   
 


 
  ,       ,  ,        ,       opus magnum   .   ,   ,        ?           ?





 

   



Thomas S. Kuhn

THE ROAD SINCE STRUCTURE

   .. 

 : .. 



          AST Publishers.     ,   ,    .



    The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA



 The University of Chicago, 2000

 . . , 2011

     AST Publishers, 2014







       , The Essential Tension,   1977.,   ,         (1962.)       .       , ,          .

         , ,   ,              .                 :       .       ,  ,      .

  -   ,   ,     ,    ,       .   ,       Neusis,     ,    .

       ,    ,    .        , ,        .   ,        .

 ,           ,     ,      .          ,       .   ,       - .                 .

       ,    ,           .

,            ,    .   :   ,    ,     .               ,    .         ,    .



 . 




 



 

  ,           ,        ,         .               ,      . ,    ,            .

          .        ,       ,    .      ,    ,        -   ,    ,     .  ,  ,    ,      .

  ,     ,      ,        The Essential Tension,   1977.       ,  ,   ,     (    ,    ),    ,     .     : 1)     ; 2)        [1 -  ,   ,      The Essential Tension,             .  ,             (1963),         .]; 3)     ,      .

    ,        ,       .           ,      .       :    (  ,  -, 1980),      (Thalheimer ,   , 1984)     ( ,  , , 1987).             [2 -            :   (World Changes: Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science, ed. Paul Horwich [Cambridge, MA: Bradford/ MIT Press, 1993]),          .],   ,         .


* * *

,    ,    . -,     ,      (   ),        ,    ,           .          ,  ,      ,    .   ,        ,     (   ) ,            .

-,   , -   ,  ,  ,  .      ,      .    ,      ,         .        (  ,    ) ,              .

,        ,     .           .                  ,   ,        .   ,       ,        ,    .

 ,         ,        ,       .

-,              ,         .   ,      ,             .      ,                   . ,  ,         .            .

                      .      .

,   ,       ,     .       ,      .          ,      ,      .            ,     .

          .

 :      ,    (  )   .     : ,      ,      (     ).        (,    ,      ).

 ,   ,      ,      ,   ,    ,      (    ).       ,     :      ,    (   ) ,       .

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 ,       ,      .    ,    ,   ,     :             (, ,     ). ,    ,    ,      ()       .    (     )   ,         .

    (  )    ,      .      ,   ,   : , ,      .          ,  ,                    ,     . ,            ,   ,      (,  )   ,  ,   .



     .      ,  ,    .     ,       1980-   1990- .        ,       .    , ,     ,         ,    ,        .             , ,    ,       . ,     ,       1995.  ,     .



 1.   

  1    ? (  1981.)        (   ,      ),        .

 2 . .  (1982)          , : 1)  ,    , , ; 2)   ,   ,            ,     .        ,     ,     .

  3      (1989)  , ,     ,  ,     (  )       .                (       ).

 4    (1990)     ,        (     ).          ,     .     ,           .  ,        ,          ( ) .     (     )       ,     -   ,       .         (. . 8)        ,     .

  5     (1992)           ,       .   :     ,      ,   ,       .  ,        ,          ,   .



 2.   

 6     (1970)          ,    The Essential Tension.             ,      .      .   ,       ,  .  ,          ,     .   ,          ,         .         .    ,         ,     ,    ,  .

  7     :     (1976)       - ,            .       ,        ,           .      ,   (  )            . ,    ,     ( ),     .  ,     ,   ,     ,    .         ,   :       .

 8    (1979)                .         ,  -      ,      ,       ,     .   ,   ,  ,    .  ,   ,     (  )    .           ,      .

 9     (1983)     ,    .     ,         :    ()        ?   ,               ( ,   ..),           ,         ,    .    ,         ( ),       .              (, ,   ..),      .

  10     (1980)              ,   .      ,      ,        ,     .  ,       ,  ,           .     ,               ,            ,      .

 11  (1993),    6,       ,         ( :     , .  ).        ,       .     , ,    , ,   .               ,        .



 3.    . 

   .  (1997)       ,     ,          1995.      ,    .

     .



    




 1

  





 1

   ?


    ?     The Probabilistic Revolution, volume I: Ideas in History, edited by Lorenz Kruger, Lorraine I Daston, and Michael Heidelberger (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987).  ,   ,       ,            1980.  -      .     ,                     1981.



      ,              [3 - T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). :  .   . ., ACi; 2001. . .].          ,     :    ,          .       ,        .   ,           .

      -,     -     .       ,        ,       ,    . ,       ,          ,        ,    .

     ,     ,          ,    .

        ,   ,   ,    ,   . ,        :     .           ,          .   ,             ,   -     ,        [4 -     . , ,                   (.,  ,   Aspects of Scientific Explanation. New York: Free Press, 1965, pp. 208ff.  :  ..  . ., 1998).      ,      ,  ,                         .  ,  ,         ,                   ,       .                   ..  (The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1971, pp. 164, 249307).       ,    ,       ,     (The Structure and Dynamics of Theories. New York: Springer, 1976, pp. 4067, 196231).           ,   : The Archeology of Knowledge, trans. A.M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon, 1972).  :  M.  . , 1996.].          .        .

       .     ,       .      ,          .   (      )       .    ,    ,    ,     ,          .

,  ,              .        ,     .      ,    ,   ,          .

       - ,    .      ,          ,     ,   ,    ,   .  ,       ,     .

         ,       .      ,      .        ,  .

  :       ;      .  ,    .      ,   ,       -.            .

      ,      .        ,   ,          ,  :       .        ,     ,     .         ,    -,     ,  ,   , ,  ,       .      ,  ,  ,     ,   ,   .

        1947.  -,               . ,          ,     .      :            ,    .

     ,        .      ,     XVI  XVII .     ,       .      , ,   ,        ,      .  ,             ,    .

  ,  ,   ,     .               ,     .        .  ,      ,          XVI  XVII .

    ,        ? -     ,                ?     .       ,   ,   , ,   ,    . ,  ,   ,   . ,          ,     ?

 ,       ,      .      ,        .   ,         .           .   ,      ,   ,      .    ,   ,        . ,     ,           .

         -       ,       .       ,     ,   .        ,           ,    .

    ,           ,    .

   .       ,     ,       .  ,       ,       .       (   ),   (  )        (    ).  ,   ,        ,  ,      ,       .    ,         ,     [5 -    .  ,  V, . 12 (22421226b16).        ,   .    ,   -  - (2251).         ,       -   -   (22534225b9),     .].

,   ,           .            ,    .           ,      XVII .

       ,       ,   .   ,       .    ,  ,   ,    -   .  , ,   -   ,  ,  ,  ,      , ,   ..     ,   :           .       ,    [6 - .  ,  I,      ,  II, . 14.].

      ,    .        ,      .      ,                    ,     .               .

    .    ,  ,     ,         ,   ,  .  ,  ,    ,   ,  ,      .

,     ( tout court   )      ,      ,   .                ,         .       ,    ,        - .                .         .

    ,     ,      ,   .     ,      ,  ,       .      ,   .       ,     ,  ,  ,     .   ,   ,     ,         .

       ,    ,     . ,        ,      ;      .  ,  ,    ,   ,     .        ,       .  ,   ,   ,   .

     ,         .      ,      ,  .     ,   ,      ,    .

 ,   .    ,    .    ,   .    ,        ,  ,   ,    ,    .   ,       : ,   ,  -   [7 -    :    ,   ,  IV,       . ,  ,     , ,  ,     (21227).    ,  :      ,      ,      ,      ,   ,  , [  ] ,          ,    (2141621420). (. : . . 4- .  3. ., , 1981. . 137.)        ,          .].

  ,     .        . ,  ,     ,            ,        .    ,  ,  ,     .     ,   ,   ,            ,  .

     .           ,         .

,       .            ,    ,             .  ,       ,    .                   ,       .       [8 - .        ,  IV,  8 ( , 214b2721524).].

 ,           ,    .       ,       .

      , -      ,          .  ,   ,      ,  ,   ,           .

           XIX . 1800 ,  ,  ,        .           ,   [9 - Alessandro Volta. On the Electricity Excited by the mere Contact of Conducting Substances of Different Kinds, Philosophical Transactions, 90 (1800): 403431. .  : T.M. Brown. The Electric Current in Early Nineteenth-Century French Physics. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences I (1969): 61-103.].        ,   .1.

        ,       .        ( )    , ,     ,     , Z,     , ,      ,         . ,   ,    ,    ,    .  ,      ,       .   ,       ,    ( ),          ( ).   ,     ,      .

    ,  ,             ,  .     ,       .       ,      ,   ,    .    ,   ,        .    ,   ,    .             .        .       ,  ,     .






.1



          ,  -  .           ?      ?  .      ,     ,  .      .             .      .

    ,         .    .2, ,         .    (.2, )      (.2, )       (.2, ).   ,    ,  ,  .           ,     .      ,   .

        .            .            ,       .

      ,       ,        .






.2



        ,    . ,        . ,     ,     ,  ,    .        ,    , ,    .   1840-           .        ,     [10 -    : A. de la Rive, Traite delectricite theorique et appliquee, vol. 2 (Paris: J.B. Bailiere, 1856), pp. 600, 656.  ,           1830- .   1840-    ,     ,       ,     .   ,         ,         .] (. .3  4).






.3






.4



,            .       .         ,           .          ,     ,     .

    ,       .            .           .         ,         .       ,     .

          ,      .

        [11 -       .  : Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 19841912 (Oxford and New York: Clarendon and Oxford University Presses, 1978).].             ,      .        1900.,   ,     .         ,   ,       .   ,         .             .

  ,         ,              .      ,     (,      ).    , ,  ,  , ,  -    .   ,      ?   ,     


/


     .   ,  ,   ,   .       ,    ,        .

        .       .    ,        ,  ,  ,    .5.        ,     ,     ,        ,   . ,        ( ),       ,          ( ).

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.5



       1877.,     ,   1900.,             .        ,  ,           .

, ,   ,          ( ),         .      ,    ,   , ,   ..  ,        (      ,         ).        ,    :  ,   ,    ?      ?

          ,        .  ,      ,        ,  ,     .

     ,   ,          .     s     ,     .                ,      .

   :   s    .      ,   ? = hv,   v   , a h    ,    .

, ,      ,     .     ,  -   ,       .  ,   ,           8  ,  .              .

       1900.   ,   1906.,    ,         ,   .  ,     .         ,       .  ,     , ?, 2?, 3?  ..,   (?)?, (?)?  ..      ,     ?   ?.

              .    ,       1900.    .   ,     ,   .  ,  ?,      ,     ,          0, 1, 2, 3  ..  .6    ,           . -     ,    .      .      ,    ,    ,     .     ,                  .






.6



        ,        ,  .       ,       ,         .         ,  -     ,      .

   1909.   ,   ,    ,     .       s    . ,  1909.,     ,          ,  ,       .   s     ,    ,  .

 1909.      . ,       ,   .        ,  . ,         ,         .  ,     ,      ,      1909.

       ,         .      ,        . , ,    ,       .

         .       (holistic).          ,  ,   , ,    .

   -    - ,      .        ,       .       ,      .          .

   ,   ,        s.      ,   (     )     ,  ,           .

             .         ,    ,      ..         ,        ,    .         .

      .  ,      ,              ,      .       .     , ,      ,         .    ,          (  )    ,    ,  ,     .           .         . ,         ,    .

        ,       .        ,           ,      ,     . ,                ,      .

       .       ,         . - ,        ,             .         ,    ,         .

 ,      ,       .  ,       ,           .       ,            ,        .       ,            . ,  ,   :      ,          .

   ,  ,     .      ,       , ,  .       .        ,   ,      ,  ,   . ,     ,      .        :              .                     .         .

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     ,       ,      .    ,      ,    .  ,                ,      .         ,          .      ;          .                ,   .   ,    ,         .

    ,      , ,  ,        .           ,    .          ,   ,        ,        .         ,  ,     ,      ,   .   ,  ,    ,        ,      ,    ,  ..   ,  ,     ,    ,        .                   .       ,     ,  .

         .   ,          ,   ,         ,   .         ,  ,         ,    .    ,        .    ,   ,            .            .




 2

. . 


. . [12 -     .       ,               ,     .    ,    (Ned Block),   (Paul Horwich),   (Nathaniel Kuhn),   (Stephen Stich),    .]    ,      1982.     (Philip Kitcher)    (Mary Hesse).

          .     PSA 1982, volume 2 (East Lansing, MI: The Philosophy of Science Association, 1983).



     ,          ,    ,       .   .      ,      [13 - .. Feyerabend. Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism in Scientific Explanation, Space, and Time, ed. H. FeiglandG. Maxwell, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 3 (Minneapolis: University of Chicago Press, 1962), pp. 2897; T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).  ,         .  ,             ,     .       : Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed., rev. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 102 f., 112, 128f, 148151,     ,  Feyerabend, . 5659, 7476, 81.].    ,  ;       ,       [14 -              .     .        ,       (Structure, 2d ed., . 103),       ,    :         .  (. 59),   , ,       Ғ     ,     ,    ,    .            .].       ,       ( , ,     )     ,     [15 -     : N.R. Hanson. Patterns of Discovery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958).].     , ,    ,       ,   .          .

    1962.         , ,  ,         ,        .  ,      ,         . ,  ,     ,   ,     ,  .       .              ,    ,       [16 - H.Putnam. Reason, Truth and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 113124.].       ,      .           .

        ,     ,     ,      - .   ,    ,         ,     ,       ,     .         , ,   ,   ,    .     [17 -     . D. Davidson, The Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme,  Proceedings and Adresses of the American Philosophical Association 47 (1974): 520; D. Shapere. Meaning and Scientific Change in Mind and Cosmos: Essays in Contemporary Science and Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh Series in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 3, ed. R.G. Colodny (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg Press, 1966), pp. 4185; I. Sheffler. Science and Subjectivity (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), p.8183.].

      .  ,  ,   ,  ,        .       ,   , ,   ,     ,      .       ,   [18 -     . D. Davidson The Very Idea, pp. 1720; P. Kitcher, Theories, Theorists, and Theoretical Change. Philosophical Review 87 (1978): 519547; Putnam. Reason, Truth, and History.]?

,    ,      ,     ,        .    ,              .             .        .


 

     .                  ,    ,          .  ,     .       . ,         .  ,       ,       .         ,            .

    ,    ,    .         . ,    ,  ,   ,   ,    ,    ,       .   ,         .           .  ,     , ;        .     ( , )    ,  ,   . ,    ,  ,     .

        .   ,          ,        .    ,    . ,          ,  ,      ,    [19 -  :       ,        .  ,        ,    .].         .

   ,       .        ,   ,  ,   ,       .     ,           ,   .  ,            ,    ,   .    ,         ,      .      ,   .       ,   ,  廠       .        .           ,    .


 versus 

  -          ,                ,       ?        .         .     ,    .   ,    ,   ,  ,      ,     ,  ,   [20 - Davidson. The Very Idea, p. 19; Kitcher. Theories, Theorists, and Theoretical Change, pp. 519529; Putnam. Reason, Truth, and History, pp. 116 f.].      ,        ,     ,        .   ,     ,       .

    ,     ,        .             [21 - W.V.O. Quine. Word and Object (Cambridge, MA: Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1960). :   ..   . , 2005. . .].  ,         .     ,  ,      ,        ,            .

   ,     ,  ,     .          ,      .              .   ,               ,     .       ,         ,      .

,   ,   ,   ,   .   ,   ,     ,                    ,       .            .   ,    , , ,       .    ,        ,             ,   ,    .

        . -, ,    ,   ,   .  ,  ,      .  , ,      ,     ,   ,  ,   , .      .       ,   (   )    .        ;       . ,   ,  ,   : ? ,     .   .      .   ,            .

   .  ,   ,    .           .  ,      ,         .       ,      ,    .     ,   ,      ,         ,    ,        ,      .    ,       ,    ,       ,        , ,       ,  -.       ,    ,   .         -        .          .

       ,        .     ,         ,      ,    .       , /      ,          [22 -       ,            ,       .            ,   ,    ,      .].  ,          . ,     .     ,            .

  , ,   . ,   ,         , , .     ,  ,      ,    .           黠   , ,      .   ,         ,   ,  ,    , ,    廠   ,            [23 -   ,   ,   , ,    ,    ,        .     ,   ,        ,    ,      .       ,      .].

        .

      .        ,          .    ,      ,   ,        . ,  -   ,  ,    ,     .        ,    .         , ,     .        .


  versus 

 ,  ,       ,      ,  ,     .        ,              .    , ,       ,    ,  ,   ,    .

 , , -, ,    XX           XVIII ,     ,        .  , ,         ,  ,        ,       .    ,    .    ,  л      ,        ,  л.      ,            ,        [24 - Kitcher. Theories, Theorists, and Theoretical Change, pp. 531536.].

 , ,    ,           .     ,       ,      ,       .        ,         [25 -  ,      ,      ,   . ,   ,   , ,          ,         .     ,        ,   ,      ,  ,   .              .       ,     ,          . , , , , .    Function for Thought Experiments, in Melanges Alexandre Koyre, vol. 2, Laventure de la science, ed. LB. Cohen and R. Taton [Paris: Hermann, 1964], pp. 307334;   The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977], pp. 240265.   ,            ,    . ,  ,  ,      .].        ,   ,        . ,      .

  ,    ,     . , ,      ?   (            ,     )    .       .     ,          ,               ,    .    ,     ,     ,   ,    .

        - ,       ,   .        ,   ,    ,   .     ,           ,  ,        .        ,   ,   ,          .         -        ,    .   ,    ,         [26 - , ,            .  ,    ,    ,  .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/t-kun/posle-struktury-nauchnyh-revoluciy-2/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 ,   ,      The Essential Tension,             .  ,             (1963),         .




2


           :   (World Changes: Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science, ed. Paul Horwich [Cambridge, MA: Bradford/ MIT Press, 1993]),          .




3


T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

 :  .   . ., ACi; 2001. . .




4


    . , ,                   (.,  ,   Aspects of Scientific Explanation. New York: Free Press, 1965, pp. 208ff.  :  ..  . ., 1998).      ,      ,  ,                         .  ,  ,         ,                   ,       .                   ..  (The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1971, pp. 164, 249307).       ,    ,       ,     (The Structure and Dynamics of Theories. New York: Springer, 1976, pp. 4067, 196231).           ,   : The Archeology of Knowledge, trans. A.M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon, 1972).  :  M.  . , 1996.




5


   .  ,  V, . 12 (22421226b16).        ,   .    ,   -  - (2251).         ,       -   -   (22534225b9),     .




6


.  ,  I,      ,  II, . 14.




7


   :    ,   ,  IV,       . ,  ,     , ,  ,     (21227).    ,  :      ,      ,      ,      ,   ,  , [  ] ,          ,    (2141621420). (. : . . 4- .  3. ., , 1981. . 137.)        ,          .




8


.        ,  IV,  8 ( , 214b2721524).




9


Alessandro Volta. On the Electricity Excited by the mere Contact of Conducting Substances of Different Kinds, Philosophical Transactions, 90 (1800): 403431. .  : T.M. Brown. The Electric Current in Early Nineteenth-Century French Physics. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences I (1969): 61-103.




10


   : A. de la Rive, Traite delectricite theorique et appliquee, vol. 2 (Paris: J.B. Bailiere, 1856), pp. 600, 656.  ,           1830- .   1840-    ,     ,       ,     .   ,         ,         .




11


      .  : Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 19841912 (Oxford and New York: Clarendon and Oxford University Presses, 1978).




12


    .       ,               ,     .    ,    (Ned Block),   (Paul Horwich),   (Nathaniel Kuhn),   (Stephen Stich),    .




13


.. Feyerabend. Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism in Scientific Explanation, Space, and Time, ed. H. FeiglandG. Maxwell, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 3 (Minneapolis: University of Chicago Press, 1962), pp. 2897; T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).  ,         .  ,             ,     .       : Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed., rev. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 102 f., 112, 128f, 148151,     ,  Feyerabend, . 5659, 7476, 81.




14


             .     .        ,       (Structure, 2d ed., . 103),       ,    :         .  (. 59),   , ,       Ғ     ,     ,    ,    .            .




15


    : N.R. Hanson. Patterns of Discovery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958).




16


H.Putnam. Reason, Truth and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 113124.




17


    . D. Davidson, The Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme,  Proceedings and Adresses of the American Philosophical Association 47 (1974): 520; D. Shapere. Meaning and Scientific Change in Mind and Cosmos: Essays in Contemporary Science and Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh Series in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 3, ed. R.G. Colodny (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg Press, 1966), pp. 4185; I. Sheffler. Science and Subjectivity (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), p.8183.




18


    . D. Davidson The Very Idea, pp. 1720; P. Kitcher, Theories, Theorists, and Theoretical Change. Philosophical Review 87 (1978): 519547; Putnam. Reason, Truth, and History.




19


 :       ,        .  ,        ,    .




20


Davidson. The Very Idea, p. 19; Kitcher. Theories, Theorists, and Theoretical Change, pp. 519529; Putnam. Reason, Truth, and History, pp. 116 f.




21


W.V.O. Quine. Word and Object (Cambridge, MA: Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1960).

 :   ..   . , 2005. . .




22


      ,            ,       .            ,   ,    ,      .




23


  ,   ,   , ,    ,    ,        .     ,   ,        ,    ,      .       ,      .




24


Kitcher. Theories, Theorists, and Theoretical Change, pp. 531536.




25


 ,      ,      ,   . ,   ,   , ,          ,         .     ,        ,   ,      ,  ,   .              .       ,     ,          . , , , , .    Function for Thought Experiments, in Melanges Alexandre Koyre, vol. 2, Laventure de la science, ed. LB. Cohen and R. Taton [Paris: Hermann, 1964], pp. 307334;   The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977], pp. 240265.   ,            ,    . ,  ,  ,      .




26


, ,            .  ,    ,    ,  .


