 .       
 


Top Business Awards
     .           ,    .           ,         .

  PDF A4   .





 

 .       



Erica Stanford

Crypto Wars

Faked Deaths, Missing Billions and Industry Disruption



This translation of Crypto Wars is published by arrangement with Kogan Page.



 2021 by Erica Stanford

  . .,    , 2023

   , 2023




    .      




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    .   ,  98% ICO-  .         [7 -  . (2018). 80% ICO: , , 2, https://www.investopedia.com/news/80-icos-are-scamsreport/ ( https://perma.cc/9Z2Y-6UWM)].  -        ,       ,  2018.




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,     ,     ,      .   2017       ,     2009,   [8 -  CoinMarketCap ( ). , CoinMarketCap, https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/ (   https://perma.cc/R893-ZNEF)].         .



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          .  ,          .       .

 2016      .       .    -,       ,    .   , -         .  ,        ,   ,   .             ,        .

         ,             .     .      ,       .       [9 -  (nd).  ,       ICO, https://www.coinist.io/6-worst-icos-of-all-time/ ( https://perma.cc/6M6P-PV9F)].

     .        ,  .    ,      .         .   ,    2016,    -   .      ,       ,      .             .       ,             .     ,             .    ,   -                 .      ICO .




 


  2017      .              .        .      .     (    )  ,  ,     .

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   , -   ,    : eBay, Amazon  Google    -.       ,     ( ,  !)  .

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 2017   ,      ,    . ,   ,     ,     . ,  ,                .

             .   ICO             .            .   .     .       ,         .         ICO      - .  ICO     .     -    -        ,   .

  ICO  .         ,    - .         .         ,    .            ,       ,    .  ,          .        .     ICO     .      .    .  . , .       ,  ,     ,       .




   


  ICO  .    .   2017        -     ICO-.   Brave ICO   30.    35 [10 -  . (2017).   Brave  35      (ICO)   30, Capital.com, 1, https://capital.com/internet-company-brave-raises-35m-in-lessthan-30-seconds ( https://perma.cc/W3GG-JDEC)]       .   2017             .  ICO  .    ,           .  Brave   ,         .             153    .   , Bancor,  . ,  ,         .       - [11 -  . (2017). 6 Bancor   153   ICO, VentureBeat, 12, https://venturebeat.com/2017/12/12/6-months-on-bancor-explains-what-happened-afterits-153-million-ico/ ( https://perma.cc/R5KW-JPBP)].    2017  2018.  ,   , -  4    ICO,      ,         [12 -  . (2021).  EOS .  ICO4 , FXStreet, https://www.fxstreet.com/cryptocurrencies/news/eos-price-hangs-by-a-thread-as-the-4-billion-ico-thatfail ed-202101271851( https://perma.cc/FL6E-WNKQ)].



    .   ICO     .


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  ,       .   ,   ,  ,  ,   ,      .           .        .   ICO     .                   .    . ,        ,    -  .  ICO        ,      ,    ,     . ,   ,     ,  .

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         .   ICO      . Ѡ2016  2018.        .             800 .     600 .       ,            .          ICO81%     .    ,      , 92%           ,    [15 -  . (2018). 80% ICO  . , , 2, https://www.investopedia.com/news/80-icos-are-scams-report ( https://perma.cc/6YRR-AV6S)].




 


       ICO ,         .     ,         .             .  ICO       .       . -,        fiverr.com      . -,      ICO     . ,      ICO,   ,           .  ICO   ICO   . -  ,   ,      ICO- ,        .             .    ,                        .

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  ICO    .          . PonziCoin,       ,    250000. ScamCoin[19 - ScamcoinICO(nd).  ICO,     !  0%    100% . ! , https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin ScamCoins/comments/7tzcoz/the_only_ico_you_can_be_certain_of_get_0_return/ ( https:// perma.cc/HRD8-58GS)],    :  ICO-,     !   0%    100%  ,   !      ,        ,      ,          .       .

 ICO      - .     ,         ,      ,       .  ,          .   100%   ICO  ,        ,      ,          GitHub.      :    -    ,        .  , ,  ,  .  ,    .  ,    ![20 -    (2017).  100-   ICO, Useless Ethereum Token, https://uetoken.com/ ( https://perma.cc/DB37-SW2F)]   40000[21 -  . (2017).   3,8    .    ,  Wired, 14 https://www.wired.co.uk/article/what-is-initial-coin-offering-ico-token-sale ( https://perma.cc/ZZ7E-MHBJ)].

  ICO  .         . ,       .     , ,         .            .   ,    .             .        .

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  ,    , ,   .              ,  ,   ,          .       47    3000 .     ,              ,       47 .             . ,  ,     [22 -  . (2018).           47 , Coindesk, 18, https://www.coindesk.com/tea-tokenizers-arrested-china-alleged-47-million-crypto-fraud ( https://perma.cc/NQ7F-BSFB)].

 ICO-, Benebit,       .           .     .     .          .     ,  Benebit,  ,       .       ,   4   [23 -  . (2018).  ICOBenebit      2,7:        500000, Finance Magnates, 24, https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/benebit-ico-scammed investors-least-2-7-million/ (   https://perma.cc/RGQ6-LCZC)].

         ICO-    .   ,     .  Turbulent,    ,  -    ,      .         . ,  -               ,  [24 -    /         (      21 2022). (. .)] [25 -             (      21 2022). (. .)],     .  ,      1000,        [26 -  . (2018).  ICO   , GTM, 10, https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/the-icoscams-hurting-energy-blockchains-credi bility ( https://perma.cc/AM6B-SKMV)].

  ICO   .         .   ICO  ,   ,          -   .  2017       , ,    ,     .     Long Island Ice Tea Corp    Long Blockchain Corp.      289%.        [27 -  .,  . (2017).  Long Island Iced Tea      Long Blockchain, , 21, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2017-12-21/crypto-crazesees-long-island-iced-tea-rename-as-long-blockchain ( https://perma.cc/5789-HCMK)],        ,   .




, , , ,   


  ,         .  ICO     ,         . ,         ,      .               -.

SexCoin      .           .       ,  ,  .  -      - .    .  .



  -     .


  -      -    . , ,            .     -         .        ,         .     ICO,   -.           .       .

  SpankChain     Spanktoshi Nakabooty       .      -     -.           -  -.



    ,   ,      .


 ,    .           ,  -    -     . -      .  , TittieCoin,           ,        [28 -  . (2018). SpankChain Bigboobscoin,       , Vice, 3, https://www.vice.com/en/article/3k7ek8/spankchain-bigboobscoin  cryptocurrency-forporn-startups ( https://perma.cc/5RJ8-MJ9M)].        ,    ,            . ,     .     Dirty Coin       [29 -  . (2017).     - , Bitcoin.com, 17, https://news.bitcoin.com/the-most-pointless-cryptocurrency-tokens-ever-invented/ ( https://perma.cc/ZYG2-3QU4)].  Intimate             [30 -  . (2018). - -  4,5      ICO  , SmartCompany, 12, https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/news/sex-industry-blockchain-startup-intimate-4-5-millio n-ico-pre-sale/ ( https://perma.cc/64RW-96PP)].    -  ,    .  - ICO             .  ,   -    [31 -  . (2018).  -   , , 31, https://www.forbes.com/sites/markhay/2018/10/31/cryptocurrency-finally-takes-off-in-the-pornindustry/?s h=11b41c71629e ( https://perma.cc/5FRC-GB6X);  . (2018). -   , CryptoBriefing, 4, https://cryptobriefing.com/sex-industry-penetrate-cryptocurrency/ ( https://perma.cc/9DW6-TE3L)].

 ,    ,  ,  ICO,   .      -  ,       .                        ,       .    ,    ,   ,      ,        .  ,     ,    ,      .    ,          .   ,       [32 -  . (2018).      , Wired, 8, https://www.wired.com/2015/08/happened-hackersposted-stolen-ashley-madison-data/ ( https://perma.cc/4352-YA39)].          Bumble,  ,   -   ,          .      ,         .       .   -   .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/erika-stenford/lihaya-kripta-kto-i-kak-zarabatyvaet-na-cifrovyh-valutah/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  ( )             :         . (. .)




2


. (2017).  ,     Bitconnect.      .      .   :     ( ),    ( )   ( ),     ( ), , 30, https://twitter.com/satoshilite/ status/936306965860401152?lang=en ( https://perma.cc/3YNP-8XLK)




3


 ? (Where is she?)    2020   ,         . (. .)




4


 - (Chatham House Rule)                     -.       .         . (. .)




5


ICO, Initial coin offering             ,     .      .  ,  ICO   . (. .)




6


  (19952001)  ,      - ( ),       -      -. (. .)




7


 . (2018). 80% ICO: , , 2, https://www.investopedia.com/news/80-icos-are-scamsreport/ ( https://perma.cc/9Z2Y-6UWM)




8


 CoinMarketCap ( ). , CoinMarketCap, https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/ (   https://perma.cc/R893-ZNEF)




9


 (nd).  ,       ICO, https://www.coinist.io/6-worst-icos-of-all-time/ ( https://perma.cc/6M6P-PV9F)




10


 . (2017).   Brave  35      (ICO)   30, Capital.com, 1, https://capital.com/internet-company-brave-raises-35m-in-lessthan-30-seconds ( https://perma.cc/W3GG-JDEC)




11


 . (2017). 6 Bancor   153   ICO, VentureBeat, 12, https://venturebeat.com/2017/12/12/6-months-on-bancor-explains-what-happened-afterits-153-million-ico/ ( https://perma.cc/R5KW-JPBP)




12


 . (2021).  EOS .  ICO4 , FXStreet, https://www.fxstreet.com/cryptocurrencies/news/eos-price-hangs-by-a-thread-as-the-4-billion-ico-thatfail ed-202101271851( https://perma.cc/FL6E-WNKQ)




13


CoinMarketCap ( ). Veritaseum, CoinMarketCap, https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ veritaseum/ ( https://perma.cc/8PZW-FLSL)




14


      (2019).   ,   -,  1:19-cv-04625-CBR-RER,       , 12, https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2019/comp-pr2019-150.pdf ( https:// perma.cc/BRM2-T4ZL)




15


 . (2018). 80% ICO  . , , 2, https://www.investopedia.com/news/80-icos-are-scams-report ( https://perma.cc/6YRR-AV6S)




16


 (2018).   Prodeum ,  , TNW, 29, https://thenextweb.com/hardfork/2018/01/29/cryptocurrency-prodeum-scam-exit-penis/ ( https://perma.cc/Q8QB-JU8C)




17


 (2018).          830  ICO, TNW, 5, https://thenextweb.com/hardfork/2018/03/05/ryan-gosling-cryptocurrency-ico/ ( https://perma.cc/E8JM-P3VW)




18


 Financial Times (2018). ICO  , Financial Times, 18, https://www.ft.com/content/57805b32-0bbe-34cb-940c-66cdd1aec5e2( https://perma.cc/ RE7D-USTR)




19


ScamcoinICO(nd).  ICO,     !  0%    100% . ! , https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin ScamCoins/comments/7tzcoz/the_only_ico_you_can_be_certain_of_get_0_return/ ( https:// perma.cc/HRD8-58GS)




20


   (2017).  100-   ICO, Useless Ethereum Token, https://uetoken.com/ ( https://perma.cc/DB37-SW2F)




21


 . (2017).   3,8    .    ,  Wired, 14 https://www.wired.co.uk/article/what-is-initial-coin-offering-ico-token-sale ( https://perma.cc/ZZ7E-MHBJ)




22


 . (2018).           47 , Coindesk, 18, https://www.coindesk.com/tea-tokenizers-arrested-china-alleged-47-million-crypto-fraud ( https://perma.cc/NQ7F-BSFB)




23


 . (2018).  ICOBenebit      2,7:        500000, Finance Magnates, 24, https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/benebit-ico-scammed investors-least-2-7-million/ (   https://perma.cc/RGQ6-LCZC)




24


   /         (      21 2022). (. .)




25


            (      21 2022). (. .)




26


 . (2018).  ICO   , GTM, 10, https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/the-icoscams-hurting-energy-blockchains-credi bility ( https://perma.cc/AM6B-SKMV)




27


 .,  . (2017).  Long Island Iced Tea      Long Blockchain, , 21, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2017-12-21/crypto-crazesees-long-island-iced-tea-rename-as-long-blockchain ( https://perma.cc/5789-HCMK)




28


 . (2018). SpankChain Bigboobscoin,       , Vice, 3, https://www.vice.com/en/article/3k7ek8/spankchain-bigboobscoin  cryptocurrency-forporn-startups ( https://perma.cc/5RJ8-MJ9M)




29


 . (2017).     - , Bitcoin.com, 17, https://news.bitcoin.com/the-most-pointless-cryptocurrency-tokens-ever-invented/ ( https://perma.cc/ZYG2-3QU4)




30


 . (2018). - -  4,5      ICO  , SmartCompany, 12, https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/news/sex-industry-blockchain-startup-intimate-4-5-millio n-ico-pre-sale/ ( https://perma.cc/64RW-96PP)




31


 . (2018).  -   , , 31, https://www.forbes.com/sites/markhay/2018/10/31/cryptocurrency-finally-takes-off-in-the-pornindustry/?s h=11b41c71629e ( https://perma.cc/5FRC-GB6X);  . (2018). -   , CryptoBriefing, 4, https://cryptobriefing.com/sex-industry-penetrate-cryptocurrency/ ( https://perma.cc/9DW6-TE3L)




32


 . (2018).      , Wired, 8, https://www.wired.com/2015/08/happened-hackersposted-stolen-ashley-madison-data/ ( https://perma.cc/4352-YA39)


