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Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods

Survival of the Friendliest


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Copyright  2020 by Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods

All rights reserved

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   :             [2 - E.Aronson, Cooperation in the classroom: The jigsaw method. (Printer & Martin Limited, 2011).].     ,        .     ,         ,   ,    .    ,  . ,     ,    ,    -.        . ,     ,   .      ,        .                   [3 - D. W. Johnson, G. Maruyama, R. Johnson, D. Nelson, L. Skon, Effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on achievement: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin 89, 47 (1981).][4 - D. W. Johnson, R. T. Johnson, An educational psychology success story: Social interdependence theory and cooperative learning. Educational researcher 38, 365379 (2009).][5 - M. J. Van Ryzin, C. J. Roseth, Effects of cooperative learning on peer relations, empathy, and bullying in middle school. Aggressive behavior. (2019).][6 - C. J. Roseth, Y.-k. Lee, W. A. Saltarelli, Reconsidering jigsaw social psychology: Longitudinal effects on social interdependence, sociocognitive conflict regulation, motivation, and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology 111, 149 (2019).]


  

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   150          ,         .  ,    ,             .                      .    .

     ,   ,   ,  ,          ,       [8 -  .     , 1880.].     -  ,            ,    [9 - B. Hare, Survival of the friendliest: Homo sapiens evolved via selection for prosociality. Annual review of psychology 68, 155186 (2017).][10 - R. Kurzban, M. N. Burton-Chellew, S. A. West, The evolution of altruism in humans. Annual review of psychology 66, 575599 (2015).][11 - F. B. De Waal, F. de Waal, Peacemaking among primates. (Harvard University Press, 1989).].

,    ,   ,       ,     .  , ,     ,    ,       [12 - R. M. Sapolsky, The influence of social hierarchy on primate health. Science 308, 648652 (2005).].       ,         [13 - N. Snyder-Mackler, J. Sanz, J. N. Kohn, J. F. Brinkworth, S. Morrow, A. O. Shaver, J.-C. Grenier, R. Pique-Regi, Z. P. Johnson, M. E. Wilson, Social status alters immune regulation and response to infection in macaques. Science 354, 10411045 (2016).].     ,          [14 - C. Drews, Contexts and patterns of injuries in free-ranging male baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Behaviour 133, 443474 (1996).][15 - M. L. Wilson, C. Boesch, B. Fruth, T. Furuichi, I. C. Gilby, C. Hashimoto, C. L. Hobaiter, G. Hohmann, N. Itoh, K. J. N. Koops, Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts. 513, 414 (2014).].       ,      ,   [16 -  T. . : , 2021.][17 - F. De Waal, F. B. Waal, Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. (JHU Press, 2007).][18 - L. R. Gesquiere, N. H. Learn, M. C. M. Simao, P. O. Onyango, S. C. Alberts, J. Altmann, Life at the top: rank and stress in wild male baboons. Science 333, 357360 (2011).].

      .                .      ,     .        ,    -   ,   ,    ,      [19 - B. Hare, Survival of the friendliest: Homo sapiens evolved via selection for prosociality. Annual review of psychology 68, 155186 (2017).].

  .             ,       .           ,       [20 - M. W. Gray, Mitochondrial evolution. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4, a011403 (2012); published online EpubSep 1 (10.1101/cshperspect.a011403).].  , ,  ,   ,     ,          [21 - L. A. David, C. F. Maurice, R. N. Carmody, D. B. Gootenberg, J. E. Button, B. E. Wolfe, A. V. Ling, A. S. Devlin, Y. Varma, M. A. Fischbach, S. B. Biddinger, R. J. Dutton, P. J. Turnbaugh, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505, 559563 (2014); published online EpubJan 23 (10.1038/nature12820).].     ,         ,      [22 - S. Hu, D. L. Dilcher, D. M. Jarzen, Early steps of angiosperm-pollinator coevolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 240245 (2008).]. ,              ,      50  .       [23 - B. Holldobler, E. O. Wilson, The superorganism: the beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies. (WW Norton & Company, 2009).].

  [24 -         ,      ,         .]      :       .         .      ,       .    ,           ,  ,    .             ,     .      ,     ,    -      ,       .


  

          . , -,  ,      .         ,      Homo sapiens.     .             ,      .

               69           Homo.     ,    - 200300    Homo sapiens         [25 - B. Wood, E. K. Boyle, Hominin taxic diversity: Fact or fantasy? American journal of physical anthropology 159, 3778 (2016).].           .        ,       ,   .      ,              ,   -   .

         ,           150                .      ,    ,   ,     100             .     ,     : ,      ; ,   ;     .     ,   [26 - A. Powell, S. Shennan, M. G. Thomas, Late Pleistocene demography and the appearance of modern human behavior. Science 324, 12981301 (2009).][27 - S. E. Churchill, Thin on the ground: Neandertal biology, archeology and ecology. (John Wiley & Sons, 2014), vol. 10.][28 - A. S. Brooks, J. E. Yellen, R. Potts, A. K. Behrensmeyer, A. L. Deino, D. E. Leslie, S. H. Ambrose, J. R. Ferguson, F. dErrico, A. M. J. S. Zipkin, Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age. 360, 9094 (2018).].

  100      ,       ,         .      Homo erectus,     1,8         . Homo erectus  ,   .            ,  ,     .

Homo erectus   ,    ,      .     ,   [29 - N. T. Boaz, Dragon Bone Hill: an Ice-Age saga of Homo erectus. R. L. Ciochon, Ed. (Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 2004).][30 - C. Shipton, M. D. Petraglia, in Asian Paleoanthropology. (Springer, 2011), pp. 4955.].          .    ,    .     , ,      ,     . Homo erectus             ,  .

    ,  Homo erectus  1,5     .   ,        [31 - W. Amos, J. I. Hoffman, Evidence that two main bottleneck events shaped modern human genetic diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2009).][32 - A. Manica, W. Amos, F. Balloux, T. Hanihara, The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation. Nature 448, 346348 (2007).][33 - S. H. Ambrose, Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution 34, 623651 (1998); published online Epub1998/06/01.]. , Homo erectus          .

   75   . Homo erectus - ,      ,       .            .     ,  ,      .     .    ,    ,   ,      .       ,     .

        ,   .       : ,  ,   ,    ,     [34 - S. E. Churchill, Thin on the ground: Neandertal biology, archeology and ecology. (John Wiley & Sons, 2014), vol. 10.].

     .         FOXP2,     ,   [35 - J. Krause, C. Lalueza-Fox, L. Orlando, W. Enard, R. E. Green, H. A. Burbano, J.-J. Hublin, C. Hanni, J. Fortea, M. De La Rasilla, The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals. Current biology 17, 19081912 (2007).].    ,     ,       ,   .       3  ,   ,      .      ,  [36 - F. Schrenk, S. Muller, C. Hemm, P. G. Jestice, The neanderthals. (Routledge, 2009).].       .          ,      [37 - S. E. Churchill, Thin on the ground: Neandertal biology, archeology and ecology. (John Wiley & Sons, 2014), vol. 10.].

 Homo sapiens       .       ,    ,     .    75       ,       ,     .

  50         .           ,       .    ,      .    60- ,        2 .        ,              [38 - S. E. Churchill, J. A. Rhodes, in The Evolution of Hominin Diets. (Springer, 2009), pp. 201210.].      ,      Chuckit  ,          .     ,            .            9     160   .

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         . ,          .    -    ,       ,                 .       ,     ,        [39 - B. Davies, S. H. Bickler, A. Traviglia, in Across Space and Time: Papers from the 41st Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Perth, 2528 March 2013. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015), pp. 215223.].

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 25       .        ,      .      :    , ,    .          ,      ,     .       ,           [40 - B. Davies, S. H. Bickler, A. Traviglia, in Across Space and Time: Papers from the 41st Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Perth, 2528 March 2013. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015), pp. 215223.].

          ,         .       ,              ,   [41 - O. Soffer, Recovering perishable technologies through use wear on tools: preliminary evidence for Upper Paleolithic weaving and net making. Current Anthropology 45, 407413 (2004).].              ,            ,   .

  ,     ,          [42 - J. F. Hoffecker, Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 14, 186198 (2005).].            [43 - O. Bar-Yosef, The upper paleolithic revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31, 363393 (2002).].       , , ,      .         .  ,  ,    ,  ,     ,       [44 - S. McBrearty, A. S. Brooks, The revolution that wasnt: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of human evolution 39, 453563 (2000).][45 - M. Vanhaeren, F. dErrico, C. Stringer, S. L. James, J. A. Todd, H. K. Mienis, Middle Paleolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312, 17851788 (2006).].

      ,   ,    ,   3D.        ,      ,     . ,      :  ,  ,  ,     ,    .      ,      :    ,    [46 - G. Curtis, The cave painters: Probing the mysteries of the worlds first artists. (Anchor, 2007).][47 - H. Valladas, J. Clottes, J.-M. Geneste, M. A. Garcia, M. Arnold, H. Cachier, N. Tisnerat-Laborde, Palaeolithic paintings: evolution of prehistoric cave art. Nature 413, 479 (2001).].

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    ,       ,       ,             ,     .  ,           .  ,        .       ,    , ,   .             ,     .    ,        ,          .

       [48 - B. Hare, Survival of the friendliest: Homo sapiens evolved via selection for prosociality. Annual review of psychology 68, 155186 (2017).].      ,    ,   .   .        ,        .   ,   ,     ,  ,     .       ,     .      ,            .

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   [49 -    ,     Homo sapiens.],          1015 ,     ,      100   .     ,              .              ,         .         .       .

      .   ,  ,   ,      ,               . ,        ,    .       ,             .          [50 - W. Amos, J. I. Hoffman, Evidence that two main bottleneck events shaped modern human genetic diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2009).].


* * *

      ,        ,        [51 - N. McCarty, K. T. Poole, H. Rosenthal, Polarized America: The dance of ideology and unequal riches. (mit Press, 2016).].    ,          [52 - C. Gibson, Restoring Comity to Congress (Harvard Kennedy School, 2011).].         ,     酻       ,      [53 - C. Gibson, Restoring Comity to Congress (Harvard Kennedy School, 2011).].        .           ,    ,           :    ,     .

        .           ,      [54 - C. Gibson, Restoring Comity to Congress (Harvard Kennedy School, 2011).].            ,         .       ,   ,      ,      [55 - C. News, in CBS News (2010).].       Β    ,  : ,  ,      [56 - S. J. Tolchin, J. A. Farrell (JSTOR, 2003).].

     .   ,    ,     .         .  1967         ,        .  ,     ,     ,       .

  1995   -             ,     40 .   ,   ,   ,      ,     :    ,   [57 - R. Strahan, Leading representatives: The agency of leaders in the politics of the US House (JHU Press, 2007).].

            90-      ,        ,    .    ,         ,              ,       .       ,          [58 - J. Haidt, The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion (Vintage, 2012).].    :  ,       ,                 [59 - C. Gibson, Restoring Comity to Congress (Harvard Kennedy School, 2011).][60 - ,   ,    (C. Raasch, in St. Louis Post-Dispatch (2016).)     (A. Delaney, in The Huffington Post (2012).).           ,     .   :            ,        ,       (),      ,       (C. Gibson, Restoring Comity to Congress (Harvard Kennedy School, 2011).).           ,     .        ,       .   ,           20 ,    .       (J. McCrain, Legislative staff and policymaking (Emory University, 2018).).     ,    .        ,      .       ,        .                , , 20     .         ,       ,  ,                 .          .       ,     ,   ,     .          .          ,    .       ,      .].

            ,    .           ,  ,    [61 - N. Gingrich, Language: A Key Mechanism of Control. Information Clearing House (1996).].       [62 - D. Corn, T. Murphy, in Mother Jones (2016).].       ,       .       ,       .          [63 - S. M. Theriault, D. W. J. T. J. o. P. Rohde, The Gingrich Senators and party polarization in the US Senate. 73, 10111024 (2011).].

       : ,        90-.     ,                       ,           90-.   ,    ,  -   [64 - J. Biden, Remarks: Joe Biden (2017).].

    ,   ,     .    ,        ,   .       ,         .    ,       2010   ,    [65 - S. A. Frisch, S. Q. Kelly, Cheese factories on the moon: Why earmarks are good for American democracy. (Routledge, 2015).].       ,       100  .     ,      ,  .

          [66 - C. R. Sunstein, Can it Happen Here?: Authoritarianism in America. (Dey St, 2018).].       . ,   ,       ,  .

         ,    . . ;     ,    [67 - E. O. Wilson, Consilience: The unity of knowledge. (Vintage, New York, 1999).].   ,              ,    .             .   ,    ,       .      , ,      ,      .




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       ,  ,     .    :     ,  ,     [68 - M. Tomasello, M. Carpenter, U. Liszkowski, A new look at infant pointing. Child development 78, 705722 (2007).].    ,      ,     .    ?  ,      ?    ?       -  ,    ,   ,    .

      ,     - , ,  ,    .     ,     ,    ,    .  16    ,   ,    ,       .     ,      .      .          ,   .     [69 - B. Hare, From hominoid to hominid mind: What changed and why? Annual Review of Anthropology 40, 293309 (2011).].

       ,  ,     [70 - M. Tomasello, Becoming human: A theory of ontogeny. (Belknap Press, 2019).].    , ,   .        .  ,     .      ,       ,     .     ,    :     .

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     10 ,          ,   , .        ,     .    ,     .

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 ,       ,      ,     .   .   .     ,       .            ,   ,    ,    .       ,   .     ,             .        .      -  ,      .

  ,       ,       - .  , ,   ,     ,    ,   :        - .

        ,      ,           ,        [73 - M. Tomasello, Becoming human: A theory of ontogeny. (Belknap Press, 2019).].  ,       ,      ,     ,          ,     [74 - B. Hare, From hominoid to hominid mind: What changed and why? Annual Review of Anthropology 40, 293309 (2011).].

  ,       ,    [75 - E. Herrmann, J. Call, M. V. Hernandez-Lloreda, B. Hare, M. Tomasello, Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: The cultural intelligence hypothesis. Science 317, 13601366 (2007).][76 - A. P. Melis, M. Tomasello, Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) coordinate by communicating in a collaborative problem-solving task. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286, 20190408 (2019).].     ,          ,  ,   ,      ,   .   ,    ,             ,  ,   ,     .

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        .   ,             .     ,         .  1950  1998           ,   ,       .   ,    , , ,       [77 - J. P. Scott, The social behavior of dogs and wolves: an illustration of sociobiological systematics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 51, 10091021 (1950).].      .     -,                  .

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notes








1


 .




2


E.Aronson, Cooperation in the classroom: The jigsaw method. (Printer & Martin Limited, 2011).




3


D. W. Johnson, G. Maruyama, R. Johnson, D. Nelson, L. Skon, Effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on achievement: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin 89, 47 (1981).




4


D. W. Johnson, R. T. Johnson, An educational psychology success story: Social interdependence theory and cooperative learning. Educational researcher 38, 365379 (2009).




5


M. J. Van Ryzin, C. J. Roseth, Effects of cooperative learning on peer relations, empathy, and bullying in middle school. Aggressive behavior. (2019).




6


C. J. Roseth, Y.-k. Lee, W. A. Saltarelli, Reconsidering jigsaw social psychology: Longitudinal effects on social interdependence, sociocognitive conflict regulation, motivation, and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology 111, 149 (2019).




7


D. L. Smith, Less than human: Why we demean, enslave, and exterminate others. (St. Martins Press, 2011).




8


 .     , 1880.




9


B. Hare, Survival of the friendliest: Homo sapiens evolved via selection for prosociality. Annual review of psychology 68, 155186 (2017).




10


R. Kurzban, M. N. Burton-Chellew, S. A. West, The evolution of altruism in humans. Annual review of psychology 66, 575599 (2015).




11


F. B. De Waal, F. de Waal, Peacemaking among primates. (Harvard University Press, 1989).




12


R. M. Sapolsky, The influence of social hierarchy on primate health. Science 308, 648652 (2005).




13


N. Snyder-Mackler, J. Sanz, J. N. Kohn, J. F. Brinkworth, S. Morrow, A. O. Shaver, J.-C. Grenier, R. Pique-Regi, Z. P. Johnson, M. E. Wilson, Social status alters immune regulation and response to infection in macaques. Science 354, 10411045 (2016).




14


C. Drews, Contexts and patterns of injuries in free-ranging male baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Behaviour 133, 443474 (1996).




15


M. L. Wilson, C. Boesch, B. Fruth, T. Furuichi, I. C. Gilby, C. Hashimoto, C. L. Hobaiter, G. Hohmann, N. Itoh, K. J. N. Koops, Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts. 513, 414 (2014).




16


 T. . : , 2021.




17


F. De Waal, F. B. Waal, Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. (JHU Press, 2007).




18


L. R. Gesquiere, N. H. Learn, M. C. M. Simao, P. O. Onyango, S. C. Alberts, J. Altmann, Life at the top: rank and stress in wild male baboons. Science 333, 357360 (2011).




19


B. Hare, Survival of the friendliest: Homo sapiens evolved via selection for prosociality. Annual review of psychology 68, 155186 (2017).




20


M. W. Gray, Mitochondrial evolution. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4, a011403 (2012); published online EpubSep 1 (10.1101/cshperspect.a011403).




21


L. A. David, C. F. Maurice, R. N. Carmody, D. B. Gootenberg, J. E. Button, B. E. Wolfe, A. V. Ling, A. S. Devlin, Y. Varma, M. A. Fischbach, S. B. Biddinger, R. J. Dutton, P. J. Turnbaugh, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505, 559563 (2014); published online EpubJan 23 (10.1038/nature12820).




22


S. Hu, D. L. Dilcher, D. M. Jarzen, Early steps of angiosperm-pollinator coevolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 240245 (2008).




23


B. Holldobler, E. O. Wilson, The superorganism: the beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies. (WW Norton & Company, 2009).




24


        ,      ,         .




25


B. Wood, E. K. Boyle, Hominin taxic diversity: Fact or fantasy? American journal of physical anthropology 159, 3778 (2016).




26


A. Powell, S. Shennan, M. G. Thomas, Late Pleistocene demography and the appearance of modern human behavior. Science 324, 12981301 (2009).




27


S. E. Churchill, Thin on the ground: Neandertal biology, archeology and ecology. (John Wiley & Sons, 2014), vol. 10.




28


A. S. Brooks, J. E. Yellen, R. Potts, A. K. Behrensmeyer, A. L. Deino, D. E. Leslie, S. H. Ambrose, J. R. Ferguson, F. dErrico, A. M. J. S. Zipkin, Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age. 360, 9094 (2018).




29


N. T. Boaz, Dragon Bone Hill: an Ice-Age saga of Homo erectus. R. L. Ciochon, Ed. (Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 2004).




30


C. Shipton, M. D. Petraglia, in Asian Paleoanthropology. (Springer, 2011), pp. 4955.




31


W. Amos, J. I. Hoffman, Evidence that two main bottleneck events shaped modern human genetic diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2009).




32


A. Manica, W. Amos, F. Balloux, T. Hanihara, The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation. Nature 448, 346348 (2007).




33


S. H. Ambrose, Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution 34, 623651 (1998); published online Epub1998/06/01.




34


S. E. Churchill, Thin on the ground: Neandertal biology, archeology and ecology. (John Wiley & Sons, 2014), vol. 10.




35


J. Krause, C. Lalueza-Fox, L. Orlando, W. Enard, R. E. Green, H. A. Burbano, J.-J. Hublin, C. Hanni, J. Fortea, M. De La Rasilla, The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals. Current biology 17, 19081912 (2007).




36


F. Schrenk, S. Muller, C. Hemm, P. G. Jestice, The neanderthals. (Routledge, 2009).




37


S. E. Churchill, Thin on the ground: Neandertal biology, archeology and ecology. (John Wiley & Sons, 2014), vol. 10.




38


S. E. Churchill, J. A. Rhodes, in The Evolution of Hominin Diets. (Springer, 2009), pp. 201210.




39


B. Davies, S. H. Bickler, A. Traviglia, in Across Space and Time: Papers from the 41st Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Perth, 2528 March 2013. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015), pp. 215223.




40


B. Davies, S. H. Bickler, A. Traviglia, in Across Space and Time: Papers from the 41st Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Perth, 2528 March 2013. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015), pp. 215223.




41


O. Soffer, Recovering perishable technologies through use wear on tools: preliminary evidence for Upper Paleolithic weaving and net making. Current Anthropology 45, 407413 (2004).




42


J. F. Hoffecker, Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 14, 186198 (2005).




43


O. Bar-Yosef, The upper paleolithic revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31, 363393 (2002).




44


S. McBrearty, A. S. Brooks, The revolution that wasnt: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of human evolution 39, 453563 (2000).




45


M. Vanhaeren, F. dErrico, C. Stringer, S. L. James, J. A. Todd, H. K. Mienis, Middle Paleolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312, 17851788 (2006).




46


G. Curtis, The cave painters: Probing the mysteries of the worlds first artists. (Anchor, 2007).




47


H. Valladas, J. Clottes, J.-M. Geneste, M. A. Garcia, M. Arnold, H. Cachier, N. Tisnerat-Laborde, Palaeolithic paintings: evolution of prehistoric cave art. Nature 413, 479 (2001).




48


B. Hare, Survival of the friendliest: Homo sapiens evolved via selection for prosociality. Annual review of psychology 68, 155186 (2017).




49


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