
  


      ,      .              ,      XIX .  .     ,          XX .





  







 :   





  


,       ,     1859 .      .         ,        .

   ,  ,      .            .   .  ,     ,    ,     ,  , ,   ,    .   , ,       ,   .  ,       ,              .

  ,      .          ,     ,      .         ,     ,   .[1 -     ,          . ,   -,  .   ,       .  :  .        ,     ,          , .,      ,     ,     ,   , ,  .   , ,       ,     ]  ,       ,    . ,   ,           2 000 ,   ,   ,  ,    ,       .  ?      ,   .           ,   .       .     ,    ,      .         .    ,    ,    , , .

     ,       . , ,    ,    -  , ,   .

     ,             ,  ,   ,    ,      .                 .          .   ,         .           ,        ,      ,         ,      : De te fabula narratur! [He    !].

 ,   ,           ,       .     ,   ,      .

,   ,         .

  . ,       , ,     ,     ,          .     ,      

,       ,      .           ,   ,    ,            .      ,    . Le mort saisit le vif! [  !]

   ,             .       ,      .       ,        ,     ,     ,            ,   ,          ,    ,    ,  ,    Public Health ( ),    ,      ,  ,   . .    -,   .   -   ,       .

  .      XVIII         ,                XIX .        .   ,     .                 .  ,  -    ,              ,    . -,  ,         ,      .        . ,          ,            ,        ,    .        .

   ,    .            .        ,      ,      .           ;     ,         ,        ,       ,        .

            ,        .   ,      ,          ,            . ,        38  39    ,   1/39   .        culpa levis [ ]       .       .  , ,        5: Correspondence with Her Majesty's Missions Abroad, regarding Industrial Questions and Trades Unions.          ,   , ,  ,      ,                ,   .         - , -    ,    :               .   ;        ,   .   , ,    .   ,        ,      ,  ,         .

         ( II)       ( III),    ( IV)    .

              ,      ,    -    :

Segui il tuo corso, e lascia dir le genti! 6

 

, 25  1867 .




  


         ,    .       .         .    ,    .

  1            ,      ,                     .  3   ( )  :      ,       .  ,         - .   .     1867 .,       ,    ,      ,     .        . .    .  1   ( )  ,          ,    ,        , , 1859.    ,    2.

        ,   .     . ,        ,   ,         ,          .        ,     1871 .,     ,   ,             1872 .

,          ,      . - ,  , ,        ,   ,    - ,  ,      ,    ,        ,        .

         .      Geschichtliche Darstellung des Handels, der Gewerbe etc.,       ,   1830 .,        ,        ,  ,     . ,  ,     .          ;      .           ,         , . . .              ,       ,     ,                    ,     ,            .

 1848 .                .        - .         ,       .     ,      ,             .     , . .           ,  ,  ,    ,        ,             .

 .          .       , ,            ,    ,    ,         .         ,  .                .[2 - .      . , 1859, . 39 [.  , . 13, . 47].]

 , 18201830 .,         .                  .   . ,       ,     ,          ,    .        ,               .   ,         ,       ,    1825 .      .   ,           :          ,    ,   ,        ;             ,            ,         .                   - ,   ,     .  1830 .  ,      .

        .    ,  ,   ,        .           .       ,       ,   ,      ,   ,      .       ,     ,  . ,  ,      9       ,          ,   , ,   , .                  .

  1848 .    . ,                ,        ,      .    ,       .      ,           ( )      . .

 ,         ,              ,           ,   . ,    ,         ,      .

        . ,  ,  ,    ,  ,       - . , ,    ,          .       ,      ,   ,    ,      .

 ,                 ,      .       ,      ,              , . .    .

         ,           .         , ,     ,        ,       ., ,     Volksstaat   ,         .[3 -            .       ,  - .                    . Saturday Review    ,         ,           (charm). -     8 (20)  1872 .   :    (    )  ,  ,     ,  .    ...       , ...        ,       .    e--     ,  -  .]

      1872 .  .   3 000       .   1871  - . ,      ,        .  ,    ,               .                 .

,   ,   ,        .

,   Revue Positiviste 11  ,   ,  ,      ,      -,  ?  ,      ,     (?)   .      .  :

     ,   e     ,   ,   ,    -.

- .    Les Theoriciens du Socialisrne en Allemagne. Extrait du Journal des Economistes, juillet et aout 1872 ,     ,    :

  -  ,         .

  , ,   .     ,     (   1872 ., . 427436) 13, ,      ,   ,  , -.  :

 ,      ,   -,    , . . ,   .        ,        ...         .

     ,        ;             ,    .

         , , 1859, . IVVII 14,       ,  :

    :    ,    .         ,  ,            ,     .  ,  ,     ,  , . .      ,      .     ,    ,       ...        :                ,      .    ,  ,    ,     ,         ,  ,       ,      .       ,   ,        ,    ,       ,   ...          ,  ,  ,     ,       -   -  .    ,          .     ,       ,    .    ,              ,    ,       ,   ,      ...           ...         ,  ,        ?      .       ...   , ,       ...        ,        ,      . ,        ,   ,        ...       ,        ...     ,          ,     ...     ,      ,   ,  ,     ,  . .,    .  , , ,           ,       .  , ,        ...             ,  . ,  ,        ,      ,       ...         ,   , , ,        , .       .

,    ,      ,           ,      ,   .

,            .      ,     ,    .       ,       .          ,   ,     .

          ,     .    ,          ,   ,      .   , ,     ,  ,        .

        30   ,   ,      .      ,       , ,     ,      ,    ,  ,   ,     ,   .                       . ,      ,    ,             .      .     ,       .

       ,   ,      .          -    ,               ,   ,       , ,      ,              .

          -       ,     .   ,       ,                 - .

 

, 24  1873 .




 


  .

 !

          .          ,      .

   .     :  ,             ,      .  ,    ,          ,           ,    , ,   ,        .

     :         ,  ,   .      ,        , ,   ,     .

,  ,    .

 

, 18  1872 .




  


          .  ,          ,  14  1883 .

 ,     ,        , ,    ,      ,              ,    ,     .             .

        ,     ,    ,           .             .      ,    ,            (Le Capital, par Karl Marx. Paris, Lachatre, 18721875).

          ,          ;      ,      ,       .

    ,   ,   ,    .               ,           .      ,  ,       ,    :  ,  ,    - ,        .

  ,           ,     ,    ,           .      , , ,       .            ,  ,        .

 ,          ,       ,       . , ,           ,     ,  ,   ,       ,   [Arbeitgeber],  ,       ,  [Arbeitnehmer].        travail []   . , ,       ,      donneur de travail [],   receveur de travail [].

            ,       .     ,         ,    ;        (       Ǹ,      30- ),          ,        16.    ,         .            ,              .          ,  ,                               .

        ,     .         , ,     , ,   ,    .   ,      .     , ,           ,       .        :         ,              .      ,     -                 .  ,     ,                     .        ,          .   ,  ,    ,       ,      .

 ,         1884 .

 c

, 7  1833 .




 


       .  ,    ,       ,   ,                   ,      , , ,   .

       1883 .       , -          , ,     ,  , ,       ,      ,      .   ,          ,    .  ,    -       ,     .      -      .  - ,   ,                ,     .      ,    .

     : 1)   ( )  XI (    ); 2)  VI ( ,  XIXXXII); 3)  4-  XXIV  (,     . .)   ,     XXIV,  XXV   VIII  ( XXVIXXXIII); 4)    17.      - .  ,         ,          .

             1883 .        ,    ,             18721875 .  .[4 - Le Capital, par Karl Marx. Traduction de M. J. Roy, entierement revisee par 1'auteur. Paris, Lachatre.  ,      ,           ] ,  ,           ,             ,        ,          . ,   ,         . .   ,  -.          ;             ,       ,               ,       .           ,      ,    -           .

, ,  ,       .       ,   ,       ,      .   .              .       ,          ,           ,        .            ,   ,   ,   ,         ,   . ,     ,       ,      ,       (   ,       ).               ,        (    )   ,  .             ,   ,     .     ,      ,     .             :   ,     ,    ,    .    ,  ,           ,   ,     ,        .

          .       ,    ,  ,  ,   .           ,   ,         .     ,               ,      .        ,         ,  ,     .  ,  ,    ,    .

       .                   .      1885 .       ,        1887 .        ,          .

       .   ,     ,   ,  ,   ,                    ,    , , ,       ;               .               ,       ,     .     .    ,          .     ,        ,      ,    .     ;          .[5 -                 .    :  40   ,           ,  ,      .        : 21     22   . Evening Standard, 1  1886 ]           ,      ,   ,           -.       ,   ,   ,  .   , ,   ,    1825  1867 ., ,    ,   ,          .        .      ,      ,      .  ,          :    ?.    ,       ,       ,       ,  ,  ,      . ,         ,               ,  ,      , ,     ,    ,            . ,       ,     ,                18.

 

5 1886 .




 


             ,   .  ,     .

        ,          .    . 80 (. 88  .) [. 126127  ], . 458460 (. 509510  .) [. 503505  ], . 547551 (. 600  .) [. 597601  ], . 591 593 (. 644  .) [. 640642  ]   . 596 (. 648  .) [. 645646  ],   79.  ,      ,     (. 461467  .) [. 506511  ]     (. 509515  .).       .

 ,      ,   ,  ,   ,    .            .[6 - *       . .]

            .   , ,          ,   ,    ,        ,    ,       .   ,  ,         . -     :    ,       ,  ,     ;        ,         ;           .      ,     18431845 .,              ; ,          ,    ,   . .,    .        .     ,  ,             ,    .       ,      (. 562   [. 612  ],  47); ,   ,    .                .

        .

     ,        .            ,       20.

   Concordia,    ,  7  1872 .        .   ,         , ,        ,  16  1863 . (         1864 .    , . 1, . 617  ., . 671  . [. 666  ]).   ()  Hansard,    ,       :      ...    .       .       (   ):        .

,    Concordia    ,    Volksstaat    1 .      ,        ,   ,               ^ Times,    :

       .   ,                ,    ,      .             .  ,     ,   ,     ,    .

,   ,     ,     ,      :          ;     Hansard,    : -    ,           ,       ; , ,     ,      ,   .

      .    (Concordia, 4 )       ,           ; ,   ,  Times (    )   Hansard (   )      ,  Times , ,    ,       ,       ,              .    ,  ,           .  , ,     ,  ,     , : mala fides [], ,  ,   ,  ,   ,  ,    . .                     ,     (. .  )   .           -   !      Concordia 11 .

     Volksstaat  7 ,     Morning Star  Morning Advertiser  17  1863 .    ,  ,        . .      ,    ,       (classes in easy circumstances),        ,   (entirely confined to classes possessed of property);  ,       ,    .      Times  Hansard)   ,  ,                       ,       Hansard,     ,  ,   ,    ;    ,          .  , ,  ,         Concordia.

     . ,        ,     ,         ,     ; ,        ,      .   29  1883 .,  8    ,  Times       ,   ,    ,    ,    , ,      ,    ,     Concordia.

  ,     ,    (    ,    ) ...   mala fides,         ()  . -  ...   ,            (deadly shifts)   ,  -     Hansard  .         Times  17  1863 .,      ,      .       ,   Times  Hansard ,    ,         ,          !

     !       -     -   Concordia.    ,      ,    23,   ,              !

,   ,           ,      .       ,  ,        (craftily isolated quotation).       ,          ,   .

      To-Day ( 1884 .),   Times    .         ,    :      ? -     , ,   ,         ,        ,        ,            .

  ,   Times      ,   ,   , . .  - , , ,     (To-Day,  1884 .).    ,           Hansard, ,   ,  ,   Times,  ,    ,   .     ?      Hansard!

               To-Day.   .  -    1872 .,    ,         ,   ,     ,  .       ,       .     ,         ,    . ,       ,   ,   ,      .               ,    .    ,    ,    ,   ,  (. 618 , . 105, . 672  . [. 667  ])          1863  1864 !     a la        .    .  :             .           ,    ,  -      Hansard.

    -  .     ,         ,  ,          .  ,   -           - ,  -     Hansard.

.

, 25  1890 .










I. , , ,  ()





1.


[̗1] )        .

,   ,   -  , , ,  .      ,      ,      XVIII .   ,                     ,  .           contrat social  12,         ,       .    ,    ,     .    , ,    ,    XVI    XVIII         .              . .,            .  XVIII ,         ,   XVIII   ,   ,    ,        ,   XVI ,  ,     ;      ,    ,       ,  ,      ,   -    ,  -   .          . ,         XVIII  ,  ,       ,   .

       ,     ,     ,  ,     :            ,   ;              .   XVIII ,   ,                  ,   .  ,         ,        (    ) .       ***1,   ,   ,  ,     [̗2]   .        , , ,     ,             ,   ,           .      .        ,   ,     XVIII ,          , *,  14  . .   , ,   -   -  ,      ,     ,            ,       . .      ,   locus communis[7 - * .  ,  I, . 9 ( 12IS. Pe,  , . ].

,     ,              .   ,   ,     ,           ,     ,        ,     ,         .        ,  .     ,   ,     ,        .             ,    . -      ,      .          .     .         ,    ,            ,    . ,           ,  - ,     ,  , ,  ,          .    , ,    ,        .  , ,       ,       ,      ,  ,        ,         [̗3] .  ,  ,    ,   ,  .   [  ],   ,. ,  .   ,      ,       ,  , .      ,   ,  ,   .

    ,       .         ,  , ,    . .,     .      .                   ().

,       :     ,  ,          .       -    .  .   .    .

       ,    ,      (, , . . 16)        .

     ,  , :

1)   ,    , . .  ,         . , ,  ,   ,     ,    .

2)   ,       , , ,         16. ,     . ,       ,   ,      ,       ,  ,     , ,      ;       ,       ,   . .        ,           ,          .  ,          ,        [Gewinn],   [Gewinnen].     .      , , ,   , ,  , -:   ,    . .,    ,  .  -   ,     ,           .

[̗4]      ,           .      ,  , , ,  17,      . .,           ,  ,    ,         in abstracto*(*. . )   .         .  , ,        .     ,      ,     ,      , ,           ,  ,      ,     ,                . , , ,         ,       ,  ,   . ,    ,  ,    ,       ,      ,      ,      ,   ,     . .   ,       , : 1) , 2)   ,   . .

     :

ad 1.               .      ,.   ()   . , ,       ,     (                 ). , ,     (,  , ,    . .)    , ,          .         ,          .      ,   ,     ,     ,      ,  . ,    ,  contradictio in subjecto*(    . .).

ad 2.    . .        ,    ,    .  :         ,    . .        ,  ,  [̗5]   ,         .        ,       , , ,   .   ,                     .

  ,    ,       ,    ,         .

:  ,    ,     ;           ,    ,           .




2.   , , 



      ,     ,      .

  :       (, )     ;       ;      ,          ; ,      ,  .   ,  ;      ;        ; ,        ,             .  ,  ,   ,     ,      , ,   ,     ,     ,   ,     ,   .    ;    ;      ,     ,     ;       .

   (),     ;    ,    [̗6]    ,   .

, , ,  ,  ,  :     ,     ,    ,   . , , ,  .  [ - ]    ,    ,           ,   ;         ,    ,      ,      , ,  ,   ,   ,  ,               .

 -,           ,  -       ,          ,   .    ,  ,  -   ,     ,    .  , ,    .         -,     ,     .  -  , , ,         .               ,  ,               ,      !




)  


     .     . [-:] ,      ,     ,     ,             . -:     ,  , ,   (    )     .       ,        , , ,  .    ,    ,     .      . ,     , ,     ,    .         : determinatio est negatio 18.

[̗7]             ,   ,   ,   , , ,     . ,   .

     ,             . , ,   ,              ;           ,       ,      .    .

,   ,         ,     .     ,       .  ,   ,        ,     .   ,           ,    .

,    ,    :     .           .   ,     ,       .     ,       ,      .        .  ,    ,   ,  ,     (  )*,    .    ,      ,         .     :

1) ,        . ,      ,   ; ,    ,     .  , ,      ,    ,     . ,  ,     ,    []      ,       .

2) ,       ,  , ,    ,   .     ;      ,          .   ,         ,  [̗81   ,      ,   ,  ,     .         .    .     .

     ,  :

1)   , .      .  ,     ,  .

2)        ,      .  ,  .      , .     .  ,     ,   ,      , -   .   ,  ,    ,      ,   ,  ,        ,   .     ,       ,   ,   . .  ,  :

3)      ,    .          ,                ,   ,  ,  . ,        ,   .              ,      .        ,      .

,   : 1)    , 2)   , 3)    ,      .     ,      .       ,        .

    , , :

1)  :   ;   .  .  . -     [̗9]  ,     :    .     .           ;          .

2)         , 

 ,           .    ,         ,       ,               .        ;      ,    .    ,    .         .

3)      ,     ;        ,      , . .   ,      :      ,       .             ,    , ,  ,    .      ,      ,  ,   - ,      ,     ,   ; , ,     ,     ,   ,     .   ,   ,          ,     .  ,    3-,            ,   ,,     .

     ,     .        19,     ,  ,   ,    -       in abstracto,      . ,    , , , ,      ,     ,    . . 20.  ,    -     , .           .   [̗9']   , ,                ,         ,       ,      .   ,   ,       .      ,        ,      .            ,         .  ,  ,   .

      ,    ,  ,            .       .          ,     .       ,           ; ,      .

  ,   ,      ?




b)  


       ,         ,        . ,       ,  ,   ,              , , .      ,    : 1)   , 2)   ,  ,    .           ,      ,   ,  ,       .       ,    .    ,       .       .

      ,    :  ,       ,     .         ,    ,            , , .  . ,           ,   [̗10]      ,     ( ,   )    ,     ,            .             . ,        ,   ,   ,    .      .           ,      ,    ,          ,  ,       .     ,      ,        . .

  ,  ,      ,       ,       ,          ,        .

     , ,    ,      ,          . ,         ,   .           .

      ,          .

   ,  ,                 . -                ,      .              .           , ,       .                       .            ,       , , ,     .

[̗11]          ,  ,            .       ,  : 1)     2)                  (    ).   , ,    ,           .  ,       , , ,  ,      , ,       ,      . ,                par excellence*(* . .),     ,       .  -     ,       ,        .

         , , , ,    .  ,  ,   ,          ,          ,     ,        ,     .         .          ,           ,         .       . ,       ,   .             ,       .

                      . , ,       .

[̗12]     ,        ,        .      . -       (,      ,   );          (,   );   ,     ,   (   ).      ,   ,   ,      ,    ,  .         ,   -         ,    .

, ,    ,      ,  ,        .  ,          ,        ,        ,            .

  ,        . ,    ,      ,   ..     -   . , - stockjobbing nation*(*     . .)       ,   .

    ,        .       ,    ,    ,      ,  (     . .)        .

   -  ,  ,    .       ,          , , ,  .      ,     ,      .   ,   ?   ,   .  ,     ,          .




) ,  .  


[̗13]         ,   .

           ,   ,  ,   ,       ,   , ,      .

, -,     ,    ,         . -,        ,        ,    .     ,   . -,          21      ,       .             ,      .  1)      ,    -      ; 2)     ; 3)  ,  ,      ,     . ,     ;   ,    . . ,  ,         ,   .

,    ,    ,  , ,    ,   ,        ,   .      ,        ,      .       .              .          .           .   ,  ,  ,  ,           . ,      ,   ,   . ,   , . .  ,        .     , ,   ,          . . ,    .      .     .




3.  


        -  ,      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,        ,    . .

      ,   , ,    ,  ,         .       .  (36)   ,     , , ,    .   -  ,      ,    ,   ,   . .    ,  ,   . . , ,    ,  , ,   . .  ,      ,        ,                 :  ,   ,       ,       .       ,     , ,   ,           ,          .

    ,          . ,  XVII      ,  , , ,    . .,     ,         ,   , ,   . .            ,    ,     ,  , ,    . .  ,     .

  , ,    .   ,      ,   .        ,  ,     ,        ,  ,      .             ,           .

    ,        ,         ,             ,       (37) ,     .            .   ,   ,    ,    ,     ,     . .       ,        .

,  ,     .     (    ),                     ,      (,  ,     )  ,    ;    , ,       ,   ,    ,  ,    , ;         ,         ,       . ,         ,    ,          , ,   , , -   .       ,     ,       ,  .                 .

                   ? C depend. ,            .             ,      . ,    ,   (38)  , ,    ,    .        ,  ,  ,      .            .    ,    ,  .      .       . ,      . ,        .  , ,     ,       ,                   ,      ,              .

       ,  ,     . .    ,  , ,                  , . . ,     ,      ,      .      ,     ,    .

  ,  ,      -     ,      ,  ,     . .,     ,   , ,  .               ,       ,      ,     ;              . ,       ,        . :          ,          (39)    ,   .      ,    ,   ,     ,     .  ,                .        . ,   ,     ,      .      ,  ,   .         .

,          ,                 ,               .

    .                .    ,      ,     ,    ,     .  , ,       ,  ,  ,    .          ,             ,     ,        ,  ,  .     ,     ,  ,      ,          ,    ,    .  , ,    ,     ,  ,   ,   par excellence.

      ,      ,  ;     ,  ,  ,   ,   ,   .     , (40) ,     ,   ;      -  ,    ,  .       ,   ,             .    ,            ,   ,    ,    .     ,     .

           ,           .  ,            ,            .         .   ,              .         ,                          .      ,               ,          .                    .  ,     ,  ,  sans phrase,      ,   .

,  ,             ,      ,               .    ,  ,       ,      ,  , ,     . , -, (41)    ,                .        -           ,         .

     ,     , (  ,                                        .

          .  ,   ,   ,                ,        .               ,  ,          ,       . .       .                ,       .    ,  ,     . .      ,    ,             .   ,   . .,    ,      .

 , ,        ,     []            , , ,  . ,  ,        -      ,      cum grano salis*.         ,  ,    . .,       .     (42)    ,                  ,               ; , ,       ,       .           ,       ,  , ...,  .           , ,  ,     .   ,                ,     ,  ,       ,    ,           .

    ,  ,           ,    ,                        ,  ,       ,  ,             ,       .      ,           .

,     ,     ,   ,       ,       ,   ,        -   .     .      ,                      .                    .     ,      ,    . (43)

, ,   (,     ,    ,    .       .    .           ,   ,          ; ,    .           ,   ,      ,  ,               ;      ,    , ,    ,           .         ,        ,        . .   .

     .                  .              ,   ,       .   ,  ,  , .        ,         .          .     ,           .         ,     .

 ,           ,       . ,     ,           ,      ,        .      ,             (44) .          (),      .     ,        .

  ( ),          , ,       . ,     ,      ,        .             .

   ,            ,   :       , joint-stock companies,[8 - **  . ]               .

       XVII             XVIII ,              .     - ,            ,         .

 , ,   :

1)   ,         ,    . 2) ,            . ,  .  .     .   .    .   . .  (). 3)       .        .  . .  .  . . . . 4)   .   .  .   .  . 5)    .(45)




:  





: 





1.  :    ( ,  )


 ,      ,     ,[9 -  .    . , 1859, . 3 [.  .   . , 2 .,  13, . 13].]         .      .

     , , ,   ,  -  .   ,   , ,   ,     .[10 -   ,   ,       ,   ...      ,    . Nicholas Barbon. A Discourse concerning Coining the New Money lighter. In Answer to Mr. Locke's Considerations etc.. London 1696, p. 2, 3.]     ,       :  ,   , . .   ,   ,   .

  , , , ,   . .,      :       .               .    ,  ,     ,    .[11 -       (vertue        ),    ; ,     (N. rb, . ., . 6).        ,        ]              .          ,    .

     [12 -   [natural worth] -             (John Locke. Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, 1691, in Works. London, 1777, v. II, p. 28).  XVII         worth      value    :      ,   ,  ,    ,      ].       .    ,      .   , , , , ,   . .,    ,  .       ,          .         ,   ,  ,    . .         [13 -     fictio juris [ ],   ,   ,      ].        .      ,       .    ,    ,          .

        ,   ,            [14 -    ,       ,         (Le Trosne, "De 1'Intr?t Social, Physiocrates, ed. Daire, Paris, 1846, p. 889)], ,        .     -    ,  ,      (valeur intrins?que)  - contradictio in adjecto [  ][15 -       (N. rb, . ., . 6), ,   :The value of a thingIs just as much as it will bring"[   ,   )] 24].   .

 ,    ,     ,    ,   z   . .,          . ,     ,    .       ,   ,  z   . .     ,    ,  , z   . .    ,    ,  .  , -,             , -,         ,    -    .

, ,  ,    .       ,     ,         , : 1   =   .     ?        1             . ,     - ,        ,    .  ,   ,     ,      .

    .          ,    .     ,      ,      .           -   ,       .

     , ,   -    .         ,      , . .      . ,   ,            .             ,    ,       . ,    :

     ,   ,     .  ,    ,    ,  .[16 -      ,   ,     .  ,    ,    ,  ...             ,           (N. rb, . ., . 53  7)]

       ,         ,          .

      ,       ,   ,     .          .   ,       ,               ,     .     ,  ,  ,  -   .       .         ,  ,  ,   -    .               , , ,      ;      ,       ,    .

 ,      .     ,      ,      , . .         .         ,        ,   .        ,      .

                  .         ,    ,      .  ,  ,     ,    ,    .             ,    ;            .

,  ,  ,    ,    ,  ,   .      ? ,     ,    .      ,  ,    ,   ,      , : ,   . .

     ,     ,    ,     ,       ,          .   ,    ,    ,        .    ,     ,          ,         .      ,    ,        ,                ,               .        ,     -                   . , ,               ,  ,    ,     . ,              ,  ,               aca,       .

,         ,    ,     .[17 -   2 . (  ( ),      ,   ,       (Some Thoughts on the Interest of Money in general, and particularly in the Public Funds etc.. London, p. 36).          .     ,        II,   1739  1740 ]              .[18 -        ,  ,  ;     ,     (Le Trosne,, ., . 893)]  ,      ,             ,    .         ,   ,    ,   ,    .  ,         .[19 -  . "   . , 1859, . 6 [.  .   . , 2 .,  13, . 16]]

,      ,          .          .      ,      ,        ,    ,     ,  .       , ,     8  ,      4 .            ,     . .      ,          . ,       .  ,    -     25.         .  ,  1823 .                   ,        ,  ,  .                     .          ,        . ,     ,    ,     ,       ,    . ,     ,    ,    ,    .    ,  ,         ,      .

        .  ,        . : ,  ,  ,    . .         ,    . ,        ,   ,   .   ,       ,     ,   . {     .  ,   ,     ,      .   ,    ,  ,    ,      ,     .     ,       ,       ,  .[20 - 11a (  4 .      ,         , ,  ,  ,   ,   ,  . . .)] ,     ,    .   ,       ,          .

24     .   (Hudibras),  II,  1.

25 . : W. Jacob. An Historical Inquiry into the Production and Consumption of the Precious Metals. In two volumes. London, 1831 (. .        .   . , 1831).




2.    


       :      .  ,   ,     ,     ,       .            12).[21 -  .    . , 1859, . 12, 13  . [.  ,  13, . 21, 22  .]]       ,     ,       .

  ,     10  .       ,    10   = w,   = 2 w.

   ,   .     ,      .    ,  , ,   . ,          ,   ,      ,     .             .

        ,            :   .           , ,      ,           .     ,         .

    ,   ,    ,   ,      , , ,   ,       .      ,   , ,       .  -    ,      .     :      ,       ,       .   ,            .

,          ,   .         ,          .  ,  ,   ,   , . .   ,      ,       ,     ,    ,    .

 , , ,   ,      .        .             ,      ,     . ,      ,    ,      .  ,       ,         ,      ,   ,        . ,     ,   ,          ,   :            , . .       .

 : ,   . .,    ,          .        ,   ,   . .,     ,    ,    .        ,    , . .      13)[22 -   ,          ,        ,       .       ,    ,   .   ( , ,    ,     ,      )           ,  ,        ,     ,                       (ietr Vrri. dditazoni sulla nmia liti (   1771 .)      , t drn, t. XV, . 21, 22)].  .            . ,        ,  .    ,    ,    .

         .

  ,     ,  .     ,     .   ,         10  ,  20        ,   .  ,     ,      ,     .         . , ,   ,             , ,              ,       ,   ,  ,    ,  ,    ,          . ,   ,    ,        ,      ,    ,    .      , ,   ,    .        , ,    ,      ,       .  ,   ,        ,      , ,    . .           .         . ,          ,       .        ,    .            ,      ,[23 - . g1. hilosophie des Rechts. lin, 1840, S. 250,  190]          .      ,         ,    .   ,             ,          .         , ,   ,          .  ,         .       ,         , , ,       [24 -     ,        ,  ,   , ,        ,      .              ].  ,              ,            .                 ,              .

 ,           ,    ,    ,         .                 ,          ,    ;      ,    ,         ,      . ,      ,           ;         ,       ,        ,   .

        ,     :   ,     ,  10  .       ?    ,         ,    ,               ,    .

,               ,           ,         .       ,       ,      ,        .            ,           .

      ,     ,  ,        .       ,  2   2     . .  ,  ,     ,     .       ,     ,       ,    ,     ,  ,  ,           .   ,    , .

          :   ,  .      ,      . .              .        .  , ,     ,                 . ,      ,             . ,          ,    .         ,  , ,    ,        . ,              ,       .              : ,    , ,   .     ,    ,        , , ,     ,      ,    .  .

  ,   ,       ,      ,   ,    .   ,   ,        ,            [25 -   2 .  ,         ,               , .                   .    , c,      ,   ,           ,     (Wealth of Nations v. I, h. V).].




3. , 



       ,   ,  , ,   . .     .          ,    ,         . ,   ,    ,  ,            .

 [Wertgegenstaendlichkeit]      ,   ,     27.        ,   [Wertgegenstandlichkeit]       .        ,      ,    [Wertding]  .    ,     [Wertgegenstaendichkeit]  ,             ,    [Wertgegenstaendlichkeit] , ,   ,       ,             .   ,     ,    ,        .

  , .    (  )    ,    ,           ,           .   ,  ,  ,      ,     ,      -    ,   ,         . ,       .          9   . :        ...  ,      -  ,   ,      ,  ,          [lbu]  .     ,  ,           ,     ,           (Sm houghts n the Interest of  in gnral t. , . 39).

{ 4 .     ,             . ,  ,   ,  work   lbu; ,      ,  lbur   work. .    , . 14 [.  , . 44, . 4]. ..}

        .

         ,        ,         ,  :    .     ,         ,      , . .    ,     ,  ,         .       .

   , ,     -         .     ,  ,      .




. , ,  ,  



   =   , :       . (20   = 1 , : 20     .)




1)   :      


         .       .

     ,      ,  , ,   .      ,       .    ,   .       ,       .     ,     .

        ,    ,  ,           , . .       ;      ,         .   , ,     . 20   = 20      .     : 20      ,  20  , . .      . ,       , . .   .      ,  -       .   ,   ,    ,           .     .         .

,  20   = 1 ,  20    1 ,      : 1  = 20  ,  1   20  .   ,  ,    ,      , ,    ,     . ,                  .  :     .

                        , . .  ,    ,   ,   ,    .




2)  


)    

 ,             ,           .             ,           .   ,         ,         .           ,  ,   17)[26 -   , , , , . ,    ,       ,   , ,        ,    , ,      ,         ,   .   ...   (n nd its Vicissitudes. London, 1837, . 11).  . ].

  20    ,   = 20    ,            ,   ,      ,              ,  ,      .  =     .

            .      .    ?        ,     ,      .        ,   [Wertding],         .   ,          ,             -      . , ,          .              (),  ()   (),         ,  : 482.        - ,       , -,  -      4H82 , -,       482.   -       ,  ,         .

  :  ,      ,        ,      ,     .         .            .

, , ,   [Wertdding],  ,      ,   . ,  ,  ,     ,   ,   .         ,       ,      .     ,   ,    ,    ,     .         ,  ,     ,    ,     ,     ,    [27 - 17   2 .    ,       ,  , :        ,       ,         (h Works f . Franklin t., dited b Sks. ston, 1836, V. II, p. 267).    ,      ,          , ,      .      ,    .      ,    ,             ].

, ,     ,     .      ,   ,  ,      .      ,   .           ,       ,                .    .

             ,      ,     .     ,             . ,          .       ,      .    ,           ,   ,            ,   .

           . ,     .       ,          ,      .             , . .   ,   .   ,       ,         .           ,        .               ,           , -    ,          .

,    ,      ,      .         ,        .   ,   ,    ;  ,  ,    ,  .  ,    ,     .        ,          .

 ,   ,       ,   ,        ,  .          ,   .  ,          , ,  ,  ,  ,     , ,  ,      ,   , .  ,      [Wertgegenstaendlichkeit]      ,  ,              [Wertding]       .  ,    ,  ,        .  Wertsein [",  "] , ,  ,    vl, vl, vli [],  ,             . ris vut bien un messe! 28 ,            ,         [28 -      .            :   ,    ,   ,   .         ,          .       ,     ,       .].  ,        ,     ,          .   ,        ,    .

b)     

 ,     ,       ,  15  , 100    . .           . ,         ,    ,   .         ,   ,             ,    ,  20 ,     ,  ,  1 .

 20   = 1 ,  20    1  ,          ,    20  ,        ,    .   ,    20    1 ,           .             .

I.    [29 -    ,      ,     , . .  ],        .   ,    , , ,    ,    ,     .   20   = 1    20   = 2 ,   1        ,    20  . ,   ,    ,  , ,    ,      .    ,   : 20   = 1/2 .         , . .  ,    ,        .

II.     ,       .      ,    , ,     ,   20   = 1    20   = 1/2 . ,     ,  20   = 2 .       ,          ,    .

   I  II,  ,              . ,   20   =1     20  =2   ,    ,  ,     ;   ,  20   = 1/2         ,     ,  ,     .

III.   ,      ,               .   ,       , - 20   = 1 .            ,    .               ,       .            ,                ,  .

IV.   ,      ,  ,   ,        ,    ,        . .               I, II  III.

     ,   ,         ,     .     ,   ,     .      ,   ,   , , ,               [30 -   2 .                 . :  ,    ,  ,     , , ,      ,  ,       ...   ,          ,        ,      ,       ,          .  ,                ,    ,         ,      ,    ,  ,     , ,         ,   ,          (J. rdhurst. liti1 nm. Lndon, 1842, . 11, 14)].

-        :     10/20,10/50,10/100  . .  10  , ,   ,   ,       20, 50, 100  . .,  . ,   ,     ,  10,      .




3) 


 ,   -   ()           B (),           ,  .        ,  ,     ,     ,   .  ,       ,       .   -          .

   ,  ,    ,  ,   , ,  ,        ,    ,        ,          .  ,     ,    .    ,    , , ,  ,    ,         ,    ,       .           ,   ,  ,    .  :           .

: 40     ?  .                  ,     ,      .        40  ,          ,   .    ,             ,   ,       ,        ,       .

          .

 ,       ,   ,        , .

     .  nt bn [ ]:    (,  ,    . .)  quid pro quo [   ]      ,          (  . .),     .             , ,          ,         ,          .

        ,      , . .   .        , ,              .      ,    .   ,    ,       ,      .   ,      ,        .       ,    ,  .                  ,    .         ,        -  ,    .       ,        ,           .     ,  ,         ,    ,      .               ,              .

    .         ,   ,   ,              :  ,   .

     , , ,              ,    ,               .       .      ,    ,  ,    ,  ,        . ,        ,           [31 -         . ,    ,         .    , ,     ,   ].              ,      ,  ,     ,       ,         .    ,  -    ,            .          ,                   ,        .    ,      : 20   = 1 ,    .

 ,  ,                 ,  .  ,        . , ,      ,      ,    ,     ,         .           ,    , ,  [32 - *       Kleider machen Leute (:   ,   :  ,    :   ). .],   ,    ,      , . .  ,      ,    .       ,         ,        .

  ,     ,    . ,             , ,   ,       .     .         . ,  ,          ,       ,   ,  ,   ,       .

,       ,         ,   .

     , ,         ,        ,  ,   ; ,   ,  ,      ,   ,         .      ,      .     ,  ,  ,       , . .     .

          ,      ,          ,     .     .

     ,           , . .      -  ;   ,  :

5  = 1 

  :

5  =    

(?????? ????? ???? ... ???? ?? ????? ??????).

 , ,   ,      , ,   ,                           . ,  ,      ,     (?????????? ?? ????? ??????????).            .     (?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????),      , . .  .      -    ,         29.

,    ,       :     .     , . .   ,         ?       ,  . ?     - ,    ,             .     .

  ,            , ,   ,          ,                    .      ,      ,         ,         .       ,         ,  ,           .      ,         .    ,    ,   ,         .




4)    


             ,        .              .               .  :     ,      .      ,   , :       , ,  ,   .    ,   ,  .      ,     ,    ,  ,     ,  ,  ,     ,        ,    ,  ,    .    ,        ,     .

  ,   ,   ,      ,   ,             .              ,   . .[33 -   2 . F.L. , Frrier (sous-inspecteur des douanes). Du Gouvernement considere dans ses rapports avec le commerce. ris, 1805,  harles Ganilh. Ds Systeines de l Economie Polittique, 2eme ed. ris, 1821],    ,        .         ,    ,      ,    ,           ,   , ,      . ,             ,       , . .      .  ,      ,         - 30,            .

     ,        ,  ,              ,       ,   .          ,  ,   , . .    ,      ,   ,      ,     ,    ,      . ,                .

       ,            ,   ,   ,     ,      ,   .  ,               ,          .

        ,   , ,    ,    .

                              ,     ;              .            .

, ,         ,    ,       , .

          .               ,     ,    :  ,  ,    . .                ,     ,      .[34 - 22   2 . ,           ]             .     ,  ,       ,        .




. ,  ,  



z   =   ,  = v  ,  = w  D,

 =   ,  =  . .

(20   = 1 ,  = 10 . ,  = 40 . ,  = 1  ,  = 2  ,  = 1/2  ,  =  ..)




1)   


  , , ,        .        .[35 -      ,      ,    ,     ,  . .    ,     ,  . . .    ,   .         ...     ...    ,    ..,    ,       ;  ,          ,   ,         ( iticl Dissertation n the Nature, sures, nd uses f Vlu; hiefl in fn t the writings f . Ricardo nd his followers. By the Author f Essays on the Formation etc. off Opinions. London, 1825, . 39). . ,    ,         , ,                    .  ,     ,       ,   ,       ,   Westminster Review]  ,             .            ,     ,   ,           , , ,   . .                   ,     .  ,    .          ,            ,    .

    20   = 1      ,            . ,          ,           .          ,     , ,   ..,    ,    .      .  ,       ,  ,       .




2)  


 : , , ,   . .,              .                .    ,    ,     ,             .




3)  ,  ,  


-,       ,         . ,      ,           ,      . -,          . , ,     ,         ,           ,         .      ,   ,      .                    ,       ,      .   , ,   ,      ,   ,   ,    . ,              .          .

,            ,  ,  , :

20   = 1 ,

20   = 10 .   . .

           :

1  = 20  ,

10 .  = 20    . .

  :  -        , ,       ,      , ,      ,              ,  . ,  : 20   = 1 ,  = 10 . ,  =  . ., ..     ,         ,  :




.  



1 = 10 .  = 40 .  = 1   = 20  

2   = 1/2   =    =  . .




1)   


    : 1) ,       - ,  2) ,           .        ,  .

 I  II   ,             ,    .

      : 1  = 20  , 10 .  = 1/2    . .       ,         . .   ,    ,           ,      .     , ,     ,             .

  ,  ,        ,   , , ,         ,    ,  ,    . .,  ,  ,    .   ,        ,                .       ,   -  ,  ,     ,       .

    III              ,   ,  ,  ,        .    ,            ,      ,      ,         . ,          ,             .

             ,        .        ,  ,    ,        .          . ,           .        ,                ,        .    ,             ,            ,          .

            , . .  ,          .                ,         . , 10 .  = 20  ,  40 .  = 20  . , 10 .  = 40 . . :            , ,    1  .

           - ,   .       ,     ,         .       ,      . ,  ,  ,          ,        .  ,      ,  ,   ,     ,     ,           .  , ,    ,       ,            ,        .    ,             ,     .

  ,            ,    ,       .  ,  ,              .




2)        


         .                 ,  .

,  ,         .    ,       ,    ,  . ,                      .

   ,      ,              .

    20   = 1     ,    .   ,      ,    ,     ,    ,       ,    .       .

  II -          ,        ,    ,         .        ,  20   = 1 ,  = 10 . ,  = 1    . .,     ,         .

,  ,  III,        ,                    .  , ,   ,         ,     ,            .[36 -             ,      ,         ,        .      ,          ,   ,      .   ,      n lus ultra []     ,  , ,      ,    ,      ,      .        , ,      ,    ,    ,       ,   .               .         ,  ,       ,   ]

, ,    ,  ,  ,       .      - ,     ,           ,          .    : 20   = 20  , ,      ,   .      ,  , ,   III.           ,            .      ,   II,      -.




3)       


      . ,     .   , -       ( III)    ,    ,  ,       .     ,          ,                 .

  ,        ,   ,     .            ,  ,   .     ,    II     ,    III       ,    ,   .     III      . :




D. 


20  = 1  = 10 .  = 40 .  = 2  

1   = 1/2   =    = 80

    I   II    II   III    . ,  IV    III  ,         .    IV    ,     III,   .     ,     ,    ,             .

       ,        .    ,                     -. -   ,      ,   .              ,    ,     ,       ,  IV     III,          .

    ,  ,  ,     ,   ,   . ,    :

20   = 2  ,

,  2 . .      ,

20   = 2  .

         , ,    ,  III.  III     II,    ,        I: 20   = 1 ,     =   .        .




4.    


       .   ,    ,  ,     .   ,       ,         ,       ,     ,         .   ,             .   , ,     . ,   ,     ,   .      ,    - .       ,         ,       ,     ,         .[37 - ,        pour encourager les autres [  ]      ,         ]

   ,  ,    .        .  , -,         ,   ,        ,    ,         ,      , , ,    . .  , ,       ,  ,   ,   ,      .      ,     ,    ,           .[38 -   2 .          ;   : Tagwerk ( Tagwanne) (jurnale  jurnalis, terra jurnalis, jornalis  diurnalis), Mannwerk, Mannskraft, Mansmaad, Mannshauet . . . Georg Ludwig von Maurer.Einleitung zur Geschichte der Mark-, Hof-, u. s. w. Verfassung.Munchen, 1854, S. 129 sq] ,         ,       .

,       ,       ? ,    .             ;             ; ,    ,       ,      .

,       ,    ,              ,     ,    ;                .   quid pro quo [   ]    ,  -,  .               ,     ,   .         ,  ,   , .       .          ,    ,               .        ,          .    ,         .       ,   ,          .           .    ,    ,      ,  , ,    .

     ,     ,    ,  .

      ,           .        .               ,              .  ,             ,      ,        .  , . . ,        ,       , . .         , , ,       .

    ,       .            ,   ,      ,        .           .   ,     ,             ,       .   ,  ,                 , , . , totocoelo [  ]    ,         ,        ,        ,   .           ,     ,   :  ,           ,      ,     ,    ;           ,    ,  ,  .

,         ,        . .       ,       .    ,    .[39 -   2 -. ,   :        La Ricchezza ? una ragione t due persone,     : ,    (Galiani, Della Moneta, . 221,  III  : Scrittori Classici Italiani di Economia Politica. Parte Moderna. Milano, 1803)]  ,      ,   .  :        .  ,  ,            , , , .   ,   ,    ,  , ,     ,      .  ,  , ,                          .  ,  ,   ,          ,             ,   ,        .  ,  ,    :       , . .       ?         ,  ,       . , ,             ,   ,         ,         .               .    ,   ,    ,  .           ,     ,     .       ,        ,    ,     ,            ,       .           ,                            ,    ,     .[40 -       ,         ?     ,   ,      ( .        Deutsch-Franz?sische Jahrbucher,      . , 1844 [. ,  1,  561])]        ,         .     ,        ,          .

    ,  ,     ,   ,    .   post festum [ ], . .      . ,            ,        ,               ,  , ,     ,     .  ,         ,             .                   ,  ,     ,         .   : ,   . .         ,       .    ,   . .                   ,                .

         .    , ,               .     ,    ,        ,    ,        .

     ,[41 -   2 .        .        ,    ,            .       ,                ,      1817 .  -  34, ,    ,      ( .    . , 1859, . 38, 39 [.  ,  13, . 4647])]   ,  ,    .       ,              :  ,  ,  ,  ,   . .    . .    ,               .      ,  ,             , ,     .             .             ,    ,            .    ,   ,    , ,   ,  ,   ,     .       ,   ,  ,    , ,    ,           .      ,    ,    ,   -          .           .

          .        ,       ,   ,   .         ,       .   ,        ,             .            .         ,  ,    ,   ,     .  ,   ,  ,   ,    ,           ,   . ,     ,     ,   ,     .  ,       ,          ,       ,   ,       ,        ,  .

  , . .  ,          ,         .[42 -   2 .      ,             .    ,      . , ;     ,      ,       .    ,  ,     ,            . , , ,                 ( .    . , 1859, . 10 [.  ,  13, . 20])]          ,      , , , ,    . .            ,       .  ,   :  ,   , , ,   . ..       ,     ,  ,   ,  ,    .    ,                      .     ,  ,           ,                 .

,  ,  ,   ,       [selbstbewu?t]          .      ,   ,     .          , ,      .          .         .   .          .       .         -      .   ,      ,  ,           .         .  -           .   ,             ,  ,       .                 ,    .

  ,   ,           , ,   ,              ,    ,  ,  ,   . .  ,   . .   , ,      , , , ,      .    ,   ,     35         . -      ,  ,        ,        ,    .                    ,  ,          .        ,  ,   .         ,                   .    , . .   ,        ,                .              ,           .

,       [43 -                     .    ,               ,     ,     ,       .  , ,   ,         ,       .       ,            ,       . , , ,         :    ,          ,    , . . ,     .      ,    ...  ,       ,  ,          ,       ,    (Ricardo. The Principles of Political Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 334).   ,          . , ,   , ,   ,   ,  ,   , ,   ,  ,      (  )    .        ,      (   )  ,         .     :          (   ).         ,    ,                  ,  . . .       ,  ,         ,                ]            .        :      ,        ,   ,   ,     ?[44 -          ,         ,  ,     ,       ] ,         ,      ,      ,       -   ,     ,    .             ,     .[45 -        .       :   ,   .    ,   ,       ,      .      ,        ...  ,     ,      ( .  .     - , 1847, . 113 [.  ,  4, . 142]).   - ,  ,        .       ,  , ,     -,   ,        .   ,        -  , - ,          ,        . ,  ,   ,   ,    ,      ?        .     ,  ,      ,            -  ?    ,     ,    -         , 1859.   ,  ,         ,         ,              ,       ,       [.  ,  13, . 6, 7],  ,   ,      ,    ,      ,   ,      ,   .   ,    ,   ,             - . ,   ,       ,     . ,  ,        , ,        ,    .  ,      , ,    ,  ,         .   ,  -       ,  ,          ]

       .                   .      ,        .    .                  ,         ,      .            ,         ,    ,       ,    . .   ,  ,      ,         , . .       .    , ,    ,         .        (  .),        ,  ,      .   ,          ,   . ,       .           ,  ,      ,      ,       ,  ,            .     ,                        .

   ,   ,      ,     , ,  ,            .           ,    , ,   ,       ,  , , ,   .

           ,      ,         ,   ,    ,  ,         .          .     ?  ,    ,           ,         .     ,      :       ,      ?     ,      ,    ?

    ,      ,    .      ,   :   ,  ,  . ,  ,   .      ,   .      -    .         . " ,      :

 ( )   ,  ( )   .       ,    .[46 - Observations on certainverbal disputes inPoliticalEconomy, particularly relating to Value, and to Demand and Supply. London, 1821, p. 16.]  ( )   ,    .    ;    ...         .[47 - S. Bailey, A Critical Dissertation on the Nature etc. of Value, p. 165.]

              .  -   ,       , ,          ,       .        ,         , . .       ,         , . .    .      ,      36,      ,       .[48 -  Observations  .     ,              .   :   ,    ,  , ,   ,          ,        .     ,   ,   ,      e          ,   ]




:  


        . ,      ,  .         .       ,    , . .  .[49 -  XII ,    ,       . , ,       ,     37,    , , ,  ,   . ,  femmes folles de leur corps [ ]]          ,        ,     :  ,      , ,            ,     ,   . ,        .   ,    ,        ,   ,     .   ,  ,     .[50 -       , justice ternelle,   ,   ,  ,  ,       ,       ,  .   , ,               .      , ,               ,         naturalit  affinit [  ]?   ,    justice eternell [ ], quit ternelle, mutualit ternelle [ ,  ]   verits ternelles [ ],         ,     ,   ,    gr?ce ternelle, foi ternelle, volont ternelle de Dieu [ ,  , ]?]

         , . .  .      ,           ,         .

       ,              .    ,       ,       ,       ,   ,   .                    .          .        .      .           ,       , ,  .[51 -     .     ,   ; ,         .       ,   ,     -,    , ,  ,    .        .       (Aristoteles. De Republica, . 1, . 9)]          ,      .              . ,        .          ,              . ,     ,         .

  ,       ,       ,           ,     ,   .        ,     -  ,     .

           ,      .        .   ,       , . .        ,   ,             .        .                   .

   ,  ,             ,            .          ,        ,          ,               .  ,        ,    ,   .

      :    .     ,    .        .          ,  ,   ,     -  ,       .    .           .          ,     .           .              .   .

 .

     ,  ,  ,  

 , ,     ().

      ,                 .                 .                     ,             . ,     ,        ,      .[52 -         ,                , . .   ,          .           ,      .    .      , . 61  . [ ,  13, . 67  .]]

  ,   ,     ,    ,    .  ,   :    =   .      :         .[53 -   ,       , ,       ,          ,             ]          ,      .  ,   ,       ,   ,        ,   ,     .          .       ,              ,          .            ,     ,  ,    . .    ,   ,           .         ,          .

      .       ,        .        - .        .                .   ,   ,             .        .   ,   ,    ,      .      .

                 ,   ,        . ,        ,       ,      .        ,      ,    .       .  ,                 ,     ,                          .   ,      ,   ,  ,  ,     .             ,     .         ,   .             ,     .       ,    .           .         ,                 ,      ,        , , .        ,        , ,  ,                     .            ,        .          .       XVII ,    ,   ,      ,     .

                   ,      ,             ,     .

        ,         ,[54 -  .    , . 135 [.  ,  13, . 137].  ...     (Galiani, Della Moneta,   , Parte Moderna, . III, . 137)]         .[55 -             ]        :     ,  ,         .    ,    , ,   ,     ,      .   ,         ,          , . .    ,               .        .

    .     ,    , ,     ,         . .,     ,      .

         ,      ,  ,   ,       .[56 -     (Verri, . ., . 16)]

  ,                . ,  ,    ,[57 -      ,        , ... ...    ,  ...       ,          ,           . . ([S. Clement, ] A Discourse of the General Notions of Money, Trade, and Exchanges, as they stand in relation each to other. By a Merchant, London, 1695, p. 7).   ,  ,   ,         ,        ,  , , ,    ([J. Child. ] A Discourse concerning Trade, and that in particular of the East-Indies etc. . London, 1689, p. 2).        ,           ([Th. Papillon.] The East-India Trade a most Profitable Trade. London, 1677, p. 4)]     ,      ,  ,     .    ,     ,   ,      .       ,        .[58 -         ,     (Galiani, . .).  :     ,     ,       ,  . , , :        -   ?..         ?       ,    :      ,   , . .    ;             (une valeur additionnelle) (Jean Law. Considerations sur le numeraire et le commerce,   . : Economistes Financiers du XVIII siecle, p. 469, 470)]             ,     ,    .   ,      ,                     .

    .     ,    , ,     ,         . .,     ,      .

         ,      ,            .[59 -     (Verri, . ., . 16)]

  ,                . ,  ,    ,[60 -      ,        , ... ...    ,  ...       ,          ,           . . ([S. Clement, ] A Discourse of the General Notions of Money, Trade, and Exchanges, as they stand in relation each to other. By a Merchant, London, 1695, p. 7).   ,  ,   ,         ,        ,  , , ,    ([J. Child. ] A Discourse concerning Trade, and that in particular of the East-Indies etc. . London, 1689, p. 2).        ,  ;         ([Th. Papillon. ] The East-India Trade a most Profitable Trade. London, 1677, p. 4)]     ,      ,  ,     .    ,     ,   ,      .       ,        .[61 -         ,     (Galiani, . . ).  :     ,     ,       ,  . , , :        -   ?..         ?       ,    :      ,   , . .    ;             (une valeur additionnelle) (Jean Law. Considrations sur le numraire et le commerce,   . : conomistes Financiers du XVIII si?cle, p. 469, 470)]             ,     ,    .   ,      ,                     .

         ,             .[62 -    ()  (V. de Forbonnais. lments du Commerce. Nouv. dit. Leyde, 1766, t. II, p. 143).      ( , . 155).       (Montesquieu. Esprit des Loix. Oeuvres. London, 1767, t. II, p. 3).    ,      ;     ,    (Le Trosne,  ., . 910).       ,       ,        ,   ,    (Hegel. Philosophie des Rechts, S. 100).                    , ,    ,                  ,     41.       ,           1346 .,         ...  ,       ,     ,     ,         .    ,     .         .      , ,    ,     .      . G. F. Pagnini. Saggio sopra il giusto pregio delle cose, 1751,   , Paite Moderna, . II.  ,          ] ,      ,        ,    ,          ,        .      XVIII ,    , ,    ,       ,           .

    ,            .   ,    , . .      ,      ,  , , 10  .     ,         ,    .      ,    ,        ,       .[63 -                  ,      ,          ;     ,            ,   ,  caeteris paribus [   ]     10 ,     5  (William Petty. A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions, London, 1667, p. 31)]            ,    .        ,    .      XVII     ,    ,  -     .     ,  ,    ,   ,  ,      .[64 - -    :          ; ,     ,  ,     ,  .       ,            .   : , , ,         ,      (,  -      ,  ?) ...   ,      .    (Wilhelm Roscher. Die Grundlagen der National?konomie, 3. Aufl., 1858, S. 207-210).         !    !       -    -   ! ,       ,  ,     ]

 ,       ,    =   ,  ,   ,       ,         ,          .  ,    .   ,          ,     .    ,        ,         , , ,          ,    .           .                       .           ,      ,         .    .    ,    ,        .        ,         .      ,        .  ,       .




: ,   





1. 


     ,  ,     .

     ,        , . .         ,     .  ,  ,    ,                .

    . .  ,           , ,    ,               , ,  ,        , . .  .            ,  .[65 - ,        , , ,        ,    ,           ,            ;    ,          , . .    .               (   , . 61  . [.  ,  13, . 67  .]).   , , ,          , , ,  .     , . .  ,    .                       .                     ]

    :    =   ,    ,   .     : 1   = 2  ,        .               ,    , ,    .                ,  ,   .   ,    ,      ,       .          .      ,           .      .          ,             .

,    ,      ,  ,        , ,   ,    .  , ,   . . ,   ,    ;       ,     ,  , ,  ,     .              ,      .[66 -          .         :    (  ) ...    (,    )  ,  , -,    .           .     ,  ,  ,    ,        ; , ,        .  ,    :         1864 .             ,         ( ,   )     ,        .]          ,           ,  , .   ,           ,      ,    ,           ,         . ,          ,  , .       .[67 - .  .    .    , . 53  . [ ,  13, . 60  . ]]         ,       . , . .   , , ,    ,       ,    . ,   , ,      ,        ,      ,   .

       ,    ,        :     ;       ,         ,  1: 15.                    ,       .[68 -   2 . ,          , . .   ,            . ,            ,    ,                 , ,       .     III    II,          ,                .     ,  . ,   ,   ,       .         ,              ,   .               ,         ,          ,          .   1855, 1856  1857 .         41 580 000 . .,           34 704 000  .    ,               ,         ,  ,   ,   ,    ,     ,   ,          .          ,  ,          ,   ,        ( .    , . 52, 53 [.  ,  13, . 59, 60])]

,   ,    :    =  ; b   = y ;    = z   . .,  , b,      , , ,  , , z    .   ,  ,       , . .,       ,    ,   .     ,         ,        -      .             . , ,              : ,    , , , ,   ,       . .,   ,   ,    . .[69 -   2 .   ,     ,    ,       ,  :           ,             ;          ,    ,              (Maclaren. History of the Currency. London, 1858, p. 16)]               ,   .

            .         ,       .       ,        ,     ;        .      ; ,         ,          .            . ,        ,      . ,       ,           .       ,       , ,   .[70 -   2 .            (measure of value)    (standard of value).     ,  ,   ]

,  ,               .      ,            .         , 12   -       ,    ,               .  ,   ,            ,        ; ,            ,      .

           .        caeteris paribus [   ]      ,   ,        ,      ,   .

         -  ,         :            .      ,           .

             ,    ;    ,    .  .             ,    ;  ,  .   ,        ,       .   ,    . ,  ,  ,   .       ,   ,              . .     .        -    .    . 1)    ,    . , ,           .    , ,      . 2)        :   ,   ,           .[71 - ,        ] , ,  .      ,         , ,  , 1/15   . .         .               .[72 -   2 . ,     1/8   ,     44    1/36,    1/74,     1/1000,      ] 3)          ,           .[73 -   2 . ,     ,      ;     ,      ,       (Galiani. Delia Moneta, p. 153).]

                 .    ,   ,  , ,   ,    ,  ,   ,  .     , ,  ,     ,         ,  ,   . .  ,     , ,   ,   ,      : ,   . .[74 -   2 . -     Familiar Words   (!)  ,      ( ),    ,   1/4  :    ,  ,     .       ,   ,    ]   ,     -    .         .

, ,   ,      ,     ,       .    ,        ,  ,    3 . . 17 . 101/2 .  ,      ,   ,       ,    -   , . .   .[75 -   3 .   ,     ,  :   (lhaeus. Deipnosophistarum [libri quindecim 1. IV, 49, v, II, ed. Schweigh?user, 1802 [p. 120])]

 -        .        ,   ,    .         , , ,   . .     .   ,       ,  ,              ,  .[76 -   3 .              ,    , ,  ,        ,   3 . . 17 . 10 1/2 ,         .    ,   ( )      ,      ,     .                 ( .    , . 52 [.  ,  13, . 59])]   , ,  ,          ,             ).[77 - .         , . 53  . [.  ,  13, . 60  . ].           ,                         ,  , ,      1/4   40   20.   ,        ,      ,       ,      Quantulumcunque concerning Money. To the Lord Marquis of Halifax, 1682.     ,     ,      ,      ,     .    ,    ,      ,    ,    -      (    , . 36)]

       . ,      ,     ,   ,                .[78 -   ,      ,      (Le Trosne, . ., . 919), ,    ,    ]                   ,      ,             .         1     2   ( 1/2  ). 2 . .       ,   .          3 . .      1 . ., , ,  1 . .  ,  3 . .      ,     1 . .  3 . .   ,  , -,     , , , -,      .                         .         ,   .    ,  , ,           .                     .           ,          ,       . ,       ,       ,      .       , ,           ,                 .

            , . .       ,       ,        ,        . ,       ,  ,   . .,        ,  ,      . ,     ,   .     ,     .   ,   , ,     ,    ,        ,         ,   .

,      ,   ,   ,  , ,   ,       , , ,    :  , ,  . ,   ,  ,    ,        ,         ,      ,  .    .[79 -           ,          ,              .   ,  , ,   .  ?   .  , ,   ,   .] ,   ,        ,     ,       .   ,       .       ,  .  , ,      -,     ,    ,  .     ,     :

  

    ,

       .

          .   ,        ,          .     ,  ,  .




2. 





)  


 ,             .      ,      .     ,      . , ,  ,             ,  .      ,         .

      ,     ,  ,     ,       .             . ,  ,       ,          .      .          , ,   ,  , ,     .

      ,         ,  ,          :     .        ,    ,      ,      ,   ,     .   ,  ,    ,    ,                  .

     , ,    .         ,  ,            .            .           , . .     .           ,         .     :        ,     ,        . ,       , . . .      .            ,                .             .

   - ,      ,  ,    ,   .  , 20  ,   .    2  .     2 . . ,    ,    2 . .      .      ,         ,   ,         ,  , , ,                 .    ,  ,                      .[80 -  ,  ,  ,     ,           (F. Lassalle. Die Philosophie Herakleitos des Dunkeln. Berlin, 1858, Bd. I, S. 222).     , . 224,  3,        ]             ,    ; ,    ,     :   .

          ,  ,      ,          ,   .               .        "        ,   .

,         :

    

ҠĠ

           ,    ,    ,  ,        .

  .   ,  .          ,       , salto mortale .    ,          ,   .         ,    .          , ,         ,      .      ,  ,  ,       , . .           ,        .        ,         .       ,                  - .   ,            , ,  ,   ,                .            .       .  ,  ,            .       , ,  ,      ,      ,     20      .     , ,    ,  ,     ,     , ,  ,  . ,      ,        , . , ,  , ,    . ,    ? ,      ,     .  ,   .            . ,     .             . ,      , ,    ,         ,    ,   .   , . , ,               .               .              2 . , ,    .  ,     , .  : , .        ,      .    ,                 .[81 - *    . .  ( )  28  1878 .       :    ,            ,      .              , ,   . ]

  ,   ,  the course of true love never does run smooth.    ,     - ,   membra disjecta [ ]    ,     .   ,  ,     ,      ,                   ,           .

              .         ,    .          , ,     . ,     , . .    ,      ,                  .

      ,       .      ,    , 20    2 . .,          , . .    .     ?      .  ?      .       ?    , 2 . ., . .   ,         .       ,     ,         ,      .   ,      , ,   ,      ,             .    ,  , :         ,       . ,           .[82 -         (Dr. Quesnay. Dialogues sur le Commerce et les Travaux des Artisans. Physiocrates, ed. Daire, partie I, Paris, 1846, p. 170), ,     ,    ]

            ,         . ,           ,          , . .   ,   . .,       ,       .     ,  , ,   -    .       , ,              . ,    ,        .[83 -          * (rcier de la Riviere. L'Ordre Naturel et Essentiel des Societes Politiques, Physiocrates, ed. Daire, partie II, p. 554)]           ,      ,  ,       .[84 -   ,    ( , . 543)]  ,   ,  ,                   ,   .     ,                   ,  ,   .   ,       , ,      .    ,      .         ,    .     ,     . ,    ,       ,     .  ,   ,       ,   .          ,    ,  ;          ,         .    (  ),         (    ),         (  ), . .          (    ).   ,       ,          -  ,        .[85 -  ,     ,    ,        .]

  . ,  ,    .        ,   ,     ,       .         ,  ,              .    ,   ,    ,       ,     .   ,   ,   ,       ,             .  non olet [ ],      . ,   ,    , ,   ,   ,   .[86 -      ,     ,    e  ,       (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 586)]

  , . . ,      ,    ; ,            -  .         ,       2  .        2 . .  .   ,         (    ),        ,        (    ).          ,      ;           ,    ,   .   ,  ,      . ,          .

     - ,  ,  ,     ,            :       .                     .   ,   ,     .                  ,      ,      ,    ,     ,     ,      .                       ,              . ,     ,  ,           .   ,    ,       personae dramatis [ ].        ,    ,   ,   - . ,    .      ,      ,         ,    . ,     ,          . ,          ,       .[87 - ,  ...      ,      (Larsn, . ., . 909)]

        :  ,   ,    .         .       ,          .          ,    ,        .

 ,     ,            .      ()                 ().     ,   ,         .     ,          ,          .  , ,     ,      .       .

    ,         .   ,      .      ,     .          .  ,     ,     ,      ;      ,        . .       ,         .   ,         ,            .   ,   ,                 .   ,      ,          ,   .      ,     ;       ,    ;        ,        . .

     ,    ,         .    ,          .          ,      . ,    :     ,     ,    ,     ,     .            .[88 -   2 .       ,         ,   vulgaris.]       .

   -  ,  ,          ,          ,  vice versa [].    ,        ,     .     ,         .                     . ,       ,      .  ,     ,    ,  ,      ,       ,   ,  ,    .    ,   ,   ,   ,     ,       .          ,           .    ,    , . . ,  ,      ,         .      ,  -   .        ,    - .    ,         ,                      .  ,       ,    ,      ,         .     , . .   ,    ,         .       ,   ,             ,     ,           ,                   . ,             .         ,          .[89 - .     :    , . 7476 [.  ,  13, . 7981].        . -,             . -,   ,    ;   ,          ,    .          ,     ,        . , ,      differentia specifica [ ]   ,      ,           .    ,   ,        . ,       ,   :    ]

     ,  .




b)  


 ,       ,     , ,      ,       ,         .  ,      .   ,       .          ,     .   ,          ,   ,        , . .       .        ,  ,   ,      . ,  ,  ,   ,        .        20  , , ,         .      ,           ,     ,   . ,  ,     ,        ,         ,    (currency, cours de la monnaie).

          .      ,         .     ,   . ,  ,                        ,        -  .  ,            ,  .         .            ,      ; ,        .          .                .[90 -     ,       . ,       ,             ,        ]      ,    .           ,     .  ,     ;    ,        ,       ,        ,  ,         .     ,    ,    ,      ,      ,        ,    ,    ,     ,  ,     ,     ,    .       ,               . ,        ,     ,        .[91 -  ()    ,  ,     (La Trosne, . ., . 885)]

  ,       ,        .              . ,         . , ,          .        , . .  ,          ,     .             ,    .                    .     .         ,      .  ,              ,    .

,             ,  ,            .         ,     .                ,         . ,   ,            .

        ,      ,    ,         , ,         ,    .   ,       .

     ,  , ,     , ,  ,     ,     .           .                    ,     ,    ,     ,     ,   ,        ,        . ,      .  , ,              ( ):  ,   , , , ,   .               .   ,         ,       ,      .          ,        .       ,  , ,    ,         , , ,      ,         .         ,    ,     , .      , . . ,    ,          ,  , ,    .   ,      ,      (    )     .          , . .   . ,      ,          ,             .     ,        ,      ,    .             ,   ,  -   , , , ,           .         ,    . ,       ,  ,        ,         ,            ,      .   ,        ,   XVII     XVIII    ,     ,            .          ,         .

,          ,  .    ,      ,     , ,    ,   .   ,       ,  ,   1    2 . .,  100    200 . ., 200  400 . .  . .,  ,         ,        .

  ,    ,               .        ,          .           .         ,         ,            ,  ,   ,         .                ,         .

       ,  , ,   ,   ,  1  , 20  , 1 , 4  .       2 . ., ,     8 . .,       ,  8  .             : 1    2 . . 20    2 . . 1   2 . . 4    2 . .,      2 . .         ,    , ,  2 . .     8 . .  ,       .    .             ,                .[92 -     ()     ...   ()    .     ,      ,      (Le Trosne, , ., . 915, 916)]              ,        .        , . .               .        , ,  .       8 . .,            4      2  .  ,       :

  

= ,

 

    .     .         ,   ,  , ,      ( ),   ,            ,     ;   ,       ,  ,    ,       ,              .           , ,     ,     .  ,   , ,      , , ,   ,        .        ,  ,   .        ,        ,         ,           , ,         ,   ,  . ,     ,   ,   , .     ,    .         ,      , ,        ,  - ,         , ,    .

         , . .     ,          ,       ,    ,              .     ,  ,                         , . .   :   . ,               , . .   ,  ,   .     , ,  ,    .       .   ,  ,                 ,     .[93 -   ...       ,  ,   -  ,    ,  ,       ,        ;        .    ...    ,     ?..  ...  ,        ,         . ,    ,        ,    ,    ...          ?.. 1)  ,         ,      ,    , ,   ,  ,    ,      ,   . 2)  ,        ... 3)  ,   ,   ,   -      . ,           ,     ,       .           ,       ,    ,   ,         .     ,         (Sir Dudley North. Discourses upon Trade. London, 1691, p. 1115 passim).       ,   ,          ,        .                ,    ,      , , ,     regulation of currency [  ],  ,   ,  ]

 ,   ,           , ,   ,     ,    ,         ,   ,                .          ,        .   :  ,       ,         ;     ,  ,           .     ,         .

        ,                . ,     ,        .

          ,          ,     ,        ,      .     ,         ,  .

          ,         ,     ,           ,  .     ,         ,    .

         , ,     ,    ,  ,  ,        . ,      ,  ,     ,               ,        ;     ,      ,      .

,               ,[94 -          :            .   ,         ,        ,            ...      ,   ,   ,      ,  ,    ,     (  ),   ,        (William Petty. A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions. London, 1667, p. 17).     .   . .    Political Arithmetic. London, 1774,     :     , . 112  .       , . 149 [.  ,  13, . 149],    :         (. )  ,       .        . ,     ex officio [].    ,      ,    :         ,   ...  ,         , -                   .       ,    ,       (Wealth of Nations, b. IV, ch. I).    .     ex officio   ,        ,         ,     ,    . .]      :                      . ,       ,       ,    ,   ,       ,[95 -     , , ,         ,   ; ,     ,    , ,          (Jacob Vanderlint. Money answers all Things. London, 1734, p. 5).  oe     Essays       ,            . ,       ,          .  ,  ,      ,     ,     -       ,       ,    ,    ,     ,     .              ,              (. ., . 43, 44)]         ,        ,    ,               .[96 -   ,             .   ,                   ,    .          -  ,       ,     :   =   ,   =     =      .     ;                 ,    ,               ... ,      -    ,      ,  ,    ,  .           :         . ...                  (Montesquieu, . ., . III, . 12, 13).            ,     .    , . 140146  . 150  . [.  ,  13, . 140146, 149  .]. -                    .  , ,   : Principles of Political Economy   ( 1- ),          . ,   ,           ,       . ,         ,         .   -       ,    ,  ,        1844 . : Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy.   ,            ,      .        ...        ,   (Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, 1691. Works, ed. 1777, vol. II, p. 15)]




) . 


         .   ,    ,    ,          ,  .     ,      .     ,               ,    ,    ,  ,        .

,            ,           .[97 -   ,         ,     . .      ,      ,    52,         :   ,   ,     .       ...       .               .      ,        ,   ? ,   ;     ,       .            .    (         II)     ,            ,            ,     (North, . ., . 18)] ,    ,    ,  ,   ,   .  ,     ,  ,  .        ,        - .      ,       .                   ,    .                   XVIII .    ,        , . .         ,     :      ,       , . . .

          ,        ,                    .            ,   ,           ,   ,  ,         ,        , ,        ,        .        ,     ,  ,   , . . ,           .          ,      ,         .   ,      , ,   .               ;                 .[98 -      ,     ,         ,     ...              : ,     ,            ;     ,         ,        .         ,    , e   ,          ,          (David Buchanan. Inquiry into the Taxation arid Commercial Policy of Great Britain. Edinburgh, 1844, p. 248, 249)]

        .      ,   .            , . .   .         .   ,     , ,        .             .        .  ,  n'est que le premier pas qui coute [   ].

           .      . ,    ,  ,        ,   .   , ,                 ,          .[99 -    -      ,             .       1854 .      .        ,  . ,    ,      ,               (Arbeiten der Kaiserlich Russischen Gesandtschaft zu Peking ?ber China. Aus dem Russischen von Dr. K. Abel und F. A. Mecklenburg. Erster Band. Berlin, 1858, S. 47 sq. ).                       (    ) :         (     , a sovereign     53).   ,       ,        ,          (House of Lords' Committee 1848,  429)]

,      , , , 1 . ., 5    . .,      .        ,          .             ,   ,     .       ,          ,          ( ). ,  ,      ,  ,   ,      .            ,     .  ,         , . .        , ,              .       .               ,    -        .   .      , . .     ,       , ,        ,           ,      , . . ,     . , ,        2  ,    1 ,   1 . .   , , 1/8    1/4  .     ,           .   ,     ,  1 . .,    ,  2  .

    ,   .        ,         ,        .      ,       ,   ,      ,       .[100 -   2 .             , , ,    :      ,    ,       ,          ,      ,  .   , ,  ,    .        ,       ,          ,              (Fullarton. Regulation of Currencies, 2 ed. London, 1845, p. 21). ,  ,           ,       ,    !]

, ,         ? ,   ,      ,     ,   ,  ,  . ,            ,      ,    /  .  ,    ,    ,      .  ,      ,      ,      . ,             . ,                 ,       ,    .  .     .   ,         ,     .    ,  ,   .      ,      ,       .[101 -  ,    ,     , , .    ,    ,      to raise money [  ], . . , ,  ,     ,     ,   ,        .     ,      ...          ,     ...        (N. rb, . ., . 29, 30, 25)]  ,         ,         .          ,     ,           ,  , , ,               .




3.



,      ,   ,     ,     ,  .   ( )  .    ,   ,   ,        ( ) ,   , . . ,      ,     ,    ,           .   ,  ( )      ,       ,      ,   ,    ,       ,      ,     ,      .




)  


     ,       ,     ,     perpetuum mobile [  ] .    ,   ,  meuble []  immeuble [],    ,     ,          .

                     ,    .[102 -      , ...  ,    (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 573). ,   ,     ( , . 486)]     ,    ,   ,     .            .       ,        ,        .       ,      .

            .  ,         ,  .         ,              .   , ,  ,   . ,  ,            ,   ,     ? :      .  1602  1734 .,  ,    150 . . . ,        .[103 -             (Vanderlint, . ., . 95, 96)]  1856  1866 ., . .   ,       (,   ,      -  )  120 . . . ,       .

          nexus rerum,    .[104 -    (John Bellers. Essays about the Poor, Manufactures, Trade, Plantations, and Immorality. London, 1699, p. 13)]                ,                .  ,  ,    ,  . ,   ,      ,   .            .     (  )   (     ).[105 -       ,          , . .  .]                  .  ,            .                .       ,     ,      .

   !   ,   ,   .         (,    , 1503 .).

      ,     ,     :  ,    .    -.     ,      ,       .        ,       res sacrosanctae, extra commercium hominum [ ,     ].[106 -  III,   ,     . .   ,     . ,            .      ,  ,  .    . ,   par excellence [ ],      .    ,  ,        ,      ]          , ,   ,   ,   .[107 - ! , , ...    ,     ,   ,   ,    ,   ,    ,  !   ,  ,  ?,    ?     ,-    ...,     ,   , ,     ,  ,, ,  ,  . ,  , ......  , (.   )]     ,  ,       .   ,  ,    .       ,          .[108 -       ,  .  ,    ,     ,  ,  ,     (. )]  ,            [109 -           (Athenaeus, Deipnosophistarum [libri quindecim. , 1. VI, 23, v. II, ed. Schweighauser, 1802, p. 397])],         .

     -        .               , ,     .    ,    ,     ,              . ,              . , ,   , , -, 200        ,  100, 300  ,  200,  . .; , -,           ,      .        .         , . .     ,          .           ,       .                    .     ,    ,         .

      , . .    ,    ,        . ,          .     . ,   ,          ,       .    ,     . ,     , ,   ;  ,         .[110 -       ,         ,        (Verri, . ., . 52)]

        ,     .        . Soyons riches on paraissons riches [     ] ().  ,   ,           ,      ,        ,       .

       .           .   ,      ,                . ,        .       ,       .            ,    ,    ,    ,         .      ,  .             ,       .[111 -        ,     ,   ,  ,      ...  ,           ,      .   :   ,    ,    ,      (North, . ., , . 3).   ,       -  56, ,           .  ...    ,    ,      ,     ( . .   Reports on Bankacts 1857,  2084  2101).      1864 .           57,  1863 .        19 367 764  .      1864 .         109 652 917  .           ,   200 000 000  ]




b) 


               :      ,      .               .       ,           .          .      ,        .        .       ,       .         ,      .                     .   ,    , , ,     .             .     ,   .     ,   ,          .   ,   .      ,     ,      .    .[112 -           .           ,      (Martin Luther. An die Pfarrherrn, wider den Wucher zu predigen. Wittemberg, 1540)]

         .           . ,      ,         ,      .                   .[113 -           XVIII :     ,  ,   ,               (An Essay on Credit and the Bankrupt Act, London, 1707, p.2)]            . , ,                    -,   .         -,           .   ,          ,           .

     .   ,   ,      .   , -,      .  , . .   ,       . -,     .       ,        .       , . .       .  ,     , . . ,    ,    .    ,    ,      .     .          ,    . ,  -, ,      , -,  .   ,  . , ,    ,      ,         .

      ,      , . .       .   ,              .      ,     .       .[114 -   2 .      1859 .   ,         : ,                  ,  ,  ,        ,    .   , ,     ,     ,          ...            ... ,      ... ,         (   . , 1859, . 119, 120 [.  ,  13, . 122])]

      ,     ,     ,       .  ,      , ,  ,     .    :     ,  ,      ,       . .,       .      ,      ,        .            ,            . ,       ,       .

            .  ,           .                   .   , , virements [ ]   .        A ,   ,   A  . .,            .    .    ,    ,  , ,    .

 .    ,       , .      ,     ,    ,    ,    ,   .          ,  .[115 -   ,             ,      ,     ,    ,        .   ,      ,     , , . {   3 .}]  ,          .      ,      ,              .         .      ,         . ,  ,           :    .   !   .   ,    , .[116 -             ,           ( .    . , 1859, . 126 [.  ,  13, . 128]).    ,          -  ,       ,          ,     ;         ,     (John Belters. Proposals for Raising a College of Industry. London, 1696, p. 3)]  , ,    .       .        ,       ,  .[117 -      amis du commerce [ ]:  ( 1839 . )     ( )   ,      , ,     ,    ,    600 000 . .,     ,     ,           ([H. Ry. ] The Theory of the Exchanges. The Bank Charier Act of 1844. London, 1864, p. 81).   The Observer  24  1864 . :        ,     ,    ...      ,      ,         ,    ]

      ,        ,  ,                     ,   ,     , ,   ,             ,    . ,      2 . .,  ,  ,    .         2 . . ,     .      2 . .     .       ,    2 . .       . .     ,   ,      ,    ,       ,   ,       .  ,   ,       .  ,      .   ,            .[118 -    ,     ,     ,     ,              ,        ,     ...           -   ,          ,      ;  ,                ,         ;   12, 6, 3    1            ,          (The Currency Theory Reviewed; in a Letter to the Scottish People. By a Banker in England. Edinburgh, 1845, p. 29, 30 passim)]

         ,      ,   ,  ,        .   ,           .         ,            ,               .[119 -   ,          ,           (,   ")       .    1856 .,     ,        1 000 000 . .    533696 .. 302674 . .  ..  357715 . .   663672 . .  9627 . .  22743 . .  68554 . .9427 . .28089 . .  1484 . .  1486 . . 933 . .1000000 . .1000000 . .(Report from the Select Committee on the Bankacts. July 1858, p. LXXI)]

                    .      .[120 -      ,      ,          .   ...     * (D, Defoe, ] An Essay upon Public Credit, 3 ed. London, 1710, p. 8)] ,   . .       .        , , ,          .        XIV,    ,    .,      ,         .[121 -    .     ,           ,     .       (Boisguillebert. Dissertation sur la Nature des Richesses, del` Argent et des Tribute, edit. Daire, Economistes financiers. Paris 1843 t I, p. 413,419, 417)]   ,     ,           ,    ,      ,           .         .   ,   ,         ,       .          .

       .         ,     ,        .       ,      , ,  ,   . .  ,            ,  ,        .[122 -    1824 .,  -    1826 .,        ,   11          .           ,     ,        slips of paper [ ],    3        ,    .      .    ,    ,    3 . . .,       ,    ,        , . .      7 .  .      -   ,   ,      ,     (John Fullarton. Regulation of Currencies, 2nd. ed. London, 1845, p. 86, ).   ,             ,   ]       ,    ,     ,      ,   [123 - *   , -, ,              ,   . ]     .[124 -  :          40 .,      6 .  ()   ,       ?,      :  : .        ,   ,         ,      ,      40 .    40/52 .        ,   ,       ,    10 . , ,          1   13 ,    10 .  40/52 .   ,   5 1/2 .  ,     5 1/2 .,     (William Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland 1672. edit. London, 1691, p. 13, 14)]

           .      ,    ,      , , ,           .




) 


     ,              , ,  ,             .        .             .           ,              in abstracto.       .

      -     ,  ,  .           .[125 -      ,        ,       . , ,  ,           .           .  .    , . 136  . [ ,  13, . 137  . ].   2 .        1844 .     ,      ,   ( ), , ,          .          ()   , { 4 .           .  25         151/2: 1,      22: 1,           .           .          , . .    .                   ,  , ,    (Diodor, III, 12 14),        .   ,             ,              ,          ,  ,        .           .      ,      ,   ;       ,        .  1 000 000       1  3,   8060  .    ,     ,           ,  40  90 , ;         ,      ,  ,   . .   ,      ,    ,  ,      ,        .           ,               .           ,     ,        .               ,    ,   , .        ,            1: 15 1/2.              . . . )]

      ,          (universal wealth).   , ,      , .       .[126 -   ,               ,      ,      .              ,    ,        (   , . 150  . [.  ,  13, . 119  .]).   :       ,      ...         ,    50      :    (  )       :            (N. rb, . ., . 59). -  The Literature of Political Economy: a classified catalogue. London, 1845,      ,           ,        currency principle 60.            ,    ;  -      (- ),       o  facile princeps argentariorum [  ]]          ,          . ,        ,        ,         ,            ,    .[127 - ,  ,               . .      ]

   ,              . ,                ,       .[128 -   2 .   ,       ,                  -       ,   ,   ,    ,    ,       27     20  [ ],     ,         ,                   (Fullarton, . ., . 141). { 4 .      ,        18711873 .     30 ,  -    ,        , . .}]        ,       ,        ,      ,  money of the world [ ].

       .   ,    ,      ,        ,      ,      ,          .[129 -        ,     ...    (Le Trosne, . ., . 916). ,     ,    ,       (J. Vanderlint, . ., . 40)]          ,   ,       ,    .   ,             ,          .[130 -              ,    ,          (N. Barbon, . ., . 39)]

     ,     ,     [131 -          ,        ,   .] .   ,               ,      .[132 -  ,  ,      ,   ...       ,    ;          (John Bellers. Essays about the Poor. London, 1699, p. 13).   ,      ?              ,       ,      ,        ,     ,    (W. tty. Quantulumcunque concerning Money, 1682, p. 39).         ,     ,     ...  ,          ,    ,     ,        ,    ,         ,  ...   ; ,   ,       ,      (W. Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland, p. 14, 15) 61]




 :  





:   





1. 


     .           , .        XVI    .

        ,    ,      ,   ,   ,       .          .

         ,   ,     .[133 -     ,       ,          : Nulle terre sans seigneur. L'argent n'a pas de maitre [   .    ]]          ,  ,       .       .         , . .   ,     ,     , ,        .

               .

         ,          ,   .        ,    ,      Ĕ          ,   . ,       ,   ,          .

        .    ,     .  ,   , ,      .  ,   ,  ,     .      ,               ,    , ,          ,         .[134 -          (Mrcier de la Riviere. L' ordre naturel et essentiel des societes poliliques, p. 543).] ,     ,     ,   .    100 . .  2 000 .      2 000 .   110 . .,       100 . .  110 . .,   .

,  ,              ,          ,           ,  100 . .  100  .       ,      100 . .,       .   ,       100 . . ,     ,      110 . .,  100 . .,    50 . .,       ,      , a, ,          . ,                    .        ,     .

 ,      .

         :   , ,    , .                                  .             ,          ,     ,   ,      .

                  ,           .        ,         .  ,        .          ,  , , .

       ,   ,   ,    . ,    . ,              ,      .  ,       ,           .            .  ,    .[135 -   -    ,        ;       ,   ,     {James Sleuarl. Works etc., edited by General Sir James Sleuarl, his son, London, 1805, v. I, p. 274)]

               .          .    ,     ,     .          .      ,            .              .                     ,                 .

          ,    ,    ,  .          .      ,     , . .         . ,                 .

       ,   ,     ,    .          - ,        .       3 . .    3 . .  ,     3 . .  .         .    .       ,       ,     ,     .     ,       ,   . ,                 . ,              .               ,        ,    .

           ,     ,        . ,  ,      ,  ,    . ,  Ė          ,   ,     .   ,        .

             .    .     .       ,    .  ,   ,     ,    .          .     ,   , .          .    , ,      ,          ,        .   100 . .  ,        100 . ., . .     ,     ,      ,   .[136 -     ,         {Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 486).   ,       ,  :       ;   ( ?)     .              ...       ,         (Th. Corbet. An Inquiry into the Causes and Modes of the Wealth of Individuals; or the Principles of Trade and Speculation explained. London, 1841, p. 5).    ,    ,    ,   ,      ,      , ,   , ,       ,   ,   ;    -  ,       , ,  ,       .  ,         ,    ,    (MacCulloch. A Dictionary Practical etc. of Commerce. London, 1847 p. 1009).       :    (     ) , ,   ,    ,  . ,   -         ,         ,     (Pinto. Traite de la Circulation et du Credit. Amsterdam, 1771, p. 231).]             .                 ,     ,     .         ,      . , , ,  100 . .,    100 + 10 . .,  110  .       :     ',  ' =  + ?, . .       .  ,     ,     (surplus value).  ,        ,     ,     ,  .         .

, ,          ,   , ,   ,    .              .   ,     .               .   ,       ,       ,    ,    ,   .  ,          .

,     ,                  ,  ,    . ,             ,   ,  ,        .     ,     + ?;  100 . . 100 + 10  .      , 110 . .     ,   100 . .,   .     110 . .     ,   100  .    110 . .    ,      .      .   ,    ,          ,       . ,      ,      110 . .  ,   100 . .,           , , ,               . ,        100 . .   10 . .  ,     ,       .      ,         100 . .,        10  .     110  .   ,     ,     ,    100  .  ,     .[137 - ...       ,  ...                  (. .        Deutsch-Franzoesischt Jahrbuecher,      . , 1844, . 99 [.  , . 1, . 557]).] ,    ,      ,        .              ,   ,    ,   . ,       ,            .      .[138 -    .    .      ,    ,         .   (? ???????? ???????) ?    ;     ,    ,  . , ,    ,       ;    , -,    .   (? ???????? ?   ,      ,        )       ,        ,     (  ). ,   ,       ,       .           ????????,   ,   ,      ,   ,    . , ,    ,        (????????? ????????...??? ?????? ?????????). ?    ,          (?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????). ?-  ,    , .  ,       ,       ,    ,             ,    ,        ,  ,      ,          ,     . ,   ,  ...         ,      ...    ,    ,                 (Aristoteles. De Republica, edit. Bekker, . I, . 8  9,   ).]

    ,    .   , ,      ,      .            ,            ,          , . .  ,     .          .[139 -   (    )      ...     (Th. Chalmers. On Political Economy etc., 2nd edit. Glasgow, 1832, p. 1C5, 166).]         ,    .[140 -          ,      (A. Genovesi. Lezioni di Economia Civile (1765),     , Parte Moderna, t. VIII, . 139).]     ,     [141 -    , auri sacra fames [  ]     (MacCulloch. The Principles of Political Economy. London, 1830, p. 179).   ,       -  K0     , ,   ,        ,     ,       , , ,     ,       .]         ,           ,     .   ,     , [142 - ?????? [?]        .  , - to save     .]   ,     ,          .[143 -  ,    ,    ,     (Galiani [. ., . 156]).]

     ,        ,          . ,                   :   ,     ,  ,    .[144 -        ,     (J.B. Say. Traite d'Economie Politique, 3?m ed. Paris, 1817, t. II, . 429).]        , , ,     ,        .     ,         ,    :   ,   .[145 -   [currency] (!),    ,   (Macleod. The Theory and Practice of Banking. London, 1855, v. I, ch. 1, P. 55).   (James Mill. Elements of Political Economy. London. 1821. p. 74).]          ,   ,        ,    ,           , .  ,        ,    ,     .         ,     .     ,   ,   .

    ,     ,                    ,       ,           .         .           .    100 . .,    110 . .  . .           ,     .    ,     .  ,       ,    .  ,   ,      ,      ,      ,   ,            .

                 ,       ,   ,        .  .       ,   ,  ,      .            ,            ,            .       10 . .  100 . .  ,      ,    ,     ,     ,     : 110  .

 ,  ,  ,  ,      .     ,    ,      ,               .[146 - ...     (Sismondi. Nouvcaux Principes d'Economie Politique, . I, p. 89).] ', ,  , money which begets money,        , .

,  , , , ,   ,  ~   ',     ,        .      ,               . ,           ,      . ,  ,  ,      '    ,      ,  ,  ,  ,    ',  ,     ,  ,    .

 ,     '     ,       .




2.  


  ,       ,        , ,    .              ,   .             ?

 :           ,     .  ,          ;   ,           .          .         .            ,     .   ,              ,     :      ,      ,              , . .   - ,    ,  ,  ,  , - ,     -  ,  ,     .            .          .         ,         .          ,      ,     ,        ,           ,  ,     .   :   , ,      ,   , ,      .   ,      ,         -.        ,     .                  ,     .  ,    ,         :    ,           , , ,   .

      ,       .        ,                  .     ;       ,      . ,     ,         .   ,       ,   ,     .        . ,  ,     ,        ,               ,  : ,  ,        ,       .  ,          ,    ,      ,             ,    . ,      ,    ,     .[147 -    ,        (!) (Destutt de Tracy. Traite de la Volonte et de ses Effets. Paris, 1826, p. 68).        Traite d'Economie Politique.]      .[148 - ,   ,    ,     ,    ,   ,         50   50   .           ,   ,          ,  ,      . Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 544]

     ,                  .[149 -     ,               (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 543).]       ,     ,     ,    .[150 -    ;   ,      (Le Trosne, . ., . 906).]

  , . .    ,         ,   ,      ,   , . .    .     , . .        ,            ,    ,    , ,    ,     .          . ,       ,     .          ,     , , ,      , ,     .               ,      ,   . ,         ,  ,      ,  .    ,     ,   ,  ,          , ,      , . .     . ,         ,         .    :  ,   .[151 - Dove  eguaglita, non  lucre (Galiani. Delia Moneta, . IV  , Parte Moderna, . 244).]        ,    ,       .[152 -       ,         :   ,     ,      (Le Trosne, . ., . 904).]         , ,      .[153 -        ,       . ,     ,      ,   (Le Trosne,  , . 903).]

            quid pro quo,      . , ,  :

,          . ,          ...        ,           .     , ,   ,  , .  ?          .    ,    ,  ...   ,     ,     ...         ,   ;      ...      ,         ,             ...         ; :             ?[154 - Condillac. Le Commerce et le Gouvernement (1776),  : Melanges d'Economie Politique. Paris, 1847, p. 267, 290291,    .]

  ,         ,             ,              ,     .[155 -         :  ,  ,    -  [Le Tros, . ., . 907].        ,           ,   ,     .  ,            ,       -          . .  Die Grundlagen der Nationaloekonomie. Dritte Auflage, 1858.]         ,     ,      , ,   .

, , ,    ,            ,    ,         (strictly)    .[156 - S. Ph. Newman. Elements of Political Economy, Andover and New York, 1835, p. 175.]

    :     ,    .        ,   ,       ,   .         ?        ,      (strictly)   ,  , ,     .

         , . . , , ,       ,    .        .           .         .  ,    .

  ,       ,   ,         ,     .       ,     ,                    .       ,      :        ,    .  ,       ,  ,   ,  .

 ,    -       ,  110,    100, . .       10%.      ,  10.       ,   .         ,   ,      10% .       10,        10.[157 -     ...   ...   ,     ,      ([J. Gray.] The Essential Principles of the Wealth of Nations etc.. London, 1797, p. 66).]       ,          10%   ,      ,        .           , , ,       .  ,    , ,      ,

, ,         .     ,  ,   ,  .    ,    .       10%,    10%   .[158 -        18    ,   24 ,          , ,   ,    18  ,      24  (Le Trosne, . ., . 897).]   -.

,   ,             ,        ,  ,       .[159 -        ,            ;              ,   ,         ,    (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 555).]

   ,         ,  , ,     :

       (!)               ,    .[160 - R. Torrens. An Essay on the Production of Wealth. London, 1821, p. 349]

            . ,        ,       ,        ,  ,  ,       .          ,        ,    ,     . ,   .    ,   ,      .       ,  ,          ,            28).

25)

26)

27).

28) ,    ,  ,  .    ? (G. Ramsay. An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth. Edinburgh, 1836, p. 183).

173

   ,         ,        ,   ,     , ,    .       ,    ,     ,     .   . ,      , , ,        ,    , ,   -   .                .[161 -  -    ,    -       ,       ?"      , ,    ,  ,      ,  . . An Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand and the Necessity of Consumption, lately advocated by Mr. Malthus etc.". London, 1821, p. 55.] , ,         .        ,     .   ,          .       .            .         .

      ,        .  ,      ,       ,   .

      ,        ,              .       40 . .        50  .    40 . .  50 . .,              .    .     40 . .       50 . .    ,     90  .           90  .

         ,        . ,        ,     ,       .      ,   ,    ,      10  . ,            ,    ,   ,        ,        .              .[162 -   ,   ,   ,  ,     62,   .  ,  ,    ,      ,    .     ? -,   (Destutt de Tracy, . ., . 239).]

  ,    :   ,      ,    ,      .[163 -            ,   .   ...      ... ,       ,      (J. . Say. Traite d'Economie Politique, 3eme ed., Paris, 1817, t. II, p. 443, 444).        , , ,        .           ,      ,    .   - :      ( , . II, . 441),     (Le Trosne, . ., . 899) :    .] ,  ,    .[164 -        (F. Wayland. he Elements of Political Economy. Boston, 1843, p. 169).]

 ,       ,   ,         ,         ,  ,   , . .     .

         ', ,   ,     .   ,        .               ,   ,     ,   ;[165 -         (G. Opdyke. A Treatise on Political Economy. New York, 1851, p. 66-69).             ,        ,      . .       (. .        Dciitsch-Franzoesische Jnhrbuecher,      . , 1844, . 95, 96 [.  , . 1, . 553]).]                    .     :   ,   .[166 - Benjamin Franklin. Works, vol. II, edit. Sparks, in Positions to be examined, concerning National Wealth, p. 376.]          ,     ,  ,           ,    .

,      ,        .      , ,   ,   ,   , ,   ,     ,   .         ' ,       :   ' ,     , ,           .   :

   :    ,   ;     ,         (      ,    ).  ,    ,            ,     .      ,        .     (?????  ?  ).    .      ,           .[167 - Aristoteles. De Republica, . I, . 10 [. 17].]

     ,  . ,  ,   ,   ,     ,          .

 ,       ; ,     ,       ,       .[168 -        .      ,          (Ramsay, . ., . 184).]       - ,   ?       .          .    ,    ,          ,     .         ,         ,      ,   10  .            ,    ,  10       11,    ,    .      ,    .     ,         , ,    .        ,        .     ,  ,     ,   .   ,          . ,                 ,       .

,              .             .

 ,  ,  .            , . .       .[169 -     , ,     :         ,      .          .      ,       , . .       ,                          ,    . , ,         ,  .    ,    , ,         ,    .     , ,       ,       . ,  , ,       ,        ,       .         ,           :         , ..     ?     ,           ,   . ,   . .]   ,        ,      ,       -       ,     .    ,   ,              .   . Hic Rhodus, hi salta!




3.    


  ,     ,      ,            ,      ,        ,       .[170 -   ...      (Ricardo. Principles of politica1 Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 267)]           ,   ,              . ,     ,       ,     ,    ,      .  ,           , . .    .              ,        , . .  ,  ,           ,  ,       ,  ,  .         ;     ,   .

  ,    ,       ,   ,   ,        ,    -  .

             ,     .  ,   ,      ,  ,      .    ,              ,            , . .   ,     .        ,      , ,        ,  .[171 -          ,        ,        . -    Roemische Geschichte    quid pro quo []  ]                ,   ,    ,    , ,     .     ,           ,  ,         ,         ,       ,    .  ,             ,       ,     ,              ,    , ,  ,   ,       .[172 -        .  ,    ,         .   ,    (        ,   ,            64),     ,     .  ,             ,    ,             .   .        ,           ,    .  ,                   ,              .        ,     ,         ,          ,     ,  . {Hegel. Philosophic des Rechts, Berlin, 1840, S. 104,  67)]

  ,   ,           ,   ,          ,     , , ,         ,       .

   -         ,  , ,   , , ,    . .   ,   .  ,  ,  . ,  ,   ,     ,       ,     ;            , ,            .     ,       ,             .  ,   ,  ,   .

 ,            ,       ,    :   ,            ,   ,        , ,  ,    ,      .

,          ,    ,            .        .       ,         .     .          ,         .        ,           . , ,      ,    ,         .

   ,    ,       .         .   ,           .           :     ,   ,     ,    ,        ,     .         .          ,         ,    , , ,              .              ,       ,     ,   .         - .

      ,  ,       .       ,   ,   ,      ,            ,       .   ,   ,      ,      .     .            .    ,                  ,            .             .[173 -       ,           ,        .   ,     ,       ]

  ,  ,     .       .[174 - ,  , ,     ,   , . .   ,         (Th. Hobbes. Leviathan, in Works, edit. Molesworlh. London, 18391844, v. III, p. 76)]   ?

  ,     ,   ,   ,  ,      .     ,           .        .    , ,  .    ,        ,    .            .  ,  ,     ,    ,      ,        ,      .         ,     .    ,  ,     , ,   . .,     .      .[175 -  villicus, ,     ,       ,   ,    (Th. Mommsen. Roemische Geschichte, 1856, S. 810).]   ,  ,                . ,        ,          .   , -: , , ,   . .,             .   ,     ,      ,              ,        ,   ,  ,          .[176 - . W. Th. Thornton. Overpopulation and its Remedy. London, 1846] ,               .                     .

   . ,      ,        ,      ,     , . .  .[177 - ]  ,       ,            .   ,     ,        , . .  ,           .[178 -   ...        ,                  ,       ,         (R. Torrens. An Essay on the external Corn Trade. London, 1815, p. 62).        .]

      ,          ,      ,     , ,   ,       .           . ,               ,    .

,          .         , . .     ,    .

  ,   ,   . .,        .   ,  ,   . .,         ,           .      ,  ,      . .          , , ,      ,      .   ,      , = ,  ,  , = ,    , =   . .,     

365 A + 52 B + 4 C +  ..

 = .

365

          6   ;           , . .         .   ,      ,    ,      .           3 ,    ,    ,     .          ,       ,      ,       ,    .

,  ,         ,       , ,         , . .     .        ,     ,               .         ,       .

              ,     ,    :

    (puissance de travail),    ,      ,      (etre de raison).   ,     ,            ,     .[179 - Rossi. Cours d'Economie Politique. Bruxelles, 1843, p. 370, 371]

      ,              .        , ,  ,   .      ,      ,    .           .        ,      .  ,           ,                       .        :   ...  ,      .[180 - Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes d'Economie Politique, t. I, p. 113]

    ,  , ,  ,  ,                  .  ,     ,   ,     ,             ,           .  ,      , . .      ,      .     ,             ,       .[181 -        (An Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand etc., p. 104).         ,                    , , ,   . .  (Ch. Ganilh. Des Systemes d'Economie Politique, 2eme edit. Paris, 1821, t. II. p. 150)]             ,       ,     ,     .  ,          ;        ,      ,       .      ,           ,[182 - ...    ,  , .   ,    ,    ...          {Storch. Cours d'Economie Politique. Petersbourg, 1815, t. II. p. 36. 37)]     ,    .[183 -  .      : full priced,      ,  undersellers,    .      3/4    (. XXXII  Report   X. .   Grievances complained of by the journeymen bakers etc.. London, 1862).  undersellers       , , , ,            . (.    ,    Committee of 1855 on the Adulteration of Bread     Adulterations Detected, 2nd edit. London, 1861.)          1855 .     ,       ,          ,       ,         .  ,      ,      ,    ,    . .,  ( Report, . XLVIII) ,           chandler's shop []  ,    .          ,   ,   ,       ,      , ,  ,    ,  ,             (It is notorious that bread composed of those mixtures, is made expressly for sale in this manner).      (  )            .             ...     ,       ,     . , ,    ,       ,    2 . 4      ,          1 . 10    (Sixth Report on Public Health by The Medical Officer of the Privy Council etc., 1864, p. 264).        ( )   1853 .           14  (Reports of the Inspectors of Factories for 31st October 1853, p. 34).       ,   ,      ,      ,      ,  ,          (Trucksystem).             c    .     (   tommy-shop, . .  ,    );               (Children's Eniployment Commission, 3rd Report. London, 1864, p. 38,  192)]

       ,            .       ,  ,   ,  .    ,        .   ,        ,    ,              .

    ,   ,       ,  .   ,   ,   ,   ,      ,     .      ,     . .,          .               .   ,     ,    ,   .     ,           ,              ,     : No admittance except on business [  ].       ,   ,    ,    .    , ,   .

 ,   ,         ,      .    , ,   . !     , ,  ,      .      ,   .     ,         . !              . !       ,   . !       .  ,   ,        , ,  .   ,            ,                ,  ,  .

    ,   .    vulgaris    , ,          ,   ,  ,       dramatis personae [ ].       ,         ;         ;   ,   ,               ,  :     .




 :  





 :   





1. 


      .     ,    .     actu [ ]    , ,         potentia [].        ,  ,  ,     ,  ,        . ,     -   , -  .  ,    ,  ,       ,       .                .

    ,     , ,       ,         .        .        ,     ,         :   ,   .          ,         .              .          .  ,            ,         ,         ,  ,   .      ,       .   ,   ,         -.             , ,      ,       .      ,          , . . .      ,   ;  ,   ,         ,                .      .    ,   ,        ,   ,     ,          ,,           .

    :  ,   ,     .

 (        ),    ,   ,[184 - ,        ,    ,           ,     ,          ,          (James Steuart. Principles of Political Economy, edit. Dublin, 1770, v. I, p. 116)]            .  ,           ,     . , ,  ,       , ,     , ,     . ,      ,  ,   ,      ,    ,    .      ,        .         ,         .

      ,        ,             .   , ,     ,              .[185 -    ,  .      , ,          ,      ,    (Hegel. Encyklop?die. Erster Theil. Die Logik. Berlin, 1840, S. 382)] ,    ,        ,  ,        ,    ,   .        , ,       ,   ,  ,   .     ,         .   , , ,     ,  , , ,   . .     ,        ,   ,            .[186 -     Thorie de I'eonomie Politique, Paris, 1815 [t. I, p. 266], ,   ,      ,     ] ,        ,        .           .    , ,     ,   ,     ,  , ,    ,   .[187 -  Rflexions sur la Formation et la Distribution des Richesses (1766)          ]     ,         ,   ,       a toolmaking animal,  ,  .   ,           ,        - .    ,  ,  ,  ,   .[188 - ]         ,      ,    .    ,       ,          ,    ,        ,,  ,,,, , ,   . .        .[189 - 2.     , ,    ,      , ,   , ,      ,     :  ,  ,  ]

  ,          ,   ,    ,            ,    ,    .      ,       ,       .       -  ,      locus standi [,    ],       (field of employment).      ,      ,    , ,   . .

,               .    .      ,  ,       .     .    ,   . ,         [Unruhe],          [ruhende Eigenschaft],   .  ,    .

          ,            ,[190 -   , , ,    ,    .             ,   ]       .[191 -    ,       ,      ]

          ,          ,    .      ,    ,      .       ,         .

   ,       ,   , ,   . . (  ,     ),        ,     , . .  ,    ,       . , ,   .   ,     ,         ,        ,        ,    .      ,             .

                 .      , , ,   ,  ,   ,     ,      , , ,    ,   ,   ,      , , , ,       .            ,               .[192 -       ,  mati?re,   ,  mat?riaux,     mati?res instrumentales]

             ,               . ,      , , ,   . .           .                 .

                  . ,                  .

,      ,        , , ,      .         ,          .        ,  ,        , , , , ,   . .   ,     , ,      ,                   ,             .

,         ,    ,          ,   ,     ,         .

,         ,    .          .     ,   ,    ,   . ,        .        .   ,        ,       ,       ,       , ,   . . .             ,     . ,   , ,   ,  . .        .              .

,      , .  ,       .  ,  . ,        ,    .      ,    ,           .   ,      ,      ,     ,    ,   ,       ,  ,                  .

,           ,    , ,   ,     , . .     ,     ,           .

    ,     ,  ,     .        ,          ,       , . .     .       ,      ,   .

         ,             .   ,          ,    ,            ,             .

 ,          ,       ,      ,        ,     ,              , , ,      .        ,         .       ,      ,   .      ,   ,        ,     :            ,    ,    ,  ,   .[193 -               .   ,      ,   ,   ,   ,     ,        ,   ,       (R. Torrens. An Essay on the Production of Wealth etc., p. 70, 71).     [stock],  ,   ,     stock   ]

     in spe [ ].     ,        ,    :  ,   ,   ,   .          ,     : ,    . . ,        ,  , . .    , ,      .    , ,    ,      ,     .     ,      ,        .         ,      , , ,     ,      ,     .             ,      .

 ,      ,    .

    ,    .    ,            , ,             , . .     ,       .

 -:    ,    ,  .  , ,    . ,  ,     ,  ,      ,     .     ,    ,   ,       .   ,      ,     , . .  , ,  .            ,      .            ,  ,         ,      .      ,   ,    .          ,        .[194 -  ,      ;         (Cherbuliez. Richesse ou Pauvret, dit. Paris, 1841, p. 54).         (approvisionnement),           .     ,   ;      .    ,      approvisionnement.       ,    , ,         (James Mill. Elements of Political Economy etc.. London, 1821, p. 58).      ...        (   ),    (of the labour also).    ,    ,  ,      ,        .          ,     ( , . 70, 71)]




2. 


        : ,   . .   , ,             , ,   ,      .          , qu'on aime pour lui-m?me [    ].         ,     ,   .        . -,     ,   , ,   , . . . , -,    ,      ,    ,        ,          .       ,   ,    ,   ,    ,    .

  ,        , , ,         .         ,              .

,         .

 ,       ,     ,  ,     .     ,        . , ,  ,  ,    .

  , , .

   ,  ,   ,  10 . .   ,     ,          , ,  10 .    ,    ,       .  ,  ,          ,      ,     2 .     12 .   24  ,    ,   ,  , ,     2  .

 ,     ,       ,      . ,   40 .  =  40 .  +   , . .       ,        , ,    , 10 .     10 .   1/4 .                ,         . ,    ,     ,   .  ,    ,        ,      ,         ,        ,            .

 ,    ,    ,     (    ),      .        ,      ,            .[195 -       ,     ,   ,   ,   ,     (Ricardo, The Principles of Political Economy 3rd ed, London, 1821. p, 16)]

,      , . .  ,    ,   ,          ,      ,       ,        ,             .        .  ,   ,      ,        ,    ,     ,  ,   ,    ,     .        ,  30  ,     ,   ,    ,  30-       29   .    ,       ,       ,                ,     ,   .

,   ,   ,    12 .,     ,   .

       . -,             .         .   ,      ,   ,   ,   -  . -, ,     ,      . ,      1 . ,   1 . ,    1 .      1 . .       .           ,      ,   ,    , . .  ,     .

  ,       ,   .   12 .,       . ,       ,       .

          ,     .      ,     .   , ,    ,  .          ,       ,    ,     ,      ,      .       ,        . ,     , . .   ,        ,       ,      ,     .      ,             ,  ,      .       ,      ,     .   .  ,      ,   .   ,       .

            ,      .           , , ,   ,   ,    .  :  , . .        ,         ,      ,   ,      .

     ,    , . .      ,      .   , . .  ,   a           b  ,   12-       ,     X 12   b   X 12.             .

  ,            ,       .            .        ,             .  , ,     ,  .       12/3 . ,    12/3 . ,  10 .    6   . ,          ,     .      ,  ,    .

 ,      ,    ,    ,       ,    ,       ,    .         ,    ,   , ,    . ,   ,      ,   ,      .

    ,      3 .,     6    , ,      ,          .          12/3 .   12/3 . ,[196 -    ]   6    10 .   10 . . ,      6  .           3 . ,        3 .

        10 . .    21/2  : 2       , 1/2                 15 . ,   10 . ,   ,  15 .,  1 .   1 .  6 .

  .      .    ,    , ,     .   10 .   15 .,  15           , ,    ,    : 10 .  , 2 .      3 .   .       ,         ,     ,    ,              .[197 -    ,          ,      .         (,    ,  ), ,  ,     ,   ,    ...      ,     :       ,    ;      (rcier de la Rivi?re, , ., . 599)]        ,             15 .,        .

      .     1 . 6 ,    10 .           15 .               ,         ,    .

,  -     , ,  ,        ,       .        ,            ,   .[198 - , ,  18441847 .           .                 ,       ]   .       .         ,      .  ,    -    ,       ?      .    . -     .      15 .           .            .         ,   ,     .  ,     .       ,   ,        ,    ,   ,     ,    .     ,     .      .    .     . ,  ,     ,   ,           ,         -      .      .         ,      ?   , ,   ,            ?          ,        ,     ,      ,  ,  ,    ?          ?   ,   ,    ,      ?  ,      .[199 - ,   ...       (  ),  ,   ,   ,      ,       .       ,     .           .   -   ,           .     ,     , , ,    ,             ,  .        ... ,   , ,     (Martin Luther. An die Pfarrherrn, wider den Wucher zu predigen etc.. Wittemberg, 1540 [S. 8-9])]     ,           ,  .[200 -            . , 1859, . 14: ,       (service)   ,  . .   .  [.  .   . , 2 .,  13, . 23]]      .      3 .          3 .,   ,     .  ,      ,       .      ?        ?       ,   , ?          .            .       .      .              , , ,    .      ,      ,      ,      ,   ,       .

   .      3 .,         , . .    ,      ,    .   ,     ,    ,    ,     ,          .     ,     .  ,        24     ,    ,     . ,     ,   ,   . ,   ,      .   ,      ,   conditio sine qua nn [ ],           .         ,     ,   ,    .     ,     .          .   ,   ,   ,    .     ,   .    ,  ,      ,        . ,        , .,       ,       ,   ,  ,    ,  ,     ,,        .

     ,       .            ,      .  10 .   6      10 . ,  20 .   12      20 . .     .   20 .    5  : 4      , 1     .    5    30 .,  1 . . 10 .   , ,  20 . .   -  1 . 6 .    ,   ,  27 .    30 .     1/9        .  , 27 .   30 .

     3 .   .    .

   ,       .    .        , ,      .    ,      .     .    ,          ,  , 20 . ,   30 .  ,    ,      .      1 . 6 ,          . ,   ,      3 . ,     .   ,     ,         .              .            ,      .  , tout pour le mieux dans le meilleur des mondes possibles.

   ,      ,    ,        ,     , ,     ,   ,   ,           .

          ,  ,        ,    ,    .         ,          ,       .         ,      .

,         ,  ,      ,   .      ,     ,   .              .      ,      ,     ,  , .  ,     ,        ,      .       .  ,           ,    .-,  . .

      ,  ,     ,  .     ,  .     ,     .      ,   ,    .                  ,    ,          .          ,   .        .   ,    ,      ,   .           .         ,     .        ,    ,       ,  .       .    ,   .   ,   .              code pnal [ ]            ,              , 

         .[201 -      ,   ,   . ,    ,     instrumentum vocale [  ]    instrumentum semivocale [  ]        instrumentum mutum [ ].  -       ,     ,   .      con amore [ ]   ,       .           ,    ,           .    ,    ,          ,   ,    ,        . . J. . Cairnes. The Slave Power. London, 1862, p. 46 sqq.   Sea Board Slave States    :    ,              ;     ,  ,     10        ,     .   ,       ,     ,               ,      ,     ,          ,        ,   .   ,   ;       ,   , ,     ,       ,       ;        ,                ,     ,         . ,        ,   ,          ,            [. 46, 47]]

,         ,     ,     ,    ,         .

       ,      ;        ,     ,    .

   ,       ,      ,       ,      . ,     ,         ,     ,      ,         , ,   ,    .     ,                     .              ,   ,          ,  ,  .     ,   -  : ,      .[202 -      ,  skilled []  unskilled labour [ ],      ,   ,  ,  -          ;          ,      ,  ,        .        ,         . , ,         ,          ,   ,     ,  ,           ,      ; ,  bricklayer ()       ,     .   ,  fustian cutter (),             ,    . ,   ,    skilled labour       .  ,    ( )    11 .    .         , , , ,  ,  . .,  18 . ,      ,    ,  4 650 000   ,    , , , ,    . .    42/3 .,       ,    . .,     !   bricklayers      .       11 . (S. Laing. National Distress etc.. London, 1844 [p. 5152]).  ,         ,   ,     (James Mill   Colony.   Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1831)]

  ,             ,          .[203 -       ,      ...          ([J. Cazenove.] Outlines of Political Economy. London, 1832, p. 22, 23)] ,       ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   .




 :  


          .

      ,      ,      ,      .   ,             ,         . ,    ,   .          ,   .    .   ?

         :  ,         ,   ,       , ,   ,     ,  ,   ,   ,  ,   .         .                    ,        ,        ,    , ,         .       ,     ,   ,          .

      ,    ?        .      ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   .      ,      ,     ,  , , ,      ,    ,        ,   .[204 -        (An Essay on the Political Economy of Nations. London, 1821, p. 13).]      ,   ,       .        , ,          ,  ,      ,    ,      , . .    ,        . ,                      ,     ,       .       , , ,         ;    ,             .         ,        ,           . ,          ,   -         . ,              ,     ,   ,        ,       ,  ,       .  ,     ,     ,          ,    , ,  ,   ,                .    ,       .

      ,             .        ,     ,     .

,  -       6   ,     36 .             .   : 36 .  6 . .   36 .       ,    6 .         ,    ,         ,   .   ,  ,  36 . ,     .    6              ,               .  ,      ,             ,    ,      .              ,    ,   ,             ,    ,   .

, ,       , ,         ,      ,  .       ,         .               ,     ,               .   ,       ,  ,       ,       ,   .       ,      ,  -         .

      ,           ,           ,   ,       ,   , . ,     ,        ,   .         ,    ,  ,    ,         ,    ,     ,    ;  ,         ,     .          ,     ;       ,     ,  ,              .

,      ,          ,      .      ,    1 .  2 .    6 ,           ,     . ,      ,     ,  , ,         ,  ,              .             ,     .

,          ,        ,     . ( ,       ,   , ,   ,  ,        .) ,    ,   .            ,                ,        .          -  ,  ,    , ,      .   ,               ,               .      ,      .             .

,     ,  ,    ,      . .      ,     .     ,    . ,         ,          .       . , ,  ,   . .        ,      ,            ,   .     , . .  ,         ,        .  , ,   . .  -    ,    .

,     ,                 ,     ,  ,           ,         . ,     10    ,             10 . ,                   .       ,   .       24 .     ,      .           ,   ,        .      .   ,         ,    . ,           6 .            1/6         1/6  .       ,      ,         .     ,         ,            .              , . .         ,        .       ,      .       ,   ,   :  ,   ,    ,      . .

      .    , , 1000 . .,      1000 .    1/           .       ,      ,    .  , ,     ,   ,      ,        .                ,                 ,       .[205 -        , ,   . . ,  ,     ,    .   ,   ,       .    ,   ,       ,      .       ,         -   ,    ,        ,     ,   ,     ,   ,     .    ,  , ,       ,         .         : -     ,     , ,   , ,    .    ,     ...    ,    ;        ,                (Observations on certain verbal disputes in Political Economy, particularly relating to Value, and to Demand and Supply. London, 1821, p. 54). ,   wiseacre [],               ,   ,           ,         ,            .]

  ,   , ,      ,        . ,     115 .    15 .,    ,   devil's dust [ ]. ,     15 .  ,        ,    15 . ,    ,       ,     100 .,    .     100 . ,   15 .     . ,       .        .       ,    ,         ,        . ,             ,     ;            ,            .

 ,         ,         ,       .   ,       ,      ,       ,   ,     .           ,  ,         .        ,  ,   ,  ,    150 . .,  500  ,      150 . .   ,     .       ,       ,    ,      .         ,     ,         ,          .[206 -       . . ,      (, , )   services productifs [  ],     , ,   . .       . -  ,            , : . .  (Traite, t. I, ch. 4)   :   ,    ,     ,    ,      (Die Grundlagen der National?konomie, 3. Aufl., 1858, S. 82, ).  ! ,  ,      ,    .    -    ,  ,     ,        ,      ,     :  ()      ! [ , . 79].          ,      ,     ).     (savant serieux)      :         ,   .   (1),   (!)   (!)  (!)   (!)   (!),   (?!)  (?)  (??)   (?):  (?!?)    ,   ,  (!!!),   (  [. 82]).       ,    -  !]

             ,        .         .           .      , ,     ,    ,            ,         ,                  . ,                 ,  ,     ,    ,       .[207 -       ...  ,          .      ... , ,   . .         (Edmund Burke. Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, originally presented to the Rt. Hon. W. Pitt in the Month of November 1795, edit. London, 1800, p. 10)]    ,       ,      .    , ,       .[208 -  Times 26 1862 .  ,     800 150- 130   ,     ,     .     6 000  .       ,     , :  , ,  ,  ,    , , ,   . .       150 . .  ,          ,  ,   ,          . , 1 200 . .   ,             ,    .     ,       1 200 . .  ,        .]

       ,      .      ,[209 -  :        ...       (S. Ph. Newman, . ., . 296)]       .  ,   ,      -    ,  ,    ,     ,   ,       .         , ,  ,  .[210 -    , ,  , 20 ,  :  ,      .      ,      ,   :   ,   ,      ,   .     ,            ,   ,       (F. Wayland, . ., . 31, 32).       , , , ,   ,          .       , ,   ,   .     ,     ,     ,   . .,  ,    ,     ,   .              ,           ]    ,       

       ,      .                    ,       ,  . ,       ,         ,  , ,      3 .          ,       .     ,    ,    ,    . ,     ,               .      3 .    3 .     .    ,     ,    .         .

   ,       ,             .  6 ,      ,  , , 12 . ,         ,   ,  ,  .          ,    , . .       .

   ,          ,              .        ,    ,            .  ,   ,     ,      ,                   .

,   ,     , . .   ,     ,        .       , , ,  .

,   ,     ,      .         ,  , ,   ,  ,    .          .       , , ,  .     ,            ,      ,             .

           . ,      6            1 .  ,   ,     6 ,         1 .    ,  ,       ,       ,    .   ,                  .          ,        1 .  6 . :       ,    .    :              , . .   ,   ,    ,   .       ,    ,     ,        , ,   .         ,       .    ,     ,       , ,       ,   ,        ,         ,[211 -        ,  ,  ,    ,       (Le Trosne, , ., . 893).]       ,  ,   ,        .

         ,   . .,     ,      ,    . , ,             ,               .            ,       .         ,  ,       .

 ,      ,              ,       ,               . ,       ,  ,   10   10         ,  1             .     , . .     ,  ,    ,    ,  .            ,   ,           , , ,        .

 VII.    201




 : 





1.   


        ,     ,             .

     :   ,    ,     v,    ;    ,    , v   ,    .

,   =  + v, ,   

 v .

500 . . = 410 . . + 90 . .

     ,   = c + v + m,  m   , :

__ _vm .

410 . . + 90 . . + 90 . .      ',  500 . .  590  .    = ,    90.         ,       ,              ,     .       .       ,    .    ,     ,    ,      ,           .           ,       .        . ,   = 410 . .      312 . .,    44 . .       54  ;       1054  .           54 . .,          .         1000 . .,       ,     . .,           ,         ,[212 -        ,      ,             ,     (Malthus. Principles of Political Economy, 2nd ed. London, 1836, p. 269)]    ,  ,  1 500 . .  1 590  . ,   , -   90  .  ,        ,   ,    ,          .

 ,    =+v,    '=  + v + m,       '.  ,         . ,              ,      + v + m,

__ _v m

  410 . . + 90 . . + 90 . .,     ,  v + ,  90 . . + 90 . ., . .  590 . .,  180  .   ,  ,  = 0,         ,          ,   ,   ,   ,     ,  ,   ,          .    ,    410 . .,  ,      180 . .,    90 . .  ,      ,     ,       .    

K = 0 + v = v,  ',    , = v + m, '   - = m. ,   m  = 0,       ,       ,   ,  K = c + v  ' ( ) =  + v + 0,   = '.        .

    ,         ,    v,   ,    , , , v + = v + ?v(v   v).      ,    ,   ,            .     500,    590. ,       ,         ,        , . .         ,  ,    ,          ,           .

       . ,     K' = 410 . .   + 90 . .   + 90 . .  .  90 . .  , , , ,         .  _v_ 90 . .,  90 . .  ,        ,     .  ,     ,     , ,     ,     .        90 . .    ,     ,     ,    .    v   v.                 .       . ,  : 90 . .  ,   ,  - ,     ,   .

        .        . ,        ,      ,   , ,   . ., . .     ,       .

,         ,           ,           .         .             ,        .      ,    ,      ,   .   ,          ,    ,       .          , . .   ,  ,     ,   ,      ,  . -        , . . ,      .       .  ,       ,      ,     .    ,      ,        ,    ,           .[213 -   2 .   , ,   , nil posse creari de nihilo       77??.        .   ,       ,    ]

,        .     + v   v,     + v +      v + .      = 180 . .,    ,      ,        = 90 . .  ,     = 90 . .  90 . . =        .    , . . ,     , , ,      ,    m/v. ,        90/90 = 100%.     ,     ,     .[214 -   ,    rate of profits, rate of interest [ ,   ]  . .   III  ,     ,     .      ni l'un, ni 1'autre [ ,  ]]

  ,              . . .     .      ,     ,        ,    -  ,  ,  ,        ,      .     ,     ,             , . .     ,      .           6   ,        6     ,    .       ,    , ,   ,    , -         ,            ,     ,   .        ,         ,  3 .,      ,     ,[215 - {  3 .      . , ,    . 137 [. 166  ],      ,   . . ,}] . .         ,       . ,    ,      ,     ,  ,     ,  .[216 -               ,        .            ,       ,   .      termini technici [ ]    ,            . ., ,     ]    ,        .       ,       .

   , ,          ,     ,   ,       .    ,        .         ,          (surplus labour).             ,    ,              ,     .   ,         ,  ,    ,  ,   ,    .[217 - -        ,                    ,    , , ,     , , ...        (. ., . 82, 78).   ?    ?                ,    -     ,      ʰ      ,        ,    ]

          ,           ,   ,   ,     ,    :      ,       ,     =



=

 



v



 



           :       ,       .

           ,   .[218 -   2 .       ,   ,   ,      . ,    = 5     = 5 ,    = 100%.     5 .     = 6     = 6 ,    100%   ,        20%   5  6 .]

  ,    =





v



m



410 . .

+

90 . .

+

90 . .



   = 500  .     = 90,    = 500,       ,     (    ) = 18%, ,           .         m/K,  m/c+v  m/v , ,  90/500,  90/90 = 100%, . .         .            ,  ,       (,   . .), , ,  ,         90 . .,   ,    m/v,       

 



 



         .   100%. ,       ,      .

,     ,  , :           ,       .      ,       .    ,  ,    ,       .          ,    .        ,              , m/v.

    ,   ,                    .

 ,     10 000  ,         32    1 .    .   6%. ,  10 600 .    10 000 .   600 . .   1871 .    73/4   , .. 10 600 .   342  .  10 000 ,   ,     ,     1 . .  , , 10 000  .     10%,  1 000 . .,  20 . .  .     300 . .,  6 . .  .  (4 .      ,  100  ()   60   ,      )  11   ,  8 . 6  ,   41/2 . .  ;   1 . .  ,   41/2 . .  , ,     10 . .  . ,      378 . .  .    52 . .  .    121/4      10 000  510 . .; ,  : 510 . . 430 . . = 80  .     378 . .   ,           .      



v



m



32

=

52 . .

+

80 . .



 ,    = 80/52= 15311/13%.      :   = 331/33    =62/33 .[219 -   2    ,        1860 .,    .           .  ,          ,      ,   ]

,     80 .       22   ,      11 . .,   1815 .  ,   ,         ,     :

   1 

 () 1 . . 9 .

,  1 . . 1 .



 2 . . 10 .

 1 . . 8 .



  3 . .10 .

  1 . . 2 . 



 3 . . 11 .

 3 . . 11 .



 ,    ,      ,     : , ,   . .       .         3 . . 11 .  3 . . 19 .,     ,  ,    , .      3 . . 10 .,        3 . . 10 . + 3 . . 11 .  ,

m



3 . . 11 

, 100%.



v



3. . 10 



          ,         .[220 -       .      ,    .   III  ,            ]




2.    


    ,   ,      .      6 ,     ,        100%.

     20 .    30 .   8/10    (24 .)         (20 .   20 .,   . .  4 .),     .  2/10           6 .,         ,   ,        3 . ,    20 .    :

 v 

  30 . = 24 . + 3 . + 3 .



         = 20 . ,           .

   30 ,    20 . ,  8/10  ,      24 .,   8/10 , . .  16 . .   131/3 .         20 .,  22/3 .        ,   . .,  4 .

, 131/3 .    ,    ,  20 . ,      ,   .      131/3 .    131/3 .,      62/3 ,   ,    62/3 . .   ,      62/3 .          ,    ,    131/3 . .     131/3 .                    ,    .

    22/3 . ,       ( 4 .),    ,       ,    ,  20 . .

 8/10 ,  16 . ,   ,    ,   ,  ,       ,     ,   ,          , ,       .   ,         ,           .   ,      24 .        ,   ,  16 .      , ,   . .

,  2/10 ,  4 . ,     ,     6 .,      .                     16 . .   20 .      2/10 .   ,      4 .           ,   ,             .

  4 . ,  ,  ,   ,       ,     ,     , . .     3 .,   2 .       3 .

  12      6 .,   30 .    60  .    20 . ,   8/10,  16 .,       48  ,    ,      ,  2/10,  4 .,   12  ,     .

  ,       ,     ,  ,       .   ,                   .

          ,   ,    ,    ,  ,    ,    ,    ,  ,   ,    ,     ,   ,     ,   ,             .

          .            ,   ,        .

   12  20 . , ,    12/3 .,   8  13 1/3 ., . .  ,    ,      .       1  36  = 22/3 .       ,    12  .      1  12    2 .  = = 3 .   ,    ,     6   . ,   6/5    - 2 . ,     ,    ,   .         ,   , ,    8 ,  2/3  ,       . .  ,   ,       ,   ,        ,  ,      .        ,   ,       ,    ,        . ,  , , ,     8       ,  ,   1  36      ,   1  12            ,   .  ,  ,  : , -,    , ,  , ,   . .    ,      , , -,             .   ,  ,        24/6, . . 4-   ,           ,              -,   ,     ,   .




3.  


    1836 .  . ,        ,       ,      ,     ,       .                ,    .      ,    wanted a good deal of finishing [     ].       .  ,   ,    ,      ,   : Letters on the Factory Act, as it affects the cotton manufacture. London, 1837. ,  ,    :

      ,      18 ,     111/2   , . ,  12    5    9   .   (!) ,           .   100 000 . .: 80 000 . .     , 20 000 . .      . ,             15%,          115 000  ...   23   ,   ,  5/115,  1/23,  115000  .   23/23,    115 000 . . (constituting the whole 115 000 . .), 20/23, . . 100 000  115 000,   ; 1/23,  5 000 . .  15 000 . .,    (!),     .  2/23, . .     ,     10%. ,         13   11 1/2, .       2 600 . .,       .   ,        1 ,     ,     1/2 ,      .[221 - Senior. Letters on the Factory Act etc.. London, 1837, p. 12, 13.      ,    ,   ,     ,   ,   ,      . ., . .     .     ,     .        ,       Letter to Mr. Senior etc.. London, 1837 [p. 30-42].  ,     1833 .         ,    ,   1859 .,      .           ,    ,           ,      .   32.      ,   .   , ,   :      111/2,  23/2 .    ,      111/2.  23/2  (      ).    23/2       115 000  ; 1/2    115 000 . . * 1/23; 1/2    115 000 . . * 20/23 = 100 000 . ., . .     .  3/2  ,   115 000 . . * 3/23 = 15 000, . .  .   3/2   1/2    115000 . . * 1/23 = 5000 . ., . .       .     , . .   ,  115 000 . . * 2/23 = 10 000 . ., . .  .      3/23      .]

     !      ,        ,    ,  ,  , , ,   . .,     .    :  !     10   111/2,        ,   . .   l1/2 . ,     ,   .        ,  ,     11/2  .                  ,            ,   ,         ,          ,    ,      ,    , ,    . .,   ,  ,    ,   .    , ,      ,  ,    2/2  ,    ,       :

  ,        ,       ,   .          ,        ,    . ,       ,            . ,   ,  111/2   .    111/2     ,   ,   ,       .         .   ,   ,           ,  , ,      53/4        53/4 .  , ,  ,     ,          ,       111/2  :    53/4  ,     ditto [].      . , !         ,   . Ni plus, ni moins [He    ]. ,           ,  53/4  ?        .   ,       ,    .     53/4  ,   43/4  ,     ,   ,  ,   . .,    ,  4/4,   ,   .  ,        53/4 ,  ,     ,     53/4  ,       ,   ,     53/4  ,      .    ,  ,            ,  ,  ,   . .  ,         ,  ,   ,         .      ,   . ,            . .,   1/2 ,     ,   1     ,   1/2 . ,  :  ,          ,       ,  ,   ,       ,       ,  111/2  ,   ,       .  ,     53/4     ,    53/4     ,  ,   53/4   ,   53/4   .     ,      ,    . , ,      ,   ,    ,    ,   ,         , . . 100%, , ,   .     ,        13   111/2   11/2      ,       ,     53/4   71/4 ,        100%  1262/23%.     ,   ,    11/2     100%  200%      200%, . .     .   ,     , ,       ,    ,   ,       111/2  101/2       .  .         53/4  43/4 ,         ,  8214/23%.     ,      ,    ,   all bosh [   ].        ,          .[222 -   ,         ,          ,  -        83,   ,        18      12         ,            ,        .  1848 .      Reports    ,  . , -       31  1855 . :      (  )  ,   ,         1850 .     (Reports of the Inspectors of Factories for the half year ending 30th April 1855, p. 19, 20).  1848 .,      ,   ,      ,   ,      ,  ,  ,  , : , -, ,          ,    ,      .       1  1848 . :  ,     - ,          ,          10 ,    ,     ,   , ,   ,   .  ,    ,        ,             , ,     , 10      ,   ...    ,     .                ...   ,         ,       ,     ,                      ,   ,  ,     ,   ,            ,             ,          10  ,          ,          ,    (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st Oct. 1848, p. 101).             ,   , , , ,   . .,       ,          ,            ,  .              ,    , ,   ,      .              .       . Why  wherefore [  ]     ]

     ,   .        . Addio!.. [ !].[223 -            .  Letters on the Factory Act          something more [ ]        !  ,   Outline of Political Economy,       , ,       , ,      ,      ,   Abstinenz [].   ,   Abstinenz  . -         Enlhaltung [].   ,    , ,    ,     Enisagung [  ]]   ,    1836 .,    15  1848 .   Economist  ,     ,         .




4. 


   (1/10  20 . ,         2),     ,     (surplus produce, produit net).            ,       ,             ,      ,     .         ,         ,     .[224 -  ,    20 000 . .,    2000 . . ,  ,      100  1 000 ,      10 000   20 000 . ..            2 000  .         ?      ,    ,  ,     ,     10  12   (Ricardo. The Principles of Political Economy, 3 rd ed. London, 1821, p. 416).     ,   ,  ,     ,         , ,  :         ,  ,      ,    ,    ?      ,   ,       (the mere purpose of breeding men),        ? (is a most useless purpose) (Arthur Young. Political Arithmetic etc.. London, 1774, p. 47).   34.    ...         ...    ,     ,    (Th. Hopkins. On Rent of Land etc.. London, 1828, p. 126)]

     ,  ,     ,    ,   ,          (working day).




 :  





1.  


   ,         .  ,      ,   ,    . ,      ,     ,  6 ,        6   ,      ,    ,    .          6    ,    ,  .         .

,   ______b  ,  ,   , , , 6 .   ,       ab  1, 3, 6   . .,   3  :

a b c, a b c a b c

      7, 9  12 .  bc,    ab,    .     = ab + bc,  ,        bc.   ab   ,   bc  ab    .    I   1/6,    II  3/6     III  6/6.  , ,    /      ,   ,     .          16 2/3%, 50%  100%. ,           .  , ,   100%,       8, 10, 12   . .     ,      ,     ,    ,    ,      .

,     ,   . ,       ,      ,        ,  ,  .      ,        .[225 -     ;       (An Essay n Trade and Commerce; containing Observations on Taxes etc.. London, 1770, p. 73)]

,  ,     ,   ,  ,   ,       .        . ,   ,   bc,    ab,   , = 0,     ,     ,         .              , . .         .       .        .     . -,    .      ,     24 ,     . ,          8 .        , ,             , ,   . .             :         ,        .           .   ,            . . ,      8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 , . .   .

       .          .  ,  ,           .     ?[226 -    ,          :    ?  ,      ,        ,   little shilling men  ]   ,   ,    .  ?        ultima Thule,[227 - * :  ;      :  . (   , ,   ,    .) .]     .  ,      .     .    -     ,   ,    ,  ,     .[228 -     ,          (/. G. Courcelle-Seneuil. Traite thooriquc el??? pratique des entreprises industrielles, 2eme edit. Paris, 1857, p. 62)]     , ,  ,   ,        ,      . ,     ,   ,         .[229 -           .          ,    ;               (An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770, p. 47, 153)]         ,    .[230 -      ,   ,     ,  ,     (N. Lin-guet. Theorie des Loix Civilos etc.. London, 1767, t. II, p. 466).]

,      .     ,           .     ,         [Sturm und Drang ]  .

,    ,      ,     ,    ,    . -    . ,      ,       .         :   .     ,   ,  ,   .        .     ,        ,     ,       .          . .,             ,   ,  .        . .  ,  ,  ,              .        ,   ,      ,             .                 ,        . ,       ,     .            .   ,           ,  30 ,     ,        , 1/36530,  1/10950   .       10      1/10950  1/3650   , . .  1/3   ,  ,  ,     2/3   .      ,   .       . ,         ,     ,       .     ,          ,    ,       ,    .  ,    - ,       .     ,  ,    ,     .[231 -         1860  1861 ..      9 ,    ,      .      ,      ,   . ,   . (    1867 .   ,   !)]

 ,         ,            ,      .     ,        ,  ,      .   ,         ,      ,        . ,   ,   ,         .       .  ,              ,    , . .  ,   , . .  .




2.  .   


    . ,        , ,   ,     ,     ,   ,        ,[232 - ,  ...    ...  ...    (Edmund Burke. Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. London, 1800, p. 2, 3)]      ????? ??????? [],  , civis romanus [ ],  ,  ,  ,    .[233 -   Romische Geschichte     :  ,  ,  ,    ,     (!)    .    ,         ] , ,    - -       ,    ,          ,             .         ,                  .  ,  ,      .    .[234 -           (     ,   ),               .           , , ,   .   ,     ,         ) Diodor's von Sicilien historische Bibliothek, Buch 3, cap. 13)]      .    ,          ,    . .,    ,                 ,     ,   . .     .          -    ,          .             ,   ,             ,      .       ,        .       .       ,    .

                 ,        ,   .

,      6     6   .         66,  36   .   ,      3       3      .      .       .        , ,    ,        30     30     . .      .  ,  , ,      ,        .        ,     .       ,    .           .     , ,            .          ,       ,         .               ,    :      .[235 -      ,     ,    ]

            ,     ,   . ,    ,      , ,      .[236 - {  3 .      ,    - .  XV   ,            ,   ,    ,  .   , ,        .    -    .         ,     XVI    - , ,   ,    -     . (Maurer. Geschichte der Fronhofe, der Bauernhofe und Hofverfassung in Deutschland. Bd. IV; Meitzen. Der Boden und die landwirtschaft-lichen Verhaltnisse des preussischen Staates nach dem Gebietsumfange vor 1866; Hanssen. Leibeigenschaft in Schleswig-Holstein.) . .}]     .         ,        .          ,    ager publicus [ ]    .              ,      ,     .                 .               .      ,   ,   ,       , ,     .   ,      1831 ., , ,   .                .

 Reglement organique,      ,   ,      ,          : 1)       ; 2)       3)    .  14   .              ,    ,      ;        ,           .   Reglement        ,   12      36   ;               .  42  .      Jobagie, . . ,       .            Jobagie    .       14     .  ,     56   .     ,   ,   210 ,     40        30  ,  70 .  ,  110  .        5/84,  662/3 ,      ,  ,        .       . A Reglement organique    ,    ,     .     12    58,       56     ,        . ,          ,     ,    ,      .             ,      ,     .     .

    Reglement organique,     ,  365   !.[237 -      E. Regnault. Histoire politique et sociale des Principautes Danubiennes. Paris, 1855 [p. 304 sq.]]

 Reglement organique         ,    ,           ,        -  ,      ,   ,      .       ,      ,         ,       .    ,      ,         .        ,         .[238 -             ...   ,         ...    ,   ,               .   (1789 .)        165 ,  1818 . ( 10 )  157,   21  1832 . 156 .               .    1780 .   178 ,  155 .    157 .    ,   Bayerische Zeitung  9  1862 ., ,     9-      1 000  716     : 317 -    399     ...  1858 .       :   156  (J. v, Liebig. Die Chemie in ihrer Anwondung auf Agrikultur und Physiologie. 7. Aufl., 1862. Band 1, S. 117, 118)]

  (1867)   1850 .      10 ,     5    12 ,  6    6  ,     1/2        1   ,    10 1/2  ,    8 ,  6    2  ,   1/2    .  60  ,  10 1/2     , 7 1/2     .[239 -    1850 .       .]   ,     ,       ,      .  ,  ,          .

     .[240 -          1845 .               : . .     . , 1845 [.:  .,  . . 2- ., . 2].        ,    ,     . .,    1845 .;         ,                (1863  1867),   18  20  .       ,          1862 .,      .   ,  ,   ,   ,     -  .           1848 .,    ,           ,          . ,        ,                   ]

,   ,        ,  ,    ,  6           ,       .    5      ,   ,    10       ,   .            ,  ,    ,    .  ,  :



 6  

15 

  5 :

300 



 6  

15 



   

10 



  

20 



60



 



 6  

15 

 40 



   

10 



 2-  

15 



  5  40   , ,   50  ,   2       ,  27  .[241 - Suggestions etc. by Mr. L. Homer, Inspector of Factories, in Factories Regulation Acts. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 9 August 1859, p. 4, 5.]       5 ,    21/2    .[242 - Reports of the Insp. of Fact. for the half year, October 1856, p. 35.]    ,   ,      ,  ,   12    13.[243 - Reports etc. 30th April 1858, p. 9.]

,           ,      , ,         .    ,        .      ,       .         1857-1858 .

         ,     ,          ;       ...    ,   ,  122       , 143 ,      , -      .[244 - Reports etc, 30th April 1858, p. 10.] ,  - ,          ,  -        ,    (snatched)   1/2  3/4      ,       .[245 -  , . 25.]

              1861  1865 .[246 - Reports etc. for the half year ending 30th April 1861. .   2: Reports etc. 31st October 1862, p. 7, 52, 53.       1863 . . Reports etc. ending 31st October 1863, p. 7.]

         -      ,      ,          ,    ,      (   . .),    .         ,     ,   6    6  ,     ,        .[247 - Reports etc. 31st October 1860, p. 23.   ,     ,        ,     .    1836 .    ()   ,   8       .      ,        1215    6     4    ,      ,          .        30-   shoddy hole,   ,              ,   . .,           ,    !      ,      -   ,  ,              4 ,           !      20 . . .    :,   , ,    ,      ,  ,   !]

 ,       ,       ,     .    ,    ,  , ,      ,         -  .[248 - Reports etc. 31st October 1856, p. 34.]   ,            (a multiplication of small thefts),    ,      ,       .[249 - Reports etc. 31st October 1856, p. 35.]

  ,           ,    petty pilferings of minutes,  ,[250 -  , . 48.] snatching a few minutes,  [251 -  .] ,    , nibbling and cribbling at meal times [     ,   ].[252 -  .]

 ,             .

   ,  -    ,       10    ,        1000 . .  .[253 -  ]     .[254 - Reports of the Insp. etc. 30th April 1860, p. 56]

     ,    full times [ ] ,   ,  half times [ ]    13- ,      6 .[255 -        ,     ]     ,    .        Voll-zeitler [,   ]  Halbzeitler [,   ].




3.     


         ,      ,   ,    ,   ,      ,       ,[256 -  ,       ,               (John Wade. History of the Middle and Working Classes, 3rd ed. London, 1835, p. 114).    ,     ,  -    ,     .    ,        : Sir M. Eden, The State of the Poor. London, 1797] , ,       .      ,           ,         .

- ,   ,    ,      14  1860 .,      ,     ,     ,      ...  2, 3, 4   9 10-               10, 11, 12  ,       ,  ,     ,       ,      .   ,  -              ... ,  ,      ,     ,   , ,    ...    ,        ,       18   !..         .              ,    ,        ,        ?.[257 -  Daily Telegraph  17  1860 ]

  (Pottery)     22      .       - ,   1841 .      ,   -   1860 .,        (Public Health, 3rd Report, I, 102113), , ,   -   1863 .  First Report of the Children's Employment Commission  13  1863 .        1860  1863 .       .  ,   ,      ,    ,      ,       . .      .[258 - . . .     . , 1845, . 249  251 [.:  .,  . . 2- ., . 2, . 430  432].]

 ,  ,  ,    7   10 .   ran moulds (            ).     6       9  .       9  .  , ,    7 8 . ,      ! . ,  , :

I run moulds and turn jigger ( [  ]  ).    6 ,   4  .       6   .      .    8  9      .   ,     .   3 . 6    (1  5 ).    ,       .       . ,  :        ,    ,    ,   .[259 - Children's Employment Commission. First Report etc., 1863, Appendix, p. 10, 19, 18]

  - ,      --    .   ,      20-         36,6 %,     30,4%,        ,     2/5           . - , ,   , :

          ,  .

    , - -, :

        ,   25   ,               .

     1860 . - .[260 - Public Health. 3rd Report etc., p. 103, 105]

    1863 .   . - . . ,     , :

 , ,   , ...     ,     .   ,        .      ;   ,        ,       .       :  , ,   .              ,   .   ,   ,     ,     .   (degenerescence)        ,                .

-  ,       ,       ,  , :

       ,    ,     ,             ,          .

             long hours (  ).    ,  ,        ,        ,       ,       ,         .[261 - Children`s Employment Comission, 1863. p. 22, 24 XI]

           .[262 -  , . XLVII.]

      1833 .,        .  1845 .               , , , , , , ;         ,       1845 .     ,    .      13-     18 .             ,            . .    , ,     ,  ,    .[263 -  , . LIV]   ,      (1863 .), 270   18- , 40   10 , 10   8   5  6   .  ,     12  14  15 ,  ,  ,       ,  .   ,      ,   ,     .

       ,      (block printing).             .      ,     ,  6    10    ,   .

.  :   (1862 . )  19  6 ,    .     ,      . . :         ;         . . :  13 ...      9  ,    10 .           ,    . . :     7 ,           ,      16 !..     ,   ,     ,          ,   . ,      :  (   ,    )     , ,  , 101/2-     41/2  ,       .[264 -          ,    .    101/2-     ,   , ,    .     ,    .    ,             ,        ,   ,        ,     ; ,        ,   ,     ,   .] (   ,    -        101/2 ?)  (   )    6   ( :     ,   ),    (iterum Crispinus)       ...    (152     18   140 )     18       7   5   ,   781/2 .  6 ,  2    (1863 .),      8 ,  84   !

 -   - ,    pluralis majestatis,[265 - *       ,     . .]   :   .  ,  block printing, :    .         :  ,   ,   .       - ,      ( ):

,         6    9  ,     (!)  ,         6    6    (!)  ...       ( !).     -      . ,    ,   ,  ,   ,    .

   ,       , . . ,      ,     ,       ,  ,   13- ,    18      12  16        ,      :     ,   ,     . ., . .     .[266 - Children's Employment Commission, 1863, Evidence, p. 123, 124, 125, 140, LXIV]

      (      ,      )     ,    ,    ,    ,   .  ,    ,        ,   .     ,  .

  ,                 (1855-1856 .)   -  Adulteration detected.[267 - ,      ,    ,    baker's stuff [ ].]      6  1860 . for preventing the adulteration of articles of food and drink [      ], ,    ,    , ,        ,          to turn an honest penny [  ].[268 - ,  ,         ,      .  1862 .        ,    ,       90%   ,            . Amis du commerce [ ] ,    *  ,      ,      .]         ,         ,    ,  .    ,                   ad oculos []    .[269 -             600       10, 20, 30   .  ,          ,  .     6  ,     9,    10,   12,   19,   20,   23,   24,   28,   30,   32  . .         . . Rouard de Card. De la falsification des substances sacramentelles. Paris, 1856]

  ,        ,      .          ,   ,    -     . .     ,  - X. . ,       1863 .,     .  [270 - Report etc. relative to the Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers etc. London, 1862,  Second Report etc.. London, 1863]          ,  . ,       ,   ,       ,      ,   ,        ,     ,               , ,      ,     ,        . ,      ,           (    1863 .),       -  18    9    5  .   ,   ,        ,     .

  -    11  .      ,   ,   1/2  3/4 ,      .      ,      ,    ,     ,         .       :   ,  ,   ,   ,     . .     75  90 [ ,  24 32  ],        ,  .  ,   . . ,   ,    ,       ,                 ,       -   .       ,       ,           .[271 -  , First Report etc.. p. VI.]     ,   ,     -,     11               8   .     4, 5, 6,    7         .      ,     6 ,   5  4 .      ,   10  ,    ,    ,    ,  8   ,      4  5   .    ,     ,      4-5      ...     ,   underselling masters (,     ),   ,    ,  3/4  ;       ,          ,       ,     .   ... . .  ,     10               .[272 - First Report etc. , p. LXXI.]

  underselling masters,      ,     (the unpaid labour of the men)    .[273 - George Read. The History of Baking. London, 1848, p. 16.]  full priced baker [,     ]      underselling       .

    ,         18  ,   12- .[274 - Report (First) etc. Evidence.  full priced baker , . 108.]

     ,     ,         XVIII , . .   ,          -        .[275 - George Read. The History of Baking. London, 1848.   XVII    XVIII  Factors (),    ,    public nuisances [  ]. , ,   90               ,  ,  , :   -          ,  ,   (The Case of our English Wool etc. . London, 1685, p. 6, 7)]      ,       ,           1824 .[276 - First Report etc. relative to the Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers etc. . London, 1862, p. VIII.]

    ,     -        ;        ,      ,    42- .        . ,       ,  ,      .

 18581860 . -                .        ,   , ,  1860 .     .           , , ,   . .

 , ,  ,      ,       ,   -.         .  ,      , ,       ,  .          ,  ,          .[277 - Report of Committee on the Baking Trade in Ireland for 1861.]

             , ,   . .

 ,      ,    .   ,    ,     ,        (     ),          ,   ,    ...  ,      12                                , ,   . ,   12 ,      ,             ,   (are deprived)          ,     .[278 -  ]

     .    ,  ,  ,  ,     1314-    ,        (   ,      );[279 -         5  1866  ( Workman's Advocate  13  1866 .).    1865 . -  ,    ,   .        .  ,      1867 .          9  10  12 . (  ,     ,          1830 .        ,      , ,  1872 .   .   ,       1867 .       ,    II .   5 .)]             :   ,   .         .      .      ,  10 12        8   .     5  6      14, 18  20 ,      ,     ,      40  50 .  ,  ,  ,   .        .     ,   ,   .  respectable British Juryman [  ]        ,   manslaughter (),    ,        ,                      ,       .[280 - Reynolds' Newspaper, 21  1866 .                  :  ,    . .          :  ,            .          ,     ,      ?     ,  :         .     14  50 .     ,      ...  ,     29  15 .        :   15 ;   15  35 ;   14 1 /2 ;   14  10 ,  88  30   .       ,       6  .       ,     . : 13 , . . 78   .         10  30 ?         10 . (    4  1866 . )]

     , , ,   ,     , ,  ,       ,       ,     :   .       ,       .

    1863 .         Death from simple overwork (    ).     20-    ,       ,        .    ,   [281 - . . .     . , 1845, . 253,254 [ .,  . . 2- ., . 2, . 433  435].]  ,        161/2   ,       30   ,            ,   .     .               .       26 1/2    60  ,  30   ,   1/3  ,               ,       .[282 - - ,      ,    :      300  ,      500  .      ,     :  : , ,     :  ,        .           ,  .       ,   ,    , - 26 , ,    (that spring from capital)  ,     (force economy out of labour;   ,  ,   ).         .          ,        ,    ,            .            ,    - ,     ,    .  ,     ,        ;           ;     15, 16,    18      ,    ,   , ,     ,       .     ,     ,   -   (Dr. Richardson. Work and Overwork, in Social Science Review, 18  1803 .).]         .      ,    ,   ,    - ,    . , - ,       ,   Coroner's Jury [   ]  :

             ,      ,   .

     , Coroner's Jury      :

   ,    ,             . . .

  ,     Morning Star,      ,             .[283 - Morning Star, 23  1863 .  Times          . .     ,  Times,    ,           ,      ,            ,      ,   ,            (Times, 2  1863 . ).   Standard [15  1863 . ]         :     ,      ,             . .   16   . ,   , -  ,      1850 . :   ...    ,    91).          ,    ,   ,             ,         ,      (Macmillan's Magazine. Ilias Americana in nuce.  1863 .).  , ,      ,     !  .     !]

               ,    ,     ,    ...        .   ,      , ,  ,  .          ;   ,    ,   ,  .       , ,   ,       .            ,      ,    ,        .   (      )    31  1 000 ,   11      . ,     ,    ,       .    -     , -  ,  -  ,  -   ,  , , 50 .     -  ,   -  ,  -  ,             .      ,    ,    -             37   50.[284 - Dr. Richardson, . ]




4.   .  


       ,  ,    ,             .     ,        ,      ,      ,     ;    ,        .       ,        ,          .      24         .               , ,    ,      ,   ,  ,   , ,   ,    ,         ,        . .  ,   ,             . .     ,  ,     .  ,  24-               ,     ,  ,        ,   .     24 ,      6  ,        24   .       ,     .        8 (    6)  18 .[285 - Children's Employment Commission. Third Report. London, 1864, p. IV, V, VI.]            .[286 -                   ,   .  ,  ,         - . ,           ,    ,         ,       ( , 194, . XXVI. . Fourth Report (1865),  61, p. XIII). To     .]

        ,[287 -  ,    ,      ,  ,  ,         ,         (Children's Employment Commission. Fourth Report,  63, p. XIII).   ,  ,           :       .      .  ,    ,      ,        ,   ,     , ...   ,                     .            .                  . - . ,   General Hospital  ,       (1864 .)    ,        - :             , ,   o   ,   ,        .(Childrens Employment Comission. 4th Report,  284, p. 55) ,        ,   ,           .] ,              . ,     ,   ,           12    .   ,    ,   ,     ,   (truly fearful).[288 -  ,  57, . XII]

  .   ,       , ,   ,   9 12 ,         ,            .[289 -   (4th Report, 1865),  58, . XII]

  ,      -  ,  ,      ,            .         ,  -  .   ,  -  ,     ,       .         ,     ,   .    ,        ,      , :   ,       ,   , ,  ,   .[290 -  ]

   ,       6    51/2  ,           81/2    ...     6 . ,   ,      ,           .  ,   10 ,   6    12          9      . ,   13 ,     6    12   ,       , ,      . ,   12 ,       6    12      ;       .  ,  :      .            .      .    5  .   ,      .       6  . ,   !           .     ,    .        3  ,   ,   ,   ,    .        6  ,    6  7    . .[291 -  , . XIII.         ,            :  , 12 : ...  ,    (4 fours) ...    ,        ( king is him that has all the money and gold).    ; ,   ,    . ,       .    . . ,  :     . ,    ,         .  ,  :  ,         ,   ;  ,      .  ,  :   ,   .  ,  :     .  ,  :     ...  ,    ,    ,       ,        .    ,  ,    .        ,       ,     ( was not the same as other people in some ways, because he was religious in some ways, and others isn't) ( ,  74, . XV).    .   ,   .     (The devil is a good person. I don't know where he lives. Christ was a wicked man).   (10 )  God []    Dog []      (Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, 1866, p. 55,  278).   ,     ,      .   ,      ,   ,   ,   ,   .          ,      12    .  ,    ,      12      18 ,       5   12      0 .            24     .    0     18  ,    24 .      ,    ,    ,      1516 .  ,     ,        12-  24-  .         13 ,   18   .   -      , 24 ,    .   ,         ,    24    36   .          ,      14               ,  ,   ,     .   ,      ,      ,      ,       (Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report, 1865, p. XXXVIII, XXXIX)]

 ,      24- . , ,     ,          .         .

   .   ,  ,   600  700 ,    10%   18- ,       20     :

     . , ,  8690 [ ; 3032  ]...           , ,       ,  6    6  .     12   12 .      ,       ...   ,           (.   ?). , ,   ,         ,     ...  20   18     ...     (not well do)      18- .      .        ,      ... ,          ,            .[292 - Fourth Report etc. , 1865, 79, p. XVI 100)  ,  80, . XVI.]

- . ,       .    ʰ,    3 000   ,             , , ,              .    500   18-     170,   1/3,  13 .     -  :

  ,      (very objectionable),     ,   18- ,   12   .    ,     -    ,          12 .     ,     ,   13-   15- ,  ,      ,    . ,    ,       ,          ;        .   ,          . (   ,    , , ,   ,          . )  ,  ,      ,   ,  ,    ...         18  ,     ,       . (  !)  ,       ,     (the trade)      (As the trade with due regard to etc. could fairly bear!)  (  !)   ,          (. . ,   ʰ      ,           ).

     .   ʰ      ,       ʰ. -         ,      ,    .  -    .    ,              ;       ,           6%   18    1%  13 !.[293 - Fourth Report etc. , 1865,  82, p. XVII.]

- . .       ʰ ,            :

           18 ;     ,            .    ,     , , ,       ,      ,  ,     ,    (   !), ,    . -   ,    , , ,    4  5 .    ...   ,     (generally, ,    )    ,          ,     ,        ,        .  ,   ,        - ,      .  ,       ,   .           .

  ?         ?  ?

,   ,    ,   ,          ,     ,       .   ,     ,      ,          .        .

 :               ,        .         ,       ,        .[294 -        ,          ,         ,     . ,    ,     (Hegel. Encyklopadie. Erster Theil, Die Logik. Berlin, 1840, S. 249).]  ,          ,    ,      .  ,     ,    ,   ,     .     ,  . . ,       , !..          .         .  ,    . ., , , ,   . .   ,     .    ,    ,    , ,   24 ,   12 .   ,                    ;            ,       .

        ,        ,             ,      ,        ,     .

              ,          , ,    ?

 ,  . .     ,  ,  ,    ,    ,     .            .    ,   (  ,     ),    ,     ,         (               ),          (             ).[295 - Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report etc. , 1865,  85, p. XVII.         ,        ,             ,  ,    ,     ,   . .          ,  ,           -     ,   :               ,       ,   ,      ,           (the waste of animal power),      ,  ,         ,     ,       ( , . XLV).       1865 !   ,    ,      ,  ,    , ,    ,     6  15  20 () !     14  15 !          ,    .           6 .     ,   ,      , , ,  ,     .  ,         .      ,       ,    ,        ...          ,     ,     . -   ,     36   ,      2-  ,       5   (3 !),       !  ,       ,  ,          (spell of Jabour),   ( , . XLIII  XLIV).       ,   , ,  ,           : Britons never, never, shall be slaves! [, ,     !]]




5.    .     XIV XVII 


   ?    ,        ,     ?         ,      ?   ,   ,  :     24   ,      ,           .     ,           ,   ,    ,   ,        , ,      .   ,    ,   ,    ,   ,       ,           ,      ,[296 -     , ,     -    -      , ,      ,    .        ,     ,      ,  - ,    .       ,        .    ( 1863 .),    ,      ,    , ,       6      15  ,    810 .     ,             - 94.  ,   in cute curanda [     ],     ,      ,     . Obsequium ventris istis () perniciosius est [   ()  ]]      !      ,            ,        .   ,   ,     .   ,     ,       .              ,         ,             .  ,   ,     ,      ,     ,     .  ,          ,  ,      ,         ,     .        .       ,         .        ,              .

 ,  ,      ,   ,            ,           .          .[297 -           ,   ...         (Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report, 1865,  64. p, XIII)]         ,        .

         ,          .  ,     ,          ,     ,          ,         , . .        ,   ,    ,   ,  ,    . ,  ,          .

     ,     .  ,   ,        .

  -             ,   ,       ,            .  .          ,        ,     , ,       ,  ,      ,     ,      ,     .      ,    , :      ,      (human cattle)         .      ,         ,        .  -,        ,     .      ,    ,    ,  ,       ,       ,                      .[298 - J. . Cairnes, . ., . 110, 111]

Mutato nomine de te fabula narratur!     ,         ,   ,   !  ,       ,                 .  ,   ,         .    -    ?  ,    ,     ,   1785 .   ,       15  20  .[299 - John Ward. The Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent etc. . London, 1843, p. 42]  1861 .          101 302 .

    90 ...            .[300 -      27  1863 .]

,             .  , ,  1834 .                 , ,       .[301 -      .       ( ).]    .

           .         .    ,        ,   ,       .       ,   ,     ;   ,          .       .      .   ,      ,            .        ... 1860      ...    .         ...      ,  ,  ,      .

 Bury Guardian  ,    -       10   ,       30-40 .           -    1860 .  ,     - ,     ,               .[302 -  .            .            .   - .  ,     ,          apprentices (),     (   . .      . , 1845), , ,              ,         .    ,             .    ,        .     - ,     ,         1860 .  ,        ,           ,            ,         ,        , ;   ,         . ,    , -  :   ,    (      )   ,     ,     (high priced labour).     13    4 .  ;   ,    50  100  ,       ,        ,   4 .      (Reports of the Insp. of Factories for 30th April 1860, p. 27). -   ,                4 .,         50  100 ,   ,       .          ,    ,       1850 .       . .,      .              .         10    ,    ,             ,         (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1855, p. 103).         1851 .   ,      ,      .        :    ,          ,       ...      ,     (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1853, p. 85)]

 ,   ,     , . .            ,       ,  ,   ,  ,      .[303 -        ;      ,           (England and America. London, 1833, v. I, p. 55;   . . )]   ,    ,       ,        ,        ,                    ,            ,        .[304 - . Public Health. Sixth Report of the Medical Officer of The Privy Council, 1863.     1864 .         .     ,     ,    ,     , -       ,       .    ,       ,      ,          -   (Thornton, . ., . 74, 75). ,  ,    30000 gallant Highlanders [ ],         wynds  closes [  ] .] ,           ,          ,   ,        ,        .       ,   -  ,   ,          ,             . Apres moi le deluge! 96         .           ,        .[305 -         ,  ,  ,          ...         (Times, 5  1861 .).  -      ...       ,         ,     .       . . (Twenty-second Report of the Registrar General. London, 1861).]       ,  ,     :      ,      ()?                .                .[306 -   , ,    1863 . 26 ,     ,      .   c,        .                    . .          ,       -    ...      ,     ,     (Children's Employment Commission, 1st Report, 1863, p. 322).   114.         .                             .        (1871 .).     ,      ,   -,   ,                 .         ,                 !]

           .         . , ,            XIV    XVIII .[307 -   ,       ,   . .,        1813 .,   ,        .]           ,      . ,     ,      , ,               ,     ,     .      ,  ,   ,     .    ,          , . .    ,           ,   ,        97.  ,     ,                XIV   XVII ,       ,     XIX  -        . ,  ,    ,        ,       12 ,      XVII       ,      .[308 -     12-              10    (Genera! Statutes of Massachusetts, . 60,  3). (     1836  1858 .)          , , , , ,                .  ,     ,   - ,           10     60         ,   10- ,                 (State of New-Jersey. An act to limit the hours of labour etc.,  1  2.   18  1851 .). ,  12 ,   15 ,          11   ,   5     71/2   (Rivised Statutes of the State of Rhode Island etc., . 139,  23, 1  1857 .).]

       (23-    III, 1349 .) ( ,             ,    )    99,   , ,    ,       (. .  ,         )   .[309 - [J. . Byles.] Sophisms of Free Trade, 7th edit. London, 1850, p. 205.   , , :  ,           ,        464 .  .        ( , . 206).]

       - ,         .  ,      ,    1496 . (  VII).     (artificers)            , ,          5    7  8  ,    ,   ,  1   , 11/2       , . .     ,        .[310 -     .   :   1496 . ,       1/3    1/2   ,   ,         ,  ,              (J. Wade. . ., . 24, 25, 577).   ,              ,        Chronicon Preciosum etc.. By Bishop Fleetwood. 1st edit., London, 1707, 2nd edit., London, 1745.]           5   .    1562 .   ,      ,     ,     21/2    2  .      ,             .         1 .         ,   .  ,         ,    ,      XVII :

 (labouring men,      )   10      20   ,            ;  ,              11/2 ,        2 ,  11  1 , . .     1/20          ,       ,   1/10     .[311 - W. Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland, 1672, edit. 1691, p. 10]

    -  ,   ,    1833 .      ? ,    ,    ,    apprentices ().            XVII ,       :           ,    ;    , ,        ,    .

, ,   ,          .[312 - A Discourse of the Necessity of Encouraging Mechanic Industry. London, 1690, p. 13. ,         ,    :      ...   XVII   ,      .  ,    ,    .                exultation ()   ,           ,      12 000 . .  .      ,         ,  ,       ...  ,   ,   ,  ,   (History of England, v. I, p. 417).       ,      amis du commerce [ ] XVII   exultation   ,            4- ,    vertu mise en pratique [,   ]       1    . . ,   ,    ,    ,              ,    ,   .   ,         ,      . -    amis du commerce*  exultation                    .         :         ,     .   ,  ,   !]

     XVIII ,    ,    ,     ,    ,  , ,  .  ,          ,       ,        .                ,    . , ,   ,          ,       -  -,     Essay on Trade and Commerce.[313 -             An Essay on Trade and Commerce: containing Observations on Taxes etc.. London, 1770.         Considera???;, tions on Taxes. London, 1765.       ,  ,    .    :    Money answers all Things. London, 1734;     ,  An Enquiry into the Causes of the Present High Price of Provisions. London, 17G7; -           Universal]

 ,  :

             ,      ,   (industrious poor),      5      ,     6 .    ,       -       ,               .       ,    ,          (the perpetual slavery of the working people);    all work and no play (,    , ).            ,           ?    ?   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,  .         ,     ,          ,                    ;              ,      ?..            (hard driven animals)?..      4    ,      5  6 .        ,   ,    (degenerate)  ,  .       ,     ,   ,   ,     ,    ,    ,     ,    ?       ,               ,    - ?  ,        ,     ,         ,    .[314 - Dictionary of Trade and Commerce,    Great Britain's Commercial Interest explained and improved, 2nd edit. London, 1759.          ,    .]

   Essay on Trade and Commerce   :

       ,   ,       (,     ,  : ),     ,     ,   ...  ,  ,        ,      ,      ,       4   ,      ... ,        ,    5 .,          .        5      4 ,    4 ...                ,    ,   4 ,   ,         ... ,     ,  ,      6      .     6   ,          (labouring poor),[315 - An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770,    . 96 ,      1770 .    .    (their working powers)     (on the Stretch????);       ,   (they cannot live cheaper than they do),    (nor work harder)]              .    ,        ...[316 -         ,           .]        ,  ,  ,          ,  ( )  -   .         , ,  ,   ;       ,        .             (independent of their superiors)...       ,  ,  ,  , 7/8           ...[317 - An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770, p. 41, 15, 96, 97, 55, 56, 57]       ,          6     ,       [318 -  , . 69.   1734 .   ,         -   ,          6    .]

  ,      ,      , ditto [ ]      ,          ,       : ,    , . . ,      (an ideal workhouse).        (house of terror).[319 -  e, . 242  243:        ,     ,     ,         .]    ,     ,     14   ,  , ,    ,     12  .[320 -   [. 260]. ,  ,        ( , . 78).]

    ideal workhouse,    1770 !    ,  1833 .,          12        13  18- , ,     !  1852 .,   ,     ,       ,       : ,     12 ,   ,      !.[321 -     ,   12   ,   ,    ,   ,       (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Octob. 1855, p. 80).   5  1850 .    ,           2  1848 .,        .         .       14, 15   . . Des classes ouvrieres en France, pendant l'annee 1848. Par M. Blanqui. - , ,   ,      .]      10   12 ;    1862 .     13  16-     121/2  12 ;    1860 .    14  16      ditto  12 .[322 -            .    ,    ,       12  1862 :    ,         ,   ;                   ,           ,      !]    1770 ,  exultation   !

   ,       1770 .,             .   .        ...




6.    .     .  18331864 


 ,     ,         ,      ,     ,[323 - ,     ,              12  .    ,      ,      ,     14  24   .  , ,     ,    ,           ,      13- ,           ,       ...    ,     ,          ,    ,               (   Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st December 1841).]         XVIII   ,  ,       .  ,     ,   ,    ,  .      , -    ,   ,       1860 .        ,      ,       .[324 - . Judgement of Mr. J. H. Otway, Belfast, Hilary Sessions, County Antrim 1860]    .

   ,   ,      ,    ,       ,  .      ,   ,   .    1802  1833 .   5   ,    ,          ,      . .[325 -     -,  ,   ,        22  1841 .      .   -     .        812- ,     12  16   . .,    ,        .               amis du commerce [ ],    ,       .   1853 .  - ,   ,     .           ,   -   1848 .      ,          !]    .  ,    1833 .      (were worked)  ,      ,   ad libitum [ ].[326 - Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1860, p. 50.]

     1833 .,   , ,    ,         .      ,       1833  1864 !

 1833 . ,          51/2      81/2  .    15-       (. .     13  18 )       ,    ,             12   ,      .  6-  ,                 11/2   .      9- ,   ,     ;   913-   8   .  , . .      81/2    51/2  ,       9  18 .

              ,    ,   ,            .

   ,      ,       ,  25  1833 .,   ,             .     ,     ,       ,  ,     ,          93 .

       Relaissystem (System of Relays; Relay -,   -,       );       9  13    , ,  51/2    11/2  ,     11/2    81/2    . .

   ,            22     , ,    ,      .  ,   1  1834 .     11 ,  1  1835 .     12    1  1836 .     13        8 !  ,      ,    ,  - ,  . ,  . ,  , , -   . ., . .      ,       ,  periculum in moral. - -   :

       ,       ,    ( ) , ,        .[327 - Legislation is equally necessary for the prevention of death, in any form in which it can be prematurely inflicted, and certainly this must be viewed as a most cruel mode of inflicting it.]

   ,               13    72-    ,    ,     ,   -    45   !

   ,     ,   .  ,  ,   ,          8   ,   ,  .   ,     10  ,   ,  11 .        ,  1836 .,     .        ,    1835 .       13  12 .     pressure from without [ ].    .    13-     103     8   ,   1833 .    .       1844 .

   ,       ,   ,          .    1833 .           51/2   81/2   ,             ,    ,             ,       Relaissystem,          ,        .        ,       .      ,       ,       .                    -        ?           .       (1844 .)      -     Relaissystem.[328 - Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 31st October 1849, p. 6.]     .  ,   1838 .,      ,  ,      .   ,      1833 .,        ,            .   ,            ,                .              !         ,           .[329 - Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848, p. 98.] ,       ,         1833 . , ,   ,  ,  ,       [330 -       nefarious practices [ ] (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1859, p. 7) I39) Reports etc. for 30th Sept. 1844, p. 15.]  .

      7  1844 .      10  1844 .        ,  :   18 .        :     12 ,     . . ,             .    1844  1845 .   :

       ,            139).

    13     61/2,      7   .[331 -       10      ,     ,    .       ]

    Relaissystem,  ,  ,   :

         ,           .

 , , ,     8  ,     10 ,           ,    .       -  ,     ,      .      ,   ,    ,     . ,     12  ,       .  ,        ,    .  11/2 ,    ,    ,    ,       ,     1       .           5     ,   ,  . ,              ,    -  ,  . .

 ,    ,   ,     -,  ,      .            .  ,          .       ,             ,         ,   .        1844 1847 .            ,   .

           .             9  8                 .[332 -            ,   ,   ,        8  9       (Reports etc. for 30th Sept. 1814, p. 13).]

1846  1847 .      .   ,         ,      ! ,   .   ,                .       .       -       ,     ,    ,   .

    8  1847 . ,   1  1847 .         11    ( 13  18 )    ,   1  1848 .         10 .              1833  1844 .

             1  1848 ,    ,    ,       .    .

 ,     18461847 .      ,        ,   .         ,    .        ,       ,   ,   ,    ,      ,     ,         .[333 - Reports f Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848, p. 16.]

             10 %.  ,  ,      . ,        11 ,       81/3 %     ,         10 .  ,    ,         25 %.[334 -  ,   ,  10 ,  ,    1 .,         10 %,     1 . 6 ,    ,   2 . 6 , ,   ,       (Reports of Insp. of Fact. For 31st October 1848, p. 16).]




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


    ,          . ,   -,  .   ,       .  :  .        ,     ,          , .,      ,     ,     ,   , ,  .   , ,       ,     




2


.      . , 1859, . 39 [.  , . 13, . 47].




3


           .       ,  - .                    . Saturday Review    ,         ,           (charm). -     8 (20)  1872 .   :    (    )  ,  ,     ,  .    ...       , ...        ,       .    e--     ,  -  .




4


Le Capital, par Karl Marx. Traduction de M. J. Roy, entierement revisee par 1'auteur. Paris, Lachatre.  ,      ,           




5


                .    :  40   ,           ,  ,      .        : 21     22   . Evening Standard, 1  1886 




6


*       . .




7


* .  ,  I, . 9 ( 12IS. Pe,  , . 




8


**  . 




9


 .    . , 1859, . 3 [.  .   . , 2 .,  13, . 13].




10


  ,   ,       ,   ...      ,    . Nicholas Barbon. A Discourse concerning Coining the New Money lighter. In Answer to Mr. Locke's Considerations etc.. London 1696, p. 2, 3.




11


      (vertue        ),    ; ,     (N. rb, . ., . 6).        ,        




12


  [natural worth] -             (John Locke. Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, 1691, in Works. London, 1777, v. II, p. 28).  XVII         worth      value    :      ,   ,  ,    ,      




13


    fictio juris [ ],   ,   ,      




14


   ,       ,         (Le Trosne, "De 1'Intr?t Social, Physiocrates, ed. Daire, Paris, 1846, p. 889)




15


      (N. rb, . ., . 6), ,   :

The value of a thing

Is just as much as it will bring"

[   ,   )] 24




16


     ,   ,     .  ,    ,    ,  ...             ,           (N. rb, . ., . 53  7)




17


  2 . (  ( ),      ,   ,       (Some Thoughts on the Interest of Money in general, and particularly in the Public Funds etc.. London, p. 36).          .     ,        II,   1739  1740 




18


       ,  ,  ;     ,     (Le Trosne,, ., . 893)




19


 . "   . , 1859, . 6 [.  .   . , 2 .,  13, . 16]




20


11a (  4 .      ,         , ,  ,  ,   ,   ,  . . .)




21


 .    . , 1859, . 12, 13  . [.  ,  13, . 21, 22  .]




22


  ,          ,        ,       .       ,    ,   .   ( , ,    ,     ,      )           ,  ,        ,     ,                       (ietr Vrri. dditazoni sulla nmia liti (   1771 .)      , t drn, t. XV, . 21, 22)




23


. g1. hilosophie des Rechts. lin, 1840, S. 250,  190




24


    ,        ,  ,   , ,        ,      .              




25


  2 .  ,         ,               , .                   .    , c,      ,   ,           ,     (Wealth of Nations v. I, h. V).




26


  , , , , . ,    ,       ,   , ,        ,    , ,      ,         ,   .   ...   (n nd its Vicissitudes. London, 1837, . 11).  . 




27


17   2 .    ,       ,  , :        ,       ,         (h Works f . Franklin t., dited b Sks. ston, 1836, V. II, p. 267).    ,      ,          , ,      .      ,    .      ,    ,             




28


     .            :   ,    ,   ,   .         ,          .       ,     ,       .




29


   ,      ,     , . .  




30


  2 .                 . :  ,    ,  ,     , , ,      ,  ,       ...   ,          ,        ,      ,       ,          .  ,                ,    ,         ,      ,    ,  ,     , ,         ,   ,          (J. rdhurst. liti1 nm. Lndon, 1842, . 11, 14)




31


        . ,    ,         .    , ,     ,   




32


*       Kleider machen Leute (:   ,   :  ,    :   ). .




33


  2 . F.L. , Frrier (sous-inspecteur des douanes). Du Gouvernement considere dans ses rapports avec le commerce. ris, 1805,  harles Ganilh. Ds Systeines de l Economie Polittique, 2eme ed. ris, 1821




34


22   2 . ,           




35


     ,      ,    ,     ,  . .    ,     ,  . . .    ,   .         ...     ...    ,    ..,    ,       ;  ,          ,   ,         ( iticl Dissertation n the Nature, sures, nd uses f Vlu; hiefl in fn t the writings f . Ricardo nd his followers. By the Author f Essays on the Formation etc. off Opinions. London, 1825, . 39). . ,    ,         , ,                    .  ,     ,       ,   ,       ,   Westminster Review




36


            ,      ,         ,        .      ,          ,   ,      .   ,      n lus ultra []     ,  , ,      ,    ,      ,      .        , ,      ,    ,    ,       ,   .               .         ,  ,  

     ,

   




37


,        pour encourager les autres [  ]      ,         




38


  2 .          ;   : Tagwerk ( Tagwanne) (jurnale  jurnalis, terra jurnalis, jornalis  diurnalis), Mannwerk, Mannskraft, Mansmaad, Mannshauet . . . Georg Ludwig von Maurer.Einleitung zur Geschichte der Mark-, Hof-, u. s. w. Verfassung.Munchen, 1854, S. 129 sq




39


  2 -. ,   :        La Ricchezza ? una ragione t due persone,     : ,    (Galiani, Della Moneta, . 221,  III  : Scrittori Classici Italiani di Economia Politica. Parte Moderna. Milano, 1803)




40


      ,         ?     ,   ,      ( .        Deutsch-Franz?sische Jahrbucher,      . , 1844 [. ,  1,  561])




41


  2 .        .        ,    ,            .       ,                ,      1817 .  -  34, ,    ,      ( .    . , 1859, . 38, 39 [.  ,  13, . 4647])




42


  2 .      ,             .    ,      . , ;     ,      ,       .    ,  ,     ,            . , , ,                 ( .    . , 1859, . 10 [.  ,  13, . 20])




43


                    .    ,               ,     ,     ,       .  , ,   ,         ,       .       ,            ,       . , , ,         :    ,          ,    , . . ,     .      ,    ...  ,       ,  ,          ,       ,    (Ricardo. The Principles of Political Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 334).   ,          . , ,   , ,   ,   ,  ,   , ,   ,  ,      (  )    .        ,      (   )  ,         .     :          (   ).         ,    ,                  ,  . . .       ,  ,         ,                




44


         ,         ,  ,     ,       




45


       .       :   ,   .    ,   ,       ,      .      ,        ...  ,     ,      ( .  .     - , 1847, . 113 [.  ,  4, . 142]).   - ,  ,        .       ,  , ,     -,   ,        .   ,        -  , - ,          ,        . ,  ,   ,   ,    ,      ?        .     ,  ,      ,            -  ?    ,     ,    -         , 1859.   ,  ,         ,         ,              ,       ,       [.  ,  13, . 6, 7],  ,   ,      ,    ,      ,   ,      ,   .   ,    ,   ,             - . ,   ,       ,     . ,  ,        , ,        ,    .  ,      , ,    ,  ,         .   ,  -       ,  ,          




46


Observations on certainverbal disputes inPoliticalEconomy, particularly relating to Value, and to Demand and Supply. London, 1821, p. 16.




47


S. Bailey, A Critical Dissertation on the Nature etc. of Value, p. 165.




48


 Observations  .     ,              .   :   ,    ,  , ,   ,          ,        .     ,   ,   ,      e          ,   




49


 XII ,    ,       . , ,       ,     37,    , , ,  ,   . ,  femmes folles de leur corps [ ]




50


      , justice ternelle,   ,   ,  ,  ,       ,       ,  .   , ,               .      , ,               ,         naturalit  affinit [  ]?   ,    justice eternell [ ], quit ternelle, mutualit ternelle [ ,  ]   verits ternelles [ ],         ,     ,   ,    gr?ce ternelle, foi ternelle, volont ternelle de Dieu [ ,  , ]?




51


    .     ,   ; ,         .       ,   ,     -,    , ,  ,    .        .       (Aristoteles. De Republica, . 1, . 9)




52


        ,                , . .   ,          .           ,      .    .      , . 61  . [ ,  13, . 67  .]




53


  ,       , ,       ,          ,             




54


 .    , . 135 [.  ,  13, . 137].  ...     (Galiani, Della Moneta,   , Parte Moderna, . III, . 137)




55


            




56


    (Verri, . ., . 16)




57


     ,        , ... ...    ,  ...       ,          ,           . . ([S. Clement, ] A Discourse of the General Notions of Money, Trade, and Exchanges, as they stand in relation each to other. By a Merchant, London, 1695, p. 7).   ,  ,   ,         ,        ,  , , ,    ([J. Child. ] A Discourse concerning Trade, and that in particular of the East-Indies etc. . London, 1689, p. 2).        ,           ([Th. Papillon.] The East-India Trade a most Profitable Trade. London, 1677, p. 4)




58


        ,     (Galiani, . .).  :     ,     ,       ,  . , , :        -   ?..         ?       ,    :      ,   , . .    ;             (une valeur additionnelle) (Jean Law. Considerations sur le numeraire et le commerce,   . : Economistes Financiers du XVIII siecle, p. 469, 470)




59


    (Verri, . ., . 16)




60


     ,        , ... ...    ,  ...       ,          ,           . . ([S. Clement, ] A Discourse of the General Notions of Money, Trade, and Exchanges, as they stand in relation each to other. By a Merchant, London, 1695, p. 7).   ,  ,   ,         ,        ,  , , ,    ([J. Child. ] A Discourse concerning Trade, and that in particular of the East-Indies etc. . London, 1689, p. 2).        ,  ;         ([Th. Papillon. ] The East-India Trade a most Profitable Trade. London, 1677, p. 4)




61


        ,     (Galiani, . . ).  :     ,     ,       ,  . , , :        -   ?..         ?       ,    :      ,   , . .    ;             (une valeur additionnelle) (Jean Law. Considrations sur le numraire et le commerce,   . : conomistes Financiers du XVIII si?cle, p. 469, 470)




62


   ()  (V. de Forbonnais. lments du Commerce. Nouv. dit. Leyde, 1766, t. II, p. 143).      ( , . 155).       (Montesquieu. Esprit des Loix. Oeuvres. London, 1767, t. II, p. 3).    ,      ;     ,    (Le Trosne,  ., . 910).       ,       ,        ,   ,    (Hegel. Philosophie des Rechts, S. 100).                    , ,    ,                  ,     41.       ,           1346 .,         ...  ,       ,     ,     ,         .    ,     .         .      , ,    ,     .      . G. F. Pagnini. Saggio sopra il giusto pregio delle cose, 1751,   , Paite Moderna, . II.  ,          




63


                 ,      ,          ;     ,            ,   ,  caeteris paribus [   ]     10 ,     5  (William Petty. A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions, London, 1667, p. 31)




64


-    :          ; ,     ,  ,     ,  .       ,            .   : , , ,         ,      (,  -      ,  ?) ...   ,      .    (Wilhelm Roscher. Die Grundlagen der National?konomie, 3. Aufl., 1858, S. 207-210).         !    !       -    -   ! ,       ,  ,     




65


,        , , ,        ,    ,           ,            ;    ,          , . .    .               (   , . 61  . [.  ,  13, . 67  .]).   , , ,          , , ,  .     , . .  ,    .                       .                     




66


         .         :    (  ) ...    (,    )  ,  , -,    .           .     ,  ,  ,    ,        ; , ,        .  ,    :         1864 .             ,         ( ,   )     ,        .




67


.  .    .    , . 53  . [ ,  13, . 60  . ]




68


  2 . ,          , . .   ,            . ,            ,    ,                 , ,       .     III    II,          ,                .     ,  . ,   ,   ,       .         ,              ,   .               ,         ,          ,          .   1855, 1856  1857 .         41 580 000 . .,           34 704 000  .    ,               ,         ,  ,   ,   ,    ,     ,   ,          .          ,  ,          ,   ,        ( .    , . 52, 53 [.  ,  13, . 59, 60])




69


  2 .   ,     ,    ,       ,  :           ,             ;          ,    ,              (Maclaren. History of the Currency. London, 1858, p. 16)




70


  2 .            (measure of value)    (standard of value).     ,  ,   




71


,        




72


  2 . ,     1/8   ,     44    1/36,    1/74,     1/1000,      




73


  2 . ,     ,      ;     ,      ,       (Galiani. Delia Moneta, p. 153).




74


  2 . -     Familiar Words   (!)  ,      ( ),    ,   1/4  :    ,  ,     .       ,   ,    




75


  3 .   ,     ,  :   (lhaeus. Deipnosophistarum [libri quindecim 1. IV, 49, v, II, ed. Schweigh?user, 1802 [p. 120])




76


  3 .              ,    , ,  ,        ,   3 . . 17 . 10 1/2 ,         .    ,   ( )      ,      ,     .                 ( .    , . 52 [.  ,  13, . 59])




77


.         , . 53  . [.  ,  13, . 60  . ].           ,                         ,  , ,      1/4   40   20.   ,        ,      ,       ,      Quantulumcunque concerning Money. To the Lord Marquis of Halifax, 1682.     ,     ,      ,      ,     .    ,    ,      ,    ,    -      (    , . 36)




78


  ,      ,      (Le Trosne, . ., . 919), ,    ,    




79


          ,          ,              .   ,  , ,   .  ?   .  , ,   ,   .




80


 ,  ,  ,     ,           (F. Lassalle. Die Philosophie Herakleitos des Dunkeln. Berlin, 1858, Bd. I, S. 222).     , . 224,  3,        




81


*    . .  ( )  28  1878 .       :    ,            ,      .              , ,   . 




82


        (Dr. Quesnay. Dialogues sur le Commerce et les Travaux des Artisans. Physiocrates, ed. Daire, partie I, Paris, 1846, p. 170), ,     ,    




83


         * (rcier de la Riviere. L'Ordre Naturel et Essentiel des Societes Politiques, Physiocrates, ed. Daire, partie II, p. 554)




84


  ,    ( , . 543)




85


 ,     ,    ,        .




86


     ,     ,    e  ,       (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 586)




87


,  ...      ,      (Larsn, . ., . 909)




88


  2 .       ,         ,   vulgaris.




89


.     :    , . 7476 [.  ,  13, . 7981].        . -,             . -,   ,    ;   ,          ,    .          ,     ,        . , ,      differentia specifica [ ]   ,      ,           .    ,   ,        . ,       ,   :    




90


    ,       . ,       ,             ,        




91


 ()    ,  ,     (La Trosne, . ., . 885)




92


    ()     ...   ()    .     ,      ,      (Le Trosne, , ., . 915, 916)




93


  ...       ,  ,   -  ,    ,  ,       ,        ;        .    ...    ,     ?..  ...  ,        ,         . ,    ,        ,    ,    ...          ?.. 1)  ,         ,      ,    , ,   ,  ,    ,      ,   . 2)  ,        ... 3)  ,   ,   ,   -      . ,           ,     ,       .           ,       ,    ,   ,         .     ,         (Sir Dudley North. Discourses upon Trade. London, 1691, p. 1115 passim).       ,   ,          ,        .                ,    ,      , , ,     regulation of currency [  ],  ,   ,  




94


         :            .   ,         ,        ,            ...      ,   ,   ,      ,  ,    ,     (  ),   ,        (William Petty. A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions. London, 1667, p. 17).     .   . .    Political Arithmetic. London, 1774,     :     , . 112  .       , . 149 [.  ,  13, . 149],    :         (. )  ,       .        . ,     ex officio [].    ,      ,    :         ,   ...  ,         , -                   .       ,    ,       (Wealth of Nations, b. IV, ch. I).    .     ex officio   ,        ,         ,     ,    . .




95


    , , ,         ,   ; ,     ,    , ,          (Jacob Vanderlint. Money answers all Things. London, 1734, p. 5).  oe     Essays       ,            . ,       ,          .  ,  ,      ,     ,     -       ,       ,    ,    ,     ,     .              ,              (. ., . 43, 44)




96


  ,             .   ,                   ,    .          -  ,       ,     :   =   ,   =     =      .     ;                 ,    ,               ... ,      -    ,      ,  ,    ,  .           :         . ...                  (Montesquieu, . ., . III, . 12, 13).            ,     .    , . 140146  . 150  . [.  ,  13, . 140146, 149  .]. -                    .  , ,   : Principles of Political Economy   ( 1- ),          . ,   ,           ,       . ,         ,         .   -       ,    ,  ,        1844 . : Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy.   ,            ,      .        ...        ,   (Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, 1691. Works, ed. 1777, vol. II, p. 15)




97


  ,         ,     . .      ,      ,    52,         :   ,   ,     .       ...       .               .      ,        ,   ? ,   ;     ,       .            .    (         II)     ,            ,            ,     (North, . ., . 18)




98


     ,     ,         ,     ...              : ,     ,            ;     ,         ,        .         ,    , e   ,          ,          (David Buchanan. Inquiry into the Taxation arid Commercial Policy of Great Britain. Edinburgh, 1844, p. 248, 249)




99


   -      ,             .       1854 .      .        ,  . ,    ,      ,               (Arbeiten der Kaiserlich Russischen Gesandtschaft zu Peking ?ber China. Aus dem Russischen von Dr. K. Abel und F. A. Mecklenburg. Erster Band. Berlin, 1858, S. 47 sq. ).                       (    ) :         (     , a sovereign     53).   ,       ,        ,          (House of Lords' Committee 1848,  429)




100


  2 .             , , ,    :      ,    ,       ,          ,      ,  .   , ,  ,    .        ,       ,          ,              (Fullarton. Regulation of Currencies, 2 ed. London, 1845, p. 21). ,  ,           ,       ,    !




101


 ,    ,     , , .    ,    ,      to raise money [  ], . . , ,  ,     ,     ,   ,        .     ,      ...          ,     ...        (N. rb, . ., . 29, 30, 25)




102


     , ...  ,    (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 573). ,   ,     ( , . 486)




103


            (Vanderlint, . ., . 95, 96)




104


   (John Bellers. Essays about the Poor, Manufactures, Trade, Plantations, and Immorality. London, 1699, p. 13)




105


      ,          , . .  .




106


 III,   ,     . .   ,     . ,            .      ,  ,  .    . ,   par excellence [ ],      .    ,  ,        ,      




107


! 

, , ...

    ,

     ,

   ,   

,    ,

   ,

    ,  !

   ,  ,  ?

,    ? 

    ,

-    ...

,    

 ,   ,

 , 

    ,

  ,

, ,

  ,  

. ,  ,

 ...

...  ,

 

(.   )




108


      ,

  .  

,    ,

   

  ,

  ,  

,     

(. )




109


          (Athenaeus, Deipnosophistarum [libri quindecim. , 1. VI, 23, v. II, ed. Schweighauser, 1802, p. 397])




110


      ,         ,        (Verri, . ., . 52)




111


       ,     ,   ,  ,      ...  ,           ,      .   :   ,    ,    ,      (North, . ., , . 3).   ,       -  56, ,           .  ...    ,    ,      ,     ( . .   Reports on Bankacts 1857,  2084  2101).      1864 .           57,  1863 .        19 367 764  .      1864 .         109 652 917  .           ,   200 000 000  




112


          .           ,      (Martin Luther. An die Pfarrherrn, wider den Wucher zu predigen. Wittemberg, 1540)




113


          XVIII :     ,  ,   ,               (An Essay on Credit and the Bankrupt Act, London, 1707, p.2)




114


  2 .      1859 .   ,         : ,                  ,  ,  ,        ,    .   , ,     ,     ,          ...            ... ,      ... ,         (   . , 1859, . 119, 120 [.  ,  13, . 122])




115


  ,             ,      ,     ,    ,        .   ,      ,     , , . {   3 .}




116


            ,           ( .    . , 1859, . 126 [.  ,  13, . 128]).    ,          -  ,       ,          ,     ;         ,     (John Belters. Proposals for Raising a College of Industry. London, 1696, p. 3)




117


     amis du commerce [ ]:  ( 1839 . )     ( )   ,      , ,     ,    ,    600 000 . .,     ,     ,           ([H. Ry. ] The Theory of the Exchanges. The Bank Charier Act of 1844. London, 1864, p. 81).   The Observer  24  1864 . :        ,     ,    ...      ,      ,         ,    




118


   ,     ,     ,     ,              ,        ,     ...           -   ,          ,      ;  ,                ,         ;   12, 6, 3    1            ,          (The Currency Theory Reviewed; in a Letter to the Scottish People. By a Banker in England. Edinburgh, 1845, p. 29, 30 passim)




119


  ,          ,           (,   ")       .    1856 .,     ,        1 000 000 . .







    

533696 ..

 

302674 . .



  ..  

357715 . .

   

663672 . .



  

9627 . .

  

22743 . .



  

68554 . .



9427 . .





28089 . .

  

1484 . .



  

1486 . .







 

933 . .









1000000 . .



1000000 . .



(Report from the Select Committee on the Bankacts. July 1858, p. LXXI)




120


     ,      ,          .   ...     * (D, Defoe, ] An Essay upon Public Credit, 3 ed. London, 1710, p. 8)




121


   .     ,           ,     .       (Boisguillebert. Dissertation sur la Nature des Richesses, del` Argent et des Tribute, edit. Daire, Economistes financiers. Paris 1843 t I, p. 413,419, 417)




122


   1824 .,  -    1826 .,        ,   11          .           ,     ,        slips of paper [ ],    3        ,    .      .    ,    ,    3 . . .,       ,    ,        , . .      7 .  .      -   ,   ,      ,     (John Fullarton. Regulation of Currencies, 2nd. ed. London, 1845, p. 86, ).   ,             ,   




123


*   , -, ,              ,   . 




124


 :          40 .,      6 .  ()   ,       ?,      :  : .        ,   ,         ,      ,      40 .    40/52 .        ,   ,       ,    10 . , ,          1   13 ,    10 .  40/52 .   ,   5 1/2 .  ,     5 1/2 .,     (William Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland 1672. edit. London, 1691, p. 13, 14)




125


     ,        ,       . , ,  ,           .           .  .    , . 136  . [ ,  13, . 137  . ].   2 .        1844 .     ,      ,   ( ), , ,          .          ()   , { 4 .           .  25         151/2: 1,      22: 1,           .           .          , . .    .                   ,  , ,    (Diodor, III, 12 14),        .   ,             ,              ,          ,  ,        .           .      ,      ,   ;       ,        .  1 000 000       1  3,   8060  .    ,     ,           ,  40  90 , ;         ,      ,  ,   . .   ,      ,    ,  ,      ,        .           ,               .           ,     ,        .               ,    ,   , .        ,            1: 15 1/2.              . . . )




126


  ,               ,      ,      .              ,    ,        (   , . 150  . [.  ,  13, . 119  .]).   :       ,      ...         ,    50      :    (  )       :            (N. rb, . ., . 59). -  The Literature of Political Economy: a classified catalogue. London, 1845,      ,           ,        currency principle 60.            ,    ;  -      (- ),       o  facile princeps argentariorum [  ]




127


,  ,               . .      




128


  2 .   ,       ,                  -       ,   ,   ,    ,    ,       27     20  [ ],     ,         ,                   (Fullarton, . ., . 141). { 4 .      ,        18711873 .     30 ,  -    ,        , . .}




129


       ,     ...    (Le Trosne, . ., . 916). ,     ,    ,       (J. Vanderlint, . ., . 40)




130


             ,    ,          (N. Barbon, . ., . 39)




131


         ,        ,   .




132


 ,  ,      ,   ...       ,    ;          (John Bellers. Essays about the Poor. London, 1699, p. 13).   ,      ?              ,       ,      ,        ,     ,    (W. tty. Quantulumcunque concerning Money, 1682, p. 39).         ,     ,     ...  ,          ,    ,     ,        ,    ,         ,  ...   ; ,   ,       ,      (W. Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland, p. 14, 15) 61




133


    ,       ,          : Nulle terre sans seigneur. L'argent n'a pas de maitre [   .    ]




134


         (Mrcier de la Riviere. L' ordre naturel et essentiel des societes poliliques, p. 543).




135


  -    ,        ;       ,   ,     {James Sleuarl. Works etc., edited by General Sir James Sleuarl, his son, London, 1805, v. I, p. 274)




136


    ,         {Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 486).   ,       ,  :       ;   ( ?)     .              ...       ,         (Th. Corbet. An Inquiry into the Causes and Modes of the Wealth of Individuals; or the Principles of Trade and Speculation explained. London, 1841, p. 5).    ,    ,    ,   ,      ,      , ,   , ,       ,   ,   ;    -  ,       , ,  ,       .  ,         ,    ,    (MacCulloch. A Dictionary Practical etc. of Commerce. London, 1847 p. 1009).       :    (     ) , ,   ,    ,  . ,   -         ,         ,     (Pinto. Traite de la Circulation et du Credit. Amsterdam, 1771, p. 231).




137


...       ,  ...                  (. .        Deutsch-Franzoesischt Jahrbuecher,      . , 1844, . 99 [.  , . 1, . 557]).




138


   .    .      ,    ,         .   (? ???????? ???????) ?    ;     ,    ,  . , ,    ,       ;    , -,    .   (? ???????? ?   ,      ,        )       ,        ,     (  ). ,   ,       ,       .           ????????,   ,   ,      ,   ,    . , ,    ,        (????????? ????????...??? ?????? ?????????). ?    ,          (?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????). ?-  ,    , .  ,       ,       ,    ,             ,    ,        ,  ,      ,          ,     . ,   ,  ...         ,      ...    ,    ,                 (Aristoteles. De Republica, edit. Bekker, . I, . 8  9,   ).




139


  (    )      ...     (Th. Chalmers. On Political Economy etc., 2nd edit. Glasgow, 1832, p. 1C5, 166).




140


         ,      (A. Genovesi. Lezioni di Economia Civile (1765),     , Parte Moderna, t. VIII, . 139).




141


   , auri sacra fames [  ]     (MacCulloch. The Principles of Political Economy. London, 1830, p. 179).   ,       -  K0     , ,   ,        ,     ,       , , ,     ,       .




142


?????? [?]        .  , - to save     .




143


 ,    ,    ,     (Galiani [. ., . 156]).




144


       ,     (J.B. Say. Traite d'Economie Politique, 3?m ed. Paris, 1817, t. II, . 429).




145


  [currency] (!),    ,   (Macleod. The Theory and Practice of Banking. London, 1855, v. I, ch. 1, P. 55).   (James Mill. Elements of Political Economy. London. 1821. p. 74).




146


...     (Sismondi. Nouvcaux Principes d'Economie Politique, . I, p. 89).




147


   ,        (!) (Destutt de Tracy. Traite de la Volonte et de ses Effets. Paris, 1826, p. 68).        Traite d'Economie Politique.




148


,   ,    ,     ,    ,   ,         50   50   .           ,   ,          ,  ,      . Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 544




149


    ,               (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 543).




150


   ;   ,      (Le Trosne, . ., . 906).




151


Dove  eguaglita, non  lucre (Galiani. Delia Moneta, . IV  , Parte Moderna, . 244).




152


      ,         :   ,     ,      (Le Trosne, . ., . 904).




153


       ,       . ,     ,      ,   (Le Trosne,  , . 903).




154


Condillac. Le Commerce et le Gouvernement (1776),  : Melanges d'Economie Politique. Paris, 1847, p. 267, 290291,    .




155


        :  ,  ,    -  [Le Tros, . ., . 907].        ,           ,   ,     .  ,            ,       -          . .  Die Grundlagen der Nationaloekonomie. Dritte Auflage, 1858.




156


S. Ph. Newman. Elements of Political Economy, Andover and New York, 1835, p. 175.




157


    ...   ...   ,     ,      ([J. Gray.] The Essential Principles of the Wealth of Nations etc.. London, 1797, p. 66).




158


       18    ,   24 ,          , ,   ,    18  ,      24  (Le Trosne, . ., . 897).




159


       ,            ;              ,   ,         ,    (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 555).




160


R. Torrens. An Essay on the Production of Wealth. London, 1821, p. 349




161


 -    ,    -       ,       ?"      , ,    ,  ,      ,  . . An Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand and the Necessity of Consumption, lately advocated by Mr. Malthus etc.". London, 1821, p. 55.




162


  ,   ,   ,  ,     62,   .  ,  ,    ,      ,    .     ? -,   (Destutt de Tracy, . ., . 239).




163


           ,   .   ...      ... ,       ,      (J. . Say. Traite d'Economie Politique, 3eme ed., Paris, 1817, t. II, p. 443, 444).        , , ,        .           ,      ,    .   - :      ( , . II, . 441),     (Le Trosne, . ., . 899) :    .




164


       (F. Wayland. he Elements of Political Economy. Boston, 1843, p. 169).




165


        (G. Opdyke. A Treatise on Political Economy. New York, 1851, p. 66-69).             ,        ,      . .       (. .        Dciitsch-Franzoesische Jnhrbuecher,      . , 1844, . 95, 96 [.  , . 1, . 553]).




166


Benjamin Franklin. Works, vol. II, edit. Sparks, in Positions to be examined, concerning National Wealth, p. 376.




167


Aristoteles. De Republica, . I, . 10 [. 17].




168


       .      ,          (Ramsay, . ., . 184).




169


    , ,     :         ,      .          .      ,       , . .       ,                          ,    . , ,         ,  .    ,    , ,         ,    .     , ,       ,       . ,  , ,       ,        ,       .         ,           :         , ..     ?     ,           ,   . ,   . .




170


  ...      (Ricardo. Principles of politica1 Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 267)




171


         ,        ,        . -    Roemische Geschichte    quid pro quo []  




172


       .  ,    ,         .   ,    (        ,   ,            64),     ,     .  ,             ,    ,             .   .        ,           ,    .  ,                   ,              .        ,     ,         ,          ,     ,  . {Hegel. Philosophic des Rechts, Berlin, 1840, S. 104,  67)




173


      ,           ,        .   ,     ,       




174


,  , ,     ,   , . .   ,         (Th. Hobbes. Leviathan, in Works, edit. Molesworlh. London, 18391844, v. III, p. 76)




175


 villicus, ,     ,       ,   ,    (Th. Mommsen. Roemische Geschichte, 1856, S. 810).




176


. W. Th. Thornton. Overpopulation and its Remedy. London, 1846




177







178


  ...        ,                  ,       ,         (R. Torrens. An Essay on the external Corn Trade. London, 1815, p. 62).        .




179


Rossi. Cours d'Economie Politique. Bruxelles, 1843, p. 370, 371




180


Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes d'Economie Politique, t. I, p. 113




181


       (An Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand etc., p. 104).         ,                    , , ,   . .  (Ch. Ganilh. Des Systemes d'Economie Politique, 2eme edit. Paris, 1821, t. II. p. 150)




182


...    ,  , .   ,    ,    ...          {Storch. Cours d'Economie Politique. Petersbourg, 1815, t. II. p. 36. 37)




183


 .      : full priced,      ,  undersellers,    .      3/4    (. XXXII  Report   X. .   Grievances complained of by the journeymen bakers etc.. London, 1862).  undersellers       , , , ,            . (.    ,    Committee of 1855 on the Adulteration of Bread     Adulterations Detected, 2nd edit. London, 1861.)          1855 .     ,       ,          ,       ,         .  ,      ,      ,    ,    . .,  ( Report, . XLVIII) ,           chandler's shop []  ,    .          ,   ,   ,       ,      , ,  ,    ,  ,             (It is notorious that bread composed of those mixtures, is made expressly for sale in this manner).      (  )            .             ...     ,       ,     . , ,    ,       ,    2 . 4      ,          1 . 10    (Sixth Report on Public Health by The Medical Officer of the Privy Council etc., 1864, p. 264).        ( )   1853 .           14  (Reports of the Inspectors of Factories for 31st October 1853, p. 34).       ,   ,      ,      ,      ,  ,          (Trucksystem).             c    .     (   tommy-shop, . .  ,    );               (Children's Eniployment Commission, 3rd Report. London, 1864, p. 38,  192)




184


,        ,    ,           ,     ,          ,          (James Steuart. Principles of Political Economy, edit. Dublin, 1770, v. I, p. 116)




185


   ,  .      , ,          ,      ,    (Hegel. Encyklop?die. Erster Theil. Die Logik. Berlin, 1840, S. 382)




186


    Thorie de I'eonomie Politique, Paris, 1815 [t. I, p. 266], ,   ,      ,     




187


 Rflexions sur la Formation et la Distribution des Richesses (1766)          




188







189


2.     , ,    ,      , ,   , ,      ,     :  ,  ,  




190


  , , ,    ,    .             ,   




191


   ,       ,      




192


      ,  mati?re,   ,  mat?riaux,     mati?res instrumentales




193


              .   ,      ,   ,   ,   ,     ,        ,   ,       (R. Torrens. An Essay on the Production of Wealth etc., p. 70, 71).     [stock],  ,   ,     stock   




194


 ,      ;         (Cherbuliez. Richesse ou Pauvret, dit. Paris, 1841, p. 54).         (approvisionnement),           .     ,   ;      .    ,      approvisionnement.       ,    , ,         (James Mill. Elements of Political Economy etc.. London, 1821, p. 58).      ...        (   ),    (of the labour also).    ,    ,  ,      ,        .          ,     ( , . 70, 71)




195


      ,     ,   ,   ,   ,     (Ricardo, The Principles of Political Economy 3rd ed, London, 1821. p, 16)




196


   




197


   ,          ,      .         (,    ,  ), ,  ,     ,   ,    ...      ,     :       ,    ;      (rcier de la Rivi?re, , ., . 599)




198


, ,  18441847 .           .                 ,       




199


,   ...       (  ),  ,   ,   ,      ,       .       ,     .           .   -   ,           .     ,     , , ,    ,             ,  .        ... ,   , ,     (Martin Luther. An die Pfarrherrn, wider den Wucher zu predigen etc.. Wittemberg, 1540 [S. 8-9])




200


           . , 1859, . 14: ,       (service)   ,  . .   .  [.  .   . , 2 .,  13, . 23]




201


     ,   ,   . ,    ,     instrumentum vocale [  ]    instrumentum semivocale [  ]        instrumentum mutum [ ].  -       ,     ,   .      con amore [ ]   ,       .           ,    ,           .    ,    ,          ,   ,    ,        . . J. . Cairnes. The Slave Power. London, 1862, p. 46 sqq.   Sea Board Slave States    :    ,              ;     ,  ,     10        ,     .   ,       ,     ,               ,      ,     ,          ,        ,   .   ,   ;       ,   , ,     ,       ,       ;        ,                ,     ,         . ,        ,   ,          ,            [. 46, 47]




202


     ,  skilled []  unskilled labour [ ],      ,   ,  ,  -          ;          ,      ,  ,        .        ,         . , ,         ,          ,   ,     ,  ,           ,      ; ,  bricklayer ()       ,     .   ,  fustian cutter (),             ,    . ,   ,    skilled labour       .  ,    ( )    11 .    .         , , , ,  ,  . .,  18 . ,      ,    ,  4 650 000   ,    , , , ,    . .    42/3 .,       ,    . .,     !   bricklayers      .       11 . (S. Laing. National Distress etc.. London, 1844 [p. 5152]).  ,         ,   ,     (James Mill   Colony.   Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1831)




203


      ,      ...          ([J. Cazenove.] Outlines of Political Economy. London, 1832, p. 22, 23)




204


       (An Essay on the Political Economy of Nations. London, 1821, p. 13).




205


       , ,   . . ,  ,     ,    .   ,   ,       .    ,   ,       ,      .       ,         -   ,    ,        ,     ,   ,     ,   ,     .    ,  , ,       ,         .         : -     ,     , ,   , ,    .    ,     ...    ,    ;        ,                (Observations on certain verbal disputes in Political Economy, particularly relating to Value, and to Demand and Supply. London, 1821, p. 54). ,   wiseacre [],               ,   ,           ,         ,            .




206


      . . ,      (, , )   services productifs [  ],     , ,   . .       . -  ,            , : . .  (Traite, t. I, ch. 4)   :   ,    ,     ,    ,      (Die Grundlagen der National?konomie, 3. Aufl., 1858, S. 82, ).  ! ,  ,      ,    .    -    ,  ,     ,        ,      ,     :  ()      ! [ , . 79].          ,      ,     ).     (savant serieux)      :         ,   .   (1),   (!)   (!)  (!)   (!)   (!),   (?!)  (?)  (??)   (?):  (?!?)    ,   ,  (!!!),   (  [. 82]).       ,    -  !




207


      ...  ,          .      ... , ,   . .         (Edmund Burke. Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, originally presented to the Rt. Hon. W. Pitt in the Month of November 1795, edit. London, 1800, p. 10)




208


 Times 26 1862 .  ,     800 150- 130   ,     ,     .     6 000  .       ,     , :  , ,  ,  ,    , , ,   . .       150 . .  ,          ,  ,   ,          . , 1 200 . .   ,             ,    .     ,       1 200 . .  ,        .




209


 :        ...       (S. Ph. Newman, . ., . 296)




210


   , ,  , 20 ,  :  ,      .      ,      ,   :   ,   ,      ,   .     ,            ,   ,       (F. Wayland, . ., . 31, 32).       , , , ,   ,          .       , ,   ,   .     ,     ,     ,   . .,  ,    ,     ,   .              ,           




211


       ,  ,  ,    ,       (Le Trosne, , ., . 893).




212


       ,      ,             ,     (Malthus. Principles of Political Economy, 2nd ed. London, 1836, p. 269)




213


  2 .   , ,   , nil posse creari de nihilo       77??.        .   ,       ,    




214


  ,    rate of profits, rate of interest [ ,   ]  . .   III  ,     ,     .      ni l'un, ni 1'autre [ ,  ]




215


{  3 .      . , ,    . 137 [. 166  ],      ,   . . ,}




216


              ,        .            ,       ,   .      termini technici [ ]    ,            . ., ,     




217


-        ,                    ,    , , ,     , , ...        (. ., . 82, 78).   ?    ?                ,    -     ,      ʰ      ,        ,    




218


  2 .       ,   ,   ,      . ,    = 5     = 5 ,    = 100%.     5 .     = 6     = 6 ,    100%   ,        20%   5  6 .




219


  2    ,        1860 .,    .           .  ,          ,      ,   




220


      .      ,    .   III  ,            




221


Senior. Letters on the Factory Act etc.. London, 1837, p. 12, 13.      ,    ,   ,     ,   ,   ,      . ., . .     .     ,     .        ,       Letter to Mr. Senior etc.. London, 1837 [p. 30-42].  ,     1833 .         ,    ,   1859 .,      .           ,    ,           ,      .

   32.      ,   .   , ,   :      111/2,  23/2 .    ,      111/2.  23/2  (      ).    23/2       115 000  ; 1/2    115 000 . . * 1/23; 1/2    115 000 . . * 20/23 = 100 000 . ., . .     .  3/2  ,   115 000 . . * 3/23 = 15 000, . .  .   3/2   1/2    115000 . . * 1/23 = 5000 . ., . .       .     , . .   ,  115 000 . . * 2/23 = 10 000 . ., . .  .      3/23      .




222


  ,         ,          ,  -        83,   ,        18      12         ,            ,        .  1848 .      Reports    ,  . , -       31  1855 . :      (  )  ,   ,         1850 .     (Reports of the Inspectors of Factories for the half year ending 30th April 1855, p. 19, 20).  1848 .,      ,   ,      ,   ,      ,  ,  ,  , : , -, ,          ,    ,      .       1  1848 . :  ,     - ,          ,          10 ,    ,     ,   , ,   ,   .  ,    ,        ,             , ,     , 10      ,   ...    ,     .                ...   ,         ,       ,     ,                      ,   ,  ,     ,   ,            ,             ,          10  ,          ,          ,    (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st Oct. 1848, p. 101).             ,   , , , ,   . .,       ,          ,            ,  .              ,    , ,   ,      .              .       . Why  wherefore [  ]     




223


           .  Letters on the Factory Act          something more [ ]        !  ,   Outline of Political Economy,       , ,       , ,      ,      ,   Abstinenz [].   ,   Abstinenz  . -         Enlhaltung [].   ,    , ,    ,     Enisagung [  ]




224


 ,    20 000 . .,    2000 . . ,  ,      100  1 000 ,      10 000   20 000 . ..            2 000  .         ?      ,    ,  ,     ,     10  12   (Ricardo. The Principles of Political Economy, 3 rd ed. London, 1821, p. 416).     ,   ,  ,     ,         , ,  :         ,  ,      ,    ,    ?      ,   ,       (the mere purpose of breeding men),        ? (is a most useless purpose) (Arthur Young. Political Arithmetic etc.. London, 1774, p. 47).

   34.    ...         ...    ,     ,    (Th. Hopkins. On Rent of Land etc.. London, 1828, p. 126)




225


    ;       (An Essay n Trade and Commerce; containing Observations on Taxes etc.. London, 1770, p. 73)




226


   ,          :    ?  ,      ,        ,   little shilling men  




227


* :  ;      :  . (   , ,   ,    .) .




228


    ,          (/. G. Courcelle-Seneuil. Traite thooriquc el??? pratique des entreprises industrielles, 2eme edit. Paris, 1857, p. 62)




229


          .          ,    ;               (An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770, p. 47, 153)




230


     ,   ,     ,  ,     (N. Lin-guet. Theorie des Loix Civilos etc.. London, 1767, t. II, p. 466).




231


        1860  1861 ..      9 ,    ,      .      ,      ,   . ,   . (    1867 .   ,   !)




232


,  ...    ...  ...    (Edmund Burke. Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. London, 1800, p. 2, 3)




233


  Romische Geschichte     :  ,  ,  ,    ,     (!)    .    ,         




234


          (     ,   ),               .           , , ,   .   ,     ,         ) Diodor's von Sicilien historische Bibliothek, Buch 3, cap. 13)




235


     ,     ,    




236


{  3 .      ,    - .  XV   ,            ,   ,    ,  .   , ,        .    -    .         ,     XVI    - , ,   ,    -     . (Maurer. Geschichte der Fronhofe, der Bauernhofe und Hofverfassung in Deutschland. Bd. IV; Meitzen. Der Boden und die landwirtschaft-lichen Verhaltnisse des preussischen Staates nach dem Gebietsumfange vor 1866; Hanssen. Leibeigenschaft in Schleswig-Holstein.) . .}




237


     E. Regnault. Histoire politique et sociale des Principautes Danubiennes. Paris, 1855 [p. 304 sq.]




238


            ...   ,         ...    ,   ,               .   (1789 .)        165 ,  1818 . ( 10 )  157,   21  1832 . 156 .               .    1780 .   178 ,  155 .    157 .    ,   Bayerische Zeitung  9  1862 ., ,     9-      1 000  716     : 317 -    399     ...  1858 .       :   156  (J. v, Liebig. Die Chemie in ihrer Anwondung auf Agrikultur und Physiologie. 7. Aufl., 1862. Band 1, S. 117, 118)




239


   1850 .       .




240


         1845 .               : . .     . , 1845 [.:  .,  . . 2- ., . 2].        ,    ,     . .,    1845 .;         ,                (1863  1867),   18  20  .       ,          1862 .,      .   ,  ,   ,   ,     -  .           1848 .,    ,           ,          . ,        ,                   




241


Suggestions etc. by Mr. L. Homer, Inspector of Factories, in Factories Regulation Acts. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 9 August 1859, p. 4, 5.




242


Reports of the Insp. of Fact. for the half year, October 1856, p. 35.




243


Reports etc. 30th April 1858, p. 9.




244


Reports etc, 30th April 1858, p. 10.




245


 , . 25.




246


Reports etc. for the half year ending 30th April 1861. .   2: Reports etc. 31st October 1862, p. 7, 52, 53.       1863 . . Reports etc. ending 31st October 1863, p. 7.




247


Reports etc. 31st October 1860, p. 23.   ,     ,        ,     .    1836 .    ()   ,   8       .      ,        1215    6     4    ,      ,          .        30-   shoddy hole,   ,              ,   . .,           ,    !      ,      -   ,  ,              4 ,           !      20 . . .    :

,   ,

 ,    ,

      ,

  ,   !




248


Reports etc. 31st October 1856, p. 34.




249


Reports etc. 31st October 1856, p. 35.




250


 , . 48.




251


 .




252


 .




253


 




254


Reports of the Insp. etc. 30th April 1860, p. 56




255


       ,     




256


 ,       ,               (John Wade. History of the Middle and Working Classes, 3rd ed. London, 1835, p. 114).    ,     ,  -    ,     .    ,        : Sir M. Eden, The State of the Poor. London, 1797




257


 Daily Telegraph  17  1860 




258


. . .     . , 1845, . 249  251 [.:  .,  . . 2- ., . 2, . 430  432].




259


Children's Employment Commission. First Report etc., 1863, Appendix, p. 10, 19, 18




260


Public Health. 3rd Report etc., p. 103, 105




261


Children`s Employment Comission, 1863. p. 22, 24 XI




262


 , . XLVII.




263


 , . LIV




264


         ,    .    101/2-     ,   , ,    .     ,    .    ,             ,        ,   ,        ,     ; ,        ,   ,     ,   .




265


*       ,     . .




266


Children's Employment Commission, 1863, Evidence, p. 123, 124, 125, 140, LXIV




267


,      ,    ,    baker's stuff [ ].




268


,  ,         ,      .  1862 .        ,    ,       90%   ,            . Amis du commerce [ ] ,    *  ,      ,      .




269


            600       10, 20, 30   .  ,          ,  .     6  ,     9,    10,   12,   19,   20,   23,   24,   28,   30,   32  . .         . . Rouard de Card. De la falsification des substances sacramentelles. Paris, 1856




270


Report etc. relative to the Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers etc. London, 1862,  Second Report etc.. London, 1863




271


 , First Report etc.. p. VI.




272


First Report etc. , p. LXXI.




273


George Read. The History of Baking. London, 1848, p. 16.




274


Report (First) etc. Evidence.  full priced baker , . 108.




275


George Read. The History of Baking. London, 1848.   XVII    XVIII  Factors (),    ,    public nuisances [  ]. , ,   90               ,  ,  , :   -          ,  ,   (The Case of our English Wool etc. . London, 1685, p. 6, 7)




276


First Report etc. relative to the Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers etc. . London, 1862, p. VIII.




277


Report of Committee on the Baking Trade in Ireland for 1861.




278


 




279


        5  1866  ( Workman's Advocate  13  1866 .).    1865 . -  ,    ,   .        .  ,      1867 .          9  10  12 . (  ,     ,          1830 .        ,      , ,  1872 .   .   ,       1867 .       ,    II .   5 .)




280


Reynolds' Newspaper, 21  1866 .                  :  ,    . .          :  ,            .          ,     ,      ?     ,  :         .     14  50 .     ,      ...  ,     29  15 .        :   15 ;   15  35 ;   14 1 /2 ;   14  10 ,  88  30   .       ,       6  .       ,     . : 13 , . . 78   .         10  30 ?         10 . (    4  1866 . )




281


. . .     . , 1845, . 253,254 [ .,  . . 2- ., . 2, . 433  435].




282


- ,      ,    :      300  ,      500  .      ,     :  : , ,     :  ,        .           ,  .       ,   ,    , - 26 , ,    (that spring from capital)  ,     (force economy out of labour;   ,  ,   ).         .          ,        ,    ,            .            ,    - ,     ,    .  ,     ,        ;           ;     15, 16,    18      ,    ,   , ,     ,       .     ,     ,   -   (Dr. Richardson. Work and Overwork, in Social Science Review, 18  1803 .).




283


Morning Star, 23  1863 .  Times          . .     ,  Times,    ,           ,      ,            ,      ,   ,            (Times, 2  1863 . ).   Standard [15  1863 . ]         :     ,      ,             . .   16   . ,   , -  ,      1850 . :   ...    ,    91).          ,    ,   ,             ,         ,      (Macmillan's Magazine. Ilias Americana in nuce.  1863 .).  , ,      ,     !  .     !




284


Dr. Richardson, . 




285


Children's Employment Commission. Third Report. London, 1864, p. IV, V, VI.




286


                  ,   .  ,  ,         - . ,           ,    ,         ,       ( , 194, . XXVI. . Fourth Report (1865),  61, p. XIII). To     .




287


 ,    ,      ,  ,  ,         ,         (Children's Employment Commission. Fourth Report,  63, p. XIII).   ,  ,           :       .      .  ,    ,      ,        ,   ,     , ...   ,                     .            .                  . - . ,   General Hospital  ,       (1864 .)    ,        - :             , ,   o   ,   ,        .(Childrens Employment Comission. 4th Report,  284, p. 55) ,        ,   ,           .




288


 ,  57, . XII




289


  (4th Report, 1865),  58, . XII




290


 




291


 , . XIII.         ,            :  , 12 : ...  ,    (4 fours) ...    ,        ( king is him that has all the money and gold).    ; ,   ,    . ,       .    . . ,  :     . ,    ,         .  ,  :  ,         ,   ;  ,      .  ,  :   ,   .  ,  :     .  ,  :     ...  ,    ,    ,       ,        .    ,  ,    .        ,       ,     ( was not the same as other people in some ways, because he was religious in some ways, and others isn't) ( ,  74, . XV).    .   ,   .     (The devil is a good person. I don't know where he lives. Christ was a wicked man).   (10 )  God []    Dog []      (Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, 1866, p. 55,  278).   ,     ,      .   ,      ,   ,   ,   ,   .          ,      12    .  ,    ,      12      18 ,       5   12      0 .            24     .    0     18  ,    24 .      ,    ,    ,      1516 .  ,     ,        12-  24-  .         13 ,   18   .   -      , 24 ,    .   ,         ,    24    36   .          ,      14               ,  ,   ,     .   ,      ,      ,      ,       (Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report, 1865, p. XXXVIII, XXXIX)




292


Fourth Report etc. , 1865, 79, p. XVI 100)  ,  80, . XVI.




293


Fourth Report etc. , 1865,  82, p. XVII.




294


       ,          ,         ,     . ,    ,     (Hegel. Encyklopadie. Erster Theil, Die Logik. Berlin, 1840, S. 249).




295


Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report etc. , 1865,  85, p. XVII.         ,        ,             ,  ,    ,     ,   . .          ,  ,           -     ,   :               ,       ,   ,      ,           (the waste of animal power),      ,  ,         ,     ,       ( , . XLV).       1865 !   ,    ,      ,  ,    , ,    ,     6  15  20 () !     14  15 !          ,    .           6 .     ,   ,      , , ,  ,     .  ,         .      ,       ,    ,        ...          ,     ,     . -   ,     36   ,      2-  ,       5   (3 !),       !  ,       ,  ,          (spell of Jabour),   ( , . XLIII  XLIV).       ,   , ,  ,           : Britons never, never, shall be slaves! [, ,     !]




296


    , ,     -    -      , ,      ,    .        ,     ,      ,  - ,    .       ,        .    ( 1863 .),    ,      ,    , ,       6      15  ,    810 .     ,             - 94.  ,   in cute curanda [     ],     ,      ,     . Obsequium ventris istis () perniciosius est [   ()  ]




297


          ,   ...         (Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report, 1865,  64. p, XIII)




298


J. . Cairnes, . ., . 110, 111




299


John Ward. The Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent etc. . London, 1843, p. 42




300


     27  1863 .




301


     .       ( ).




302


 .            .            .   - .  ,     ,          apprentices (),     (   . .      . , 1845), , ,              ,         .    ,             .    ,        .     - ,     ,         1860 .  ,        ,           ,            ,         ,        , ;   ,         . ,    , -  :   ,    (      )   ,     ,     (high priced labour).     13    4 .  ;   ,    50  100  ,       ,        ,   4 .      (Reports of the Insp. of Factories for 30th April 1860, p. 27). -   ,                4 .,         50  100 ,   ,       .          ,    ,       1850 .       . .,      .              .         10    ,    ,             ,         (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1855, p. 103).         1851 .   ,      ,      .        :    ,          ,       ...      ,     (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1853, p. 85)




303


       ;      ,           (England and America. London, 1833, v. I, p. 55;   . . )




304


. Public Health. Sixth Report of the Medical Officer of The Privy Council, 1863.     1864 .         .     ,     ,    ,     , -       ,       .    ,       ,      ,          -   (Thornton, . ., . 74, 75). ,  ,    30000 gallant Highlanders [ ],         wynds  closes [  ] .




305


        ,  ,  ,          ...         (Times, 5  1861 .).  -      ...       ,         ,     .       . . (Twenty-second Report of the Registrar General. London, 1861).




306


  , ,    1863 . 26 ,     ,      .   c,        .                    . .          ,       -    ...      ,     ,     (Children's Employment Commission, 1st Report, 1863, p. 322).

   114.         .                             .        (1871 .).     ,      ,   -,   ,                 .         ,                 !




307


  ,       ,   . .,        1813 .,   ,        .




308


    12-              10    (Genera! Statutes of Massachusetts, . 60,  3). (     1836  1858 .)          , , , , ,                .  ,     ,   - ,           10     60         ,   10- ,                 (State of New-Jersey. An act to limit the hours of labour etc.,  1  2.   18  1851 .). ,  12 ,   15 ,          11   ,   5     71/2   (Rivised Statutes of the State of Rhode Island etc., . 139,  23, 1  1857 .).




309


[J. . Byles.] Sophisms of Free Trade, 7th edit. London, 1850, p. 205.   , , :  ,           ,        464 .  .        ( , . 206).




310


    .   :   1496 . ,       1/3    1/2   ,   ,         ,  ,              (J. Wade. . ., . 24, 25, 577).   ,              ,        Chronicon Preciosum etc.. By Bishop Fleetwood. 1st edit., London, 1707, 2nd edit., London, 1745.




311


W. Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland, 1672, edit. 1691, p. 10




312


A Discourse of the Necessity of Encouraging Mechanic Industry. London, 1690, p. 13. ,         ,    :      ...   XVII   ,      .  ,    ,    .                exultation ()   ,           ,      12 000 . .  .      ,         ,  ,       ...  ,   ,   ,  ,   (History of England, v. I, p. 417).       ,      amis du commerce [ ] XVII   exultation   ,            4- ,    vertu mise en pratique [,   ]       1    . . ,   ,    ,    ,              ,    ,   .   ,         ,      . -    amis du commerce*  exultation                    .         :         ,     .   ,  ,   !




313


            An Essay on Trade and Commerce: containing Observations on Taxes etc.. London, 1770.         Considera???;, tions on Taxes. London, 1765.       ,  ,    .    :    Money answers all Things. London, 1734;     ,  An Enquiry into the Causes of the Present High Price of Provisions. London, 17G7; -           Universal




314


Dictionary of Trade and Commerce,    Great Britain's Commercial Interest explained and improved, 2nd edit. London, 1759.          ,    .




315


An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770,    . 96 ,      1770 .    .    (their working powers)     (on the Stretch????);       ,   (they cannot live cheaper than they do),    (nor work harder)




316


        ,           .




317


An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770, p. 41, 15, 96, 97, 55, 56, 57




318


 , . 69.   1734 .   ,         -   ,          6    .




319


 e, . 242  243:        ,     ,     ,         .




320


  [. 260]. ,  ,        ( , . 78).




321


    ,   12   ,   ,    ,   ,       (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Octob. 1855, p. 80).   5  1850 .    ,           2  1848 .,        .         .       14, 15   . . Des classes ouvrieres en France, pendant l'annee 1848. Par M. Blanqui. - , ,   ,      .




322


           .    ,    ,       12  1862 :    ,         ,   ;                   ,           ,      !




323


,     ,              12  .    ,      ,      ,     14  24   .  , ,     ,    ,           ,      13- ,           ,       ...    ,     ,          ,    ,               (   Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st December 1841).




324


. Judgement of Mr. J. H. Otway, Belfast, Hilary Sessions, County Antrim 1860




325


    -,  ,   ,        22  1841 .      .   -     .        812- ,     12  16   . .,    ,        .               amis du commerce [ ],    ,       .   1853 .  - ,   ,     .           ,   -   1848 .      ,          !




326


Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1860, p. 50.




327


Legislation is equally necessary for the prevention of death, in any form in which it can be prematurely inflicted, and certainly this must be viewed as a most cruel mode of inflicting it.




328


Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 31st October 1849, p. 6.




329


Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848, p. 98.




330


      nefarious practices [ ] (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1859, p. 7) I39) Reports etc. for 30th Sept. 1844, p. 15.




331


      10      ,     ,    .       




332


           ,   ,   ,        8  9       (Reports etc. for 30th Sept. 1814, p. 13).




333


Reports f Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848, p. 16.




334


 ,   ,  10 ,  ,    1 .,         10 %,     1 . 6 ,    ,   2 . 6 , ,   ,       (Reports of Insp. of Fact. For 31st October 1848, p. 16).


