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 ,   ,       ,       ,        ,    , ,           .            ,     : 1862      ,   1863      [97 -  .     . . 89  . . : Zelnik R. The Sunday School Movement in Russia, 18591862 // Journal of Modern History. 1965. Vol. 37. 2. P. 151170.].             .  ,   ,               (  ),               -  [98 -  .     . . 91  .].  ,    ,     ,        ,   ,      ,     ,    . ,    1860   ,             ,        ,    - .




 


    ,       , ,       ,    ,         .  ,       1850?   1860? ,    ,  - ,       .   ,     , -   ,     .         ,     .     ,      ,        .  ,    ,    :       ,   .  :              ,   ,      ,     ,  , ,    [99 -  . .     1846  // . . .:  13 . ., 1956. . 10. . 1617.].    , , ,    ,    ,      - ,         [100 -                       .  ,    . :  .  . . 6568; Berlin I. Russian Populism // Russian Thinkers. New York, 1978. P. 226; Terras V. Belinskij and Russian Literary Criticism: The Heritage of Organic Aesthetics. Madison, 1974. P. 234245. . : Klioutchkine K. Between Ideology and Desire // Slavic Review. 2000. Vol. 68. 2. P. 335354.].

                     .        [101 -     ;   1853?,   1855  ( . . . . .:  15 . ., 1949. . 2. . 592).],         ,   ,       :      .       :



     ,   :         ,  , ,   ,         .

    ,  :             [102 -  . . . . .:  15 . ., 1949. . 2. . 90.  . . . .].


   1855        ,        : .  ,   ,   ,        ,        [103 -  . . 116.].         ?,         .       ,       .        ,       ,      ,        .

        ,     ,    ,         .      1852 ,     1865?      ,      .         1850?    ,       .        ,      (      ),    :       ,    ,       ,         [104 -   ?       ,       , .: Morson G. S. The Boundaries of Genre: Dostoevskys Diary of a Writer and the Traditions of Literary Utopia. Austin, 1981. P. 99104.            .].  ,       ,   ,    ,     ,   -,     ,         ,          .     ,       ,      ,    :        ,  ,      ,   ,          .

     ?          [105 -          . : Werner S. The Reality Effect and the Real Effects of Chernyshevskys What Is to Be Done // Novel. 2014. Vol. 47. 3. P. 422442.].           ,                .     ,      ,   ,    .     ,   ,    ,   ,     .

      ,        ,       ,   -, .             .       , , .   ,         ?a ira! ( !)[106 -  ,  ,      1790       . .: Mason L. Singing the French Revolution: Popular Culture and Politics, 17871799. Ithaca, 1996. P. 4244.],      :     ,   (     ),   (    )   (   ).     ,      (?a bien vite ira, / ?a viendra, / Nous tous le verrons)[107 -    , /  , /    (.).],     : ,   ,          -  ,       ,   ,     .      ,   .       ,    ,  ,    (   )        .     ,  ,  ,   .        ,     (   ),        .  ,     ,      : ,         .     ,  -       ,        .

,       ,        ,   ,     .   ,        ,       .     ,      ,  ,      :



   ,       .     :    ,      ,       ,           ,           :   ,  , ;    ,  [108 -  . .  ? . 1011.].


     ,  ,  ,          [109 -     ,    ?    ,          ?    ( .  ).].  :        []:             [110 -  . .  ? . 198.].           ,      .        ,    ,   .     ,   ,     ,          .        :         :    ,    ,    [111 -  . . 43.].        ,      .



   :    ,   .    :      , , ,  ,    ,      .    ,     ,     ,         [112 -  . . 11.].


     ,    , ,   ,  ,  [113 -  . .     1846 . . 16.].    , ,   ,    ,      ;     .

 ,    ,   ,     [114 - .:  . .  . . . ., 2009. . 461463.  ,   ,  ,   ,    ,       1860?.  ,  ,  ,               ,            . ,     ?   ,       ,    ?   :         .].   ,  ?  ,   ,     1850?   1860?.       ,       .  , ,      ,  ,        .                 ,             [115 - .  .           ,       .     (. 1856. . 59).].             ,  ,      ,  ,     ,       [116 -  . .  // . . . 27.  :          ?      ?    !].                         [117 - ., , . . ,   .  . . 1856 (. 1865. . 56. . 118)  ,   .   . ǖ (. 1861. . 89. . 389394).].

    ,        ,      ,         .        , ,  ,     ,       ,  .  ,             ,    [118 - .     ,   ,       ,              ( .  . . 173).].        ( ),       .      :     ,       ;      ,       .     ,      ,        .     ,    ,       .     ,      ,  ,        ,      .   ,                 ,     ,                   ,           .

          ,        ,      ,        .  ,       ,  ,     ,        ,  ,    ,           .            , ,        .     [119 -              (1918).]      ,              1850? ,        ,     .           ,   ,   ,     ,    ,      ,        .  ,               ,     .




   


   , -    -  ,     .             ,             .               ,            .                     .          ,          .      ,       .    ,       (1846),     ,        .    ,     ,         ,        - .   ,   ,    ?      -   .

,    , ,        ,     .        ,  ,   ,    .   , ,      ,      ,       ,          .        ,         .      :    ,       ,      ,    [120 -  . .  ? . 123.].  ,      ,   ,       .  ,   ,        ,      ,       ,     .

  ,  ,   ,     .       ,      ,     ,      .   ,          .         ,    ,        . - ,        ,     ,    ,  .  ,       ,    ,       ,       ,   .     ,              .       ,          :      ,          .         ,    ,    ,     ,    ,     , ?     .            ,   ,       .      ,    ,    .

                         .     ,     ,      ,       ,          -.    ,             ,   ,      . ,     ,  ,          -  ,     ,        .



    , , ,    ;       ,       ,    ,                 (,      ,    ,   ,    ,       !)[121 -  . . 13.].


 , , ,         ,    ,        .            ,     ,    ,                           .    ,      ,       .

,    ,        ,     .         ,         .    VII  VIII   ,              ,       :   ,    ,       ,        .    :     ,          ,      ,   ,     . ,  ? , ,      ,  ,         .

           ,      :   .      ,           ,  :



        ,     ,  ,     ,  :      ,      ,   ,  ,       ,  -      [122 -  . . 14.].


   ?    ,    ,            ,    .     ,       .  ,            ,             (   ,    ,      ),           .        ,           :       ,         .              ,      -,        ,          .

,     ,   ,   ,          ,     ,      .    ,    ,             ,       .     ,    ,    -   .



    , , ,     ,   ,    ?   -   ,     ,    - ,       ,   ,      -   ? , ,  ,   ,        ? : .        ,   ,     -  !     .     .    ?     :   ,    .   , . ,  -  ,    :   ;      [123 -  . . 19.]


       ,   :    ,    ,  ,    .       ,        ,       .       ?    ,  ?        .

    ,     [124 -      ,    ,     . .: Drozd A. Chernyshevskiis What Is to Be Done?: A Reevaluation. Evanston, 2001.] (    ,      ,    ,          ),   ,         ,     :



    ,      ,     ,      ,  ,          ,    ,     ,  ,      ,    [125 -  . . 110.].


           ,       :          .           ,           . ,  ,          ,     ,        . ,       ,       ,   ,      ,     .               (      ),             ,    ,    .




   ,  


            ,        ,     .  ,   ,     ,   ,      .            ,              .       ,       .    -  ,     - ;      (-)             ,          .       ,    ,     ,           .  ,      ,      ,             .              .     ,     ,    ,           .

 ,  ,        ,  ,          .  ,           ,        ,     ( ),  ,             .    ,     ?    :



 ,  ,  .  , ,       ,    ,  .    ,     .    ,  , .   , . ,    ,     [126 -  . . 23.].


           , ,    ,             .     ,     ,    .    -, - ,     , ?       -.      ,    ,    ,     (  ,    ).     :



!  ,  .  ,  ,   !   !  ?   ?  ?

.

  .   [127 -  .].


       ,     ,       ;     ,    ,        . , ,         ,          ,    ,  ,                   .

             ,      .     ,        ,     ,     .       ,   ,          :    ,      ?    ,   ,    ? ,  ,          [128 -  . . 2627.].    ,        ,            .        ,    :   , ,    , ;    ,  ,  ,  ,        ?  ![129 -  . . 78.]                        .         ,          ,        .

          ,     .               ,       :



  ,       ,  ,  ,   .      ,        ,  ,        ,     ;    , , ,     ,   :

 ,   ! ,      ,    ,             . ,      ![130 -  . . 2829.]


        ,              .      ,    (      ),    ,     ,    .

                   .      ,     ,       .      :         ,      ,            .            .     ,       ໠ ,   ,      .     , ,    ,       , ,    .    ,     ,      - :    ,         .       ,  ,  :                  .  ,          ,    ,       .

    ,        ,     .    .     ,  ,        -,  .            .   .      ,   ,        .     -     ,       ,       ,  ,          : ,  , , ,   .    :          ,        ,          .

   ,           , ,    .      ,           :   ,   ,   ,    ?      .  ,         [131 -  . . 273.].    ,     ()    ,     ()       ,         .          ,      .            [132 -  -   ,   ,    ,        . , ,  ,     ,   ,  ,     ,   .       : Todd J. Womens Friendship in Literature. New York, 1980; Disch L. Claire Loves Julie: Reading the Story of Womens Friendship in La Nouvelle Hlo?se // Hypatia. 1994. Vol. 9. 3. P. 1945.            , ,      ,             .       ,      ,      ,      ,         ,  -  . .: Buckler J. Novelistic Figuration, Narrative Metaphor: Western and Russian Models of the Prima Donna // Comparative Literature. 1998. Vol. 50. 2. P. 155175.].          ,           .   ,     ,    ,       .  ,    , ,     ,   ,    [133 -       ,    ,        :        , ,      .].

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              ,    .   ,     ,         , ,      : ,      !     ,        ,       ,  ,       ,      . ,       ,          ,            .            ,         ,      ,    .  :



         ,    ,        ,      ,     ,    ,  [135 -  . .  ? . 53.].


          .       ,  ,      .    ,           .

  ,        :      ,      !  ,  , ,  .  , ,        ,      .           ,  -    ,     .      (    )     .  ,        ,    , ,    , ,  :   ,     ,           .         ,  :



   ,   ,      ,   ,    ,     ,     .    !     ?  ,  [136 -  . . 56.].


       ,     ,        ,  , ,     ,       ,   .          ,      .

,   ,         ,       ໠           ,       .                .   ,        ,   ,     ,         .    :   ,        .      ,        .   ,  ,     ,        :  ,         . ,   ,     ,               ,   .                ,     .       ,    .           ,  ,      .     ,    ,       .      :        ,              ,       1930? :



    :  ,    .    ,  : ,  .  ,    ,  : ,  , ,      , , , ,  !   ,  ! ,  ![137 -  . . 78.]


      .   ,       ,       컠   .

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,    ,         ,            .       ,        .                  ,     ,          .            ,        ,     :             .             .      (   )  ,            .     , ,    ,         .         (      ),      ,       [140 - ,         ,          .].  ,         ,     :      ,           .  :     ,  , , ,    ,      , ,    ,  :     [141 -  . .  ? . 361.].     ,     ,    ,    黠       .     ,        ,                   .  ,            .

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              ,       .       ,     ,    ,         .   ,         :   ,    ,  -   ,       ,          .     ,          ,     1860? , ,     ,    ?        .   ,          ,  ,       .   . . ,    ,    1863   1864 , ,            ,   ,   ?         [143 -  . . . . ., 2001. . 223.].  . .  :      [144 -  . .      :  2 . 3? . ., 1964. . 2. . 196.]. ,         .       ,   ,   ,     .    ,    ,    -    :  -    ,     ,     ,      [145 -  . . 222223.].        ,    .

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 2. 



      ,     (1828).           ,              ,          ,    [151 -       ,         (1852,  9).       1853 .  1852      . . . . .],[152 -            .  . . . . .:  90 . ., 1949. . 60. . 18.      .  . . 77.  ,      , ;           ( . . 29).       .: Steiner L. For Humanitys Sake: The Bildungsroman in Russian Culture. Toronto, 2011. P. 9196; Orwin D. Tolstoys Art and Thought, 18471880. Princeton, 1993. P. 1623.]. ,        ,     ,       , ,     .   ,        ,         .       .   ,       .  ,     ,     ,       ,  [153 -             .: Tolstoys Diaries: The Inaccessible Self // Self and Society in Russian History / Ed. L. Engelstein and S. Sandler. Ithaca, 2000. P. 242265; 3) Who, What Am I?: Tolstoy Struggles to Narrate the Self. Ithaca, 2014 ( . ,  ?:    , , , . ., 2018).].

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    ,       ,        ,  .         ,  ?   ?[155 -  . . 218.]


                    ?    ,       .     , ,    (   ,         ),         ,  .       ,        ,                   .

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    (18631869)        ,     ,        ,   ,   ,     .       ,  -              -         .               ()             ,       [160 - . .  ,        ,       :         ,  .    ,           .   1856   1812   :  1812       ( . .  . . . ., 2009. . 463).]. -    ,                  [161 -   , ,            ,     .    ,      ,  ,         .    ,        . ,       ,       ( . .   //  . .  :   . ., 1987. . 91).]. ,     ,     ,     ,      ,   ?          [162 - Morson G. S. Hidden in Plain View: Narrative and Creative Potentials in War and Peace. Stanford, 1987. P. 36.].             ,         ,       .             :     []         .  :          ,  ,      [163 -  . .  . . . . 479.].  ,    ,         ,           ,  [164 -          ,      ,        ,  :   ,         ;        (                   );     ; , ,    , ,           (Morson G. S. Hidden in Plain View: Narrative and Creative Potentials in War and Peace. Stanford, 1987. P. 3765).].   ,    ,              .    ,            ,   .

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         ,  ,        .  ,          , ,     ,      .               ,  , ,   ,         .     ,        ,                  XVIII       XIX [167 - Woloch A. The One vs. the Many: Minor Characters and the Space of the Protagonist in the Novel. Princeton, 2003. P. 19.].  ,     ,   (   ),    ,       [168 - .            : Grenier S. Representing the Marginal Woman in Nineteenth-Century Russian Literature: Personalism, Feminism, and Polyphony. Westport, 2001.].                 ,   ,       ,         ,     , ,          .           ,    ,        ,             ,        .             ,     .  ,                  ,                   .

         ,         ,       ,   ,  .        , ,            ,      .              ,        ,  ,      .          ,       ,       ,        .             .         ,         .      ,   ,   ,      .

             ,        ,              .            ,       :



   ,            .      ,   .      ,   ,      ,    [169 -  .?.  //  .?. . .:  3 . ., 1961. . 3. . 375.].


      ,        .         ,         .     ,   ,             .  ,    ,   ,    ,     ,    .         , ,       ,       ,           .       ,             ,       ,    .




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. . . .   . . .




2


 . .  ?     . ., 1967.




3


Marcus Sh. Between Women: Friendship, Desire, and Marriage in Victorian England. Princeton, 2007. P. 7980.




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Auerbach N. Communities of Women: An Idea in Fiction Cambridge, 1978.




5


T?nnies F. Community and Civil Society. Cambridge, 2003. .: Walicki . A History of Russian Thought: From the Enlightenment to Marxism. Stanford, 1979,         ,         ,   ,       (T?nnies F. Community and Civil Society. . 108).




6


Wollstonecraft . Vindication of the Rights of Women. London, 1985. . 173191.




7


          ,          .




8


 . :  .   腻 //   /  . . . . ., 1992. . 317; Kelly . Views from the Other Shore. New Haven, 1999. . 111.




9


           ,        . .: Repin N. Being-Toward-Death in Tolstoys The Death of Ivan Il ich: Tolstoy and Heidegger // Canadian-American Slavic Studies. 2002. Vol. 36. 12. . 101132.      ,     . . : Vinokur V. The Trace of Judaism: Dostoevsky, Babel, Mandelstam, Levinas. Evanston, 2009; Murav . From Skandalon to Scandal: Ivans Rebellion Reconsidered // Slavic Review. 2004. Vol. 63. 4. . 756770.




10


      (1878)  ,       ,    ;     ,   (Poole R. Vladimir Solovevs Philosophical Anthropology: Autonomy, Dignity, Perfectibility // A History of Russian Philosophy, 18301930: Faith, Reason, and the Defense of Human Dignity / Ed. G. M. Hamburg, R. A. Poole. Cambridge, 2010. P. 131149.




11


 . . . . .:  90 . ., 1937. . 25. . 182411.




12


 . , , . ., 1975. . 247.




13


,      ,       ,        ,           ,    . ,      4,      ,     .




14


. .   // . 1861. . 87. . . 5388.




15


 . . . . .:  30 . ., 1972. . 6. . 88.




16


      .:  . .     : . ., 2013. . 114116;   . . . ., 2003. . 593594.




17


. .  . . 5388.




18


 , ,    .:  .     : ,   . 18601930. ., 2004. C. 6165.




19


      conscience (),        consciousness (). .: Kharkhordin O. The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices. Berkeley, 1999. P. 5661. -,      ,    .   :    ,   ,    ,     ,           (Alyoshin A. The Slavophile Lexicon of Personality // Studies in East European Thought. 2009. Vol. 61. 2/3. P. 7787). .      : Offord D. Lichnost: Notions of Individual Identity // Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of Revolution, 18811940 / Ed. C. Kelly and D. Shepherd. Oxford, 1998. P. 1325.




20


 . . . . .:  90 . ., 1936. . 27. . 3940.




21


 : Pippin R. Modernism as a Philosophical Problem: On the Dissatisfactions of European High Culture. 2nd ed. London, 1999. P. 8586.




22


 . . . . .:  30 . ., 1975. . 14. . 275.




23


      : Scanlan J. Russian Panpsychism: Kozlov, Lopatin, Losskii // A History of Russian Philosophy: Faith, Reason, and The Defense of Human Dignity. P. 150170.




24


     ,             .    ,                 ;      ,        (Kliger I. Dostoevsky and the Novel-Tragedy: Genre and Modernity in Ivanov, Pumpyansky, and Bakhtin // PMLA. 2011. Vol. 126. 1. P. 7387, 80).  ,         .                 :          .   ,                  .          (P. 82),         .           (P. 77)        ,           (   4).




25


 .     // . .:  4 . , 1979. . 3. . 298.




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        : Kelly C., Volkov V. Obshchestvenost, Sobornost: Collective Identities // Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of Revolution, 18811940 / Ed. C. Kelly and D. Shepherd. Oxford, 1998. 2627.




27


  ,       ,  , ,     (Offord D. Lichnost: Notions of Individual Identity. P. 1325).




28


       : Steiner L. The Russian Aufkl?rer: Tolstoi in Search of Truth, Freedom, and Immortality // Slavic Review. 2011. Vol. 70. 4. P. 773794.




29


 ,             ,        (Steiner L. The Russian Aufkl?rer: Tolstoi in Search of Truth, Freedom, and Immortality // Slavic Review. 2011. Vol. 70. 4. P. 792). . : Steiner L. For Humanitys Sake: The Bildungsroman in Russian Culture. Toronto, 2011.




30


 The Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon / Ed. B. Cassin. Princeton, 2014       (      )   conciliarity  conciliation () (Ibid. P. 10011004).




31


        ,    : Wyman A. The Gift of Active Empathy: Scheler, Bakhtin, and Dostoevsky. Evanston, 2016. P. 166167.




32


 . . . . .:  90 . ., 1940. . 12. . 178.




33


.: Sch?nle A. Sublime Vision and Self-Derision: The Aesthetics of Death in Tolstoy // Anniversary Essays on Tolstoy / Ed. D. Orwin. Cambridge, 2010. P. 3351, 4546.       .: Gustafson R. Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger. Princeton, 1986. Esp. p. 88109.




34


               ,              . .: Ranci?re J. The Politics of Aesthetics / Trans. G. Rockhill. New York, 2011. P. 2228.




35


    , ,       ,         . .  contra  :  . . , ,  Sententia sensa:    . .; ., 2017. . 431446.




36


 -           1983      ,      (1983)    .         : Nancy J.?L. La Communaut dsoeuvre. Paris, 1986. . :  .?.   / . . .   . . ., 2009.




37


 .?.   / . . . .   . . ., 2011. . 37.




38


  ,        ,    . .:  .  :      . ., 1996  Drozd A. Chernyshevskiis What Is to Be Done?: A Reevaluation. Evanston, 2001.




39


 . . 44.




40


 . . 4344.




41


 . . 66.




42


  ,    []                   ( . .   . ., 1963. . 103).




43


            ,     XIX . .   : Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism: Art, Theater, Philosophy. Oxford, 2008. P. 114.




44


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