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- ,    ,      .     -         .          ,          .          .              .          ,    ,    ,    ,   .

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    ,  de jure  ()    ,            (,     )    ,  ,        ,    - .  de facto        ,         .

                         . ,  ,   ,            .

,              . ,             ,        2001.        .  ,     (-)       ()  .          ,                 ( ).

              ()  .                   .      ,     ()     .         ,    ,            .        .

       ,        .  ,            (        9  1999.,          27  1999.,      31  2003.,        15  2000.),          ,        , ,      ,    .

        -          . ,      18  2011.                       -     .

               ()  ,              ()            ()   - .

     -    ,   ,        ()  , ..          ,      ()  .

      ()               ( 1917.),    .      ,        .    . , . . , . . , B. C. , . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   .

,    ()  ,           ,        , ..  1990- .            . . . .[1 - .:  . .         //    . 1991. 2. . 35;  .     //  . 1992. 1718. . 3.]           ,  . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   .

  ,    ()      ,       ,  -                     ()   .  ,       ,  ,     - .           -        .          ()         ,   - .




 1

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1.1.      


    ,             -  ( ),        ( ). ,   , ,     ,          ,  ,      .      ,      .

,      (corporate crime)   ,          ,             ,      .[2 - .: : - / . .-. ; . . . . ; . .  . . . ., 1998. . 248;    /   . . . . ., 2000. . 591.]

     ,         (  ) ,     .

.          (, 1984.)         (),    ,     .[3 - Simpson S. S. Corporate crime, law, and social control. Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 67.]

   ,     ,        ,     ( ,        ..).[4 - .:  . .      // . 1998. 7(15). . 56.]  , ,      ,         ,   ,            .[5 - .:  . .        . ., 2002. . 5051.]

         ,            ()   .

      ,         ,     ()         , ..   .

       . .   ,    ,       .[6 - .:  . .   . ., 1994. . 41;  . .        . ., 2001. . 234.]

  .      ,      .[7 - . :  . .        . ., 2007. . 36.]

  .   .       : 1)      2)  .      ,         ,   ,     .         ,       ,      .[8 - .:  . .,  . .    / . . . . ; .  , -   , - .   . ., 1990. . 151.]

  . .   . . ,       , , , ,  ,      ,   - ,      ,    ,         ().[9 - .:  . . 150152.]

  ,      ,      ,    , ,   ,         . ,       56.      (,  ),             .[10 - .: Mokhiber R. Twenty Things You Should Know About Corporate Crime: A speech to the Taming the Giant Corporation conference in Washington, D. C., June 9, 2007. URL: http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/twenty061207.htm]

,   . . ,                    .           .             .        .[11 - .:  . . . . . 233.]

    1980- .              .[12 - .:   XX  /  . . . , . . . ., 2000. . 327.]

  ,       ,     ()    .      ,      ,   ,      .       (  )       (  )  .   ,          ,    .  ,         ,         ,   .

 ,          .   ,   ,     .     , -,  ,           , , -,       () .             ,            ,        .           .     ,     ()    ,        ,    ,     ,      ,   ,    . ,       .

 ,       ,        ,     .

  ,        , ,   ,    .

      ,   ,  ,   .      , .

   ,   .  (. corporation,  . corporatio  , )   ,    ,  ;     .   ,             -     ;    -,   , , ,   ,    .    , .  (. organisation)    ;  ;  , ,    -      ,     ,   ,      - .[13 - .:  . .   . 70 000  /  . . . . 23- ., . ., 1990. . 298, 363, 438, 455;    . . 20 000 . ., 1994. . 312, 393, 427.]

   ,            , ,      (,      ,      ).

        . . :        ,          ,     .           ,            ( ),         ,   .         ,        ,    ,      .   , ,         ,     (      ),      (     )      (     );     .[14 -  . .     /  .  . . . . ., 2003. . 107.]

       ,   .        , -,   ,           ,   ,     ,    ,      (..    ,      ). -,    (   )   ,   .           .           .

         ,   ,      ,          .   .

I.       .      .

1.          ( ,       1845. ( . 1885.),   1922.)    (:  1670.,   9  1905.     ;   19  1934.    .; :   1813.;[15 - .:    .  . . 1 / . . . . , . . . ., 1968. . 396.] :     (    ,           ) 1890.,   1903.; :    1950.; :   1987.,       21  1988         ,  , , ,   ,  28  1990.,                4  1992.,           22  1993.,                ( )  5  1994.,         5  1994.,          28  1995.,          20  1995.,     ,             30  1995. .[16 - .:  .        //  . 2009. 2. . 33.]).

 ,          -  ,           .  ,   ,       ,  ,          .      1701. :     .[17 - .:  .       //    . 2007. 2 /  . . . . ., 2008. . 597.]

  XVIII.,       (17891794.)      ,      ,     ,  ,[18 - .:  . .   .  :  . ., 1996. . 179180.]  -       -     (         ).

  XIX   XX.           .            (, , , , , , ,   .), - (, ,    1982.,    1999., , ,    2003.,    2006.,   .),  (,    1991.,    1995.,    1998.),  (, , ),  (  ),  (   1999.,     2000.,    2002.,    2002.,     2002.,    2004.,    2004.,    2004., , ,   ),  ()  .

   - (, )   ()     (-)   .[19 - .:  . .      :      // . . -.  11: . 1998. 3. . 6970.]

    - (),  (, ),  (,    2005.)         -  ( ).

2.    ,  -     : -,        ,        ,       ; -,  ,     ,     ()    ,  ,            ; -,            .

3.             ,          ,     .

,      XIX   XX.     ,  public welfare offences,      .           (, ),  ,         (  ,  ,    ..).[20 - .:  . .    :  . . . ., 2003. . 57.]  ,        1840.            Reg. V. Birmingham and Gloucester Ry. Co.   ,  1846.,   Reg. V. The Great North of England Ry. Co.       ,        .[21 - .:  .    / . . . . ;  . . . . ., 1949. . 70.]

 1914.   Evans and Co. Ltd. v. LCC     , ,   ,        ,       ,    ,        (Shop Act) 1912.      ,   1873.,          .[22 - .:  . . . . . 51.]

 1944.              ,    mens rea ( . ;  ;   ).         ,  ,  (absolute liability),     ,   .

            1948.,         ,    .[23 - .:  . .         //  . .   / . . . . ., 2004. . 716.]

 XIX.            ,       ,      ,        ,      ,      .[24 - .:  . . . . 598.]

              ,  (   ),   ,    .        1.4.

4.   XX  (   5  1945.)      ,     ,         ,    (  ),     ,   .[25 - .:     /  .  . . . . ., 2001. . 308.]

 ,       , ,  ,         .

II.     , ..   . , . ,     ,   70   (, )               ,     ,           ,       , ,      (   45 )      ,     ,          14.          1  50.    (60%)      ,    4    .[26 - .:   . . 71;  /  . . . ; . . ., 2003. . 368.]

  , .   . ,  1529       477  - ,   .   .     1043        .   11%        ,                   (, ,  ,      ,    ,      ).[27 - .:  /  . . . . . 368.]

        . ,     ()      ,         ,    ()        (. .1).[28 - .: Financial Crimes Report to the Public. Fiscal year 2006 // An official site of the Federal Bureau of Investigation: White Collar Crime. URL: http://www.fbi.gov/publications/financial/fcs_report2006/financial_crime _2006.htm; Financial Crimes Report to the Public. Fiscal year 2009 // An official site of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. URL: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/financial-crimes-report-2009/?se_archterm=2009FinancialCrimesReport]






.1.       (20022009.)



 ,    .1  ,   2003.          4,13%,        ,  ,  2004.   (  )  18,99%,  2005. 27,4,  2006. 14,89,  2007. 8,84,  2008. 3,02,  2009. 8,62%.      , , .

            1994  2002.        1442 .[29 - .: Liability of Legal Persons for Criminal Offences; Asset Recovery: presentations of participants of the Seminar on Liability of Legal Persons for Criminal Offences and Tracing, Confiscation and Recovery of Assets Kolasin, 2124 October, 2009. Podgorica, 2010. P. 29.]     ()  2784       1993  2001.[30 - .: Sentencing: Corporate offenders: Report 102 (2003). URL: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lrc.nsf/ pages/rl02chp01.]

III.       .    ,     ,    ,  .

,   .   . ,     582  , ,     1975  1976.     ,     ,   .[31 - .: :  /  . . . . . ., 1999. . 483.]

. . ,  178   ,        1980- ., ,          565. .  :               4001000 .  ,   ,     22.         ,    ,      .[32 - .: Simpson S. S. Corporate crime, law, and social control. Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 1314.]

  ,      (  )  3,8 .,             15 .,      40,     100400,     300500 .[33 - .: Mokhiber R. Twenty Things You Should Know About Corporate Crime: A speech to the Taming the Giant Corporation conference in Washington, D. C., June 9, 2007. URL: http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/twenty061207.htm.]

  ,              78%    .        1,72,3%     .  ,       ,         ,          250  500. .[34 - .:  .           //    . ., 1995. . 9299.]

   1999.    42. ,       ,  , ,  ,  ,      1,35  ( 160 .).              ,          10  ( 1 .),      .[35 - .:  . .,  . .,  . .    . ., 2000. . 83, 85.]

 ,          ,   , :  ,       ,   (,   ,   ,    ,     .),     ..     ,         .

          () ,  (                     ),  (        ).

IV.      .       . .   ,   9%         .[36 - .:   . . 71.]

       ,       ,    .       ,         , , ,    .  ,       ,        ,       ?  !         - ?    .[37 -  /  . . . . . 350.]

V.    ,  ,   ,       ()  ,     ,     ,     .    ,      ()    ,     ,     .

            ( 1913., . ),      ,          (,   ..)     , ,            ,        ,  ,   ,      .[38 -  . . -   . ., 1982. . 20.]

VI.        .       ,        ,      ,         ,      ,    .         ,  ,   ,    .     ,               .      ,   ()             .                 ,                .[39 - .:  . .  : . ., 2001. . 1314.]

  (   )      ,              .

VII.         , .. ,  ,             ,      (6 . 12.3  ).

,   , ,     ,    ,        ,     ,      ,  ,      ,      ..                   .[40 - .: Simpson S. S. Corporate crime, law, and social control. Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 7.]

 ,                 ,    .[41 - .:  .     //  . 2001. 3. . 2123.]

VIII.  ,     ,         .

   ,   () ,      ,             .               .[42 -  . .          //    . 2007. 2 /  . . . . ., 2008. . 378.]

        .       ()  .     ()     ()  .               .

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 -    (  )      ,   ()           .

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1.2.        


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 . 1,        - (, , , , , , , , , ).           -    ,      ,     (, , , , , [43 - .:    :     /. . . . ; . . . . ., 1969;     (, , , , ): .   /  . . . . ., 1998;     / . . . . , . . ; . . . . . . ., 2006;    / . . . . ; . . . . . 2- . ., 2001;    / . . . . ; . . . . . ., 2004; Poland Act of 28th October 2002 on Liability of Collective Entities for Acts Prohibited under Penalty // Journal of Laws. 2002. 27th November N 197/1661;    / . . . . ;  . . . . ., 1958;      :   / . . . . . , 2008.])   ,     .

                  ,         -  (, , , , , , , , [44 - .:     (, , , , ) /  . . . ;    / . . . . . . . ., 2002;    / . . . . ; . . . . . ., 2003;    ( . .). URL: http://eng.domsmalaraduneyti.is/laws-and-regulations/nr/1145;      / ., .  . ; . . . . . ., 2005;      / . . . . ;  . . . . , 1999.]),         ,   ()     (, , , , , , ,   , , , [45 - .:    / . . . . . ; . . . . , H. E. . ., 2002;    / . . . . . , . . ; . . . . . ., 2001; The Penal Code of Finland. URL: http://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/15529; Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina // Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2003. N 3;     / . . . . ; . . . . ., 2003;     / . . . . . ., 2003;   . URL: www.legislation-line.org/upload/legislations/93/8f/0b603 ac473e3c0831ff831c47a40.htm;  . .          (  ). ., 2008.]).

 ,       -     (. , ,   , , , ),  ()    (, ,   , , , ), ,       (),     ().

        ,        ()   , .. . ,   ,      - ,  , , .

            . ,          - ,            (, , , , , , ).

,    . 11      ,            .               .           , . 11     .           (Bankruptcy Act, 1995),    (Companies Act, 1967)  .[46 - .:      :  . . 144.]

 , , , ,              ,       - .      (, , , , , , , ,   , ,   .)       ,     ()  ,    ,     .      ,         ,     -    .

       (. 123 )    ,                  .                 ,                         ,      .              ,       ,   ,      .

,    ,    ,    . 11 (     ,      )  . 12 (     ,      )       .

   (, , , , , , )    ,         ,        () .             .

,      1989.,                , ,     ,     -   , ,    ,         .          ,               .[47 - .:  . .        . ., 2002. . 51.]

  ,   ,    ( . . .)   ,    ,                     ,          (. 12.2).

 . 1212   ,         ,      .

   . 2. 9         ,   ,    ,     ,    ,             ,    .

         , : )                  ,            .               ; )           ,          (. ); )              ,    ; )   ( ,   . ).[48 - .:  . .         //  :    XXI :  II . . . . ., 2005. . 324.]

         , : )      ,  ,          ,       ()  ; b)      ,    ,   ,   ; )  ,  ,   ,       ,    .[49 - .:  . . . . . 30.]

           ,       ,              ,        ,         ,      ,     ,       ,      (. 2. 20  ).

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      . ,       ,  ,     ,     .  ,   ,            ,         , ,   ,    ,        .  ,    ,    ( )       .  ,  ,      ,        . ,   ,           .   , ,    (88)18               ,       ,  20  1988., ,          ,       ,   ,      ,       .[50 - . :  . .,  . .,  . .    :   . , 1999. . 5657.]

          ,          ,  , , ,   , , .

,  . 1  2007.      , ,  ,  , ,        ,                     .           , .. ,                .[51 - Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act, 2007. URL: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2007/ukpga_20070019_en_l ( : 14.11.2009).]

           ,    , , ,        -  ,             (. 2.07).

-  ໠        ,  ,     ,        ,      ,              .

           - (20.20),  (2901.23),  (. 307),  (7.22),     (. 2. 21).

 . 2. 51   :      ,            ,   ,    : (1)    ;  (2)   ,       ,  ,     ;  (3)    ,    (1)  (2).

   ,             ,            .

              .  ,        ,   :  ,  ,  ,           ,      .[52 - .:     /  .  . . . . . 312.]

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    ,             .

 ,       ,          ,  ,   .       . ,        ( )    (),      ()    .

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 48     ,      -,     ,     .   ,           .

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 5   ,         ,           ,    ,        .  ,          ,      ,    .        ,         .

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 124           ,          ,     .

      ,        . ,             ,        ,      ,     ()    ,     , ,     (. 2.07   ; 20.20   -; . 307   ; 2901.23   ; . 2. 21   , . 23     ).

 ,             ,   ,    (,   ..).

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,            ,    .

                    (     ),  ,   ,    ,  (   , ),           ,                (   ).[54 - .:  . .  . . 324.]

       ,    ,   ,   .[55 - .:  . . . . . 30.]

          ,               .

    ,               ,                    (. 2. 20).

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 14         8  1955. 22[56 -       1955. //   . ., 1958. . 238239.] :  ,  ,   ,   ,    ,                ,                .     ,  ,                ,     .

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 ,        (  );

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     ,      , ,      (   ..). , ,     ,    ,   , .

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,  - 2006.              370         .   .   , ,               ,        50 .             10    500. .               4  3    .

     ,       . ,  2003.      .  ,          ,        ,     ,    , , ,    ,     ,       .[58 - .:  .       . . 3334.]

 , , , ,    ,  ,        .  ,  ,   :      ,         , ,     ,      .    ,       1998.    ,       Follett Campus Resources, ,                ,      .      ,    ,   ,       50   3 .  .    ,     , ,     ,    .        ,    ,     330. .[59 - .:  /  . . . . . 355.]

,     -         ,          ,     ()    .     () ,        ,     .

      ,           (. 126). ,           .     ,            .          ,     (     ).      ,         ,               .

          ,                ,   - .

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    [61 -      / . . . . ; . . . . . ., 2003.]       ,           ( , ,         129  ).     -      .       ,     ,   .          ,    ,       .[62 - .:  . . . . 100.]

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,          ,         .              . -,  ,    ,      -    ,      ,  . -,         .  ,     ,      ,        ,              .[64 - .:  . .    . . 8182.]

      ,   1982.     ,             ,      ,    .[65 - .:  .,  . .      //  . .        :   : . . ., 2008. . 306.]

    [66 -    / . . . ; . . . . , . .. ., 2001.] (. 36)  ,     ,             , : 1.        ,    ,        2.    ,       .

 .2         [67 - .: Evaluation Report on Sweden // Greco Eval II Rep (2004) 9E. Strasbourg. 2005. 18 March. P. 18.](National Council for Crime Prevention  BRA),      .  ,   BRA      ( ).






.2.      (20022004.)



 .2 ,   2003.     (  )    50%,   2004. 8,3%.

   . 12       ,       ,    .                                  ,                , ,     ,            .                      ,    .[68 - .:  . .    -    //    :  II    . 31   1 2007. .,2007. . 216;  . .,  . .        // . 2007. 5. . 6977.]

       -       . ,      ,        ,     ,    .

, -          ,   ()      ,     () ,    .   ,             ,     .        - .     -    ,  ()   , ,      ,      .

,   ,  ,   ,      ,     ,    .   ,       ,    ,        ,              .   ,    ,     ,       ,                    ,    ,    ,          .

        () ,     ,   : )     ()       ,      ()   ; )      ; )    ( )    ,      ,     ,     () ,          ,      ()    () .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/elena-antonova/konceptualnye-osnovy-korporativnoy-kollektivnoy-ugolovnoy-otvetstvennosti-11221849/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


.:  . .         //    . 1991. 2. . 35;  .     //  . 1992. 1718. . 3.




2


.: : - / . .-. ; . . . . ; . .  . . . ., 1998. . 248;    /   . . . . ., 2000. . 591.




3


Simpson S. S. Corporate crime, law, and social control. Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 67.




4


.:  . .      // . 1998. 7(15). . 56.




5


.:  . .        . ., 2002. . 5051.




6


.:  . .   . ., 1994. . 41;  . .        . ., 2001. . 234.




7


. :  . .        . ., 2007. . 36.




8


.:  . .,  . .    / . . . . ; .  , -   , - .   . ., 1990. . 151.




9


.:  . . 150152.




10


.: Mokhiber R. Twenty Things You Should Know About Corporate Crime: A speech to the Taming the Giant Corporation conference in Washington, D. C., June 9, 2007. URL: http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/twenty061207.htm




11


.:  . . . . . 233.




12


.:   XX  /  . . . , . . . ., 2000. . 327.




13


.:  . .   . 70 000  /  . . . . 23- ., . ., 1990. . 298, 363, 438, 455;    . . 20 000 . ., 1994. . 312, 393, 427.




14


 . .     /  .  . . . . ., 2003. . 107.




15


.:    .  . . 1 / . . . . , . . . ., 1968. . 396.




16


.:  .        //  . 2009. 2. . 33.




17


.:  .       //    . 2007. 2 /  . . . . ., 2008. . 597.




18


.:  . .   .  :  . ., 1996. . 179180.




19


.:  . .      :      // . . -.  11: . 1998. 3. . 6970.




20


.:  . .    :  . . . ., 2003. . 57.




21


.:  .    / . . . . ;  . . . . ., 1949. . 70.




22


.:  . . . . . 51.




23


.:  . .         //  . .   / . . . . ., 2004. . 716.




24


.:  . . . . 598.




25


.:     /  .  . . . . ., 2001. . 308.




26


.:   . . 71;  /  . . . ; . . ., 2003. . 368.




27


.:  /  . . . . . 368.




28


.: Financial Crimes Report to the Public. Fiscal year 2006 // An official site of the Federal Bureau of Investigation: White Collar Crime. URL: http://www.fbi.gov/publications/financial/fcs_report2006/financial_crime _2006.htm; Financial Crimes Report to the Public. Fiscal year 2009 // An official site of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. URL: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/financial-crimes-report-2009/?se_archterm=2009FinancialCrimesReport




29


.: Liability of Legal Persons for Criminal Offences; Asset Recovery: presentations of participants of the Seminar on Liability of Legal Persons for Criminal Offences and Tracing, Confiscation and Recovery of Assets Kolasin, 2124 October, 2009. Podgorica, 2010. P. 29.




30


.: Sentencing: Corporate offenders: Report 102 (2003). URL: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lrc.nsf/ pages/rl02chp01.




31


.: :  /  . . . . . ., 1999. . 483.




32


.: Simpson S. S. Corporate crime, law, and social control. Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 1314.




33


.: Mokhiber R. Twenty Things You Should Know About Corporate Crime: A speech to the Taming the Giant Corporation conference in Washington, D. C., June 9, 2007. URL: http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/twenty061207.htm.




34


.:  .           //    . ., 1995. . 9299.




35


.:  . .,  . .,  . .    . ., 2000. . 83, 85.




36


.:   . . 71.




37


 /  . . . . . 350.




38


 . . -   . ., 1982. . 20.




39


.:  . .  : . ., 2001. . 1314.




40


.: Simpson S. S. Corporate crime, law, and social control. Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 7.




41


.:  .     //  . 2001. 3. . 2123.




42


 . .          //    . 2007. 2 /  . . . . ., 2008. . 378.




43


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