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            1990.         .            ,               .

         :

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   9  1990. 1417-I          л (   : c31  1990.  31  1995.);

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   (    12  1993.);

   28  1995. 154-         ;

     , .     27  1995. 1251;

   26  1996. 138-               ;

   25  1997. 126-        ;

   11  1998. 55-      ;

    22  1998. 1281      ;

    15  1999. 1370              ;

   6  2003. 131-         ;

    20  2004. 814            .

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 1  2009.         6  2003. 131-          (    131-).         .                131-.

 1  2010.   131-        .       131-    10.   ,    .               .

 ,      523 681  ,          ,  387  .  ,      131-,  ,             .




   


 1  2005.       24 316  .

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    303   352      ,  35             24   .            16  .

 2006  2009.,   ,  338    .      324          ;        ( , ,    ,  ).   2006  2009.           ,         .

  1  2006.       24 216  ,   1  2009.      24 035  ,  : 506  , 1809  , 1746  , 19 738    235   .

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        124 .

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- 


          ,       .           131-,          ,     .               ,                .

  , 17 758  (82,2%)         .                   .

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 170   (9,4%  )            .

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 13 981   (70,8%    )       ,   ,    1  2008.    13 138   (66,2%    ).

 67%      ,    33%      .

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 2006  2009.  600        ,    565     ,  35     .




 


 1  2009.     340,8. .,   12. . ,   1  2008.,   20. . ,   1  2007.

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           1  2009.         .

                .

 100%        15   ,   6    2008.:   22       90% .

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         .             -       6  2003. 131-          2007.,     :         .  2007.           58%.               42%.         .

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                      ,        131-.

      ,         .         ,          ,    ,        ,     .  ,             ,          131-.            ,     ;          ;           ;      ;      ;       .                    .

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    ,     , ,  ,  ,   ,  , ,   .

  XIX       : ,   .     . , . , . , . , . , . , . , .  , . , . , .   .[4 - Gerber N. Arsen Naturrecht. Berlin, 1871;  .      . . 1. ., 1871;  .      /   . ., 1874;  .     / . . .. . .:  .. , 1885;  .       / . . ..  /  . ... .:  .   , 1896;  .    ,   / . . 2- . ., 1908;  .  . .:   , 1907; Barrot O. De la centralization et de ses effets. Paris. 1870;  .    / . . .:   , 1994;  .  .         i.  3- . .1. .: i . , 1869; .2. .: i . , 1870; . 3. .: i . , 1871; i ..    .  III.  ? i // i .. i i. i . . 9. .: i .. , 1908;  ..   . i, i   . .: i .   


, 1882;  . i i  i..:    


, 1874.] (    .. ).

 1950  1970.       : . , . , . , . , . , . , . , .   .[5 - Alderfer H.F. Local Government in Developing Countries. NY, Toronto, L: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964; Nigam S.R. Local Government (England, France, USA, USSR and India). New Delhi: S.Chand & Co (Pvt) LTD, 1975; Adrian Ch.R. State and Local Government. 3-rd ed. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1972; Allum P. Politics and Society in Postwar Naples. L.: Cambridge University Press, 1973; Kesselman M. The Ambiguous Consensus. NY: Knopf, 1967; Rahman A.T.R. Rural Institutions in India, Pakistan // Comparative Local Politics. A Systems-Function Approach / ed. by J. Goldsmith and C. Gunderson. Boston: Holbrook Press, Inc., 1973. P. 150167; Goldsmith J., Gunderson G. Introduction to Comparative Local Politics // Comparative Local Politics. A Systems-Function Approach. /ed. by J. Goldsmith and C. Gunderson. Boston: Holbrook Press, Inc., 1973. P. 118.]

   1970-  1990- .             (, ,   .),       .    ,  . -, . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . [6 - Martin Harloff E. The Structure of Local Government in Europe. Hague: International Union of Local Authorities, 1987; RhodesR.A.W. Control and Power in Central-Local government Relations. Alder-Shot: Grower, 1981; Kjellberg F. Local Government and The Welfare State: Reorganization in Scandinavia // The dynamics of institutional change / Ed. by F. Kjellberg. London: Verso, 1988. P. 67101; Nanetty R.Y. Growth and Territorial Policies: The Italian Model of Social Capitalism. L.: Frances Pinter, 1988; Page E.C. Localism and Centralism in Europe. The Political and Legal Bases of Local Self-Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991; Tarrow S. Between Center and Periphery: Grassroots Politicians in Italy and France. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977;  .    :    //  . 1999. 50 (2). . 155167;  .   .     . .: Ad Marginem, 1996; Negrier E. The Chenging Role of Franch Local Government // West Europenian Politics. 22(4), Okt. 1999. P. 120140; Local Government in Europe. Trends and Developments / ed. by R. Batley, R. Stoker. Hampshire, London: Macmillan, 1991; Norton O. International Handbook of Local Government. A Comparative Analysis of Democracies. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994.].

  ,   1990- .,          [7 - Decentralization of the Socialist State / ed. by Bird R. M., Ebel R. D., Wallich Ch. I. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995; Dunn J., Wetzel D. Decentralization in Former Socialist Economics // Paper presented to National Tax Association, October 1999. Toronto, 1999.].

       : . , . , . , . , .. , . , . , . -, . , . , . , . , .   . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . [8 - March J., Olsen J. The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life // American Political Science Review. 1984. Vol. 78. 3. P. 735738;  . ,     . : , 1997; Ostrom E. Institutional Rational Choice: An Assessment of the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework // Theories of Policy Process / Ed. by P. Sabatier. Boulder: Westview Press, 1999. P. 3555;  ..  :    //  :   /  . . , .. . .: , 1999. . 218232; Hall P.A., Taylor R.C.R. Political science and the four new institutionalism // Political Studies. 1996. Forthcoming; Blom-Hansen J.A. New Institutional Perspective on Policy Networks // Public Administration. 1997. Vol. 75. P. 669693; Grafford S.E.S., Ostrom E. The Grammar of Institutions // American Political Science Review. 1995. Vol. 89. P. 582600;  .  ,   //  :   /  . . , .-. . .: , 1999. . 149180;  ..   : .    / .. . , 2004;  ..    : , , ,  //     . .   ( ). 2001. 2. . 530; Taagapera R., Shugart M. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1989;  .,  .  .     //  . . :  , 1997. . 52304;  .  . .: -, 2002;  .,  .   //   .  /  . .. , .: , 1998. . 293332;  .  :      () //       /  . .. . ., 1998. Knight J. Institutions and Social Conflict. NY: Cambridge University Press, 1992; Eckstein H. A Culturalist Theory of Political Change // The American Political Science Review. Vol. 82. Issue 3 (Sep. 1988). P. 789804; Ostrom E. Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990; Ostrom E., Whitaker G. Does Local Community Control of Police Make a Difference? Some Preliminary Findings // American Journal of Political Science. 1973. Vol. 17. 1. P. 4876;  .,  .,  .,  .   ?      , 19912001. ., .:    -,  , 2002.].

  . , . , .        . . , . , . , . , . , .       - [9 -  ..   . .: , 1994;  ..  . .: - . -, 1996;  ..  . .: , 1995;  ..       . .: , 1998;         (      ) //   . 1997. 5. . 2445;  ..,  ..    . .: , 1996;  ..    . .: .  -  - -   , 1993;  ..   . .:  . 1997;  .      //  . 1995. 5. . 1820;  .     :      //  . . 11. . 1996. 2. . 333;  ..             ? // . 1995. 3. . 1931;  .      //   . 1993. 11. . 1419;  .  :   - . .: , 1999;  ..      //    . 1995. 4. . 8486.].

 ,        : . , . , . , . , . , . , . ; . , .   . , . -; . , .   . , . , . , . , . , . , .   . , . ; . ; . , . , . ; . ; . , . , . , . , . ; . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . ; . , . , . , . , . , .   . , . , .   . , . , . ; .   . ; .

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 6  2003. 131-

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(   19 , 12 , 28, 29, 30  2004.; 18 , 29 , 21 , 12 , 27, 31  2005.; 2, 15 , 3 , 18, 25, 27 , 16 , 1, 4, 29  2006.; 2, 26 , 10 , 15, 18 , 21 , 18 , 4, 8  2007.; 10 , 23 , 25 , 25  2008.; 7, 23, 28 , 27  2009.; 5, 27 , 28  2010.)


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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/vladimir-shkatulla/kommentariy-k-federalnomu-zakonu-ot-6-oktyabrya-2003-13/)  .

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