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   (.), 2022







          ,       .                  -        ,   .          [1 - The Politics of Scientific Advice: Institutional Design for Quality Assurance. /Ed. by Justus Lentsch and Peter Weingart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 381.],  ,     [2 - Stone, Diane, Andrew Denham (eds.), Think Tank Traditions: Policy Analysis Across Nations; Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004; Hartwig Paultz. Think-Tanks, Social Democracy and Social Policy. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.].                     [3 -    :     /  . . . , . . . .: , 2006;  . .    :     . //     , 2007. . II, 23, . 516.].       ,       , ,   ,    ,  ,     ,              [4 - . . .      . :      //    2005.  . .:, 2006, .9499;  . .    : ,     (   ) // , 2011, 3, .109114.].

       ,      ,            [5 - . . .          //    2005.  . .: , 2006, .9194;       :  . .: -  . . . , 2011;     :     . .:     ();    (), 2012.].               ,           .           ,  ,  .      .

   ,   ,        ,   ,     .            ,   ,       ,  .

       ,       ,     .       ,     , ,   ,   ,       .     ,    ,     ,     ,     .

        ,        ,    ,     ,        .  ,      .     ,                        ,     ,     ,      ,    ,        -   ,    .


* * *




 1

    ,     





1.1.   


  ,        Think Tanks[6 -         .],      ,      .              Brain Trust  ,            XX .      ,     .      -      -,        1932 .                   ,   ,     [7 -      . 2- . /-.  . .: -, 2005].             .    Think Tank                - ,       - .

  . ,                 ,       .        (tank),      . ,   -    ,     [8 -  .    vs  . // , 2002, 9; http://www.s00b.rU/n/2002/9].   ,      ,   .

   think-tank  . , ,      ,       ,                  (         Rand),                ,           .     (tank),     (think):          , , [9 -  .   : 19892001      . // -, 2002, 9; http://s00b.rU/n/2002/9/c/8].

            ,   ,  ,   .   ,      ,        ,        ,   ,           ,  ,   .         ,  (       ).

 2002             ,       , ,    ,      [10 -     :     .  . / . . . . .: , 2002.].      .

    ,     . ,   (Andrew Rich),     (),            ,    :      ,     -  ,  ,     ,       [11 - Rich, Andrew. Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1999.].

 ,   , (),          ,  ,         (policy relevance)    .  ,   ,  ,   ,  ,      [12 - Beyond the Myth: New Challenges for Think Tanks by Evert A. Lindquist http://www.nira.go.jp/publ/review/97autumn/alind.hnm].

 ,          (CIPE), ,         1996.         (Yezheskel Dror).                        ,       [13 - Erik C. Johnson. How Think Tanks Improve Public Policy http:// www.cipe.org/e2i/priE2i.hnml].

          ,         ,  ()        ,      [14 - Bernardo M. Villegas. A Think Tank in Democratic Society. Economic Reform Today. Ideas into Action: Think Tanks and Democracy. Number 3, 1996, http://www.cipe.org/publications/ert/e2i/E2i_07.pdf].

   ,       :   ,     (, )[15 -   .  ,  . . . , 1998. URL: xyz.org. ua/discussion/think_tanks, hnml. ( : 05.09.2009).]:

 ,   , ,      ,     ,  ,     ()  ,             ,   [16 - Barry Wood.    16  1995 ,     http://www.b-info.com/places/Bulgaria/news/95-o5/may16.voa.].

         [17 - Raising the Bar: Redefining Relations Between the Individual and the State in by Takahiro Suzuki  http://www.nira. go. jp/publ/re-view/ 97winter/Suzuki.hnml.].

         :

        Think Tanks:       ,           .     ,       ,  ,   ,    , .       Think Tanks,    ,  (  )   (),     ,                  ,      ,  .   ,  ,       ,        ,       ,        ,       .

        . , . . ,    -   , ,    (think tanks)  - ,  -,    ,   ,  ,                  [18 -  .   (think tanks) http://www. sitnikov. com / market/pr oj ect/thinktanks /.].

. . ,      [19 - www.expertclub.ru.]:       50-60-   .           (  )   ,        ,     ad hoc,     .

. . ,    -       ,    ,        ,       :      ,   ,      ,     ,       ,     [20 - . .        . . . . , . /23.00.2002. : , 2009.].

,  ,      ,   ( , ,   )                .       ( )  .   , ,        ;   ,      ,        .  ,        ,      (   ),       , ,    (      (advocacy group).         .

       ,      ,       ,         :         ,        .          ,     ,       ,          ,    ,       ,      ,            ,       .          ,    ,  ,   ,          ,  [21 - http://voluntary.ru/dictionary/697/word/%D4%E0%E1%F0%E8%EA %E8+%EC%FB%F1%EB%E8.].




1.2.     


       . ,         ,     ,        ,       - .            (      ,   -    ,     ) ,     .      ,   -  ,       ,        - ,     -  .

             ,    ,  -    ,          .       ,  -        ,   , ,   ,       ,     ,        .          ,  ,           ,             .           ,    ,      ,             .            ,      ,             .               ,           .

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,           ,         ,     / , ,  .   , ,      ,   ,                ,           .

          .                  ,     ,             .       -   ,            .

,           ( ,     think tank    ),    ,   . ,    ,  ,     1971 [22 - Paul Dickson: Think Tanks. New York: Atheneum 1971.],          1976.[23 - . .  . M.: , 1976.],           ,     . ,   2002.   [24 -  .  //   .  [ ]: , . ., . 20022005. URL: http://stra. teg.ru/library/institutes/Dikson-Thinktanks/introduction ( : 21.08 2011).],      [25 -  .  . .:   һ, 2004.],          .

          , ,  [26 - Charles . Saunders: The Brookings Institution. A Fifty-Year History. Washington: Brookings Institution 1966; Donald T. Critchlow: The Brookings Institution, 19161952. Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society. DeKalb, 111.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985.]  -[27 - Bruce L. R. Smith: The RAND Corporation. Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1966.].   ,                ,          [28 - Abelson D. Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes, McGill-Queens. Montreal: University Press, 2002; Abelson, Donald. A Capitol Idea: Think Tanks and US Foreign Policy, McGill-Queens University Press, 2006.],   ,          [29 - James Allen Smith. The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite. New York: Free Press, 1991.],   ,       [30 - Andrew Rich. Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004;  .,  . P.   :    . // Pro et Contra, 2003,  8, 2, .6489.],                [31 - Lawrence . Shoup and William Minter. Imperial Brain Trust. The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy. Choice Press, 2004.].

           (   ),           [32 - Think-tanks and civil societies. Edited by James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver. London, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 2000.],       [33 - McGann, James G. Scholars, Dollars, and Policy Advice, Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 2004; James G. McGann. Think Tanks and Policy Advice in the US: Academics, Advisors and Advocates. Routledge Research in American Politics, 2007.].

   ,            ,       [34 - Denham, Andrew, et Mark Garnett. British Think Tanks and the Climate of Opinion, London: UCL Press, 1998.]           [35 - Stone, Diane. Capturing the Political Imagination, Think Tanks and the Policy Process. London: Frank Cass, 1996; Stone, Diane. Andrew Denham (eds.). Think Tank Traditions: Policy Analysis Across Nations; Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.].    ,    ,       ,         [36 - Boucher S. Europe and its think tanks: apromise to be fulfilled. An analysis of think tanks specialised in European policy issues in the enlarged European Union//Studies and Research. 2004. 35. http://www. notre-europe. asso. fr],     [37 - Greenwood, Justin, Interest Representation in the European Union, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003].

                     ,       . ,        , -,           [38 - Raymond J. Struyk, Reconstructive Critics. Think Tanks in Post-Soviet Bloc Democracies. Washington DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1999.].            ;          :     [39 - Struyk, Raymond J. Managing Think Tanks: Practical Guidance for Maturing Organizations, Budapest, Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Washington DC., Urban Institute, 2002.].

                 ,    ,         ,  ,  ,  ,       ,           ,         .       [40 - Public Policy Institutes: World Experience and Development prospects in the South Caucasus/ Ed. By Sabit Bagirov. Baku: OSI & Entrepreneurship Development Found., 2001; Open Society Institute related public policy centers. Activity Reports. Budapest OSI, 2002.],     [41 -   :    .      .      . /.  .   . .:   , 2004.],   [42 - Think Tanks in Central and Eastern Europe. A Comprehensive Directory.Second Edition. Washington, Budapest: Freedom House, 1999]  ..          ,       , , ,    Economic Reform Today,     .    [43 -   : Bernardo M. Villegas. A Think Tank in Democratic Society. // Economic Reform Today. Number 3,1996; http:// www.cipe.org/publications/ert/e2i/E2i_O7.pdf; Johnson, Erik C. Central Europes Think Tanks: A Voice for Reform. // Economic Reform Today, 3,1996: www.cipe.org  .],                       [44 - McGann J. The think tanks and civil societies program. Washington, 2008. www.gtmarket.ru/files/research/Think-Tank-Index-2008.pdf.].

   -     ,          ,         .                ,           [45 -  . . :     . .: , 1973; , 1976.].            ,    , ,    1999     ,  -,             [46 -  . . -    .      // , 1999, 6, .3448. http://www.strategy-spb.ru/index. php?do=biblio&doc=31.]. ,          (        )       [47 -   . //    , .  . . , 1998. http://www.uis.kiev.ua/discussion/thnk_tnki.hnml ( : 22.08.2011).],              .

      .   2002            ,   -  [48 -  Ȼ, 2002.],     - (9  2002 ),      (.   2002. . . )[49 -     ., :  .    vs  . // -, 2002, 9; http:// www.soob.ru/n/2002/9;  .    . // -, 2002, 9; http://www.s00b.rU/n/2002/9;  . RAND Corporation:   . // , 2002, 9; http://www.s00b.rU/n/2002/9.]. ,          ,      . . ,        think tanks,           .               -      . . ,           [50 - . . .   ? ! //-, 2002, 10. http://www.s00b.rU/n/2002/10.].                       [51 -  . .,   . .    :   . // , 2002, 6, . 143150. http:// strategy-spb. ru/index. php?do=biblio&doc=3 2].

   -                :      ,             [52 -      :  .  . / . . . , . .   . . . .: , 2003.].  2004           ,              [53 - ., ,    : . . .    (good governance):      . //    2004.  . /  . . . : ., 2004. .819; . . .     .  . .3645; . . .      .  . .5158.].

  2005    -, .         , ,                ,        , , , , , , ,   .                [54 - ., : . . .         . //   -2005.  . .:, 2006, .9194;  .      .  . .110115. http://www.strategy-spb.ru/index. php?do=biblio&doc=7i7; . , . .          . (        ).  . .115123.].  2006        ,      [55 -      :   /  . . . , , , 2006, 236 . http://www. strategy- spb. ru/index. php? do=biblio &do c=75 5.].

 , 2007 ,      ,       . ,     ,     . .       [56 -  . .      .: : , 2007.], , -,             : case-study,   . . .   . . .      ,            ,        ,             [57 -       : case-study.  . /. . . . , . . . .: , 2007.].

       , ,   ,     ,        [58 - . . , . . .     . .: , 2008.],         .      ,      . .         -,       ,             , , ,               -  .                 ,          [59 - ., :  . .,  . .      :      . //     . 2008. 1. .2635;  . .         (         ) //    . 11, 2008. .27572769;  . .,  . .      :   // . 2009. 1, .2635.],      2009. . .   , , -,      [60 - , 2009.],        -[61 - www.politanalitik.ru].           ,     (        . . , . .    )    [62 -     : . . / . . . ;  ˻. .: ϻ, 2010. (:       /. .  . . ).].

      . .               ,        [63 -  . .        XX   XXI . . . , : 23.00.2002 / . ., 2011.].        ,            ,             [64 -  . .       //  : . 2010, 1.  . .     :          // . 2010, 1.],    . .    -,    -  ,     -      [65 - http://thinktank.riep.ru.].

         ,     XVII    . . ,  23  2011     [66 -  . .     :   . //   XVII   . . . 2011. http://www.fondgp.ru/projects/chteniya/ mat/abstracts/4].         - ,            -, [67 -  . .           . //  :  . , 2010., .1423; . . .       :    . //    2009.  . .: ., 2010. .194201;  . .      //       :  . .: -  . . . ,2011. .98124.].

 ,  ,         ,       ,         .      ,        ,             .  ,              .




1.3.    :   



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  , ..    ,   ,   1996 141    45%   .  1970.    75%.

  165         65%     , , , 35%   .              .        3   ,    28,4 ;    8,8[68 - Rich, Andrew. Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1999.].

  ,  ,     ,  ,   ,  ,          ,         .  ,            ,  . ,   ,   1974 ,   20%    (28,6 $)  ,           .

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1.4.        





    


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,  ,     ,        ,      .               (, 5  2002.),   ,  Journal of Democracy            .  ,  ,         (Agency for accountibility),          ,     ,    .   ,  ,       ,      .

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 2

         





2.1.     



      ,     - ,     , ,  .    ,       ,           ,            ,      ,             .   ,              ,      ,       ,   -        .  ,               -  - .

            ,        ,     ,         ,         .         ,   ,  ,  ,     ,      .      ,    ,         ,       .   ,             ,               ,     ,  .

 ,          ,      .        .   ,             ..  ,         .     ,         ,     [72 - Riesman D. The Lonely Crowd. N. Y.: Doubleday Anchor Edition, 1953. P. 34.].

        ,          . , .  ,       ,     ,         [73 -  .     //     . ̗ 1986.  2425.].

      ,         ,       .       ,       ,   ..,           [74 -  . . 25.].        ,      ,      .             .           .          , ,   ,   .          ,  ,    ,      . , .  ,           ,     ,        ,    ,      [75 -  . . . 2007. . 256.].  ,      ,   ,           [76 - D. Abelson. Think-Tank and U. S. Foreign policy: and historical perspective. U. S. Foreign policy vol. 7. P 9.].

  ,    -               ,              ,        ,            governance   ,            ,           .

          XIX   XX .             ,                [77 - Ibid . io.].

-,             1907   -  Russel Sage Foundation,           ,   1910           ,        .          XX ,         ,  ,       .      (Brookings Institution),   1916 ,                (Hoover Institution, 1919 )   .                 ,        .               ,         .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=68730714)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


The Politics of Scientific Advice: Institutional Design for Quality Assurance. /Ed. by Justus Lentsch and Peter Weingart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 381.




2


Stone, Diane, Andrew Denham (eds.), Think Tank Traditions: Policy Analysis Across Nations; Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004; Hartwig Paultz. Think-Tanks, Social Democracy and Social Policy. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.




3


   :     /  . . . , . . . .: , 2006;  . .    :     . //     , 2007. . II, 23, . 516.




4


. . .      . :      //    2005.  . .:, 2006, .9499;  . .    : ,     (   ) // , 2011, 3, .109114.




5


. . .          //    2005.  . .: , 2006, .9194;       :  . .: -  . . . , 2011;     :     . .:     ();    (), 2012.




6


        .




7


     . 2- . /-.  . .: -, 2005




8


 .    vs  . // , 2002, 9; http://www.s00b.rU/n/2002/9




9


 .   : 19892001      . // -, 2002, 9; http://s00b.rU/n/2002/9/c/8




10


    :     .  . / . . . . .: , 2002.




11


Rich, Andrew. Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1999.




12


Beyond the Myth: New Challenges for Think Tanks by Evert A. Lindquist http://www.nira.go.jp/publ/review/97autumn/alind.hnm




13


Erik C. Johnson. How Think Tanks Improve Public Policy http:// www.cipe.org/e2i/priE2i.hnml




14


Bernardo M. Villegas. A Think Tank in Democratic Society. Economic Reform Today. Ideas into Action: Think Tanks and Democracy. Number 3, 1996, http://www.cipe.org/publications/ert/e2i/E2i_07.pdf




15


  .  ,  . . . , 1998. URL: xyz.org. ua/discussion/think_tanks, hnml. ( : 05.09.2009).




16


Barry Wood.    16  1995 ,     http://www.b-info.com/places/Bulgaria/news/95-o5/may16.voa.




17


Raising the Bar: Redefining Relations Between the Individual and the State in by Takahiro Suzuki  http://www.nira. go. jp/publ/re-view/ 97winter/Suzuki.hnml.




18


 .   (think tanks) http://www. sitnikov. com / market/pr oj ect/thinktanks /.




19


www.expertclub.ru.




20


. .        . . . . , . /23.00.2002. : , 2009.




21


http://voluntary.ru/dictionary/697/word/%D4%E0%E1%F0%E8%EA %E8+%EC%FB%F1%EB%E8.




22


Paul Dickson: Think Tanks. New York: Atheneum 1971.




23


. .  . M.: , 1976.




24


 .  //   .  [ ]: , . ., . 20022005. URL: http://stra. teg.ru/library/institutes/Dikson-Thinktanks/introduction ( : 21.08 2011).




25


 .  . .:   һ, 2004.




26


Charles . Saunders: The Brookings Institution. A Fifty-Year History. Washington: Brookings Institution 1966; Donald T. Critchlow: The Brookings Institution, 19161952. Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society. DeKalb, 111.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985.




27


Bruce L. R. Smith: The RAND Corporation. Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1966.




28


Abelson D. Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes, McGill-Queens. Montreal: University Press, 2002; Abelson, Donald. A Capitol Idea: Think Tanks and US Foreign Policy, McGill-Queens University Press, 2006.




29


James Allen Smith. The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite. New York: Free Press, 1991.




30


Andrew Rich. Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004;  .,  . P.   :    . // Pro et Contra, 2003,  8, 2, .6489.




31


Lawrence . Shoup and William Minter. Imperial Brain Trust. The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy. Choice Press, 2004.




32


Think-tanks and civil societies. Edited by James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver. London, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 2000.




33


McGann, James G. Scholars, Dollars, and Policy Advice, Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 2004; James G. McGann. Think Tanks and Policy Advice in the US: Academics, Advisors and Advocates. Routledge Research in American Politics, 2007.




34


Denham, Andrew, et Mark Garnett. British Think Tanks and the Climate of Opinion, London: UCL Press, 1998.




35


Stone, Diane. Capturing the Political Imagination, Think Tanks and the Policy Process. London: Frank Cass, 1996; Stone, Diane. Andrew Denham (eds.). Think Tank Traditions: Policy Analysis Across Nations; Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.




36


Boucher S. Europe and its think tanks: apromise to be fulfilled. An analysis of think tanks specialised in European policy issues in the enlarged European Union//Studies and Research. 2004. 35. http://www. notre-europe. asso. fr




37


Greenwood, Justin, Interest Representation in the European Union, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003




38


Raymond J. Struyk, Reconstructive Critics. Think Tanks in Post-Soviet Bloc Democracies. Washington DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1999.




39


Struyk, Raymond J. Managing Think Tanks: Practical Guidance for Maturing Organizations, Budapest, Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Washington DC., Urban Institute, 2002.




40


Public Policy Institutes: World Experience and Development prospects in the South Caucasus/ Ed. By Sabit Bagirov. Baku: OSI & Entrepreneurship Development Found., 2001; Open Society Institute related public policy centers. Activity Reports. Budapest OSI, 2002.




41


  :    .      .      . /.  .   . .:   , 2004.




42


Think Tanks in Central and Eastern Europe. A Comprehensive Directory.

Second Edition. Washington, Budapest: Freedom House, 1999




43


  : Bernardo M. Villegas. A Think Tank in Democratic Society. // Economic Reform Today. Number 3,1996; http:// www.cipe.org/publications/ert/e2i/E2i_O7.pdf; Johnson, Erik C. Central Europes Think Tanks: A Voice for Reform. // Economic Reform Today, 3,1996: www.cipe.org  .




44


McGann J. The think tanks and civil societies program. Washington, 2008. www.gtmarket.ru/files/research/Think-Tank-Index-2008.pdf.




45


 . . :     . .: , 1973; , 1976.




46


 . . -    .      // , 1999, 6, .3448. http://www.strategy-spb.ru/index. php?do=biblio&doc=31.




47


  . //    , .  . . , 1998. http://www.uis.kiev.ua/discussion/thnk_tnki.hnml ( : 22.08.2011).




48


 Ȼ, 2002.




49


    ., :  .    vs  . // -, 2002, 9; http:// www.soob.ru/n/2002/9;  .    . // -, 2002, 9; http://www.s00b.rU/n/2002/9;  . RAND Corporation:   . // , 2002, 9; http://www.s00b.rU/n/2002/9.




50


. . .   ? ! //-, 2002, 10. http://www.s00b.rU/n/2002/10.




51


 . .,   . .    :   . // , 2002, 6, . 143150. http:// strategy-spb. ru/index. php?do=biblio&doc=3 2




52


     :  .  . / . . . , . .   . . . .: , 2003.




53


., ,    : . . .    (good governance):      . //    2004.  . /  . . . : ., 2004. .819; . . .     .  . .3645; . . .      .  . .5158.




54


., : . . .         . //   -2005.  . .:, 2006, .9194;  .      .  . .110115. http://www.strategy-spb.ru/index. php?do=biblio&doc=7i7; . , . .          . (        ).  . .115123.




55


     :   /  . . . , , , 2006, 236 . http://www. strategy- spb. ru/index. php? do=biblio &do c=75 5.




56


 . .      .: : , 2007.




57


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