , ,     .  ,                  .      ,            ,     [384 - Hoffmann 1972, 84; Seelig 1956a, 78; F?lsing, 212.].

    ,          ,  .  ,    ,    ,         - ,       .             ,      .       ,     1907 ,  - ,    ,         ,  -   .       .     , , ,   ,    [385 -     , 26  1907., . Diana Kormos Buchwald, The First Solvay Conference,  Einstein in Context (1993), 64.       ,   .].

          ,       .    ,           ,    ,     .    [386 -    , 1 1908.]. ,      ,                   ,         1000        4500 [387 -      , 13  1906.].

  .           ,       :   1906      1907 .             .       ,     .      :          [388 -     ,  1906.].

   1907        , ,          ,              ,     .                    ,          .     ,   .      ,       .

   .         ,            .     ,    ,        ,         .      ,       ,       .    ,     [389 - Einstein, A New Electrostatic Method for the Measurement of Small Quantities of Electricity, 13  1908., CPAE 2: 48; Overbye, 156.].

  ,       , , ,      .  ,       .  ,     ,    1907           (Maschinchen).   :   ,      Maschinchen,      .  ,   .  ,        ,  :   ,     .

  1908      ,        ,    ,    .      ,         .        ,      .     ,        ,    .   ,   .      ,          .               ,       [390 -    /  , 16 , 2  1907., 17 , , 4 , 12 , 22  1908., 18 , 15 , 28 , 3 , 5 , 17  1909.; Overbye, 156158.].

   , ,  ,            ,  .  ,      1907 ,     ,         ,   ,       .    :  ,          , ,   ,         ,           , ,      [391 -  .  ,    // . . : 4. . 1.]. ,                    ,    ,   ,  , ,     ,    .  ,        ,    ,  ,        [392 - Einstein, On the Inertia of Energy Required by the Relativity Principle, 14  1907., CPAE 2: 45;    , 25  1907.].

         -   .        ,        ,   -      .                 .        ,        . ,           [393 -            .],        ,       ,     .

           ,     ,        ,       .   ,       . ,     .         , ,   [394 -       , 17  1907., CPAE 5: 46; F?lsing, 228.].




   


         1907 ,                 .   ,    ,      :            (           )        .

        ,    ,  , ,    ,      .    ,           ,   ,      [395 - Einstein 1922c.].           [396 - Einstein, Fundamental Ideas and Methods of Relativity Theory, 1920,      Nature, CPAE 7: 31.       gl?cklichste Gedanke meines Lebens (     ).].

      ,       ,         [397 - Einstein Expounds His New Theory, New York Times, 3  1919.].                      [398 - Bernstein 1996a, 10.   ,                ,       .], ,  ,  ,    ,          ,    .             ,  ,      ,          ,    ,           .

    ,      ,     [399 -          ,       ,   .       .],    .      (  ,   )    .  ,         ,     .

     ,       ,    ,       .        .  , ,   .       ,           .

     . ,        ,       .          .    ,     .        ,        .    -     ,       ,         ,    ࠖ   ,     ,        . ,      ,            . , -     ,         .                  ,        .

 :         ,    ?         ,         .    ,        ,      [400 - Einstein 1916,  20.].

           :   ,     ,       .     ,        蠖    堖        .     ,  ,        ,   .   ,         ,    -.  ,     ,        ,   .

  ,          , ,       ,  ,  ,  .  ,       (  )   ,  ,  ,  ,   (  ,      ,  ,   ),       .     ,          ,  ,  ,  ,   (  ,      ,   ,  ),      .       .   ,  , ,     ,            [401 - Einstein, The Fundaments of Theoretical Physics, Science, 24  1940.,  Einstein 1954, 329. .  Sartori, 255.].

    [402 -        The Speed of Light and the Statics of the Gravitational Field (     ), CPAE 4: 3,     Annalen der Physik   1912.].      .          ,       ,    .  ,        ,   ,  ,     ,  ,    ,      [403 - Janssen 2002.].

         ,    .

  ,  ,  ,  ,            .        ,         .           .                ,      ,    .

     ,    ,      .       :    ,       ,  頖   . , -,           :    ,       ,       .

   ,     ,      .  ,                ࠖ     .         .

  1907  ,                  ,     ,      .   :       .     .  ,        ,      ?

    ,    ,      [404 -       ,  堖     .].     ,          .                     .

      ,  , ,    ,         .     ,    ,     ,         ,   ,    ,     ,  ,   .        .    ,    ,       ,    ,           ,    ,               [405 - Einstein, On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It, Jahrbuch der Radioaktivit?t and Elektronik, 4  1907., CPAE 2:47 (     );    , 24  1911.].

       1915 ,            .    ,       頖       蠖       ,     .          ,                蠖   .







  1908 ,     ,      ,             ,        .    렖  ,       .   ,    ,        ,           .

        ,    ,   .     ?    . ,   -              ?         (   - ,     ..)?    ,   ,    ,      .   - ,        ?[406 -    , 3  1908.]

                 ,    :      .     -    ,      ,      .          ,         [407 -     , 20  1908.; F?lsing, 236.].

          ,      -   .        ,      ,                      ,   [408 -    , 11  1908;    , 8  1908.].

,             ,   ,     1908    -.      ,       .         ,   ,       .     ,  ,       .

  ,              1908 ,   ,        :       ,    .        ,            .   1909     ,     .      :    ,         ,     [409 - Fl?ckiger, 117121; F?lsing, 238; Maja Einstein, xxi.].

 ,     ,      ,       -[410 -    , 8  1908.].  ,            ,        .      1908 ,          ( )   .

 , ,  ,    .         ,      ,    ,      . ,     -  ,      ,    .     1908     ,      ,         ,  .           ,         ,           . ,   ,   ,     ,  ,  .      - ,       .      ,    ,   ,   ,        [411 -     , 19  1908.; Rudolph Ar-delt, Friedrich Adler (1984), 165194; Seelig 1956a, 95; F?lsing, 247; Overbye, 161.].

  ,   ,     , ,         .  :        ,  ,     .      ,      -.

   ,        ,    ,   ,    ,   [412 - Frank 1947, 75;    , 29  1917.].

     1908            -   ,   ,  ,    . ,     .

     ,   ,  ,     ,   ,       ,      .     ,     ,        .   ,       [413 -    , 19  1909.; Reiser, 72.].

     ,          ,   . ,   .      :  ,     .   ,   .     ,      ,   ,      [414 -     ,1  1908.;    , 30  1908.].

     ,     ,  ,              ,     .    ,       .         ,  -              .

      .      ,   ,  ,   .     ,     ,        .       .  ,         ,        .

 ,    ,    ( ,  )     ,       1909 .  ,     ,         [415 -    , 19  1909.].      ,   ,       .

    ,     ,        .    :      -,           .         , ,       :          ,       ,     ,   [416 -  ,  , 4  1909.; Seelig 1956a, 166; Pais 1982, 185; F?lsing, 249. 37  ,  , 4  1909.].

       .      ,    ,        , ,  ,  .         ,    ,        :



   ,    ,      ,      ,     ,       (     )   ,   ,    ,        . , , ,       ,          ,       -   ,    .      ,     , ,    ,   ,              .     ,                [417 -  .      . ., 1989.].


   - ,     1909 ,  :     .         (-)     ,     .  ,    ,  ,      ,      .       ,     .     :

,        [418 -    , 19  1909.].

  ,        ,        -.   ,       ,  -            .     ,             :       ? / ,   , /      /    . /      , /   . / 堖 /    .  :  -[419 - ,     ,  1899, CPAE 1: 49.].

             . , ,          ,          ,  ,      ,       .     .  ,      ,     .   -       ,  .     [420 -    -, 12  1909.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/uolter-ayzekson/eynshteyn-ego-zhizn-i-ego-vselennaya-9740253/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


     1920      The Collected papers of Albert Einstein.      ,    .    ,      (AEA),      .   ,      ,   ,        .




2


   , 5  1930.     ,   , .  : Beim Menschen ist es wie beim Velo. Nur wenn er faethrt, kann er bequem die Balance halten.        :     ,      .  ,   .   ,  , .




3


   , 18  1905.




4


      :     ,    .   ,    ,  .




5


    ,     Time,   31  1999.,  Discover,   2004.




6


 ,   .  :     -       :         ,     .     -     .       .




7


Frank 1957, xiv; Bernstein 1996b, 18.




8


   , 27  1953., AEA 60714;    , 12  1953., AEA 60716.




9


Viereck, 377. . : Thomas Friedman, Learning to Keep Learning, New York Times, 13  2006.




10


   , 12  1901.; Hoffmann and Dukas, 24.       1930- .  :     ,        , ,   .




11


     -,  1952., AEA 28931.




12


   , 21  1954., AEA 59261; Ernst Straus, Reminiscences,  Holton and Elkana, 419; Vallentin, 17; Maja Einstein, lviii.




13


., : Thomas Sowell, The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late (New York: Basic Books, 2002).




14


       , . Seelig 1956b, 72.




15


Vallentin, 17;     , . Wertheimer, 214.




16


   , 4  1953., AEA 60604. .    :  ,       , . Seelig 1956a,11. .  Michelmore, 22.




17


Maja Einstein, xvi; Seelig 1956a, 10.




18


www.alemannia-judaica.de/synagoge_buchau.htm. (http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/synagoge_buchau.htm)




19


   , 11  1952., AEA 3913; Highfield and Carter, 9.




20


Maja Einstein, xv; Highfield and Carter, 9; Pais 1982, 36.




21


  , CPAE 1: 1; Fantova, 5  1953.




22


Pais 1982, 3637.




23


Maja Einstein, xviii.          .




24


Frank 1947, 8.




25


Maja Einstein, xviii xix; F?lsing, 12; Pais 1982, 37.




26


  , , ,        .  -,         ,    ,  ,   , ,   .  ,              .   ,      ,      ,  ,   ,     ,    . . Simon Baron-Cohen, The Male Condition, New York Times, 8  2005.; Simon Baron-Cohen, The Essential Difference (New York: Perseus, 2003), 167; Norm Ledgin, Aspergers and Self-Esteem: Insight and Hope through Famous Role Models (Arlington, TX: Future Horizons, 2002), ch. 7; Hazel Muir, Einstein and Newton Showed Signs of Autism, New Scientist, Apr. 30, 2003; Thomas Marlin, Albert Einstein and LD, Journal of Learning Disabilities, Mar. 1, 2000, 149.   Google Einstein + Aspergers  146. .   ,     .        ,  ,    ,          ,    .




27


 .   //   : 4. ., 1966. . 4.




28


Einstein 1949b, 9; Seelig 1956a, 11; Hoffmann 1972, 9; Pais 1982, 37; Vallentin, 21; Reiser, 25; Holton 1973, 359;     , 22  2005.




29


Overbye, 8; Shulamith Oppenheim, Rescuing Alberts Compass (New York: Crocodile, 2003).




30


Holton 1973, 358.




31


F?lsing, 26;    , , 1940, CPAE 1, lxiii.




32


Maja Einstein, xxi; Bucky, 156;     , 8  1917.




33


   , . Whitrow, 21; Bucky, 148.




34


   , 23  1928., AEA 2865; Dukas and Hoffmann, 78; Moszkowski, 222.   ,             ,  ,       ,       Befriedigung,   ,   .




35


   , 29  1942., AEA 38238.




36


Clark, 25; Einstein 1949b, 3; Reiser, 28. (    ,    ,    ࠖ .)




37


 .  (.).




38


Maja Einstein, xix.   , ,      1  1885.,    ,      .




39


     ,  ,   ,      ; Reiser, 30.          ,          ; Frank 1947, 9.




40


F?lsing, 16;    , 3  1920., CPAE 1: lx.




41


Reiser, 2829; Maja Einstein, xxi; Seelig 1956a, 15; Pais 1982, 38; F?lsing, 20.   ,      ,     ,         1888.,        .




42


Brian 1996, 281.   Google   Einstein failed math  2006.  648. .




43


    , 1  1886; F?lsing, 1820,      , 21  1954., Dr. H. Wieleitner in Nueste Nachrichten, Munich, 14  1929.




44


   , 21  1954., AEA 59261; Maja Einstein, xx.




45


Frank 1947, 14; Reiser, 35; Einstein 1949b, 11.




46


Maja Einstein, xx; Bernstein 1996a, 2427;    , The Tower, Princeton, 13  1935.




47


Talmey, 164; Pais 1982, 38.




48


       1853  1857.     ,       ,    1860- .   .  , , ,   ,    ,         .        . Frederick Gregory, The Mysteries and Wonders of Science: Aaron Bernsteins Naturwissenschaftliche Volksb?cher and the Adolescent Einstein, . Howard and Stachel 2000, 2342. Maja Einstein, xxi; Einstein 1949b, 15; Seelig 1956a, 12.




49


Aaron Bernstein, Naturwissenschaftliche Volksb?cher, 1870 ed., vols. 1, 8, 16, 19; Howard and Stachel 2000, 2739.




50


Einstein 1949b, 5.




51


Talmey, 163. (      ,       .)




52


Einstein, On the Method of Theoretical Physics, Herbert Spencer lecture, Oxford, June 10, 1933,  Einstein 1954, 270.




53


Einstein 1949b, 9, 11; Talmey, 163; F?lsing, 23 (   ,       ); Einstein 1954, 270.




54


       .




55


Aaron Bernstein, vol. 12,     Howard and Stachel 2000, 37; Einstein 1949b, 5.




56


Frank 1947, 15; Jammer, 1529.   :          ,    . Holton 2003, 32.




57


Einstein 1949b, 5; Maja Einstein, xxi.




58


Einstein, What I Believe, Forum and Century (1930): 194,   The World As I See It,  Einstein 1954, 10.   ,     ,   ; Frank 1947, 8.




59


Frank 1947, 11; F?lsing, 17; C. P Snow, Einstein,  Variety of Men (New York: Scribners, 1966), 26.




60


   , 8  1901.




61


Pais 1982, 17, 38; Hoffmann 1972, 24.




62


Maja Einstein, xx; Seelig 1956a, 15; Pais 1982, 38;     , 1940, CPAE 1, lxiii.




63


    堖      ,        .




64


Stefann Siemer, The Electrical Factory of Jacob Einstein and Cie.,  Renn 2005b, 128131; Pyenson, 40.




65


Overbye, 910;     , 1940, CPAE 1, lxiii; Hoffmann, 1972, 2526; Reiser, 40; Frank 1947, 16; Maja Einstein, xxi; F?lsing 2830.




66


   , 21  1896.; F?lsing 34; The Jewish Spectator,  1969.




67


      Eidgen?ssische Polytechnische Schule (  ).  1911            Eidgen?ssische Polytechnische Hochschule (   ), , , ETH.           . . .




68


Frank 1947, 17; Maja Einstein, xxii; Hoffmann 1972, 27.




69


Einstein, On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field,  1895., CPAE 1: 5.




70


   ,  1895.




71


    , 25  1895., CPAE 1 ( ), 7; F?lsing, 37; Seelig 1956a, 9.




72


   -  Anschau-ung (), Miller 1984, 241246.




73


Seelig 1956b, 56; F?lsing, 38.




74


Miller 2001, 47; Maja Einstein, xxii; Seelig 1956b, 9; F?lsing, 38; Holton, On Trying to Understand Scientific Genius,  Holton 1973, 371.




75


Bucky, 26; F?lsing, 46.         Autobiographical Notes,  Schilpp, 53.




76


    , 26 , 1895, CPAE 1: 9; F?lsing, 39; Highfield and Carter, 2224.




77


Vallentin, 12; Hans Byland, Neue B?ndner Zeitung, Feb. 7, 1928,   Seelig 1956a, 14; F?lsing, 39.




78


   , 30  1895., CPAE 1: 15.




79


   , 21  1896.




80


Entrance report, Aarau school, CPAE 1: 8; Aarau school record, CPAE 1: 10;     , 29  1995., CPAE 1: 11,  30  1895, CPAE 1: 14.




81


   , 31  1896., CPAE 1: 17; Seelig 1956a, 15; Overbye, 13.




82


   , 28  1896., CPAE 1: 16.




83


   , 27  1931.,   F?lsing, 41.




84


Israelitisches Wochenblatt, 24  1920.; Einstein, Why Do They Hate the Jews? Colliers, 26  1938.




85


   , 30  1954., AEA 38434; F?lsing 42.




86


 , 1821  1896., CPAE 1: 2027.




87


Overbye, 15; Maja Einstein, xvii.




88


   , 11  1918.




89


Cahan, 42;    CPAE 1 (German), 44.




90


Einstein 1949b, 15.




91


 ,  1896  1900., CPAE 1: 28; Bucky, 24;    , 29  1912.; F?lsing, 50.




92


   ,  1898.; Cahan, 64.




93


Louis Kollros, Albert Einstein en Suisse, Helvetica Physica, Supplement 4 (1956): 22,  AEA 5123; Adolf Frisch,  Seelig 1956a, 29; Cahan, 67; Clark, 55.




94


Seelig 1956a, 30; Overbye, 43; Miller 2001, 52; Charles Seife, The True and the Absurd  Brockman, 63.




95


 , CPAE 1: 28.




96


Seelig 1956a, 30; Bucky, 25 (  ); F?lsing, 57.




97


Seelig 1956a, 30.




98


   , 2  1899.




99


Seelig 1956a, 28; Whitrow, 5.




100


Einstein 1949b, 1517.




101


   Bucky, 27;    , 20  1936., AEA 11481; Seelig 1956a, 34, 207; F?lsing, 53.




102


Holton 1973, 209212.       ,      ,            Ը.




103


Clark, 59; Galison, 3234.           ,                 ,   , ,  ,     ,        (Galison, 34).     Miller 2001, 200204.




104


Seelig 1956a, 37; Whitrow, 5; Bucky, 156.




105


Miller 2001, 186; Hoffmann, 1972, 252;    , The Etude,  1947.,  Calaprice, 150;      , 1939., AEA 8622; Dukas and Hoffmann, 76.




106


Seelig 1956a, 36.




107


F?lsing, 51, 67; Reiser, 50; Seelig 1956a, 9.




108


Clark, 50.    , ,    ,    ,      .




109


   , 1898.




110


   ,   1899.




111


   , 425 , 1896.




112


   , 30 , 1896.




113


    , 1  1896.




114


   ,  1897.




115


   , 425 , 30  1896.




116


-䠖   ⠖      ,         .      ,       -.  40%   -, 25% -   20% -.            .




117


Desanka Trbuhovic-Gjuric, 938; Dord Krstic, Mileva Einstein-Mar?c,  Elizabeth Einstein, 85; Overbye, 2833; Highfield and Carter, 3338;   , CPAE 5: 4.




118


Dord Krstic, Mileva Einstein-Mar?c,  Elizabeth Einstein, 88 (        ).      ,    :  ,         .




119


   ,  20  1897.




120


   , 16  1898.




121


   ,  16  1898.,  28  1898.




122


    Seelig 1956a, 34; F?lsing, 71.




123


   , 13  20  1899.




124


  , 10  1899.,  1899., 13  1900.




125


   , 13  1900,   1899, 10  1899.




126


   ,  28  1899.




127


   , 1900.




128


   , 21  1898., CPAE 1: 42.




129


   , 10  1899.; Einstein 1922c (  蠖 . ,   , , 14  1922.).




130


Einstein 1922c; Reiser, 52;    ,  28  1899.; Renn and Schulmann, 85,  11: 3, 11: 4.        1898.         Annalen der Physik 65, no. 3.




131


   , 10  1899.; Seelig 1956a, 30; F?lsing, 68; Overbye, 55;    , CPAE 1: 67.     ,    CPAE,   4,       .




132


   , CPAE 1: 67.




133


    24 1950., AEA 60253;   ,  , 6  1957., AEA 60257.




134


Einstein 1949b, 17.




135


   , 1  1900.




136


   ,  29  1900.




137


  , 6  1900.




138


   , 1 , 13  1900.




139


   , 30  1900.




140


   , 1 , 6 ,  14 , 20  1900.




141


   , 6  1900.




142


  ,     ,       .




143


   ,  9 , 14 , 20  1900.




144


   ,  9 ,  14  1900.        .




145


   , 13  1900.




146


   , 19  1900.




147


   , 26 , 30  1900.




148


   , 3  1900,     , 1936; Seelig 1956a, 208.




149


      ,  1900., CPAE 1: 82;    , 11  1900.;       . , 14 , 1900., CPAE 1: 84.




150


   , 13  1900.




151


   , 3  1900.




152


 .     //   : 4.




153


Einstein, Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity, Annalen der Physik, CPAE 2: 1,  13  1900,  1  1901.    John N. Murrell and Nicole Grobert  The Centenary of Einsteins First Scientific Paper, The Royal Society (London), 22  2002. (.  www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/app/home/content. asp),     ,     -    ,   ,         -      ,         ,     .




154


Dudley Herschbach, Einstein as a Student,  2005.,  ,    .




155


   , 15 , 30  1901.;     , 20  1900..




156


  . , 24  1948., AEA 5926.




157


Maja Einstein, Sketch, 19; Reiser, 63;      . , 14  1900., CPAE 1: 84;    , 30  1901., CPAE 1: 88;     , 13  1901., CPAE 1: 91.




158


    , 20  1900.;    , 23 , 27  1901.




159


   , 4  1901.




160


   -, 12  1901.;    , 14  1901.; F?lsing, 78; Clark, 66; Miller 2001, 68.




161


   , 19 , 3 , 1901.




162


    , 13  1901.




163


   , 23 , 27  1901.;    , 14  1901.




164


   , 27  1901.;     , 9  1901.




165


   , 4  1901;    , 23  1918; Overbye, 25; Miller 2001, 78; F?lsing, 115.




166


   , 27 , 4 1901.




167


   , 14  1901;    , 15  1901.




168


   , 30  1901.  䠖   ,  ,     , ꠖ        .




169


   , 2  1901.




170


    ,    1901.




171


   ,    1901.




172


   ,    CPAE 28  1901.   , ,    .




173


Overbye, 7778.




174


   , 7  1901.




175


   ,  7  1901. (   CPAE vol. 8as 1:116,    ,    1  ).




176


   ,  31  1901.; High-field and Carter, 80.




177


   , 8  1901.;    , 14  1901.      : Overbye, 65.




178


Renn 2005a, 109.            Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (   ).        .




179


   , 15  1901.;    , 15  1901.




180


Renn 2005a, 124.




181


   , 4    4  1901.        ,        , .




182


   ,  7  1901.;    , 8  1901.




183


Renn 2005a, 118.         :    -   -    ,             ,   8  1901. ,  ,      ,         .




184


   , 6  1901.




185


Overbye, 8284.         .




186


                    :  . . . : 4. ., 1966. . 3.




187


Einstein. On the Thermodynamic Theory of the Difference in Potentials between Metals and Fully Dissociated Solutions of Their Salts.  1902.            ,        1902.




188


        :  . . . : 4. ., 1966. . 3.




189


Einstein. Kinetic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.  1902.; Renn 2005a, 119; Jos Uffink, Insuperable Difficulties: Einsteins Statistical Road to Molecular Physics, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 37 (2006): 38; Clayton Gearhart, Einstein before 1905: The Early Papers on Statistical Mechanics. American Journal of Physics ( 1990.).




190


    ,  23  1901.;    , 28  1901.




191


   , 17  19  1901.




192


         , 1  1902., CPAE 1: 132; F?lsing, 8890; Reiser, 69; Overbye, 91.     ,  8  1902.:   []   ,    .             ,    .     .




193


   , 6  1901.




194


   , 28  1901.




195


   , 13  1901.; Highfield and Carter, 82.




196


   , 12  1901; F?lsing, 107; Zackheim, 35; Highfield and Carter, 86.




197


    , 20  1902.




198


    ,  23  1901.




199


   , 11  19  1901.




200


   , 28  1901.




201


   , 4  1902., 12  1901.




202


     ,     ,    400  ,    ,        .      ,      ,           1948 . . .




203


   , 4  1902.




204


   , 13  1901.   , .  ,  ,   ,     .




205


   , 17  1902.




206


    , 19  1902.




207


.            : Galison, 222248.    ,          , .  6.




208


   ,  1902.; F?lsing, 102.




209


 , Bucky, 28; Reiser, 66.




210


   , 12  1919.




211


 , Bucky, 28; Einstein 1956, 12.    ,  ,     ,      . Reiser, 64.




212


 ,       ,  , ,         ,      ,    1920- .,  , F?lsing, 104.




213


Galison, 243; Fl?ckiger, 27.




214


F?lsing, 103; C. P Snow, Einstein  Goldsmith et al., 7.




215


 , Bucky, 28; Einstein 1956, 12. . Don Howard, A kind of vessel in which the struggle for eternal truth is played out, AEA Cedex-H.




216


Solovine, 6.




217


Maurice Solovine, Dedication of the Olympia Academy, A. D. 1903, CPAE 2: 3.




218


Solovine, 1114.




219


   , 25  1948.; Seelig 1956a, 57;    ,     , 3  1953.; Hoffmann 1972, 243.




220


      . 2 (xxiv xxv)     ,     .




221


   , 14  1915.   1944.    :    :  ,     ,    頖          ,       堖   , Einstein 1954, 22. .  Einstein, 949b, 13.




222


 .    . ., 1998. . . .




223


David Hume, Treatise on Human Nature, book 1, part 2; Norton 2005a.




224


 .       // . . : 4. ., 1966. . 4.




225


        (1781).          : Einstein, Remarks on Bertrand Russells Theory of Knowledge (1944)  Schilpp; Einstein 1954, 22; Einstein, 1949b, 1113; Einstein, On the Methods of Theoretical Physics,    10  1933. Einstein 1954, 270; Mara Beller, Kants Impact on Einsteins Thought,  Howard and Stachel 2000, 83106. .  Einstein, Physics and Reality (1936)  Einstein 1950a, 62; Yehuda Elkana, The Myth of Simplicity in Holton and Elkana, 221.




226


Einstein 1949b, 21.




227


Einstein.     , 14  1916., CPAE 6: 26.




228


Philipp Frank, Einstein, Mach and Logical Positivism,  Schilpp, 272; Overbye, 25, 100104; Gerald Holton, Mach, Einstein and the Search for Reality, Daedalus ( 1968.): 636673,   Holton 1973, 221; Clark, 61;    , 8  1952.; Einstein, 1949b, 15; Norton 2005a.




229


 .  // . : 2. ., 1957. . 1. . . . .




230


Spinoza, Ethics; Jammer 1999, 47; Holton 2003, 2634; Matthew Stewart, The Courtier and the Heretic (New York: Norton, 2006).




231


Pais, 1982, 47; F?lsing, 106; Hoffmann 1972, 39; Maja Einstein, xvii; Overbye, 1517.




232


  , CPAE 5: 6; Miller 2001, 64; Zackheim, 47.




233


       -,    ,     .        . . .




234


   , 22  1903.;     ,  1903.; Solovine, 13; Seelig 1956a, 46;    , 5  1952.; AEA 3920.




235


   , 27  1903.; Zackheim, 50.




236


   , 19  1903.; Zackheim; Popovic?;           .




237


Popovic?, 11; Zackheim, 276;         .




238


Michelmore, 42.




239


   ,  19  1903.




240


    , 14  1904.; Popovic?, 86; Whitrow, 19.




241


Overbye, 113,   Desanka Trbuhovic-Gjuric, Im Schatten Albert Einstein (Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt, 1993), 94.




242


             1900.       .      ,     ,       .        ,    1910.: Silvanus P Thompson. The Life of Lord Kelvin. New York, 1976.




243


Pierre-Simon Laplace, A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (1820).            .     ,        ,        .      ,        .




244


Einstein, Letter to the Royal Society on Newtons Bicentennial,  1927.




245


Einstein 1949b, 19.




246


        .: Miller 1981, . 3.




247


 .   // . . : 4. ., 1965. . 4.




248


Einstein and Infeld, 244; Overbye, 40; Bernstein 1996a, 49.




249


  ().




250


    , 18  25  1905.




251


 17  1905.   Annalen der Physik 17 (1905).    c          .




252


 ,     , Royal Society of London, 1948.




253


John Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man (1986).      ,     ,   : Gribbin and Gribbin; Bernstein 1996a, 2006; Overbye, 118121; Stachel 1998; Rigden; A. Douglas Stone, Genius and Genius?: Planck, Einstein and the Birth of Quantum Theory, Aspen Center for Physics,   20  2005.




254


 , ,           ,    . Bernstein 2006, 157161.




255


       14  1900. . Lightman 2005, 3.




256


Einstein 1949b, 46. Miller 1984, 112; Miller 1999, 50; Rynasiewicz and Renn, 5.




257


 .      // . . : 4. . 3.




258


Einstein, On the General Molecular Theory of Heat, 27  1904.




259


     15  1904.    1904  1905. .        2005.




260


Einstein, On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light, 17  1905.




261


   .  :  , ,     ,     XIX ,  ,          .   ,     蠖            ,    ,        ,    ,       ,     : Norton 2006c, 73, .  Lightman 2005, 48.




262


   1906.  ,           . ,         .     ,        ,      ,      ,     , 17  1928. . Rynasiewicz and Renn, 29; Bernstein 1991, 155.




263


Holton and Brush, 395.




264


      1926.      1905.  ,  1916.,          .   ,      ,      1905.,  : Jeremy Bernstein,  , Physics Today,  2006.




265


Gribbin and Gribbin, 81.




266


     6  1907.




267


           12  1913., CPAE 5: 445.




268


Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography (1949), 44; Max Born, Einsteins Statistical Theories,  Schilpp, 163.




269


 : Gerald Holton, Millikans Struggle with Theory, Europhysics News 31 (2000): 3.




270


     12  1951., AEA 7401.




271


 30  1905.,     20  1905.,      Annalen der Physik 19  1905.   Annalen der Physik   1906. .: Norton 2006c  www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/Goodies/Einstein_stat_1905/ (http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/Goodies/Einstein_stat_1905/).




272


Jos Uffink, Insuperable Difficulties: Einsteins Statistical Road to Molecular Physics. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 37 (2006): 37, 60.




273


 ,   ,     ,    .




274


bulldog.u-net.com/avogadro/avoga.html




275


Rigden, 4852; Bernstein 1996a, 88; Gribbin and Gribbin, 4954.




276


Hoffmann 1972, 55; Seelig 1956b, 72; Pais 1982, 8889.




277


Brownian motion introduction, CPAE 2 (), 206; Rigden, 63.




278


Einstein, On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in Liquids at Rest Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat.   Annalen der Physik 11  1905.




279


Einstein 1949b, 47.




280


       ?2n/?.           . : Gribbin and Gribbin, 61; Bernstein 2006, 117.            ,      .




281


 .       ,  -   // . . : 4. . 3.




282


Einstein, On the Theory of Brownian Motion, 1906, CPAE 2: 32 (      ); Gribbin and Gribbin, 63; Clark, 89; Max Born, Einsteins Statistical Theories,  Schilpp, 166.




283


,      ,         1674/          109 000/.   ,      ,       - ,          ,       . .: Miller 1999, 25. . .




284


             On the Origins of the Special Theory of Relativity (    ) (1960),  : Holton 1973, 165.




285


. Janssen 2004,           ,    ,    ,        , ,    ,   .




286


Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632),   頖 Stillman Drake, 186.




287


堖 299 792 458/  .     - ,        ,       ,   .  ,   ,          堖 . .




288


Miller, 1999, 102.




289


        ,   蠖  ()   (FM).         堖  (110), 堖  (100젖 1), 堖  (10100)  堖  (10젖 10).




290


Einstein, Ether and the Theory of Relativity, ,     5  1920..




291


 ; Einstein 1916, chapter 13.




292


Einstein, Ether and the Theory of Relativity, ,     5  1920.




293


  - . , 3  1949., AEA 58217.




294


.  Alan Lightman, Einsteins Dreams,            . , ,    ,    ,   .




295


     ࠖ   ,        .  .       .  ,  ,    ,  ,     . . Alberto Martinez, Material History and Imaginary Clocks  Physics in Perspective, 6 (2004): 224.




296


Einstein 1922c.        1922.  ,   ,      堖 .   .




297


Einstein 1949b, 49.     . Wertheimer, 214; Einstein 1956, 10.




298


  Miller 1984, 123  ,   ,    1895.     . .  Miller 1999, 3031; Norton 2004, 2006b.     :    ,  ,   .     ,      ,     ,       ,          .




299


   , 13  1932., AEA 25 192; Moszkowski, 4.




300


   ,       Ը  ,              : Holton 1973, 210.




301


Einstein, Fundamental Ideas and Methods of the Theory of Relativity (1920),     Nature, CPAE 7: 31. .  Holton 1973, 362364; Holton 2003.




302


   , 10  1899.




303


   , 10  1899.; Einstein 1922c.




304


    19  1952. ,       1905.   ,   1922.  (Einstein 1922c), ,   ,    1899.,   , :             1895..       (22 (?)  1903.)  ,       .  .     ,        . . Miller 1981, 8586.




305


      ,  Einstein, Michelson, and the Crucial Experiment,  Holton 1973, 261286,   : Pais 1982, 115117.     .      . , -           1957. :        ,              . (Frank 1957, 134).  ,    ,   (30  2006.)        :    ࠖ ,  3040     ,     ,            .  , , ,        ,       -   ,          .




306


Einstein 1922c;      ,  , , 15  1931., AEA 8328;       ,  , 19  1952., AEA 1168).




307


Wertheimer,  10; Miller 1984, 190.




308


Robert Shankland interviews and letters, 4  1950., 24  1952., 19  1952. .    . , 9  1954.:          ,    ,      ,        .    ,       ,     ,    .




309


Miller 1984, 118:                ,            (ab initio).            ,        .




310


 ,           ,     ,   ࠖ   (  ). John Stachel. Einstein and Michelson: The Context of Discovery and Context of Justification, 1982,  Stachel 2002a.




311


 .    .       . . . : 4. . 1.




312


      ࠖ   ,  ,      .    ,       ,       ,    ,      .  , ,  annus mirabilis   ,     ,     ,    .       -,       (29  2006.).




313


Miller 1984, 117; Sonnert, 289.




314


Holton 1973, 167.




315


Einstein, Induction and Deduction in Physics, Berliner Tageblatt, 25  1919., CPAE 7:




316


  . , 9  1952., AEA 36549.     ,    .




317


Einstein 1949b, 89.




318


,  ,     (Miller 1981)   John Stachel, John Norton, Robert Rynasiewicz,   . ,      ,         .




319


     ,       . ,   ,  ,   ,  ,       (    ,   ,     ).      .     ,    ( ),         .        . . .




320


. Miller, 1981, 311,             .   8           : ,                  .




321


Norton, 2006a.




322


   , 25  1952., AEA 20 46. .     , 28  1922., AEA 25301,   :     ,         (,     ,    ).




323


Mermin, 23.          ,   1913.     ,       .       ,     ,  ,   ,       ,  .




324


   , 25   20  1912.   ,       ,      .          ,         ,      .        .   ,           ,      ,        .      (Einsteins Miraculous Year (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), xi)     :      ,           ,          ,   ,   .     ,         (  ,   ),                    ,        .       300  ,  ,     ,           ,      . Roger Penrose,    Einsteins Miraculous Year (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), xi. .  Miller 1981, 311.




325


Einstein. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, 30  1905., CPAE 2: 23.          V,        ,     .




326


           :            V   ,         .  ,    ,          ,      .              ,               ,        (      )   .    ,            .




327


Einstein 1922c.        1916.: Relativity: The Special and General Theory,   7 The Apparent Incompatibility of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity (       ).




328


Einstein 1916,  7.




329


Einstein 1922c; Reiser, 68.




330


Einstein 1916,  9.




331


Einstein 1922c; Heisenberg 1958, 114.




332


  ࠖ Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica    .




333


 .    . ., 1989. . . . .




334


Ibid.




335


Ibid.




336


Sir Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1689); Einstein, The Methods of Theoretical Physics,   , 10  1933.,  Einstein 1954, 273.




337


F?lsing, 174175.




338


 .  . ., 1990.




339


    , ,          The Measurement of Time.  .  ,                .     ,         . Miller 2001, 201202.




340


F?lsing, 155:  ,   ,         ,  젖      .   Galison, 253    .       : Max Fl?ckiger, Einstein in Bern (1974), 95.     ,  ,          , . Alberto Martinez, Material History and Imaginary Clocks, Physics in Perspective 6 (2004): 229.  , ,      ,             ,     ,   .




341


Galison, 222, 248, 253; Dyson.          .




342


Norton 2006a, 3, 43:            ,     ,       ,       .        ,        ,                 . .  Alberto Martinez, Material History and Imaginary Clocks, Physics in Perspective 6 (2004): 224240; Alberto Martinez, Railways and the Roots of Relativity, Physics World,  2003.; Norton 2004.   ,          (. Dyson). .  Miller, 2001.




343


  , Bucky, 28; Einstein 1956, 12.




344


Moszkowski, 227.




345


Overbye, 135.




346


Miller 1984, 109, 114. Miller 1981,     3             .




347


Einstein. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, Annalen der Physik 17 (26  1905.).    .        www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/.          Stachel, 1998; Stephen Hawking, ed., Selections from the Principle of Relativity (2002); Richard Muller, ed., Centennial Edition of The Theory of Relativity (2005).




348


Einstein,     1916.: Relativity, CPAE 6: 44a.




349


Einstein 1916.




350


Bernstein 2006, 71.




351


      : Miller 1999, 8283; Panek, 3132.




352


      , 29  2005.; British National Measurement Laboratory,      ,  2005., www.npl.co.uk/publications/metromnia/issue18/ (http://www.npl.co.uk/publications/metromnia/issue18/)




353


   ,  , .   Solovine, 33, 35.




354


Krauss, 3547.




355


Seelig 1956a, 28.       . Taylor and Wheeler 1992.




356


Pais, 1982, 151,   Hermann Minkowski, Space and Time,     21  1908.




357


Clark, 15960.




358


Thorne, 79.       : Miller 2001, 200.  :  ,  ,            -           . . : Miller 2001, 240:    ,  堖 .              ,   ,          .         : Scientific Creativity: A Comparative Study of Henri Poincar and Albert Einstein, Creativity Research Journal 5 (1992): 385.




359


   , 1  2005.




360


Hoffmann 1972, 78.    , -,     , ,       ,     1954.:        ,         . . Schilpp, 112; Galison, 304.




361


Dyson.




362


Miller 1981, 162.




363


Holton 1973, 178; Pais 1982, 166; Galison, 304; Miller 1981.                  ,         .         Why Did Poincar Not Formulate Special Relativity in 1905?     .




364


Miller 1984, 3738;       4  1912.,   : Miller 1984, 37; Pais 1982, 21, 163168.  :            ,      , , ,      . .  Galison, 242        .




365


   , 27  1901.




366


Michelmore, 45.




367


Overbye, 139; Highfield and Carter, 114;       , 20  1905.




368


Overbye, 140; Trbuhovic-Gjuric, 9293; Zackheim, 62.




369


  ,      -    ,  . ,         ( ),       ,        ,   ,   , .   . John Stachels appendix to the introduction of Einsteins Miraculous Year, centennial reissue edition (2005), iv.




370


The Relative Importance of Einsteins Wife, The Economist, 24  1990.; Evan H. Walker, Did Einstein Espouse His Spouses Ideas? Physics Today,  1989.; Ellen Goodman, Out from the Shadows of Great Men, Boston Globe, 15  1990.; Einsteins Wife, PBS, 2003, www.pbs.org/opb/einsteins wife/index.htm; Holton 2000, 191; Robert Schulmann and Gerald Holton, Einsteins Wife,   New York Times Book Review, 8  1995.; Highfield and Carter, 108114; Svenka Savic, The Road to Mileva Mari-Einstein, www.zenskestudie.edu.yu/wgsact/e-library/e-lib0027.html#_ftn1 (http://www.zenskestudie.edu.yu/wgsact/e-library/e-lib0027.html#_ftn1); Christopher Bjerknes, Albert Einstein: The Incorrigible Plagiarist, home.com cast.net/~xtxinc/CIPD.htm; Alberto Mart?nez, Arguing about Einsteins Wife, Physics World,  2004., physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/4/2/1; Alberto Mart?nez, Handling Evidence in History: The Case of Einsteins Wife, School Science Review, Mar. 2005, 5152; Zackheim, 20; Andrea Gabor, Einsteins Wife: Work and Marriage in the Lives of Five Great Twentieth-Century Women (New York: Viking, 1995); John Stachel, Albert Einstein and Mileva Maric: A Collaboration That Failed to Develop,  H. Prycior et al., eds., Creative Couples in Science (1995), 207219; Stachel 2002a, 2537.




371


Michelmore, 45.




372


Holton 2000, 191.




373


   , 30  22  1905. (                 E=mc?).




374


..      . . 1.




375


Einstein. Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on Its Energy Content? Annalen der Physik 18 (1905),  27  1905., CPAE 2: 24.




376


     ,   ,     , . Bodanis.        ,         : davidbodanis.com/books/emc?/notes/ relativity/sigdev/index.html.    . Wolfson, 156.




377


Maja Einstein, xxi.




378


F?lsing, 202; Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers (1949), 42.




379


           (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1989), 191:      .             .    ,       ,    .




380


F?lsing, 203;    , 27  1906.;    , 1913, CPAE 2: 267.




381


   , 6  1907.; Hoffmann 1972, 83.




382


,   ,     . . .




383


   , 2  1906.




384


Hoffmann 1972, 84; Seelig 1956a, 78; F?lsing, 212.




385


    , 26  1907., . Diana Kormos Buchwald, The First Solvay Conference,  Einstein in Context (1993), 64.       ,   .




386


   , 1 1908.




387


     , 13  1906.




388


    ,  1906.




389


Einstein, A New Electrostatic Method for the Measurement of Small Quantities of Electricity, 13  1908., CPAE 2: 48; Overbye, 156.




390


   /  , 16 , 2  1907., 17 , , 4 , 12 , 22  1908., 18 , 15 , 28 , 3 , 5 , 17  1909.; Overbye, 156158.




391


 .  ,    // . . : 4. . 1.




392


Einstein, On the Inertia of Energy Required by the Relativity Principle, 14  1907., CPAE 2: 45;    , 25  1907.




393


           .




394


      , 17  1907., CPAE 5: 46; F?lsing, 228.




395


Einstein 1922c.




396


Einstein, Fundamental Ideas and Methods of Relativity Theory, 1920,      Nature, CPAE 7: 31.       gl?cklichste Gedanke meines Lebens (     ).




397


Einstein Expounds His New Theory, New York Times, 3  1919.




398


Bernstein 1996a, 10.   ,                ,       .




399


         ,       ,   .       .




400


Einstein 1916,  20.




401


Einstein, The Fundaments of Theoretical Physics, Science, 24  1940.,  Einstein 1954, 329. .  Sartori, 255.




402


       The Speed of Light and the Statics of the Gravitational Field (     ), CPAE 4: 3,     Annalen der Physik   1912.




403


Janssen 2002.




404


      ,  堖     .




405


Einstein, On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It, Jahrbuch der Radioaktivit?t and Elektronik, 4  1907., CPAE 2:47 (     );    , 24  1911.




406


   , 3  1908.




407


    , 20  1908.; F?lsing, 236.




408


   , 11  1908;    , 8  1908.




409


Fl?ckiger, 117121; F?lsing, 238; Maja Einstein, xxi.




410


   , 8  1908.




411


    , 19  1908.; Rudolph Ar-delt, Friedrich Adler (1984), 165194; Seelig 1956a, 95; F?lsing, 247; Overbye, 161.




412


Frank 1947, 75;    , 29  1917.




413


   , 19  1909.; Reiser, 72.




414


    ,1  1908.;    , 30  1908.




415


   , 19  1909.




416


 ,  , 4  1909.; Seelig 1956a, 166; Pais 1982, 185; F?lsing, 249. 37  ,  , 4  1909.




417


 .      . ., 1989.




418


   , 19  1909.




419


,     ,  1899, CPAE 1: 49.




420


   -, 12  1909.


