 .     . 19281935
 


   / Contemporary Western Rusistika
               , ,             .       ,              .      ,       .  ,                ,       -       .                     ,          .

  PDF A4    .





 

 .      1928-1935


 AWR, RAR, H. . ., . . . . . .



Lilya Kaganovsky

The Voice of Technology

Soviet Cinemas Transition to Sound 19281935








Indiana University Press

2018



    



 Lilya Kaganovsky, text, 2018

 Indiana University Press, 2018

 H. . ,   , 2021

 Academic Studies Press, 2021

   ,  , 2021







       . .   . 3.   (1935),      2001      .   .           ,  ,  ,    ,     ,       .               - ()    (),                     .      ,    :   ,     ,    ,            ;  ,  ,     ,    , ,  , ,   .

        Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema (Vol. 1, no 3  Vol. 6, no 3);  Resonanz-Raume: die Stimme und die Medien    ;     , 120.          -:        Companion to Russian Cinema    .     ,                .        .



       ,     .







         ,          ,     .          . , ,       ,   .   ,      ,        .

 .  Journal of the SMPTE (     ),  1955 

   ,      ,        9  1922 [1 -          ,  ,     ,    1901        ;    ,           1901 ;   ,      1911   , ,       ,   ,   1913    ,       ,               -.      .  SMPTE Transactions (     ) [Fielding 1967].].     ()         .               1918 ,  9  1922         ,     .  ,     ,    ,  :   ,    .    ,     ,   .       New York World 30  1922 .

  () (Joseph Tykociriski-Tykociner, 18771969)      ,    ,      [2 -      .  [Lotysz 2006].     Joseph . Tykociner Papers, 19001969, University of Illinois Archives.].   18      ,    .  -            .  1901             ,       ,      Telefunken .  1904 ,      ,               ,    .     II       .  ,   ,     ,   1917     . . [3 -          3  1917 .].  1918           .    1919                 .






.1. , ,      . (   ,   )



 1920         1921                 .    , , ,    ,                  ,      . 9 1922           -  .                   SMPTE Transactions,                ,       1926 .     ,   ,    ,         ,   .             .   1920-         .

      .  ,  3  1965 ,       ,        ,     .  1896-1897- ,       ,    -,    ,     :  ,   .  1920          ,        Westinghouse       ,     .  1922 ,    ,     ,     :          700 ,        .    :     ,     ,      ,         .   ,  [ ]     ,   .    Eastman Kodak ,         , ,     .      ,      -  .     Western Electric,       ,  [4 - Joseph . Tykociner Papers. Box 18. Biographical Tape Recordings. May 3,1965  interview by M. J. Brichfbrd.].

        ,    1919        , ,     .  ,    ,   1921-1922-              - 15  1923 .     ,               .           ,  ,    ,    .       ,         ;               . ,      (   ,   , ,   )   ,     ,   ,     ,        .

    ,       ,          . . . ,   19221924    ,          -,     .  1927    ,    ,       .         1927 ,    1929       .        ,   1927 ,      ,       () .         ,           .






 .       


  ,     .  ,   , ,      ,  .        :    .   ,  ,     .  ,    ,       ,   .      (,  ),      ;     , ,   ,         .

 .    [Chion 1999]


            , ,             [5 - , [Kenez 2001; Leyda 1960; Youngblood 1985; Zorkaya 1989]. .  [ 2005].].  ,       ,          1920-              .            ,            [6 -     (,  1934 )          ,  ,        ,   . . [   1934].    . [ 2002; Robin 1992;  2007; Petrov 2015].].

              ,        ,       .   . ,  1930       , ,      ,      .       ,    ,      -         .    ,  ,    ,  -          1935  [Youngblood 1985:204]. . ,   , :



        ,           .     .            1926  1927 ,      1920-       .   ,         ,          [Kenez 2001:123].


  ,    ,          ,   . . .           1926 ,     ,  1927 , . .        .     (    )   5  1929      ,     .   , 5  1930 ,       ,       1,     :  . .    ,  . .        (. 33),   . .  .      -   ,        . . -,     . . .  ,          ,      (   [7 -  1933  81%      ,            1931 .  1937  1938     -  .   1942  14%      .   . [Freiberg 1987].    ,     79,    ,        ( , ),   : 1937    1626   916  ; 1938   1362   701  [Freiberg 1987: 80, note 4].]),             ,     ,        .

          ,     Screen 1982 ,   :



       ,    ,       ,   -        .  ,                     ,  ,  ,   .                .               , , ,       ,   ,  .        1930- ,  ,   [Christie 1982: 36].


           ,                   ,     [8 - ., ., [Pozner 2014; Bohlinger 2013].].       ,   ,        ,   . , ,            :



                                   .         ;             . <>.   1935         Kinema Jumpo   .  1933         (, , ,   );  1934         [Freiberg 1987: 76].


,               .      , ,          ,           ,       [9 - ., ,              !,         (   ! //  . 1930. 26 . . 3; 2. . 2).].        . . , . . ,   . .   . 3. , . .  ,  , .        ,   ,    , . . ,     ,            . .      (1931)[10 -      . .    . .              .    ,    1929 ,       (  , 1929)       .    .  [Ryabchikova 2016].].   ,       , ,       1928  1935 ,          ,      .      , ,     ,   ,              ,       ,       ,        .

 ,      ,       .    ,               ,       ,    .     ( . )   1920-   1930-    ,       , ,               ,    .  , ,                ,  ,        , ,           ,           ,  [11 - , ,             ,   ,   1928          Achtung! Goldgrube! Gedanken fiber die Zukunft des Horfilms  Die Lichtbildbuehne 28  1928 ,     Tonender Film: Montage und Kontrapunkt. Gedanken fiber die Zukunft der Filmkunst  Vossische Zeitung 29  1928 .        (  )    5 1928       7 1928 .     The Sound Film. A Statement from USSR     Close Up  1928 .         [Eisenstein 1949],     [Weis, Belton 1985:8385].            [Weis, Belton 1985: 8691].].        ,     ,         ,    ,   .                     ,          .




 


    ?       ,     ?[12 -     ,               :       ,        .     .  .]   1927    (  , ;   4  1929 )    .      , , ,   ..,      ,         ,       ,     .      ,      (        ,    [13 -        :     ,   ,  , ,            . ,         ,       [Balazs 1948]. (        ,   [ 1925: 23]. , .)]).       1920- ,     ,     ,     .   [14 -    ,          .  [Altman 2004; Crafton 1997].             . [Belton 1999].]             .

         ,       [15 -  컠        19281929 ,               .        . .    : XII  ,  7  1929 ,  12-   .].    (19281932)     ,  ,  ,     .           ,        .    ,      ,     .             :           .      ,          ,   ,                  .       ,     ,    (      1920- )   (   , 19351953 ).   ,      ,     ,    , ,         ,            .

 ,       ,     ,   ,      -,       . ,           ,                     ,        ,     [Crafton 1997: 21] (  ).  ,      ,   ,      ,       ,            ,       ,     .  ,     , , ,         ;   ,       ,          [Bordwell et al. 1985: 301][16 - ,    ,     , ,    ,             [Williams 1992: 137].].        ,     - , ,        ,    [Gomery 2005: 5].

,    ,                ,     ,     ,         ,    :



   ?   ?   ?             ?         ?       .          ,   ?    ,          ,        . ,               ,   ,           [Lastra 2000: 121].


   ,    ,   ,    ໠       ,     (.     , 1952, ),        ,             .  ,      ,  ,     ,   ,      [17 - ., ., [Eyman 1997].          .  [Williams 1992; Richards 2013: 3375].].  ,  ,   , ,    (     ),        ,            ,      [18 -         .    29-      21  1929 .     ,    ,     ,      . 23  1929                 (Gschichten aus der Steiermark),    .     ,   (Konstgjorda Svensson),  14 .     Aubert Franco-Film     (Le Collier de la reine),      .   ,   ,    ,    ,             .      (Les Trois masques)  31  1929         , ,   ,        .    ,  (Atlantik),     28  1929 .      British International Pictures,    ,    ;       .  1930      ,         :    (Moralnosc pani Dulskiej)        (Niebezpieczny romans)  .     ,   (La Canzone dellamore),    .    , - (Tonka Sibenice),        1930 .   .  [Sponable 1947; Morton 2006].].          (     ),    .          10 000   ,      ,               [19 -  , . : [Richards 2013: 36].].  ,       23  50  [20 -   ,    ,     ,    15 ,   65   [Gomery 2005: 3].].          ,           ,      .  ,               , ,               1929 [21 -  ,    , United Artists,     ,                [Balio 2009: 96]. . : [Ryabchikova 2016: 83].].

   ,                 ,         1929       ,    ,       [Crafton 1997: 15].      ,       ;       (    63%      1930 ;     60%   1932 ;    ) [Gomery 2005: 107].      ,      ,     -,            1929 ,       -            [22 -  1930   Western Electric, RCA  Tobis-Klangfilm   ,      . Tobis-Klangfilm       , a Western Electric  RCA  , ,  ,   CCCR        ,  Tobis-Klangfilm,   ,  Western Electric  RCA.     . . [Gomery 2005: 108109].].

 1930 ,              ,               .    ,        (,  ,       ),       1935 ,          1938 .

    . -,          ; ,           ,            .    ,    (  , 19211928)            ,   .  1927        13        21 238 000  [Kepley 1996: 36].  ,          .               ,        ,    [Kepley 1996: 38].       19281929      ,         ,          .

   (19281932)       ,     .  , ,   ,     ,       .  ,   ,  ,           ,                .    ,          [23 - . : . . 2690. . 1. . . 91. . 44 ( .      ).].       ,    1928 ,           :       ,   ,           .      ,  ;  ,          [24 - . [ 1929:429444].].   1929       ()               ,          -  .  ,             ,    ,    ,     ,                   .

  ,   ,      ,    .   ,      ,           ; ,           ,       .      ,   -   ( , ,   ..), -     (, , ,   ..),     ,  ,     [Kepley 1996: 4243].     ,          .              ,            ,            .

  ,       ,      ,      .  1930       ,    .  ,          !,            ;             ( -         ).             1920- ;   26  1926   ,           ,       1927 .   , 2  1929            ,  26  1929          .   ,         (     ),        [25 - . . 2690. . 1. . . 91. . 38, 42, 46.].

                 , ,    ,        .     ,    1930     -             (      ).   ,  , , , ,   ..,       (    )  ,    ,    .  ,           ( ,      ,    ,  ,       .    )     .  7  1930         ,       (      ).          ,        .     ,  . .  (,   ,    ,     );         . .   ;    ;      ,    :   ( ,     ); ,       -    [26 - . . 2494. . 1. . . 287.    APPK   . [Ryabchikova 2014].].

 ,         /       [Kepley 1996: 45][27 - .  [Pozner 2014].].               .          ,   ,   ,         .       ,         ,     ,      .

   ,         ,     [Durovicova 1992: 139].    ,                ,   1929    35  40%    .         (   ,   )   (   )     .           (         );      ໠     ,      ,    [Durovicova 1992:148].  ,              ,              .

      -.     1929    ,   ,    ,       ,           .              ,        (                  ),     ,    ,    .   ,  ,       ,           [Durovicova 1992: 150].

    1930-   (-   ,    1929 )        ,          ,           .      ,                      .            [28 -             ;   (     )   ,     ,        .],    ,              ,        [29 -   .  [Kepley 1996: 38].].

 1938    ,         ,      ,               ( )  .                 ,   ,         ,     ..    ,    (.  , 1934)     (. . , 1937),       .  ,     (. . , 1937),     -   ( ,        )[30 - .       ,               ,    ,    ,  : . . 2450. . 2. . . 34 (28  30  1938 ).].

  . ,  1930       :



     ,   ,    ,  . <> [ ]      ,      ,      ,           [Youngblood 1985: 221].


         ,         ,    .    , ,    ,                     .       ,      1939     ,    :    .     . <>     ,     锻 [ 1939: 23][31 - ,  ,   1970- ,           :   1928 ,        . . ,    ,  -           [ 1975: 37] (  ).].




  


 1930       ,       . . ,   1931         .          :   ,        (       )      -      .   ,         ,           ,    [32 -      , ,         <>         [Youngblood 1985: 225].].    ,  -          ,       (    100%  ),       ,    (,       ) [Leyda 1960: 278].     ,  -               ,        ,     .        ,   ,    ,        ,       ,     .

     1928 ,   . , ,               ,     ,     ,    [  . 1928].   ,        ,            ,    ..,    ,      ,             .                ,        .   ,           /  ,     ,     [33 -    ,  ,     . .     [ 1917],           ,    1925 .     . [ 2000].].       ,      ,        .         [34 -        .  [Widdis 2017].],      , , ,               ,    . ,       ,   ,       ,             .

. . ,    ,    1929            [ 19296]        .   ,            ,    1929           .  ,    ,                .       (  ) ,           ,  .  ,   ,     ;      ,       ,    ,     ,  .   ,   ,           ,    ,          [ 19296][35 -    ,  ,       ,       .     ,           :       ,       [Winter 1941: 151152].    ,    , ,        :     (1927)    ,           (1926).                           . . [Riley 2005: 45].].

  ,          [ 1975],        ,   1920-       .      (1976)    ,            .     ,  ,    ,         ,     ,         ,      [ 1976:114116].          ,   ,     (     )           ,         ,  -      .  , , ,     ,  ,    ,         ,         [ 1976:117].   1929    ,              - (.  , 1929, ),      .  ,        .  ,     ,      [ 1976: 118].

,       ,            , ,    ,       .   ,             ,           (Sous les toits de Paris, 1930),            ,  ,       ,    ,          ,   -  [ 1975: 43].       ,  ,   ,     ,      (Der blaue Engel, 1930).      ,     .  ,  ,          [ 1976: 119].

, ,        ,    ,    1920-         (1926)   - (1927).      ,    ,          .   1930-      ,        ,          1933  [36 -   ,  ,          ,        .].      -  1930   ,      ,        ,     -:           ,   ,        .          ,        [Bourke-White 1931: 6970].

     1930       ,         ,     ,    .           ,             (1932)[37 -         1930 ,     ,         .   .  [Sargeant 2000: 143149].].        , ,   ,      . ,   ,    ,   , ,      ,          ,    .  ,    ,       . . .    ,   1937 ,    :



                .     ,   .      .  -   ,   .           ,    - .  , ?      . ߅ .          .    ,    :          .    ,  ,   .       .  ?  ,       ,         .       ,    ,     ,      ,       [ 1937: 174175].


  ,           ,  ,    .    ,   /      ,     1931    ,                   [Sargeant 2000: 147178].     ,         (              ),         .






.2.            ( ).    , 1929.  :  ,   ,       . ( , 41, 1929)



    ,        ,         (1933)[38 - .        [ 1934:6065].].           (            ),         ,     ,    .          ,        ,    ,          .  /        ,  ,      .   ,  ,         ;  ,          .       [ 1934: 62;  19741977, 1: 161] ( )[39 -              ;       ,  ,      ,     ,     ,    . . : [Sargeant 2000: 152].].

  1933        , ,          ,     ,               .  ,    ,     ,         ,  ,            [ 19741977,1:158] ( )[40 -  ,         ,        (Film Techniques).                .].

𻠖       ,      ,         :   ;    ;  ,   ,      .        ,      ,           .          ,       ,      ,        




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/lilya-kaganovskaya/golos-tehniki-perehod-sovetskogo-kino-k-zvuku-1928-1935/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


         ,  ,     ,    1901        ;    ,           1901 ;   ,      1911   , ,       ,   ,   1913    ,       ,               -.      .  SMPTE Transactions (     ) [Fielding 1967].




2


     .  [Lotysz 2006].     Joseph . Tykociner Papers, 19001969, University of Illinois Archives.




3


         3  1917 .




4


Joseph . Tykociner Papers. Box 18. Biographical Tape Recordings. May 3,1965  interview by M. J. Brichfbrd.




5


, [Kenez 2001; Leyda 1960; Youngblood 1985; Zorkaya 1989]. .  [ 2005].




6


    (,  1934 )          ,  ,        ,   . . [   1934].    . [ 2002; Robin 1992;  2007; Petrov 2015].




7


 1933  81%      ,            1931 .  1937  1938     -  .   1942  14%      .   . [Freiberg 1987].    ,     79,    ,        ( , ),   : 1937    1626   916  ; 1938   1362   701  [Freiberg 1987: 80, note 4].




8


., ., [Pozner 2014; Bohlinger 2013].




9


., ,              !,         (   ! //  . 1930. 26 . . 3; 2. . 2).




10


     . .    . .              .    ,    1929 ,       (  , 1929)       .    .  [Ryabchikova 2016].




11


, ,             ,   ,   1928          Achtung! Goldgrube! Gedanken fiber die Zukunft des Horfilms  Die Lichtbildbuehne 28  1928 ,     Tonender Film: Montage und Kontrapunkt. Gedanken fiber die Zukunft der Filmkunst  Vossische Zeitung 29  1928 .        (  )    5 1928       7 1928 .     The Sound Film. A Statement from USSR     Close Up  1928 .         [Eisenstein 1949],     [Weis, Belton 1985:8385].            [Weis, Belton 1985: 8691].




12


    ,               :       ,        .     .  .




13


       :     ,   ,  , ,            . ,         ,       [Balazs 1948]. (        ,   [ 1925: 23]. , .)




14


   ,          .  [Altman 2004; Crafton 1997].             . [Belton 1999].




15


 컠        19281929 ,               .        . .    : XII  ,  7  1929 ,  12-   .




16


,    ,     , ,    ,             [Williams 1992: 137].




17


., ., [Eyman 1997].          .  [Williams 1992; Richards 2013: 3375].




18


        .    29-      21  1929 .     ,    ,     ,      . 23  1929                 (Gschichten aus der Steiermark),    .     ,   (Konstgjorda Svensson),  14 .     Aubert Franco-Film     (Le Collier de la reine),      .   ,   ,    ,    ,             .      (Les Trois masques)  31  1929         , ,   ,        .    ,  (Atlantik),     28  1929 .      British International Pictures,    ,    ;       .  1930      ,         :    (Moralnosc pani Dulskiej)        (Niebezpieczny romans)  .     ,   (La Canzone dellamore),    .    , - (Tonka Sibenice),        1930 .   .  [Sponable 1947; Morton 2006].




19


 , . : [Richards 2013: 36].




20


  ,    ,     ,    15 ,   65   [Gomery 2005: 3].




21


 ,    , United Artists,     ,                [Balio 2009: 96]. . : [Ryabchikova 2016: 83].




22


 1930   Western Electric, RCA  Tobis-Klangfilm   ,      . Tobis-Klangfilm       , a Western Electric  RCA  , ,  ,   CCCR        ,  Tobis-Klangfilm,   ,  Western Electric  RCA.     . . [Gomery 2005: 108109].




23


. : . . 2690. . 1. . . 91. . 44 ( .      ).




24


. [ 1929:429444].




25


. . 2690. . 1. . . 91. . 38, 42, 46.




26


. . 2494. . 1. . . 287.    APPK   . [Ryabchikova 2014].




27


.  [Pozner 2014].




28


            ;   (     )   ,     ,        .




29


  .  [Kepley 1996: 38].




30


.       ,               ,    ,    ,  : . . 2450. . 2. . . 34 (28  30  1938 ).




31


,  ,   1970- ,           :   1928 ,        . . ,    ,  -           [ 1975: 37] (  ).




32


     , ,         <>         [Youngblood 1985: 225].




33


   ,  ,     . .     [ 1917],           ,    1925 .     . [ 2000].




34


       .  [Widdis 2017].




35


   ,  ,       ,       .     ,           :       ,       [Winter 1941: 151152].    ,    , ,        :     (1927)    ,           (1926).                           . . [Riley 2005: 45].




36


  ,  ,          ,        .




37


        1930 ,     ,         .   .  [Sargeant 2000: 143149].




38


.        [ 1934:6065].




39


             ;       ,  ,      ,     ,     ,    . . : [Sargeant 2000: 152].




40


 ,         ,        (Film Techniques).                .


