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  PDF A4    .





 

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Keith Martin

Cryprography: The Key to Digital Security, How It Works, and Why It Matters



 2020 by Keith Martin

 ..,    , 2022

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   .     ,      .   ,     .       ,   ,           .             ,  ,    .  -           . -      ,       .    .      .

      ,         .    ,    ,    ,    Wi-Fi,    ,    Google     Netflix.       Apple[1 -  , Apple Says There Are 1.4 Billion Active Apple Devices, Verge, 29  2019 , https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/29/18202736/apple-devices-ios-earnings-q12019.],  7   [2 -     2018     7,1     EMV (Europay, Mastercard  Visa)    PIN-: EMVCo Reports over Half of Cards Issued Globally Are EMV Enabled, EMVCo, 19  2018 , https://www.emvco.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Global-Circulation-Figures_FINAL.pdf.]  55    WhatsApp[3 -  ,   WhatsApp    2017 ,      , ,  ,   : WhatsApp, Connecting One Billion Users Every Day,  WhatsApp, 26  2017 , https://blog.whatsapp.com/connecting-one-billion-users-every-day.].   Bitcoin       .

 ,            [4 -    Mozilla,  2018   -,   Firefox  https ( ),    75 : Lets Encrypt Stats, Lets Encrypt,    10  2019 , https://letsencrypt.org/stats.].   ,      -     ,       ,      ?   ,   ,     ,    ,               ?    ,        ,       ?

 ,        .        ,            .       ,     :  , 007:    [5 -  (  , Jagged Films, 2001)    ,   -, ,     ,     ,    .   007:   (  , Columbia Pictures, 2012)     , Q,   (  )   .   (   , Universal Studios, 1992), ,   ;                 ,   .];   C.S.I.:   [6 - C.S.I.:  (Jerry Bruckheimer Television, 201516)      ,  .       ,       .  (Kudos, 200211)  MI-5       .         ,         !];        [7 -        ,      (St.Martins Press, 1998),  ,      . ,      ,    (Doubleday, 2003),     ,      .].

             .

      .     ,   ,   ,   ,                .        .          .    ,    .            .

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         [8 -     ,      ,   .        televisionland,              .         ! (,    -7        1968 );  ,              .     .].        ,    .  ,    [9 -    ,      .  ,        ,            ,    .     Crypto Wars 2.0 (    ,  ,  2017 )    ( )    :     ,      .].

   ,   ,     ,      .     ,   ,    ,   ,  ,    .         ,     .       ,      (  ,     ),  ,   ,    ,    .

,           ,   ,      ,        ,      : ,  ,  . ,  ,     ,    ,       ,   .     , ,  .

,        ,        .    ,    [10 -  Internet World Stats (Miniwatts Marketing Group),    14  2019 , https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm,        .], ,    ,  ,     .               ,    ,   .


   

  ,      . ,     ,        ,    .      .    , , .     ?      ,  ,  ,         .     .        ,   .  ,   ,    .     .

         .        .   ,            .     ,     : ,    ,        -  .     -          ,   .

    , ,     Norton,  2017     978    (    172   [11 - 2017 Norton Cyber Security Insights Report Global Results, Norton by Symantec, 2018, https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/about/2017-ncsir-global-results-en.pdf.]).    PwC ,   2016  2017 [12 -     ,        , 31%      : Pulling Fraud Out of the Shadows: Global Economic Crime and Fraud Survey 2018, PwC, 2018, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/advisory/forensics/economic-crime-survey.html.] 31%      .   Cybersecurity Ventures   6  ,        2021 [13 -    ,   .      ,            ,   - .          2017 , Cybersecurity Ventures, https://cybersecurityventures.com/2015-wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2017-Cybercrime-Report.pdf.].          ,  ,  ,     .            ,    2010 [14 -    Stuxnet          , ,     2010    . , ,    ,         .               ,        ,          .        , ,  ,      USB-.  Stuxnet       , . Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet, and the Launch of the Worlds First Digital Weapon,   (Broadway, 2015).]    ,   Sony Pictures,    2014     ,    ,          [15 -   2014   Sony Pictures Studios    ,            .    Sony        . , .    The Sony Pictures Hack, Explained  Washington Post  18  2014 , https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/12/18/the-sony-pictures-hack-explained/?utm_term=.b25b19d65b8d.].

     ,    ,            ,  ,      ..           . , ,    ,   ,         ,       .      ,            ,      .   ,                ,      .

        ,    .   ,      . ,   ,   -,  ,    ?        ,   .             ,         ,     ,     ,         ,      4,5   .   ,      -   ,   ?

          ,    .        Wi-Fi?          ?      -,     ?         ?  2017      ,   Wi-Fi,    ,  [16 -            WPA2,       Wi-Fi:  , Key Reinstallation AttacksWPA2 by Forcing Nonce Reuse,     2018 , https://www.krackattacks.com.],      Infineon   [17 -  ROCA          RSA,    -,        Infineon Technologies.         : .   , ROCA: Vulnerable RSA Generation (CVE15361),  16  2017 , https://crocs.fi.muni.cz/public/papers/rsa_ccs17.]. 2018          Apple[18 -  Meltdown  Spectre        .   2018   ,        ,   iPad, iPhone  Mac: Meltdown and Spectre: All Macs, iPhones and iPads affected, BBC, 5  2018 , http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-42575033.].   ?    ,     - ?       ? , ,     ?

       ,       .         ?       ,    Bitcoin?        ,   ?

     ;   . ,       ,     ,    ,   .     .            ,               .       ,       .  ,   ,       ,     .


 

      ,         .     -        .    ,      .

  2017          .  ,    ,   ,     .         WannaCry      .      , ,  .      ,      ,  , ,    [19 -  WannaCry          (  ).     -,             ,   .             ,      :  , Investigation: WannaCry Cyber Attack and the NHS,   , 25  2018 , https://www.nao.org.uk/report/investigation-wannacry-cyber-attack-and-the-nhs.].

  ,        ,  ,  ,       . ,          .        ,    ,     [20 -                 ,      . ,   2014  ,  ,         :  , FBI Director James Comey Very Concerned about New Apple, Google Privacy Features, Huffington Post, 26  2014 , http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/james-comey-apple-encryption_n_5882874.      2015         :  -, Encryption Is Depressing, the FBI Says, Vice Motherboard, 25  2015 , https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkv577/encryption-is-depressing-the-fbi-says.].   2013             ,   ,         [21 -     ,       ,       ,     ,  -  .].

            .    .      2015   -     :         ,    ?[22 -        : ,   .          :  , Cameron Wants to Ban Encryption  He Can Say Goodbye to Digital Britain, Guardian, 13  2015 , https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/13/cameron-ban-encryption-digital-britain-online-shopping-banking-messaging-terror.].   2017       ,                [23 -          :  , Australia Will Lead Five Eyes Discussions to Thwart Terrorist Encryption: Brandis, ZDNet, 26  2017 , https://www.zdnet.com/article/australia-will-lead-five-eyes-discussions-to-thwart-terrorist-encryption-brandis.].                ,       ,   ,       ,    [24 -  , Look Whos Joined the Anti-encryption Posse: Germany, Come On Down, Register, 15  2017 , https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/06/15/germany_joins_antiencryption_posse.].    2018         ,          - [25 - Attorney General Sessions Delivers Remarks to the Association of State Criminal Investigative Agencies 2018 Spring Conference,   , 7  2018 , https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-sessions-delivers-remarks-association-state-criminal-investigative.].

   ,  ,      .       ,   -,    ,         [26 -  :       ,      ,  , ,    ,     .         ,       .   ,          ,    ,  .                ,       . Apple-FBI Case Could Have Serious Global Ramifications for Human Rights: Zeid,       , 4  2016 , http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17138.].      ?

                   .              . ,    ,   ,         [27 - The Historical Background to Media Regulation,    ,     10  2019 , https://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/media/ms7501/mod2unit11/page_02.htm.].         ,       .

          .          ,   ,   ,  ,        [28 -              :    ,   ,  ,    ( ) .  , Amber Rudd Accuses Tech Giants of Sneering at Politicians, BBC, 2  2017 , http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-41463401.].   ,        ,         .      ,          ,   ,      .


 

         ,           . ,    ,       .       ,  ,    .

 ,          ,    . ,      ,    [29 -         .      The Code Book (Fourth Estate, 1999)   .  -     The Codebreakers (Scribner, 1997),     World War II Cryptography (CreateSpace, 2016)  Charles River Editors, Unsolved! (Princeton University Press, 2017)  , Codes and Ciphers  A History of Cryptography (Hesperides, 2015)  Ē  Codebreaker: The History of Codes and Ciphers (Walker, 2006)  .    Decipher: The Greatest Codes Ever Invented and How to Break Them (Modern Books, 2017)          .      Crypto: Secrecy and Privacy in the New Cold War (Penguin, 2000)        ,   .].       ,      ,   .

     [30 -   ,   . , The GCHQ Puzzle Book (GCHQ, 2016), Break the Code (Dover, 2013)    Cryptography: The Science of Secret Writing (Dover, 1998)  ..].       ,   ,          -  ,      .        ,          (  ,   [31 -      ,         !    ..]).

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,   .    ,   ,   .       ,   ,   .         ,     [32 -          ,     .      ,      .            The New 12-Sided ?1 Coin    , https://www.royalmint.com/new-pound-coin (   10  2019 );   Take a Closer Look  Your Easy to Follow Guide to Checking Banknotes   , https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/banknotes/take-a-closer-look.pdf (   10  2019 )     ;         Dollars in Detail  Your Guide to U.S. Currency,         , https://www.uscurrency.gov/sites/default/files/downloadable-materials/files/CEP_Dollars_In_Detail_Brochure_0.pdf (   10  2019 ).].

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 , Apple Says There Are 1.4 Billion Active Apple Devices, Verge, 29  2019 , https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/29/18202736/apple-devices-ios-earnings-q12019.




2


    2018     7,1     EMV (Europay, Mastercard  Visa)    PIN-: EMVCo Reports over Half of Cards Issued Globally Are EMV Enabled, EMVCo, 19  2018 , https://www.emvco.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Global-Circulation-Figures_FINAL.pdf.




3


 ,   WhatsApp    2017 ,      , ,  ,   : WhatsApp, Connecting One Billion Users Every Day,  WhatsApp, 26  2017 , https://blog.whatsapp.com/connecting-one-billion-users-every-day.




4


   Mozilla,  2018   -,   Firefox  https ( ),    75 : Lets Encrypt Stats, Lets Encrypt,    10  2019 , https://letsencrypt.org/stats.




5


 (  , Jagged Films, 2001)    ,   -, ,     ,     ,    .   007:   (  , Columbia Pictures, 2012)     , Q,   (  )   .   (   , Universal Studios, 1992), ,   ;                 ,   .




6


C.S.I.:  (Jerry Bruckheimer Television, 201516)      ,  .       ,       .  (Kudos, 200211)  MI-5       .         ,         !




7


       ,      (St.Martins Press, 1998),  ,      . ,      ,    (Doubleday, 2003),     ,      .




8


    ,      ,   .        televisionland,              .         ! (,    -7        1968 );  ,              .     .




9


   ,      .  ,        ,            ,    .     Crypto Wars 2.0 (    ,  ,  2017 )    ( )    :     ,      .




10


 Internet World Stats (Miniwatts Marketing Group),    14  2019 , https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm,        .




11


2017 Norton Cyber Security Insights Report Global Results, Norton by Symantec, 2018, https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/about/2017-ncsir-global-results-en.pdf.




12


    ,        , 31%      : Pulling Fraud Out of the Shadows: Global Economic Crime and Fraud Survey 2018, PwC, 2018, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/advisory/forensics/economic-crime-survey.html.




13


   ,   .      ,            ,   - .          2017 , Cybersecurity Ventures, https://cybersecurityventures.com/2015-wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2017-Cybercrime-Report.pdf.




14


   Stuxnet          , ,     2010    . , ,    ,         .               ,        ,          .        , ,  ,      USB-.  Stuxnet       , . Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet, and the Launch of the Worlds First Digital Weapon,   (Broadway, 2015).




15


  2014   Sony Pictures Studios    ,            .    Sony        . , .    The Sony Pictures Hack, Explained  Washington Post  18  2014 , https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/12/18/the-sony-pictures-hack-explained/?utm_term=.b25b19d65b8d.




16


           WPA2,       Wi-Fi:  , Key Reinstallation AttacksWPA2 by Forcing Nonce Reuse,     2018 , https://www.krackattacks.com.




17


 ROCA          RSA,    -,        Infineon Technologies.         : .   , ROCA: Vulnerable RSA Generation (CVE15361),  16  2017 , https://crocs.fi.muni.cz/public/papers/rsa_ccs17.




18


 Meltdown  Spectre        .   2018   ,        ,   iPad, iPhone  Mac: Meltdown and Spectre: All Macs, iPhones and iPads affected, BBC, 5  2018 , http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-42575033.




19


 WannaCry          (  ).     -,             ,   .             ,      :  , Investigation: WannaCry Cyber Attack and the NHS,   , 25  2018 , https://www.nao.org.uk/report/investigation-wannacry-cyber-attack-and-the-nhs.




20


                ,      . ,   2014  ,  ,         :  , FBI Director James Comey Very Concerned about New Apple, Google Privacy Features, Huffington Post, 26  2014 , http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/james-comey-apple-encryption_n_5882874.      2015         :  -, Encryption Is Depressing, the FBI Says, Vice Motherboard, 25  2015 , https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkv577/encryption-is-depressing-the-fbi-says.




21


    ,       ,       ,     ,  -  .




22


       : ,   .          :  , Cameron Wants to Ban Encryption  He Can Say Goodbye to Digital Britain, Guardian, 13  2015 , https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/13/cameron-ban-encryption-digital-britain-online-shopping-banking-messaging-terror.




23


         :  , Australia Will Lead Five Eyes Discussions to Thwart Terrorist Encryption: Brandis, ZDNet, 26  2017 , https://www.zdnet.com/article/australia-will-lead-five-eyes-discussions-to-thwart-terrorist-encryption-brandis.




24


 , Look Whos Joined the Anti-encryption Posse: Germany, Come On Down, Register, 15  2017 , https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/06/15/germany_joins_antiencryption_posse.




25


Attorney General Sessions Delivers Remarks to the Association of State Criminal Investigative Agencies 2018 Spring Conference,   , 7  2018 , https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-sessions-delivers-remarks-association-state-criminal-investigative.




26


 :       ,      ,  , ,    ,     .         ,       .   ,          ,    ,  .                ,       . Apple-FBI Case Could Have Serious Global Ramifications for Human Rights: Zeid,       , 4  2016 , http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17138.




27


The Historical Background to Media Regulation,    ,     10  2019 , https://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/media/ms7501/mod2unit11/page_02.htm.




28


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