   . .. .  , , ,          XX 
  

  


     ,     ,       ,       .     (,   ),        1905.,     ,  ,      ,    .    1917.                ,      ,         ( 1922.   , , ).     ,       ,    ,         ,  .       ,       ,       ,   ,  1933.,     ,    ; ,  1940.,    ,    .





  ,   

   . .. .  , , ,          XX 








             ,   ,      ,     ; ,        ,   .       ,     ,         ,   ,    ,  ,   .   60    , ,           ,        ?

             . ,               ,   ,   ,      .

 ,    (18871966)        .  19031906. ,  .  1904 ,  ,         ,       - .     .

       , ,   .     1905.,           , ,   .   ,   .     , , , , , .  19131914.       .  ,  19181920.,            .  1920.    .   1921.,       ,          .   ( ,   )         .   20  1932. ,       ,  .

         .     ,           ,    1917.  ,  (   )    .     ,           ( ), ,    ,        .  1918.   ..         .      ..     .  19191921.     -   ,            .

 -             .             - .       ,         (       ).         ,    ,           ,                             ,       . ,      ,   ,     .      ,       .          .   ,         .

                   ,      ,     ,        .         ,                    .

  ,         .          (-, , ).    ,           .    ,        ,         .        ,   1932.,    ,     .      ,  ,   ,     ,                A.A. .  ,       -   .. ,             .      ,       .         :             (        [   ..] )     ,           ,  .       .      .

        , , ,       .       ,        .     ,      .   ,      ,       .         ,  .          ,  .                .

   ,    .    [1 -  .    //   .  XIX    XX : . .: , 1996. . 396397;  :   .   XX :   . .: , 1997. .458459.].  ,            ,    :    ,      .   , ,   (,     V  ,   ;  ,       1940.   ).    ,        .     ,     ,     ,            .

      .. ,       ,  , ,           [2 -  .. ..      //   :   ( XIXXX.). ., 2004. . 142149 (   ).].             ,       ,     . ,    ,   ,               . ,        ,         1917.,   [3 -   19191920. /. . 3. , . . .: , 2000.       ,    ..   ,                 ,         .].     ,  :  ..           .                ,   ,            [4 -  .. ..     . . 147.].     .

            [5 -  .      ,  :    (18871966). :  ,       , 2003.].   ,     ,       ,        .      (  )     ,         (    ).         ,   ,       ,     .       ,       (  ,       ),       ,        [6 -          ,   ,     (     ).     , -     . ,  ,     - (     ,   ). ,       ,    ,  .      - .].

     ,              . , . ,     .. ,       ..  ..  1893.:           .              XIX.,            [7 - Getzler I. Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social-Democrat. Melbourne University Press, 1967. P. 20, 38.].

        ,       ,        [8 - ., : Brovkin V.N. The Mensheviks after October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1987.        .].         ,             ,      ,    [9 -                  . .        , ,        (Fleron F. Soviet Area Studies and the Social Sciences: Some Methodological Problems in Communist Studies. Soviet Studies, 1968, January).      .               (Byrnes R. A History of Russian and East European Studies in the United States: Selected Essays. Lanham: University Press of America, 1994).].     ,         ,        ,     [10 -    ,  ..   .. ,        .].

 ,            ,          .           ,    [11 - .  : Guide to the Boris I. Nicolaevsky Collection in the Hoover Institution Archives. Part 1. Compiled by Anna M. Bourgina and Michael Jakobson. Part 2. Compiled by Michael Jakobson. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1989. 755 p.].        ,                  ,    .              ,  ,  ,  ,          .

             (-).        ,     ,          ,      - .      24 ,  .       60- [12 -     ,     19051907.,    ,       (The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past. L.H. Haimson and others, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. P. 214292).          ,       40  .].

          ()   ,   ,          (),   .. ,     ;   ,          20- .     ,    [13 -                  .].    ,     ,        ,      (                )[14 -     (: ). . 9217.   164      .].  ,          ,   (  )    .

       , ,  .    ,      .             ,      ,     .         - ,    ,        .

        - .             ,     ,       ,       ,     ,     . ,                ,       ,     [15 -          (.:  . 2010. 6    20102012.).].

  ,         (      ),         ,  ,   ,  ,      [16 -       ,   ,              .. ,    (19231930.)       ..      ,   1923.           (.:   .. :   ..  19231958. /. 1.  19231930. . . .. . .:   , 2010).     20062009.    .. , .. , .. , ..   .].

        ,   ,   .         ,      .        ,        .

     1966.,           .         .




 1

  1917.





 


    8(20)  1887.   (     )    .          .    ,          .  ,             1922.,    1883  [17 - Columbia University (New York City), Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Menshevik Project, Personal Files (: MP), box 21, folder 19.].            .

   ,     .      ,     ,     3333 ,   3000 , 300 , 30   3 .

   ,         ,   ,        ,       .  ,     ,       .

       ,    ,    - ,    XVIII.    .   ,          , , ,   ,           .         (   ),          .    (180 )           (,  1785.,          ,      ).

 ,   1757.    II       .    ,  1781.,    ,        .

, ,         17731775.      .        , ,    ,  ,      .  ,      (    ), , ,    ,     1881.      .     ,     ,        . , ,   ,      ,       .

  XIX.            .        .   ,      , :  . ,            .        , ,   ,     . ,             ,       .             .  ,         .

 .  :       - ,     ,   .   ,       ,      [18 -  .      . 9.].

     ,             .     : -       ,         .       .      ,     ,   ,      .

            ,   廠 .       ,     ,       ,        ,   ,    :       ,  ,           ,     .

     .    1214   .      ,                .       2530   ,       ,   .   56   .

,            ,  ,      ,   ,   , ,   , ,      .          .

     ,  ,  ,         .                 , ,   .      , , ,   .      ,      ,       .

    ,       ,         .   1897.,      () 50  ;  10     ; 6  ; 1,5    (  ); 1,1   .    16,6 ,          15   .        200  ,    .  ,         ,      ,      .

         .         90- .   ,       ,      .

          - ,    ,     [19 - http://www.belebey.ru.],   , ,          ,            .       .. ,  .. ,    .. ,  .. .     ,           ,       ,    




,  


   ,   .     ( ),     (  ),       (     ,         ),     ,     80-  (    ).      ,  -     .    ,    ,  ,        ,     .

   11  12 ,    1872.    ,     .       ,      .   ,       XIX     .

      .      ,      ,     .         .     ,   .      ,           , ,       ,               .

          .         .      ,   - .     ,   , ,    ,  -  .     .

          ,    ,      , ,  .   ,       ,          ,    ,          60- ,  -  II,   .

       ,        (               - ).           ,   (  ,       )     ,      .         ,      ,   ,      ,    .  ,       1896.    -     [20 -  .      . 1112.].

      .      ,      .    ,     ,     [21 - , box 37, folder 9.].

       .   ,      ,     , , ,   .   ,      ,  1910.          ,            ,      (-       ).          ,           ,        -[22 -  .:  .      . 2628.    (18881937)   -   1898.   .  2030-     .   ..               .          .    1956.   .      (19101984)  ,   (19121981)  ( .   :  . .: OMA-, 2005. . 339;       ).].

     ,      ,          ,              .    - .          , ,   ,          . -         , , .

, ,       ,    ,     ,    , , ,    ,      ,     .      ,      [23 -        ,       ,         ,  ,      ,    .].

           ,       ,      .

   ,       ,    1891/92.,           ,  , ,   ,         ,   - , - [24 - , box 37, folder 9.]. ,      (, ,        ),   , ,  ,  .

          , ,  .              ,    ,      , ,  ,   ,      .

  ,     ,    ,      .      .       .        .            ,                 ,     .       ,  .   ,   . , ,       -        [25 - The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 218.     .. , ..   .. .].

      ,          ,             ,       .        ,        -        :     :             .    ,  ,      .  ,   ,    , ,    ,           -,   -   [26 - .:  . .221222; , box 37, folder 9.].

    .       ,           . ,         ,         [27 - MP, box 37, folder 9.]

  ,       ,       (    ,    ,     ),   :    ,          .            ,    ,            ,          ,           -   ,      14 ,     1880.     ,    .. .     ,         ().

 ,           .  ,          ,    .     ,            :      ,    ,       (,      XIX.).         ,   ,     ,        . ,  -      .         ,      .

                .       ,  ,    ,    ,    ,   ,    . , ,   -   (      ), ,  ,  ,            ,     .

    ,    .  ,        ,  ,       .                 .. .      ,  .     ,          ,        ,    ,  ,  .      ,      .         ,  .    ,           .     [28 - MP, box 37, folder 9.].

     ,         .        ,          .  ,   ,  .     ,     .       -  .     ,    ,        .   II,      1894.,  -      1896.,       .

      (, -   ),    ,      [29 - The Making of the Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 219220; MP, box 37, folder 9.].

      ,   ,  ,     ,     .      ,           - .      ,   ,      .     ,  ,  ,               (       1897.).

    ,        ,    810 [30 - MP, box 37, folder 9.].       ,    ,        .    (      ) ,  ,            ,      1899.                 , ,  .                ,    ,   , , ,   [31 -     ...  (Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years // Revolution and Politics in Russia: Essays in Memory of B.I. Nicolaevsky. Ed. by A. and J. Rabinovitch with L.K.D. Kristof. Indiana University Press, 1972. P. 5).].

,      ,        , ,  ,    , , .    [32 - MP, box 37, folder 9.],  .         ,    . ,         ,     ,  ,  ;        ,    .            .

       ,       1894.   ,    -        .      ,         (,  )  ,    .   , ,    ,             ,   ,      ,     ,      .

 1898.      .   ,      . ,    ,        , ,    ,   [33 - MP, box 37, folder 9.]. ,        ,            .           ,    .        ,            .             .     ,      XIX.           .    ,  ,        ,      .

      .          ,         ,      ,         .   .    . ,    ,          .   .  ,          ,   ,  ,    .       34 [34 - Ibid.].

            -    ,        ;       ,   (        )        ,          .

        .        .      ,    , , , ,      .    ,           ,      ,     .       -  ,  ,    .

      ,         .      ,   ,   .   ,  [35 - Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 6.].         .         ,     ,       ,    ,        .    ,     ,  ,            ,         [36 - MP, box 37, folder 9.].

        ,    .         ,     ,     ,     . -           ,           . ,       ,  ,       ,    ,      (   1902.)     [37 -  .      . 1920.].

     .                  -  ,     .          1894.

      ..    1895.     1895.        ,   . 14  1895.       .    . , ,      ,   ,    .         ,      [38 -  .   ? .: , 2008. . 111112.],        ,   .     .

   XIX.   . ,   ,    ,      .     ,      ( 1896.   ,      ),          1895. ,  ,   ,    .

           ,        ,  , ,   ,   ,     ,   ,         ,  .. ,       ,     . ,       .   ,     ,   .

            ,       (               ).      ,  ,             [39 - MP, box 37, folder 10.].        1900.         .  ,        ,         .

 ,         .   , , , ,       ,             .

       ,  .    ,          .       , ,   ,    .    ,               ,    .     . -       .   : , , ,     !           ,      ,     [40 - , box 37, folder 10.].




   


     ,    ,       ,        ,    ,    ,       H.A. [41 -  ,    ,        , ,          ,       (Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 7).].     ,     ,     ..   .       1878.          ,          (  ).         ,   ,   ,       ,        .

    , ,    .             ,        ,     -  II     .   1900.       .

    ,  .   ,            .     ,     ,   ,    .                 ,          ,   [42 - MP, box 37, folder 10.].

  1902.  ,  25-    H.A. ,       ,    ,    ,     .                       .       ,     .     ,   15 ,   1917 ,   ,      ,    ,   .

            ,     -. ,     ,  ,           [43 - The Making of the Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 224.].   , ,     ,      .            .          -,  .     ,     ,      ,               .       ,      1903 .  -  .     ,  .  .  ,        ,   ,  ,      ,   [44 - MP, box 37, folder 9.].

    1903.            ,       ,       .         ,     ,      .         ,      ,   ,      .        ,   .O. .      ..   ?.       ,       :     .        ,   [45 - Ibid, folder 11.].

      :     ,     ,  ,      ,     ,    ,     [46 - Ibid, folder 10.].  ,      ,       ,     ,   ,    , ,   ,         ,     ,     -,       .

 1903.      ,          [47 -   (  ) ,    ,    50 .  ,         (   )    .    .],       ,      . , , , ,            ,          [48 -  .      . 26.],    , ,  ,    .

        ,        .   ,       ..       ,                 .    ,      .  :        - ,      (   ,     ).    (    ).     ,     .   .   [49 - , box 37, folder 10.].

 , ,  .    ,        ,                 .     ,   ,        .          .

   ,     ,           ,  ,    - ,        .            ,  -  ,   ,   .       - ,    ,    .      .

        1960.  -.      ,    .  ,       ,          ,    ,   .  ,         .      .      ,     ,     .

               - (),   .    ,     ,       ,        ,    .  , ,         .      .      :      ,    . ,              . [],           ,       [50 - , box 37, folder 11.].

        ,     ,   -,     .           .                .  ,     ,        ,       ,    .

    ,        ,    , , ,    ,        .      ,          - .                 ..      ,       ,        [51 -  . ..    //  . 1952. 34. . 8.].

               [52 - , box 37, folder 11.].      1960. ,     ,  1903     - .   ,    ,   .   15 ,  ,   ,  ,      -  [53 - MP, box 37, folder 11;  A.,  .   //  .    :  19221935.             / . . . .: , 2005. . 8.].

 ,   ,     ,          ,            .

   ,       .        , ,  ,        , ,     - [54 - MP, box 37, folder 11.].         ,       -     .

         1901.      (    ),       .  57   ,  90-  ,  ,      , ,  [55 -  . 1958. 10. . 203.].

       ,     .             ,      .             , ,          .

    ,   ,               .  ,            ,        ,     ,   , . ,         ,         ,       .

     ,    ,      ,         ,  ,   .   .        , , ,       ,    .       ,  .      ,   ,    .       1917 ,   ,   ,         [56 - The Making of the Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 248.].          .

             . ,  -    .           .. ,    ,      ,        .

      , ,    ,         .             .    1904.    ,    ,        ,       .   , ,            ,      .

      .   ,         ,       ,        ,     ,       ,       (       ).            .      -  .   1903.     ,      .

    .   1904.      ,  ,       ,    .     ,      ,    ,     ,    .    ,       .                  .. ,       .

    .            ,      ,   ,       ,   [57 - , box 37, folder 11.].

  -  II    1903. ,   ,   ,          .            .    22  1904.           .      .        , ,    .




 


        .     ,    ,   ,  ,     -  . ,       ,    ,    ,  ,       .   ,         ,         ,    [58 - Ibid.].

                     ,     .         ,   .     [59 -  .      . 4647, 179.].        - ,         , ,    ,       ,      .

    ,               .    -    ,   ,     .                    .

          :      ,   .     .  ,        [60 - The Making of the Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 258.]. ,            .      .

  ,             ,   1903.    ,       .        , ,  ,    ,    ,     .    ,      ,    .     ,  ,  ,   .      .       ,     ,     .        ,    ,        .

, ,     .     .     ,     .       , ,  ,   . ,     ,     ,      ,     .     ;            .

    .       .     .    ,       ,     .  ,      -  [61 - MP, box 37, folder 12.].

      .  -       ,   ,         ,     .         ,   .         .. ,       .     ,      ,    ,      ,    ,      -,          .          ,    ,         ,         .     ,      ,        ,      -         .

          -  ,    ,      1900. (               ).           ..         ,       ,      1890-    .. -.          .  , ,     ,  , .       ,      .

         .  ,              ,  ,    .           . ,    !   ,        .   .   .   ,            .

      [62 - MP, box 37, folder 12.],    ,     ,   .    ,    ,    ,     .    ,        ,    1904.       ,     .           ,   ,  ,          .     ,        ,      ,   ,       .

 .        -   ()      .. .       ,       . ,    ,       .       ,       .              ,        .

         - [63 - MP, box 37, folder 12.],     ,          .      ,      (   1  83 , ,   ,     ).      ,        . ,                 .        , ,     . (      ,  ,            .)           ,           .    -.

  ,  ,   ,       ,      ,        ,      .    ,        ,      ,        - .

             .               ,  ,        .     ,    ,       1904.     ,                    .

,             ,   ,     ,    ,     ..       (   ),     1904.  ,    ,   ( ,       ).    .            .    ,      .  ,   -  II , ,      ,       .     ,         [64 - , box 37, folder 12.   ,  ,   ,       -, ,        ,   ,  .   ,   1917.      .        . .    ,     20-    ,       .     .  ,       .].

             ,       ,         ,        .      1904. (-        ),             .     .    ,  ,  ,    ;     ,   ,    . ,    ; , ,   ,      ;       ,    ,       ,       ,    ,    [65 - Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 12.].

     ,   .     ,   , ,     - . ,      .       ,  , ,    ,   ,    . -   ,  .           ,         ,         .         .               , ,   , ,       .

      , , .         .     ,      ,      - .  ,      -     ,          : -.   ,     .

 ,                  .     ,       H.H.    .    ,        -  .       ,          ,       .       ,          ,  80- ..       ,   1891.     ,          -  ..       -. ,  ,     ,      .         ,     ,    [66 - , box 37, folder 13.].

      .            ,   ,        . ,       ,    .       .      : , ,      .  -                .

  (        ,    )   .       ,    .     ,           .                 ,     ,    .             ,     .




  


  1904.            . ,   .        1905.[67 - Ibid, folder 12.]          .           ,    [68 -  ..      . 19021917. :  -, 1969. . 46.].    ,  19  1904.    ,   ,          17 ,     [69 -  . . 53.].

      ,        ,     .   ,    ,    .   -       () ,      II   (1903.),      .  , ,  ,             .                .       ,       1905.    ,     .

       -     ( ),    .     ,    (      )  -  1902.,             ,     [70 -  1917. ..         ,     ..   ,     .          1939. .].

1  1905.  -    ;       ,    .    .           ,      .       ,    .      .

      ,     :   ,  ,   ,    ,   ,       ,       .     ,    ,   .   ,     . ,   ,          . , ,   ,    ,           ,     .         .

      ,     ,    .           ,           .         .     .  ,   .   ,        [71 - MP, box 37, folder 14.].

          1905.,   ,      (   ,     .)   ,         .  ,       ,            .     ,  (,  ,   ,        )   ,    ,         ,     - .

   ,    17  1905., ,  ,  ,       ,      ,        .         .     ,              .    ,    ,       -,    ,      [72 - MP, box 38, folder 1.].

             ,       .      ,      -  ,           ( , ,    1905.     -,  ).   ,      ,    ,          ,       [73 -   ,      ,          .]. -       ,      ,  ,          .

, ,  - ,    ,    .      ,   ,   ,     [74 - , box 38, folder 1.].

          ,      . -         ,      .  ,   ,      ,   ,        - ,      .           .          , ,   ,        .

                ,        .            ,        ,    [75 -  ,       ,   ..  (      )  9  1905.,    (.:   . :   -, 1966. . 462).  19101916. ..  (18801962)    ,  ,      ,  .  1919.     .  19221924.      ,  19241930.     ,  1930.           ().].  ,           ,      ,    .           .      ,       . ,      ,      ,          ,    .        .     ,       .    .   ,  ,      [76 - MP, box 38, folder 1.].

           .     ,       ,    .     :          ,  .      ,   ,          [77 -  ..    ( ѻ). .: , 1960. . 11. . 187.          ,      ;        ,          .].    ,  [78 -  . . 13. . 372.].       ,      ,         ,    [79 -  . .375376.].               .            -            ,      ,     :  ,        (,   ),        ,    -      ..            ,   [] []         [80 - Hoover Institution. Nicolaevsky Collection (: NC), box 542, folder 1;  ..    / . . .. . .: -  , 1995. . 27.].

  (18811965),  (18841918)   (18861918)             1905.   ,       ;   .       (18761908),    ,     , ,     .  1906.    ,      .   ,      .

                  ,      .     - .. ,  3  1907. II         ,       .        ,   ,    1904.,    -,           .    ,       - ,   ,     . , ,  ,   ,       .

     ,          .    1906.    ,  ,  23      ,                   .                  , ,   ,     21 ;    .   1907.      (        )      .

 ,      ,        20- .        -.       ,   ,         ,  1903.  ,        .     ,     ,       ,       .  ()    ,   .         ,     .          .            .                      [81 - MP, box 38, folder 1.].

   ,          .       ,               100 .           .    ,      .    ,        .      ,              ,        .       ,    ,  : -  [] !         . ,             [82 - Ibid.].   ,           :    .




    


    ,        ,   .     ,    1907.[83 -       ,      ,     ,         .]     ,           III  . ,  ,       ,        ( ,  ,     ),     ,     ,     , , , - .

             ,         .         ,   ,          , , ,     .         .  , , ,  ,   ,          [84 - MP, box 38, folder 2.].

       ,     ,    ,  ,     ,   ,      ,   ,     .     ,            ,    (  ,   ), , ,         .           ,     ,     ,        .

      .   ,   ,   ,    - ,      , ,  (            ,        )[85 - Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 22.].  ,       녠  ,       [86 - MP, box 38, folder 1.].

         ,     ,              .            .      ,    ,  ,  ,   ,     ,   .       ,    19051907.     ,      ,              .     ,     - .         [87 - Ibid.].  ,      ,    ,   ,   ,       (       ,  20- ).

    ,         ,          .       ,     ,    .  ,  -       ,        ,       -  (),        .

  ,     ,       ,    ,           .     III    ,  . ,   ,    .      ,    ,      .             .         ,     ,   .      - ,   .   ,    ,    (  10 ).

          ,      ,  , , ,     .         ,    ,   1905.  IV      II      -.  ,  V  (1907.)   .       -.        ,     .

, ,   ,     ,       .     .     (,  , ,       ,          ):      .     .      ,      ,     ,  , , ,  ,       , ,   ,      .  ,    -.    ,    ,       ,   ,    [88 - MP, box 38, folder 2;  A.,  .  . . 9.         ,   ,      ,        .     ,    (Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 18).].

   , ,  . 15  1907.,          ,     (         ,        ).   1908.      ,       (      ).            .     . ,      ,  ,    ,      [89 - MP, box 38, folder 2.].

 1908. ,     ,   ,      ,      .      ,       .      -   ,         .       -    (   )    -     ()  ,             .                    .                (  ),     ,     1917.        .               .

     ,     ,       ,  ,   ,     .   , ,    ,       ,          . , -         ,  , ,         ,       .

          .     13  50       ,     ,   ,    ,     .     ,      ,  ,   ,    ,  .          , ,   ,      ,   1909.     ,   ,       .     ,           .      ,    ,         . ,  , ,     .   ,   ,    .

 ,       .         -  .                    ,          .

         ,          .       ,       ,         .     ,  ,  , .

      1910.        ,     .      ,     .                     . , ,    ,      -          .

  ,   ,  ,    ,  -.           .  ,          .  ,         ,   -      ,      ,    .

  ,      .         -.              ,              .  ,   ,  ,   ,       .  1914.       ,     ,   ,  ,    (  1963.).

 1910.          ,        .         ,   ,     .     .    , ,        .        ,     .          .

              ,         ,   [90 -           ,     19091919.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/geogriy-chernyavskiy/cherez-veka-i-strany-b-i-nikolaevskiy-sudba-menshevika-istorika-sovetologa-glavnogo-svidetelya-epohalnyh-izmeneniy-v-zhizni-rossii-pervoy-poloviny-xx-veka/)  .

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notes








1


 .    //   .  XIX    XX : . .: , 1996. . 396397;  :   .   XX :   . .: , 1997. .458459.




2


 .. ..      //   :   ( XIXXX.). ., 2004. . 142149 (   ).




3


  19191920. /. . 3. , . . .: , 2000.       ,    ..   ,                 ,         .




4


 .. ..     . . 147.




5


 .      ,  :    (18871966). :  ,       , 2003.




6


         ,   ,     (     ).     , -     . ,  ,     - (     ,   ). ,       ,    ,  .      - .




7


Getzler I. Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social-Democrat. Melbourne University Press, 1967. P. 20, 38.




8


., : Brovkin V.N. The Mensheviks after October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1987.        .




9


                 . .        , ,        (Fleron F. Soviet Area Studies and the Social Sciences: Some Methodological Problems in Communist Studies. Soviet Studies, 1968, January).      .               (Byrnes R. A History of Russian and East European Studies in the United States: Selected Essays. Lanham: University Press of America, 1994).




10


   ,  ..   .. ,        .




11


.  : Guide to the Boris I. Nicolaevsky Collection in the Hoover Institution Archives. Part 1. Compiled by Anna M. Bourgina and Michael Jakobson. Part 2. Compiled by Michael Jakobson. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1989. 755 p.




12


    ,     19051907.,    ,       (The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past. L.H. Haimson and others, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. P. 214292).          ,       40  .




13


                 .




14


    (: ). . 9217.   164      .




15


         (.:  . 2010. 6    20102012.).




16


      ,   ,              .. ,    (19231930.)       ..      ,   1923.           (.:   .. :   ..  19231958. /. 1.  19231930. . . .. . .:   , 2010).     20062009.    .. , .. , .. , ..   .




17


Columbia University (New York City), Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Menshevik Project, Personal Files (: MP), box 21, folder 19.




18


 .      . 9.




19


http://www.belebey.ru.




20


 .      . 1112.




21


, box 37, folder 9.




22


 .:  .      . 2628.    (18881937)   -   1898.   .  2030-     .   ..               .          .    1956.   .      (19101984)  ,   (19121981)  ( .   :  . .: OMA-, 2005. . 339;       ).




23


       ,       ,         ,  ,      ,    .




24


, box 37, folder 9.




25


The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 218.     .. , ..   .. .




26


.:  . .221222; , box 37, folder 9.




27


MP, box 37, folder 9.




28


MP, box 37, folder 9.




29


The Making of the Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 219220; MP, box 37, folder 9.




30


MP, box 37, folder 9.




31


    ...  (Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years // Revolution and Politics in Russia: Essays in Memory of B.I. Nicolaevsky. Ed. by A. and J. Rabinovitch with L.K.D. Kristof. Indiana University Press, 1972. P. 5).




32


MP, box 37, folder 9.




33


MP, box 37, folder 9.




34


Ibid.




35


Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 6.




36


MP, box 37, folder 9.




37


 .      . 1920.




38


 .   ? .: , 2008. . 111112.




39


MP, box 37, folder 10.




40


, box 37, folder 10.




41


 ,    ,        , ,          ,       (Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 7).




42


MP, box 37, folder 10.




43


The Making of the Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 224.




44


MP, box 37, folder 9.




45


Ibid, folder 11.




46


Ibid, folder 10.




47


  (  ) ,    ,    50 .  ,         (   )    .    .




48


 .      . 26.




49


, box 37, folder 10.




50


, box 37, folder 11.




51


 . ..    //  . 1952. 34. . 8.




52


, box 37, folder 11.




53


MP, box 37, folder 11;  A.,  .   //  .    :  19221935.             / . . . .: , 2005. . 8.




54


MP, box 37, folder 11.




55


 . 1958. 10. . 203.




56


The Making of the Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 248.




57


, box 37, folder 11.




58


Ibid.




59


 .      . 4647, 179.




60


The Making of the Three Russian Revolutionaries. P. 258.




61


MP, box 37, folder 12.




62


MP, box 37, folder 12.




63


MP, box 37, folder 12.




64


, box 37, folder 12.   ,  ,   ,       -, ,        ,   ,  .   ,   1917.      .        . .    ,     20-    ,       .     .  ,       .




65


Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 12.




66


, box 37, folder 13.




67


Ibid, folder 12.




68


 ..      . 19021917. :  -, 1969. . 46.




69


 . . 53.




70


 1917. ..         ,     ..   ,     .          1939. .




71


MP, box 37, folder 14.




72


MP, box 38, folder 1.




73


  ,      ,          .




74


, box 38, folder 1.




75


 ,       ,   ..  (      )  9  1905.,    (.:   . :   -, 1966. . 462).  19101916. ..  (18801962)    ,  ,      ,  .  1919.     .  19221924.      ,  19241930.     ,  1930.           ().




76


MP, box 38, folder 1.




77


 ..    ( ѻ). .: , 1960. . 11. . 187.          ,      ;        ,          .




78


 . . 13. . 372.




79


 . .375376.




80


Hoover Institution. Nicolaevsky Collection (: NC), box 542, folder 1;  ..    / . . .. . .: -  , 1995. . 27.




81


MP, box 38, folder 1.




82


Ibid.




83


      ,      ,     ,         .




84


MP, box 38, folder 2.




85


Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 22.




86


MP, box 38, folder 1.




87


Ibid.




88


MP, box 38, folder 2;  A.,  .  . . 9.         ,   ,      ,        .     ,    (Kristof L.K.D. B.I. Nicolaevsky: The Formative Years. P. 18).




89


MP, box 38, folder 2.




90


          ,     19091919.


