   :    
 

 


           ,            -          .       40-   .   .          ,       .  ,     .





.. , .. 

   :    








   ,   ,  , ,     .

    , ,         ,         .    ,          , ,  ,         ,         ,            .    ,     ,      ,    ,   .   ,    ,   .      ,   ,          [1 -  ..,  .. :  ,    . ., 2009. . 488.].    ,  ,     XXI       .    ,     ,              ,           ,         .

   ?          ,   ?                        ? ,  ,  -       ?        (    ?)   ,        .          .           .  :       ,    ,           ,      .

,     ,    :  ,  ,  ?         .  (  terror  , )    (, ,  , ,   ..)                ,            .  ,     .      .          ,   , , , .            ?      , ,  .        ,   - .         .         ,             .

     ,    , ,  ,    ,          .     ,           ,            ,   .           ,      [2 -  .. :   - . ., 1998. . 5.].            ,    .

            (   ).    , ,    ..     . ,  ,   . ,       ,  ,      ,         ,         ,          .           (14  2003.)    ,   -  -,  [3 - .:  ..    . . ., 2008. . 141146.].              .        , ,           ,  -  -.

           .     ,       .  ,      .   ,          .        , ,   ,      .

  ,               .    ,    .

            ,    2009.  .  ,      ,     ,          war on terror      :        ,  ,        -.    ,       . --       .  ,       .          .    ,     1970- (,  -  ).        ,      ,     .     [4 - Milliband D. War on Terror Was Wrong // The Guardian. 2009. 15 Jan. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/15/david-miliband-war-terror (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/15/david-miliband-war-terror)].      .   ,      ,           .  -  war on terror    .

     -   ,         .    ,        ,    .

      ,    ,        ,                    [5 -  ..   . ., 2001. . 11.].   ,        ,  .  ,      ,         .        ,     ,  . (        .)                    ( ,       , ,                 ,                ,              ).

,  ,           .                      1972.?               -   2010.      ?             . ,    ,         .        ,       ,        (,   ,  )?          PanAm     ( 1988.),        ,            1986.  ,        ,       ,       ,                  ,     .             ,     ,    ,   . ,   ,    ,     (, , , ,   ..)   ,    .           .        ,                   ,        . ,             (        ,   ,    ..).   ,      ,     ( ,  --   ).

         ,            ,        .        ()?            ,     ,       .  ,      ,    ,    .

   ,           :   ,       .             Violent Non-State Actor (  ,  ).            .      ,       ( / ,  ) ,    /,          (  ).   ,            ,         Violent Non-State Actor.  ,  ,  ,    (   ..).          .  ,       ,         .

      . ,                  󻠖 ,    ,      [6 - Barnidge (Jr), Robert P. Non-State Actors and Terrorism. Applying the Law of State Responsability and the Due Diligence Principle. The Hague, 2008. .41.].             ,            .     , ,      , ,  ,  ,         .        ,               [7 - Barnidge R.P. Ibidem. . 42.].

           ,    ,  , , ,    ().  ,    ,        (,    ,  ,   ,      ..)         ,     , ,  ,     ,    [8 -  ..   . ., 2001. . 11.].          ,     , -,    ,       ; -,     ()   ; -,          , -,        [9 - . :  .,  .,  .    . .: -  , 1996. . 12.].            .

    ?     ,          ;               (   ).       , , , , ,   ..      ,         (         ).

      仠         .  ,  XVIII.,     ,  .  ,     󻠖   ,   .      ,    .       ,    .    ,   .    ,   I...   ,   .      ,     ,     .       (         1914.),   ,   ,     .     1773.,         ,           .

            (     ).   ,         XIX .  ,        (   ),  , , ,   , , ,   .

         .           .        ,   ,  .       1848.,     :        ,    ,     . (         .)  ,   ,   ,    ,          .          .        ,            .    ,       ,    ,      XXI .

,      XIX    .      1  1881.   II       ,          -.

           (       )   (    ,     ,     ,       ..).  XIX     -     ,      (1898.),    (1899.),    (1900.).         ,     .           ,         20 .      ,       .            ,   .

 XIX              .      ,      (  ,    ,   ,     .)     .       .   ,    (., ,    ).            ( ).    ,               (   ): ,   ,     ..           ,        [10 - Law R. Terrorism: A History. Cambridge, 2009. P. 179180.].

        .   ,        .             ,         .

 ,   ,       ,  ,  ,  .       ,  ,     .               (1946.).             ,           [11 - Barghothi J. International terrorism in historical perspective // Comparative criminal justice: traditional and non-traditional systems of law and control. Prospect Heights, IL, 1996. P. 84.].                      (EOKA).

                  ,                . ,             ,  ;         (         );          ;      -    .   , , ,           (,  ,            ).       ,           .   ,  ,          , -     .

  ,   ( , )   ,      ,     1960- .,   ,              (, , , )   () .                ,                    -.  1960- .               (    ,   ,   )    (      ,  -  ).        ,           .

           (   ,   ,     .),       ( ,  ,     ,     ..).   ,        19601980- .      ,         軠  ,   .

      19601980-      ,  .                 .         .         .         /             19902000- .                1975.    1976.  Air France   ().                 .          .

         (               軠 ,     ,            ),       .      (  ,    ),  ,  ,    ,    (   ),    (,         31  1972.   ,    26     -  -.               )        . ,  , :      XX  XXI         .           ,    .

       ,    ,   (   )            XX  XXI .       .       ,     ,      ,        (            ,         ).

   ,  ,    ,      6080-   ,             .   1978.   .. ,           .                ,           [12 -     . . 1. ., 1980. . 57.]. -     ,         .     ,  ,       ,   ,      ,        ,         ,      ,  ,           ,     ,          .           PR-,      ,               .

     ,  ,       黠XX ,           ,    XIX,    XX .        ,        ,    .    ,              .        ,   ,     ,    ,  [13 -  .    . ., 2002. .13.]. ,              (             1981.    ,     ,  -  .,     .,     .  2009. .),          ,         (      )  ,      .                      (      ,            )   ,  ,      ,               .          ,    ,    ,          .   ,     ,    (, , , ,    ),       [14 -  .     -    20052006. //  : . . 2006. ., 2007. . 65.].     ,      ,   .           [15 -  .],    .

      , ,   ,    (        ,    ,       ),   ,            , ,   , ,        .    ,   ,     (              ),       ..               .          :     , , ,     [16 -     . . 1. ., 1980. . 5859.],            XXI ,        ,    19601970- .,      ,     .




 1.  :   


XX  XXI       .       ,           .            .  ,    ,  1990- .                ,    .  ,  1994   (16)  49    ,    ,         / ;  1995 ,      ,    ,    (26,  46%)  56     [17 -  .    . ., 2003. . 109.].

,        ,   19601980- .,        ,     ,     .          1960- .  ,    ,       .        -,        .                 .    ,         ,      [18 - Kepel G., Roberts A.F. Jihad: the trail of political Islam. L., 2005. . 5].          .

     1980- .         ( -             ). ,               ,          ,        .     ,   - ,      ,           (        ).

        19601980- .    - ,        ,     . ,               -.                1987.    . ,             .    1979. ,         (            ).   1980   1990- .           (   ).             .              ,        . ,    ,    ,                 .

   ,        ,      .           .           ,     ,             ,     .    ,    ,      ,       .                   .                 .           [19 -  ..       //      . .:  , 2007. . 87.].

   ,      ,     ,      ,       ,     .

  ,          ,    (   ) .    (       ,     ,  -       ..),  (  , , ,        ..),  (   ),  (   ,       ), ,  (      )  .[20 -       .:  ..         //  ..   :   . , ,   . .. , 2008. . 459471.]. ,           .    ,      .

   , ,              .                    .  , la revanche de Dieu,     ,    ,        .   1970-,   ,            .    ,        ,            ,  .   ,        ,         [21 -  .  . ., 2003. . 139.].        ,       ,      .            .   .,           ,     ,    ,         ,       -  ,    ,          ,         [22 -  .    . ., 2003. . 109110.].

            1950-,  1960-,     1970- ,       .      19451967.        ,                .

,   XIX             ,     .              .  ,        :  -   (1916.)  ,          .   ,              .    ,       ,    ,     .

            XX .              .          ,      (   ).

     - ,          .           .      , ,     ,    1967.,       ;     1973.,       ;   . , ,                  .  1970   1980- .    ,         ,    ,     (        ,          -  ,  ;   1981.   ;   1982. ).

,    1980   1990- ., ,                .         ,    ,   .       ,           ,      ,         .     -  ,                  .

            .

       ,      .             .                       .        [23 - Lutz J.M., Lutz B.J. Global Terrorism. L., 2008. P. 69.]. ,  XX XXI ,    ,             .   ,     ,          .         [24 - Martin G. Understanding terrorism: challenges, perspectives, and issues. L., 2006. P. 183.].

  (     ,      )  19902000- .     / ,              .       :      긻 -      ( 1995.);      - ( 1995.),   ;   -    (1993.),    ;   -   ( 1995.),    ;           ( )  1996.;   ,  -     (   1996.);        ( 1996.)   ;       - 58           ;       ( 1993.),      250 ;          ( 1998.),    224 ;      Cole     ( 2000.).              11  2001. ,       -.  ,        ,    -9/11 .          - ,     200  ( 2002.);        ();       (11  2004.),   191 ;         ( )   2004.;        ;  -    ,      50  ( 2005.);        -- ( 2005.);    ()   2006.,     200 ;       2008.      .        , ,  ,       ,       ,       ,        ,    [25 -  .    . ., 2003. . 111.].

, ,        ,   .        ,   ()      -       .    ,   .,          ,       [26 - . : Al-Khattar A.M. Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspective. Westport, 2003. P. 26.].   ., ,   []           ,     .  ,             ,      ,   ,              .   ,    ,  ,      ,      [27 -  .    . ., 2003. . 113.].

    ( )  ,    (    ). ,  ,  ,          .  ,            ,    (, , ,   ..).  ,     ,       1968.  2006.,  62%   ,           32%. ,   ,         1968.     [28 - Seth J.G. How terrorist groups end: lessons for countering Al Qaida / Seth G. Jones, Martin C. Libicki. RAND, 2008. P. XIV.].

             .

 ,          I.    (),               .         ,           .      -    ,         [29 - Al-Khattar A.M. Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspec tive. Westport, 2003. P. 26.].     ,           ,    .  ,      ,   :    ,          [30 - Rapoport D. Fear and Trembling: Terror in Three Religious Tra ditions // American Political Science Review. 1984. 3. P. 669.].     ,           .  ,     ,        ,             (       -     ).             .  1990- .     ,          ( , -),       . , 1  1997.    -      , ,      .            ,       1994.,     -   (1995.) ,         .   ,    ,            .

        AirIndia  1985.,    11  2001.          ( 329 ),  -     ,     . ,  1984.     -  ..

      ,         (,       ,       ),  (,     ),     긻          ,          .            ,    .      ,    .    ,    (),    ,     .         , ,   ,   ,     .       ,       [31 - Lutz J.M., Lutz B.J. Global Terrorism. L., 2008. P. 71.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/andrey-yashlavskiy/terror-vo-imya-very-religiya-i-politicheskoe-nasilie/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 ..,  .. :  ,    . ., 2009. . 488.




2


 .. :   - . ., 1998. . 5.




3


.:  ..    . . ., 2008. . 141146.




4


Milliband D. War on Terror Was Wrong // The Guardian. 2009. 15 Jan. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/15/david-miliband-war-terror (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/15/david-miliband-war-terror)




5


 ..   . ., 2001. . 11.




6


Barnidge (Jr), Robert P. Non-State Actors and Terrorism. Applying the Law of State Responsability and the Due Diligence Principle. The Hague, 2008. .41.




7


Barnidge R.P. Ibidem. . 42.




8


 ..   . ., 2001. . 11.




9


. :  .,  .,  .    . .: -  , 1996. . 12.




10


Law R. Terrorism: A History. Cambridge, 2009. P. 179180.




11


Barghothi J. International terrorism in historical perspective // Comparative criminal justice: traditional and non-traditional systems of law and control. Prospect Heights, IL, 1996. P. 84.




12


    . . 1. ., 1980. . 57.




13


 .    . ., 2002. .13.




14


 .     -    20052006. //  : . . 2006. ., 2007. . 65.




15


 .




16


    . . 1. ., 1980. . 5859.




17


 .    . ., 2003. . 109.




18


Kepel G., Roberts A.F. Jihad: the trail of political Islam. L., 2005. . 5




19


 ..       //      . .:  , 2007. . 87.




20


      .:  ..         //  ..   :   . , ,   . .. , 2008. . 459471.




21


 .  . ., 2003. . 139.




22


 .    . ., 2003. . 109110.




23


Lutz J.M., Lutz B.J. Global Terrorism. L., 2008. P. 69.




24


Martin G. Understanding terrorism: challenges, perspectives, and issues. L., 2006. P. 183.




25


 .    . ., 2003. . 111.




26


. : Al-Khattar A.M. Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspective. Westport, 2003. P. 26.




27


 .    . ., 2003. . 113.




28


Seth J.G. How terrorist groups end: lessons for countering Al Qaida / Seth G. Jones, Martin C. Libicki. RAND, 2008. P. XIV.




29


Al-Khattar A.M. Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspec tive. Westport, 2003. P. 26.




30


Rapoport D. Fear and Trembling: Terror in Three Religious Tra ditions // American Political Science Review. 1984. 3. P. 669.




31


Lutz J.M., Lutz B.J. Global Terrorism. L., 2008. P. 71.


